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    Chemistry CBSE Practical Project

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    Rahul Roy
    The document provides information about various types of dyes including their history, sources, classification, and chemical properties. It discusses the key types of dyes such as natural dyes, synthetic dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, fibre reactive dyes, insoluble azo dyes, vat dyes, and mordant dyes. It also describes the requirements for preparing dyes, the properties of Para Red dye including its synthesis procedure, and gives an overview of fluorescent dyes including the required resources and reactions involved.

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    Chemistry CBSE Practical Project

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Roy
    300 views16 pages
    The document provides information about various types of dyes including their history, sources, classification, and chemical properties. It discusses the key types of dyes such as natural dyes, synthetic dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, fibre reactive dyes, insoluble azo dyes, vat dyes, and mordant dyes. It also describes the requirements for preparing dyes, the properties of Para Red dye including its synthesis procedure, and gives an overview of fluorescent dyes including the required resources and reactions involved.

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    Chemistry Practical project on Fluoroscent Compounds

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    The document provides information about various types of dyes including their history, sources, classification, and chemical properties. It discusses the key types of dyes such as natural dyes, synthetic dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, fibre reactive dyes, insoluble azo dyes, vat dyes, and mordant dyes. It also describes the requirements for preparing dyes, the properties of Para Red dye including its synthesis procedure, and gives an overview of fluorescent dyes including the required resources and reactions involved.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    300 views16 pages

    Chemistry CBSE Practical Project

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Roy
    The document provides information about various types of dyes including their history, sources, classification, and chemical properties. It discusses the key types of dyes such as natural dyes, synthetic dyes, acid dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes, disperse dyes, fibre reactive dyes, insoluble azo dyes, vat dyes, and mordant dyes. It also describes the requirements for preparing dyes, the properties of Para Red dye including its synthesis procedure, and gives an overview of fluorescent dyes including the required resources and reactions involved.

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    Contents

    History of DYES

    DYE

    Some Natural Dyes and their sources


    Synthetic dye
    Types of Dyes
    Chemical Classification

    Azo Dye
    As Dyes and Pigments
    Some Azo Dye Compounds and their structure

    REQUIREMENTS

    Para Red Dye


    Names and Properties
    Synthesis
    Procedure and Observation

    Fluorescent Dye

    Resources Required
    Procedure
    Reactions
    Observations

    Bibliography

    History of
    DYES
    Dyestuffs are a branch of chemistry inspired
    by many people in history. The earliest written
    records of use of dyestuffs was found in China
    around 2600 B.C. Alexander the Great during his
    conquest of India in 327 B.C., mentions about the
    beautifully printed cottons that he saw during
    one of his expeditions. Around 1745, the dye
    INDIGO was grown in England, which was
    imported from India.
    In
    1868, a German chemist produced
    ALIZARIN, which was found to be useful as a
    synthetic substitute. In 1887, ALIZARIN YELLOW
    was used as a mordant dye. And 40 years later,
    Baeyer and Sunder had developed INDIGO SOL-O,
    which was a versatile dye that found various
    applications.

    One cannot forget the contribution of Dupont


    International in the development of various kinds
    of dyes. By 1970s, the Ciba-Geigy introduced
    the CIBACRON-F series, which was considered to
    be the most recent development of time. Since

    then the dyestuffs created a new revolution in the


    world of colours.

    DYE:
    A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity
    to the substrate to which it is being applied. The
    dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution,
    and requires a mordant to improve the fastness
    of the dye on the fiber.

    Some Natural Dyes and their sources


    Colour/Class
    Yellow/flavono
    id
    Red/anthraqui
    none
    Blue/indigoid

    Name
    Weld quercetin
    safflower

    Kermes cochineal
    alizarin
    Indigo, woad
    Tyrian purple

    Purple/indigoi
    d

    Source
    seeds, stems, leaves of
    Reseda luteola
    North American oak bark,
    Quercus tinctoria nigra
    dried petals of Carthamus
    tinctorius
    insects, Coccus ilicis
    insects, Dactylopius
    coccus
    madder plant roots, Rubia
    tinctorum
    indigo plant leaves,
    Indigofera tinctoria L.
    mollusks, Murex brandaris

    Black/chroma
    n

    Logwood

    heartwood,
    Haematoxylon
    campechianum L.

    Synthetic dye
    The first human-made (synthetic) organic dye,
    mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by
    William Henry Perkin in 1856. Many thousands of
    synthetic dyes have since been prepared.
    Synthetic dyes quickly replaced the traditional
    natural dyes. They cost less, they offered a vast
    range of new colors, and they imparted better
    properties to the dyed materials. Dyes are now
    classified according to how they are used in the
    dyeing process.

    Dye types
    It distinguishes based on the process of
    application to various substrates. They are
    subdivided with examples as follows-

    ACID DYES: They are salts of sulphonic


    acids and can be applied to wool, silk,
    polyurethane fibres and nylon.

    Example:
    Orange.

    Orange-1,

    Methyl

    BASIC DYES: They contain amino groups,


    which are acid form water-soluble salts. They
    attach themselves to the anionic sites on the
    fabrics. They are used as dye in reinforced
    nylons and polyesters.
    Example:
    Malachite green,
    Congo red.

    DIRECT DYES: They are water-soluble and


    are directly applied to fabrics such as cotton,
    rayon, wool, silk and nylon that form
    hydrogen bonds with water.
    Example: Martius yellow, Congo
    red.

    DISPERSE DYES: These dye in the form of


    minute particles of suspension diffuse into
    the fabric. They are used for dyeing the
    synthetic fibres like polyesters, nylon and
    polyacrylonitrile.
    Example : Celliton fast pink
    B,Celliton fast blue B
    FIBRE REACTIVE DYES:

    They attach
    themselves to the fibre by an irreversible

    reaction. Dyeing is fast and colour is


    retained for a long time.
    Example: 2,4 dichloro-1,3,5-triazine.

    INSOLUBLE AZO DYES: They are directly

    synthesized on the fibre. The colour is not


    fast. They are used for dyeing cellulose,
    silk, polyester, nylon, polypropylene,
    polyurethane, polyacrylonitrile and leather.
    Example: Nitroaniline red.

    VAT DYES:

    They are water-insoluble and


    are reduced to leuco-form before dyeing by
    alkaline reducing agent. The fibre is then
    exposed to air or to an oxidizing agent
    after which the original insoluble dye is
    formed in the structure of the fibre.
    Example: Indigo, Indigo Sol-O

    MORDANT

    DYES: They are used


    dyeing in the presence of metal ions.
    metal ions bind to the fabric and the
    acting as a ligand coordinates with

    for
    The
    dye
    the

    metal ion. The same dye in the presence


    of different metal ions gives different
    colours.
    Example: Alizarin gives rose red with Al 3+,
    blue with Ba2+
    Food dyes:
    One other class that
    describes the role of dyes, rather than their
    mode of use, is the food dye. Because food
    dyes are classed as food additives, they are
    manufactured to a higher standard than
    some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be
    direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is
    strictly controlled by legislation. Many are
    azo dyes, although anthraquinone and
    triphenylmethane compounds are used for
    colors such as green and blue. Some
    naturally-occurring dyes are also used.

    Chemical classification
    By the nature of their chromophore, dyes are
    divided into:

    Category:Acridine dyes, derivates of acridine


    Category:Anthraquinone dyes, derivates of
    anthraquinone

    Arylmethane dyes

    Category:Diarylmethane dyes, based on


    diphenyl methane
    Category:Triarylmethane dyes, derivates of
    triphenyl methane

    Category:Azo dyes, based on -N=N- azo structure

    Diazonium dyes, based on diazonium salts

    Nitro dyes, based on a -NO2 nitro functional group

    Nitroso dyes, based on a -N=O nitroso functional


    group

    Phthalocyanine dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine

    Quinone-imine dyes, derivativees of quinone


    o

    Category:Azin dyes

    o
    o

    Category:Eurhodin dyes
    Category:Safranin dyes, derivates of
    safranin

    Indamins
    Category:Indophenol dyes, derivates of
    indophenol

    Category:Oxazin dyes, derivates of oxazin

    Oxazone dyes, derivates of oxazone

    Category:Thiazin dyes, derivatives of thiazin

    Category:Thiazole dyes, derivatives of thiazole

    Xanthene dyes, derived from xanthene


    o

    Fluorene dyes, derivatives of fluorene

    Pyronin dyes

    Category:Fluorone dyes, based on fluorone

    Category:Rhodamine dyes, derivatives of


    rhodamine

    AZO DYE
    Azo compounds are compounds bearing the functional
    group R-N=N-R', in which R and R' can be either aryl or
    alkyl. IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of
    diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are
    substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g. PhN=NPh
    azobenzene or diphenyldiazene." The more stable
    derivatives contain two aryl groups. The N=N group is
    called an azo group.

    As dyes and pigments


    A Yellow Azo Dye

    As a consequence of -delocalization, aryl azo compounds have vivid


    colors, especially reds, oranges, and yellows. Therefore, they are used as
    dyes, and are commonly known as azo dyes, an example of which is
    Disperse Orange 1. Some azo compounds, e.g., methyl orange, are used as
    acid-base indicators due to the different colors of their acid and salt forms.
    Most DVD-R/+R and some CD-R discs use blue azo dye as the recording
    layer. The development of azo dyes was an important step in the
    development of the chemical industry.
    Azo pigments are colorless particles (typically earths or clays), which have
    been colored using an azo compound. Azo pigments are important in a

    variety of paints including artist's paints. They have excellent coloring


    properties, again mainly in the yellow to red range, as well as lightfastness.
    The lightfastness depends not only on the properties of the organic azo
    compound, but also on the way they have been absorbed on the pigment
    carrier. Many azo pigments are non-toxic, although some, such as
    dinitroaniline orange, ortho-nitroaniline orange, or pigment orange 1, 2,
    and 5 have been found to be mutagenic.

    Some Azo Dye Compounds and their structures

    REQUIREMENTS
    The items listed below are required for the
    preparation of various dyes

    Beaker

    Test tubes

    Spatula

    Weight box

    Burner

    Conical flask

    Measuring cylinder

    Physical/Digital balance

    Pair of gloves, lab coat, etc.

    Para Red Dye

    IUPAC name :- 1-[(E)-(4-Nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-2-naphthol


    Other names :- 1-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenol,
    1-((4-nitrophenyl)azo)-2-naphthol, 1-[(p-nitrophenyl)azo]-2naphthalenol, 1-[(p-nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol,
    paranitraniline red, Pigment Red 1,
    C.I. 12070, Recolite
    Para Red B, Carnelio Para Red BS

    Identifiers
    CAS number

    6410-10-2

    ChemSpider

    13544963

    EC number

    229-093-8

    Properties
    Molecular
    formula

    C16H11N3O3

    Appearance

    Red solid

    Melting point

    248 - 252 C

    Hazards
    R-phrases

    R36/37/38

    S-phrases

    S26, S36

    Para Red (paranitraniline red, Pigment Red 1, C.I. 12070) is a


    chemical dye. Chemically, the dye is similar to Sudan I. The dye was
    discovered in 1880 by von Gallois and Ullrich, and was the first azo
    dye. It dyes cellulose fabrics a brilliant red, but is not very fast. The
    dye can be washed away easily from cellulose fabrics if not dyed
    correctly. Throughout making Para Red, the solution will become
    acidic and basic. Small amounts of byproducts may be left over after
    the Para Red dye is made that may be acidic or basic, but if made
    correctly there are little of these and the byproducts have no effect.

    Synthesis
    Para Red is prepared by diazotisation of para-nitroaniline at ice-cold
    temperatures, followed by coupling with -naphthol.

    PREPARATION OF PARA RED DYES

    Procedure :NaOH solution is prepared by dissolving 0.4g of NaOH

    flakes in 4mL of water.


    2g of NaOH and 0.g of -Naphthol were weighed.
    The solutions were prepared as follows:
    Solution A: 2g of Paranitro aniline,20mL of water and 8mL
    of conc.HCl.
    Solution B: 2g of NaNO2 and 20mL of water.
    Solution C: 0.2g of -Naphthol dissolved in 10%NaOH
    solution and was diluted with water (10mL)
    All the three solutions are kept in an ice bath for 30 min.
    Solution A was added to Solution C and then Solutions B
    was added to this solution slowly with constant stirring and
    then filtered and dried.
    Para Red was obtained

    Observation-

    The filtrate after drying was deep red in


    colour. It gave needle shaped crystals on drying.

    FLUORESCENT DYE

    Resorcinol

    Phthalic Anhydride

    Sodium Hydroxide

    Concentrated Sulphuric Acid - mL

    Procedure : Take 2 g Resorcinol and 2 g of Phthalic anhydride


    and add 2 mL of Concentrated Sulphuric acid to it.

    Heat the contents on a burner till the contents turn


    black.
    Cool the contents and add to 20 mL of 5% Sodium
    hydroxide in a conical flask.
    Vary concentration of Sodium hydroxide and water
    to obtain different intensities of colour.

    Reactions

    Observation of fluorescene :Prepare a solution of fluorescein by dissolving 5


    milligrams (or spatula tip size) of the sample in 50
    mL 0.1 M NaOH solution. Place the solution in a vial
    and place it on a black non-reflective surface, such
    as a lab bench. Place a bright light source (sunny
    window works well) on the opposite side of the
    bench from the observer and note the appearance

    of the solution. In this case, the color observed is


    primarily due to absorbance of some wavelengths of
    visible light passing through the sample from the
    light source.
    Next observe the same solution at a position 90
    degrees from the light source. The color observed
    from this perspective is primarily due to
    fluorescence.
    Finally, in a darkened room shine a long wave UV
    lamp at the sample vial. The vials should visibly
    glow from the fluoresced light

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