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    Transverse Moments

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    jologscresencia
    1) There are two main approaches to modeling local and global moments in beam and slab bridges using grillage analysis: applying loads only to nodes to calculate global effects separately (correct approach), or applying some loads to the slab which provides insufficient detail and inaccurate results (incorrect approach). 2) Influence surfaces like INSURF should not be used with grillage models to determine transverse slab moments, as they effectively load the slab between beams. Loads should be applied manually to nodes only. 3) Clause 4.8.3b of BS 5400 allows separating local and global longitudinal effects in design, but not transverse effects, since redistribution does not occur across the transverse width.

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    Transverse Moments

    Uploaded by

    jologscresencia
    168 views3 pages
    1) There are two main approaches to modeling local and global moments in beam and slab bridges using grillage analysis: applying loads only to nodes to calculate global effects separately (correct approach), or applying some loads to the slab which provides insufficient detail and inaccurate results (incorrect approach). 2) Influence surfaces like INSURF should not be used with grillage models to determine transverse slab moments, as they effectively load the slab between beams. Loads should be applied manually to nodes only. 3) Clause 4.8.3b of BS 5400 allows separating local and global longitudinal effects in design, but not transverse effects, since redistribution does not occur across the transverse width.

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    Transverse Moments on Bridges

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    1) There are two main approaches to modeling local and global moments in beam and slab bridges using grillage analysis: applying loads only to nodes to calculate global effects separately (correct approach), or applying some loads to the slab which provides insufficient detail and inaccurate results (incorrect approach). 2) Influence surfaces like INSURF should not be used with grillage models to determine transverse slab moments, as they effectively load the slab between beams. Loads should be applied manually to nodes only. 3) Clause 4.8.3b of BS 5400 allows separating local and global longitudinal effects in design, but not transverse effects, since redistribution does not occur across the transverse width.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    168 views3 pages

    Transverse Moments

    Uploaded by

    jologscresencia
    1) There are two main approaches to modeling local and global moments in beam and slab bridges using grillage analysis: applying loads only to nodes to calculate global effects separately (correct approach), or applying some loads to the slab which provides insufficient detail and inaccurate results (incorrect approach). 2) Influence surfaces like INSURF should not be used with grillage models to determine transverse slab moments, as they effectively load the slab between beams. Loads should be applied manually to nodes only. 3) Clause 4.8.3b of BS 5400 allows separating local and global longitudinal effects in design, but not transverse effects, since redistribution does not occur across the transverse width.

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    Chris Hendy

    4/1/07
    Transverse local and global moments in beam and slab decks

    Local and global moments transversely in deck slabs


    forming part of beam and slab bridges
    1. Introduction
    The results obtained from the computer analysis of a structure are only as good as the
    idealisation of the structure allows. Conventional grillages are not particularly good
    for modelling transverse effects in beam and slab decks because there is usually
    insufficient detail in the grillage mesh representing the slab between beams. This has
    led to the traditional approach of calculating global and local effects separately. To
    calculate global effects from a grillage model, loads must only be applied to the nodes
    and there must not be nodes on the transverse members between the main longitudinal
    members. Local effects are calculated from a separate analysis of the slab, usually
    using Pucher charts. If this approach is not followed, it is possible to be either
    excessively conservative or un-conservative in the design of the slab. Even when this
    approach is followed, caution is still required when using autoloaders and INSURF.
    The reasons are discussed below.
    This note has been prepared in response to a number of queries and misconceptions
    encountered recently.

    2. Modelling by grillage analysis


    2.1 Correct approach to separate determination of local and global effects by
    grillage analysis
    Figure 1(i) shows the correct modelling and load application for separate calculation
    of global effects. If this approach is used, the effects of local loading on the slab
    between the main beams must be determined by other means (e.g. Pucher charts) and
    added to the global effects. Conservative assumptions are usually made for boundary
    conditions in the local analysis i.e. fixed longitudinal edges when calculating hogging
    moments and free edges when calculating sagging moments. (It is possible to be less
    conservative by always using fixed end conditions to determine the local effects and
    then applying the fixed end moments derived from the local analysis to the grillage
    transverse members in the opposite sense, as release moments. These additional
    moments need to be added to the global moments and local moments derived with
    fixed edge conditions).
    It should be noted that if an influence surface is generated for the slab transversely in
    this model and this is used to determine moments by integration of the area beneath
    the surface, the problems in 2.2 below of loading the slab between main beams will
    effectively be created. This is the case with INSURF, which should not be used with
    this model type to determine transverse moments in slabs, including even global
    moments. To determine global moments, loads should be applied manually to the
    nodes, using the influence surface as a guide to placement. This problem does not
    affect autoloaders which apply point loads at the nodes only, but care should be taken
    not to distribute loads to members where the software gives this option. HLOADS
    and Autoloader for SuperSTRESS give this choice.

    1 of 3

    Chris Hendy

    4/1/07
    Transverse local and global moments in beam and slab decks

    2.2 Incorrect approach to separate determination of local and global effects by


    grillage analysis
    Figure 1(ii) shows inappropriate modelling and load application for separate
    calculation of global effects. It is inappropriate because some of the load has been
    applied to the slab between the beams, thus causing some additional local effects.
    While this may seem desirable to circumvent the need for separate local and global
    analyses, the model does not have anywhere near enough detail in the mesh between
    beams to make the results accurate. If a single analysis is required, either the number
    of slab transverse and longitudinal elements between beams could be increased or a
    shell finite element analysis undertaken.
    Whilst this model cannot give sensible calculation of the combined effect of local and
    global effects, it also cannot be used conservatively to calculate the effects
    separately. The analysis in Figure 1(ii) can be seen to produce a hogging moment in
    the slab over the internal beams, whilst the analysis in Figure 1(i) produces a sagging
    moment. If the total hogging moment in the slab over the beams was obtained by
    adding the local effects from a separate analysis to this moment, the net hogging
    moment would be considerably overestimated. Similarly, the sagging moment
    between the main beams would be underestimated.
    Neither INSURF nor other autoloaders can be used with this model to determine slab
    transverse moments for the reasons above.
    2.3 Considerations when using INSURF
    INSURF is really only intended for determining global effects in longitudinal
    members and bearing reactions and rotations etc. For transverse members in beam
    and slab decks, the problems discussed in 2.1 above apply. In addition, INSURF does
    not consider the two HB vehicle case in BD37 clause 6.4.3.1 which needs to be
    considered for two way spanning slabs. Accidental wheel loading is also not
    considered.

    3. Separate consideration of local and global effects at ULS in


    design
    Clause 4.8.3b) of BS 5400 permits local and global effects in deck slabs to be
    considered separately in design at ULS if certain criteria are met. The local and
    global effects referred to in this clause are for the longitudinal direction, not for the
    transverse direction being discussed above. Local and global effects may be
    considered separately in the longitudinal direction, provided the combination is
    checked at SLS, because:
    the local effect normally affects a small proportion of the total width of the
    slab and thus redistribution can occur across the width of the slab;
    simple addition of flexural effects ignores membrane action in the slab;
    the true local collapse involves a mechanism of yield lines at much greater
    load factor than suggested by elastic analysis.
    Written by: Chris Hendy
    4/1/07

    Reviewed by: Bob Bellamy


    5/1/07
    2 of 3

    Chris Hendy

    4/1/07
    Transverse local and global moments in beam and slab decks

    (i) Correct modelling and load application for separate calculation of global
    effects

    (ii) Inappropriate modelling and load application for separate calculation of


    global effects
    FIGURE 1

    3 of 3

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