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    CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA - Stoics and Stoic Philosophy PDF

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    The document summarizes the history and key concepts of Stoicism, a Greek school of philosophy founded in Athens in 322 BC. It discusses the three main periods of Stoicism: Ancient Stoicism focused on logic and physics; Middle Stoicism adapted concepts to Roman imperialism; New Stoicism emphasized ethics and practical teachings. The Stoics believed in a rational cosmic order governed by a divine reason and universal nature, and that virtue alone ensures happiness through conformity to nature.

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    CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA - Stoics and Stoic Philosophy PDF

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    The document summarizes the history and key concepts of Stoicism, a Greek school of philosophy founded in Athens in 322 BC. It discusses the three main periods of Stoicism: Ancient Stoicism focused on logic and physics; Middle Stoicism adapted concepts to Roman imperialism; New Stoicism emphasized ethics and practical teachings. The Stoics believed in a rational cosmic order governed by a divine reason and universal nature, and that virtue alone ensures happiness through conformity to nature.

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    The document summarizes the history and key concepts of Stoicism, a Greek school of philosophy founded in Athens in 322 BC. It discusses the three main periods of Stoicism: Ancient Stoicism focused on logic and physics; Middle Stoicism adapted concepts to Roman imperialism; New Stoicism emphasized ethics and practical teachings. The Stoics believed in a rational cosmic order governed by a divine reason and universal nature, and that virtue alone ensures happiness through conformity to nature.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    116 views3 pages

    CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA - Stoics and Stoic Philosophy PDF

    Uploaded by

    Buzz
    The document summarizes the history and key concepts of Stoicism, a Greek school of philosophy founded in Athens in 322 BC. It discusses the three main periods of Stoicism: Ancient Stoicism focused on logic and physics; Middle Stoicism adapted concepts to Roman imperialism; New Stoicism emphasized ethics and practical teachings. The Stoics believed in a rational cosmic order governed by a divine reason and universal nature, and that virtue alone ensures happiness through conformity to nature.

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    6/6/2015

    CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA:StoicsandStoicPhilosophy

    StoicsandStoicPhilosophy
    HelpsupportNewAdventandgetthefullcontentsofthiswebsiteasaninstant
    downloadorCDROM.IncludestheCatholicEncyclopedia,ChurchFathers,Summa,
    Bibleandmoreallforonly$19.99...

    TheStoicSchoolwasfoundedin322B.C.byZenoofCittiumandexisteduntilthe
    closingoftheAthenianschools(A.D.429),(ittookthenamefromtheStoapoikile,the
    paintedhallorcolonnadeinwhichthelectureswereheld.)Itshistorymaybedividedinto
    threeparts:(1)AncientStoicism(2)MiddleStoicism(3)NewStoicism.
    ZenoofCittium(b.366d.in280)wasthediscipleofCratestheCynicandthe
    academiciansStilpo,Xenocrates,andPolemon.Afterhisdeath(264),Cleanthesof
    Assium(b.331d.232)becameheadoftheschoolChrysippusofSoli(b.280),
    succeededandwasscholarchuntil204.Thesephilosophers,allofOrientalorigin,livedin
    AthenswhereZenoplayedapartinpoliticsandwereincommunicationwiththeprincipal
    menoftheirday.TheStoicdoctrine,ofwhichZenolaidthefoundations,wasdeveloped
    byChrysippusin705treatises,ofwhichonlysomefragmentshavebeenpreserved.In
    additiontotheprinciplesacceptedbyallthinkersoftheirage(theperceptionofthetrue,if
    itexists,canonlybeimmediatethewisemanisselfsufficientthepoliticalconstitution
    isindifferent),derivedfromtheSophistsandtheCynics,theybasetheentiremoral
    attitudeofthewisemanconformitytooneselfandnature,indifferencetoexternalthings
    onacomprehensiveconceptofnature,inpartderivedfromHeraclitus,butinspiredbyan
    entirelynewspirit.ItisabeliefinauniversalnaturethatisatoneandthesametimeFate
    infalliblyregulatingthecourseofevents(eimarmene,logos)Zeus,orprovidence,the
    eternalprincipleoffinalityadaptingallotherthingstotheneedsofrationalbeingsthe
    lawdeterminingthenaturalrulesthatgovernthesocietyofmenandofthegodsthe
    artisticfire,theexpressionoftheactiveforcewhichproducedtheworldone,perfect,and
    completefromthebeginning,withwhichitwillbereunitedthroughtheuniversal
    conflagration,followingaregularandeverrecurringcycle.Thepopulargodsaredifferent
    formsofthisforce,describedallegoricallyinmyths.Thisviewofnatureisthebasisfor
    theoptimismoftheStoicmoralsystemconfidenceintheinstinctivefaculties,which,in
    theabsenceofaperfectknowledgeoftheworld,oughttoguideman'sactionsandagain,
    theinfalliblewisdomofthesage,whichChrysippustriestoestablishbyadialectic
    derivedfromAristotleandtheCynics.Butthisoptimismrequiresthemtosolvethe
    followingproblems:theoriginofthepassionsandthevicestheconciliationoffateand
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    CATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA:StoicsandStoicPhilosophy

    libertytheoriginofevilintheworld.Onthelasttwosubjectstheypropounded,allthe
    argumentsthatwereadvancedlateruptothetimeofLeibniz.

    MiddleStoicism(secondandfirstcenturiesB.C.)
    StoicismduringthisperiodwasnolongeraGreekschoolithadpenetratedintothe
    Romanworldandhadbecome,undertheinfluenceofScipio'sfriend,Pantius(185112),
    wholivedinRome,andofPosidonius,(13540)whotransferredtheschooltoRhodes,the
    quasiofficialphilosophyofRomanimperialism.Itsdoctrineswereconsiderably
    modified,becominglessdogmaticinconsequenceofthecriticismofthenew
    Academician,Carneades(215129).InStoicmorality,Pantiusdevelopstheideaof
    humanity.Posidoniusatonceasavant,historian,geographer,mathematician,astronomer
    andamysticwhocommentingonPlato'sworks,reviveshistheoriesonthenatureand
    destinyofthesoul.

    NewStoicism(toA.D.429)
    ThenewStoicismismoreethicalanddidactic.Scienceisnolongertheknowledgeof
    nature,butakindoftheologicalsummaofmoralandreligioussentiments.Verylittlehas
    beenpreservedoftheshortpopulartreatisesanddiscourses,whereinavividstyle
    introducedundertheinfluenceoftheCynicdiatribe,thephilosopherendeavoredtorender
    hisethicalprinciplespractical.ThelettersofSeneca(268)toLucilius,theconversations
    ofMusonius(timeofNero),andofEpictetus(ageofDomitian),thefragmentsof
    Hierocles(timeofHadrian),themembersofMarcusAurelius(d.180),givebutan
    incompleteidea.Stoicism,whichgenerallydisappearedastheofficialSchool,wasthe
    mostimportantoftheHellenisticelementsinthesemiorientalreligionsofvanishing
    paganism.

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    Sources
    ZELLER,Phil.D.Griechen,IIIpt.i,tr.StoicsbyRiechel(London,1892)DYROFT,Die
    EthikderStoa(Berlin,1897)BROWN,StoicsandSaints(NewYork1893)LEONARD
    ALSTON,StoicandChristian(London,1906)ARNIM,Stoicorumveterumfragmenta
    (Leipzig,1903,1905)BAKE,Posidoniireliqu(Leyden,1810)BONHOFFER,Epiktet
    u.dieStoa(Stuttgart,1890)STEIN,PsychologiederStoa(Berlin,1886)IDEM,Die
    ErkenntnisselehrederStoa(Berlin,1888)BART,DieStoa(Liepzig,1908)BRHIER,
    Chrysippe(Paris,1910).
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14299a.htm

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    Aboutthispage
    APAcitation.Brhier,E.(1912).StoicsandStoicPhilosophy.InTheCatholic
    Encyclopedia.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany.RetrievedJune6,2015fromNew
    Advent:http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14299a.htm
    MLAcitation.Brhier,Emile."StoicsandStoicPhilosophy."TheCatholic
    Encyclopedia.Vol.14.NewYork:RobertAppletonCompany,1912.6Jun.2015
    <http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14299a.htm>.
    Transcription.ThisarticlewastranscribedforNewAdventbyC.A.Montgomery.
    Ecclesiasticalapprobation.NihilObstat.July1,1912.RemyLafort,S.T.D.,Censor.
    Imprimatur.+JohnCardinalFarley,ArchbishopofNewYork.
    Contactinformation.TheeditorofNewAdventisKevinKnight.Myemailaddressis
    webmasteratnewadvent.org.Regrettably,Ican'treplytoeveryletter,butIgreatly
    appreciateyourfeedbackespeciallynotificationsabouttypographicalerrorsand
    inappropriateads.

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