Leather Iii To Viii PDF

ANNA UNIVERSITY : : CHENNAI 600 025
UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENTS
R 2008
B.TECH. LEATHER TECHNOLOGY
III TO VIII SEMESTERS CURRICULUM AND SYLLABI
SEMESTER III
CODE NO
COURSE TITLE
THEORY
MA 9211 Mathematics III
CY 9211 Organic Chemistry
CY 9213 Instrumental Methods of Analysis
CE 9215 Mechanics of Solids
EE 9213
Electrical Drives and Controls
LT 9201
Chemistry and Technology of Leather Manufacture
PRACTICALS
EE 9214
Electrical Engineering Laboratory
CY 9214 Instrumental Methods of Analysis Laboratory
Tannery Practice Introduction to Leather Manufacture
LT 9207
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
2
2
2
TOTAL
18
12
25
SEMESTER IV
CODE NO
THEORY
MA 9267
CH 9204
LT 9251
LT 9252
COURSE TITLE
Statistics and Linear Programming

Basic Mechanical Engineering
Leather Biotechnology
Inorganic and Physical Chemistry
Theory and Practice of Preservation and Pre-tanning
LT 9253
Processes
Theory and Practice of Vegetable and Organic
LT 9254
Tannages
LT 9255
Technology of Heavy Leather Manufacture
PRACTICALS
CH 9257 Mechanical Engineering Laboratory
LT 9257
Tannery Practice Heavy Leather Manufacture
TOTAL
3
3
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
3
3
0
0
19
0
0
3
4
6
10
2
3
27
SEMESTER V
CODE NO
THEORY
COURSE TITLE
Principles of Unit Operations & Processes in Leather

Manufacture
Theory and Practice of Chrome and Inorganic
LT 9302
Tannages
LT 9303 Theory and Practice of Post Tanning Processes
LT 9304 Leather Analytical Chemistry
LT 9305 Technology of Light Leather Manufacture
Environmental Science and Engineering for Leather
LT 9306
Sector
PRACTICALS
LT 9307 Leather Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
LT 9308 Technical Seminar
LT 9309 Tannery Practice Light Leather Manufacture
TOTAL
LT 9301
2
3
3
3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
2
6
2
6
14
3
1
3
25
3
2
3
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
2
2
10
1
2
1
1
20
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
0
12
0
0
0
4
12
20
2
6
22
SEMESTER VI
CODE NO
THEORY
LT 9351
LT 9352
LT 9353
COURSE TITLE
Leather Microbiology & Physical Testing of Leathers

Theory and Practice of Leather Finishing
Theory and Mechanism of Leather Machinery
Elective I
Elective II
PRACTICALS
LT 9357
Leather Machinery Laboratory
LT 9358
Leather Microbiology & Physical Testing Laboratory
LT 9359
Tannery Practice - Post tanning and finishing
GE 9371 Communication skills and Soft skills Laboratory
TOTAL
SEMESTER VII
CODE
NO
THEORY
COURSE TITLE
Process Economics and Industrial Management for

Leather Sector
Computer Applications for Leather & Leather
LT 9402
Products
Elective III
Elective IV
PRACTICALS
Laboratory I(Prerequisite: Relevant theory subjects
from Elective streams I or II)
LT 9406 Industrial Internship / Training *
LT 9407 Project Work - Phase I
TOTAL
* - Will be pursued during summer vacation after VI Semester
LT 9401
SEMESTER VIII
CODE
NO
THEORY
COURSE TITLE
Elective V
Elective VI
PRACTICALS
Laboratory II (Prerequisite: Relevant theory subjects
from Elective streams I or II)
LT 9451
Project Work - Phase II
TOTAL
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
0
6
0
0
16
20
8
16
TOTAL CREDITS: 191
LIST OF ELECTIVES FOR B.TECH LEATHER TECHNOLOGY

Sixth Semester
CODE
NO
LT 9021
LT 9022
LT 9023
LT 9024
LT 9025
LT 9026
GE 9021
GE 9022
GE 9023
GE 9261
COURSE TITLE
Safety in Leather Industry

Science & Technology of Leather Supplements and
Synthetics
Value Engineering and Reengineering in Leather
Sector
Organisation & Management of Leather Manufacture
Leather & Product Merchandising
Entrepreneurship for Leather Sector
Professional Ethics in Engineering
Total Quality Management
Fundamentals of NanoScience
Environmental Science and Engineering
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Group I Research and Technology Stream Elective (III to VI) for VII and VIII Semesters
CODE NO
LT 9027
LT 9028
LT 9029
LT 9030
LT 9031
LT 9032
LT 9033
LT 9034
LT 9035
COURSE TITLE
Advanced Physics and Chemistry of Leather I
Advanced Physics and Chemistry of Leather II
(Prerequisite :APCL I)
Eco-benign Options for Leather Processing
Science and Technology of Leather Auxiliaries
Technology of Animal &Tannery Byproducts Utilization
Environmental Impact Assessment for Leather Sector
Principles of Plant Design for Leather and Chemicals
Processing
Advanced Analytical Laboratory
Leather Auxiliaries Laboratory
L
3
T
0
P
0
C
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
4
4
2
2
Group II Leather Products Stream Elective (III to VI) for VII and VIII Semesters
CODE NO
LT 9036
LT 9037
LT 9038
L
3
3
3
T
0
0
0
P
0
0
0
C
3
3
3
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
3
LT 9043
Leather Goods and Garments Design & Fabrication

Laboratory (Pre-requisite: Leather Goods/Garments
Design and Manufacture)
LT 9044
Leather Footwear Design & Fabrication Laboratory

(Pre-requisite: Leather Footwear Design and
Manufacture)
LT 9039
LT 9040
LT 9041
LT 9042
COURSE TITLE
Leather Goods Design and Manufacture
Leather Garments Design and Manufacture
Leather Footwear Design and Manufacture
Technology of Leather Supplements, Synthetics &
Accessories for Leather Products
Fashion Forecasting for Leather and Leather Products
Leather Products Machinery
CAD/CAM for Leather Products Design & Manufacture
(Pre-requisite: Leather Goods/Garments/Footwear
Design and Manufacture)
Additional Electives (Common for Group I & II Streams)

CODE NO
LT 9045
COURSE TITLE
Principles of Production Management
LT 9046
Consumer Behavior and Business Orientation
LT 9047
Human Resources Management
LT 9048
Engineering Economics and Finance Management
LT 9049
International Marketing and Foreign Trade
LT 9050
Enterprise Resource Planning for Leather Sector
LT 9051
Supply Chain Management for Leather Sector
LT 9052
Advanced Soft Skills Laboratory
MA9211
MATHEMATICS III
LTPC
3104
AIM
To facilitate the understanding of the principles and to cultivate the art of formulating physical
problems in the language of mathematics.
OBJECTIVES
To introduce Fourier series analysis which is central to many applications in
engineering apart from its use in solving boundary value problems
To acquaint the student with Fourier transform techniques used in wide variety of
situations in which the functions used are not periodic
To introduce the effective mathematical tools for the solutions of partial differential
equations that model physical processes
To develop Z- transform techniques which will perform the same task for discrete time
systems as Laplace Transform, a valuable aid in analysis of continuous time systems
UNIT I
FOURIER SERIES
9+3
Dirichlets conditions General Fourier series Odd and even functions Half-range Sine
and Cosine series Complex form of Fourier series Parsevals identity Harmonic
Analysis.
UNIT II
FOURIER TRANSFORM
9+3
Fourier integral theorem Fourier transform pair-Sine and Cosine transforms Properties
Transform of elementary functions Convolution theorem Parsevals identity.
UNIT III
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
9+3
Formation Solutions of first order equations Standard types and Equations reducible to
standard types Singular solutions Lagranges Linear equation Integral surface passing
through a given curve Solution of linear equations of higher order with constant coefficients.
UNIT IV
APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
9+3
Method of separation of Variables Solutions of one dimensional wave equation and onedimensional heat equation Steady state solution of two-dimensional heat equation Fourier
series solutions in Cartesian coordinates.
UNIT V
Z TRANSFORM AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
9+3
Z-transform Elementary properties Inverse Z-transform Convolution theorem Initial
and Final value theorems Formation of difference equation Solution of difference equation
using Z-transform.
L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Grewal, B.S. Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publications (2007).
REFERENCES
1. Glyn James, Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics, Pearson Education (2007)
2. Ramana, B.V. Higher Engineering Mathematics Tata McGraw Hill (2007).
3. Bali, N.P. and Manish Goyal, A Text Book of Engineering 7 th Edition (2007) Lakshmi
Publications (P) Limited, New Delhi.
CY9211
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
(Common to Chemical, Textile, Leather, Petroleum Refining & Petrochemicals and Apparel
Technology)
LTPC
3003
AIM
To learn fundamental and applied aspects of organic chemistry towards different applications.
OBJECTIVES
To acquire knowledge about chemical bonding, hybridization, bond fission, different
types of chemical reactions and their mechanism, isomerism in organic molecules,
synthesis of organic compounds and various applications of organic products.
UNIT I
STRUCTURAL CONCEPT OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
5
Nature of bonding (covalent, hydrogen) atomic orbitals hybridization electronegativity
conjugation mesomerism and resonance hyper-conjugation inductive effect.
UNIT II
REACTION AND THEIR MECHANISM
10
Homolytic bond fission free radicals heterolytic bond fission electrophiles, carbonium
ion, nucleophiles acids and bases Bronsted - Lowry concept, Lewis concept, strength of
acids and bases. Substitution reactions S N1, SN2, SNi, Addition reactions carbon carbon
(double bond), Addition of dienes carbon oxygen (double bond), carbon carbon (triple
bond) poly addition reactions, Elimination reactions E1, E2, Condensation simple and
polycondensation , Redox reactions.
UNIT III
ISOMERISM
6
Structural isomerism stereoisomerism optical isomerism racemic mixture resolution,
racemisation asymmetric synthesis, Walder Inversion. Geometrical isomerism cis, trans
isomerism, syn, anti isomerism determination of configuration of geometrical isomers
tautomerism.
UNIT IV
HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
10
Alkanes alkenes alkynes alicylic compounds Bayers-strain theory - Hydrocarbons
related to petrol, diesel, kerosene, lube oil and waxes. Benzene and its homologues
aromatic substitution, Friedal - Crafts reactions, Kolbes synthesis Riemer Tiemann
reaction, Benzoin condensation, Perkin reaction, Beckmann rearrangement, Claison
condensation, Hoffmann rearrangements.
UNIT V
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
7
Synthesis of different types of compounds alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid ester
ether nitrocompounds amines amides (industrial methods only). Synthetic reagents
acetoacetic ester malonic ester and Grignard reagent.
APPLIED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
7
Polysaccharides starch and cellulose Proteins amino acids and peptides Dyes and
dyeing colour and constitution classification of dyes based on chemical constitution and
applications.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. B.S. Bahl and Arun Bahl, Essentials of Organic Chemistry, S.Chand and Company, New
Delhi (2005).
2. K.S. Tiwari, N.K. Vishnoi and S.N. Malhotra A Text Book of Organic Chemistry, Third
Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2006).
REFERENCES
1. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd Organic Chemistry VI Edition, Prentice Hall of India Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi (2000).
2. I L Finar Organic Chemistry, Volume I, IX Edition, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte.
Ltd., New Delhi (2004).
3. I L Finar Organic Chemistry, Volume II, VII Edition, Pearson Education (Singapore)
Pte. Ltd., New Delhi (2004).
6
CY9213
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
LTPC
3003
(Common to Chemical, Textile, Leather, Ceramic and Petroleum Refining &
Petrochemicals)
AIM
To know the principle and importance of various analytical instruments used for the
characterization of various materials
OBJECTIVES
To have thorough understanding of theory, instrumentation and applications of
analytical equipments used in industries for testing quality of raw materials,
intermediates and finished products To know the importance of analytical
instrumentation during the purification, compounding and formulating the finished
product
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPICAL METHODS OF

ANALYSIS
12
Electromagnetic Radiation: various ranges, dual properties, various energy levels, interaction
of photons with matter, absorbance & transmittance and their relationship, permitted energy
levels for the electrons of an atom and simple molecules, classification of instrumental
methods based on physical properties.
Quantitative Spectroscopy: beer -lambert's law, limitations, deviations (real, chemical,
instrumental), estimation of inorganic ions such as fe, ni and estimation of nitrite using beer lambert's law
UNIT II
UV AND VISIBLE SPECTROCOPY
12
Various electronic transitions in organic and inorganic compounds effected by UV, and Visible
radiations, Various energy level diagrams of saturated, unsaturated and carbonyl
compounds, excitation by UV and Visible radiations, Choice of solvents, cut off wavelengths
for solvents, Lamda max and epsilon max rules, Woodward -Fieser rules for the calculation of
absorption maxima ( Lamda max) for dienes and carbonyl compounds, Effects of
auxochromes and efffects of conjugation on the absorption maxima, Different shifts of
absorption peaks( Batho chromic, hypsochromic, hypochromic), Multicomponent analysis ( no
overlap, single way overlap and two way overlap), Instrumentation for UV and VISIBLE
spectrophotometers (source, optical parts and detectors), Photometric titration ( Experimental
set -up and various types of titrations and their corresponding curves), Applications of UV and
VISIBLE spectroscopies
UNIT III
IR , RAMAN AND ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
10
Theory of IR spectroscopy, Various stretching and vibration modes for diatomic and triatomic
molecules (both linear and nonlinear), various ranges of IR (Near, Mid, Finger print and Far)
and their usefulness, Instrumentation (Only the sources and detectors used in different
regions), sample preparation techniques, Applications.Raman spectroscopy: Theory,
Differences between IR and Raman. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry: Principle,
Instrumentation (Types of burners, Types of fuels, Hollow cathode lamp, Chopper only) and
Applications, Various interferences observed in AAS (Chemical, radiation and excitation)
Flame photometry: Principle, Instrumentation, quantitative analysis (Standard addition
method and internal standard method) and applications
Differences between AAS and FES.
UNIT IV
THERMAL METHODS
5
Thermogravimetry: Theory and Instrumentation, factors affecting the shapes of thermograms
(Sample Characteristics and instrumental characteristics), thermograms of some important
compounds (CuSO4. 5H2O, CaC2O4. 2H2O, MgC2O4, Ag2CrO4, Hg2CrO4, AgNO3 etc),
applications. Differential thermal analysis: Principle, Instrumentation and applications,
differences between DSC and DTA. Applications of DSC (Inorganic and Polymer samples)
UNIT V
CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
6
Classification of chromatographic methods, Column, Thin layer, Paper, Gas, High
Performance Liquid Chromatographical methods (Principle, mode of separation and
Technique). Separation of organic compounds by column and Thin layer, mixure of Cu, Co
and Ni by Paper, separation of amino acids by paper, estimation of organic compounds by
GC and HPLC.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Willard, H.H., Merritt.l.l., Dean J.a., and Settle,F.A., Instrumental methods of analysis,
Sixth edition, CBS publishers,1986
2. Skoog D.A and West D.M, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, Saunders -college
Publishing, 1982.
3. Banwell, G.C., Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy, TMH,1992.
4. A.I. Vogel's Quantitative Inorganic analysis . V Edition
5. Day R.A Underwood A.L Qualitative Inorganic analysis ( A. I. Vogel). V Edition, PrenticeHall of India ( P) Ltd, NewDelhi
6. Sharma, B.K., Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Goel publishing House,1995
7. Kalsi .P.S. Spectroscopy of organic compounds, 6 th Edition, New Age International
Publishers,2006
8. William Kemp, Organic Spectroscopy, 3rd Edition, Palgrave publishers, 2007
9. Sathya Narayana. D. N. Vibrational Spectroscopy, First Edition 2004 and Reprint 2005,
New Age International publishers.
CE 9215
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
LTPC
3 003
AIM
To given them knowledge on structural, Mechanical properties of Beams, columns.
OBJECTIVES
The students will be able to design the support column, beams, pipelines, storage
tanks and reaction columns and tanks after undergoing this course. This is precursor
for the study on process equipment design and drawing.
UNIT I
STRESS, STRAIN AND DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
9
Rigid bodies and deformable solids forces on solids and supports equilibrium and stability
strength and stiffness tension, compression and shear stresses Hookes law and simple
problems compound bars thermal stresses elastic constants and poissions ratio
welded joints design.
UNIT II
TRANSVERSE LOADING ON BEAMS
9
Beams support conditions types of Beams transverse loading on beams shear force
and bending moment in beams analysis of cantilevers, simply supported beams and over
hanging beams relationships between loading, S.F. and B.M. In beams and their
applications S.F.& B.M. diagrams.
UNIT III
DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS
9
Double integration method Macaulays method Area moment theorems for computation
of slopes and deflections in beams conjugate beam method
UNIT IV
STRESSES IN BEAMS
9
Theory of simple bending assumptions and derivation of bending equation (M/I = F/Y = E/R)
analysis of stresses in beams loads carrying capacity of beams proportioning beam
sections leaf springs flitched beams shear stress distribution in beams determination
of shear stress in flanged beams.
UNIT V
TORSION
9
Torsion of circular shafts derivation of torsion equation (T/J = C/R = G0/L) stress and
deformation in circular and hollow shafts stresses and deformation in circular and hollow
shafts stepped shafts shafts fixed at both ends stresses in helical springs deflection of
springs spring constant
COLUMNS
Axially loaded short columns columns of unsymmetrical sections Eulers theory of long
columns critical loads for prismatic columns with different end conditions effect of
eccentricity.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Junarkar, S.B., Mechanics of Structure Vol. 1, 21 st Edition, Character Publishing House,
Anand, Indian, (1995)
2. William A.Nash, Theory and Problems of Strength of Materials, Schaums Outline Series.
McGraw Hill International Editions, Third Edition, 1994.
REFERENCE
1. Elangovan, A., Thinma Visai Iyal (Mechanics of Solids in Tamil), Anna University, Madras,
1995.
EE9213
ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROLS
LTPC
3003
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
9
Fundamentals of Electrical Drives, advantages of Electrical Drives. Choice of an Electric
Drive characteristics of loads. Components of an Electric Drive: Electrical Motors power
converters (AC to DC, DC to DC, DC to AC, AC to AC) Control units (Fuses, Switches,
Circuit breakers, contactors and relays). Equations governing motor load dynamics
equilibrium operating point and its steady state stability.
UNIT II
HEATING AND POWER RATING OF MOTOR DRIVE
9
Load diagram, heating and cooling of motors classes of motor duty. Determination of rating
for continuous, intermittent and short time duty cycles.
UNIT III
POWER CONVERTERS
9
Control rectifiers single phase and three phase circuits choppers step up and step down
choppers A.C. Voltage controllers. Single phase and three phase A.C. Voltage controllers,
Inverters: Voltage source and current source inverters (Elementary Treatment only).
UNIT IV
D.C. MOTOR DRIVE
9
D.C. Motor: Types, speed torque characteristics. Starting braking speed control:
Armature voltage field current control Ward Leonard methods Four-quadrant operation.
Converter fed separately excited D.C. motor drive chopper fed D.C. motor drive
(Continuous current operation only).
UNIT V
A.C. DRIVES
9
Principle of operation of 3 phase induction motor equivalent circuit Slip torque
characteristic starting methods: star Delta starter, Auto transformer starter, Rotor
resistance starter, Speed control: Stator voltage control, frequency control, rotor resistance
control, slip-power recovery scheme. Inverter fed 3-phase induction motor drive: v/f control,
Rotor resistance control, slip-power recovery controls.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. G.K. Dubey, Power Semi Conductor Controller Drives. Prentice Hall of India 1989.
2. S.K.Pillai, A First Course on Electrical Drives. Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1993.
9
REFERENCES
1. P.C. Sen Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics. John Willey and
Sons 1997.
2. S.K. Bhattacharya and Brijinder Singh, Control of Electrical Machines, New Age
International Publishers.
LT9201
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE

LTPC
300 3
AIM
This course aims at introducing the fundamentals of chemistry and technology of leather
manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
Through this course the student gains an appreciation of the underpinning science
and technology involved in manufacturing of leathers.
UNIT I
RAW MATERIALS AND PRESERVATION
5
Origin and characteristics of hides and skins; Categories of livestock; Grading systems;
Defects in hides and skins; Various preservation techniques and their principles.
UNIT II
PRETANNING PROCESSES
10
Principles and objectives of beamhouse processes viz., soaking, liming, reliming, deliming,
bating, pickling, depickling and degreasing.
UNIT III
TANNING PROCESSES
10
Definition and objectives of tanning; Types and basic chemistry of vegetable tannins; Basic
chemistry of basic chromium sulfate; Principles involved in vegetable and chrome tanning
and their mechanism in brief; Combination tannages.
UNIT IV
POST TANNING PROCESSES
10
Types of syntans; Basic chemistry of phenolic and acrylic syntans; Types of fatliquors; Basic
chemistry of fatliquors; Types of dyes; Basic chemistry of acid, basic, direct and metal
complex dyes; Principles and objectives of post tanning processes viz., neutralisation,
retanning, dyeing and fatliquoring; Various unit operations involved.
UNIT V
FINISHING TECHNIQUES
10
Types of binders; Basic chemistry of protein, resin and PU binders; Types of pigments; Basic
characteristics of pigments; Basic theory of coating; Principles and objectives of finishing;
Classification of finishing; Types of auxiliaries and finishes.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Sarkar, K.T., Theory and Practice of Leather Manufacture Ajoy Sorcor, Madras, 1981.
2. Dutta, S.S., Introduction to the Principles of Leather Manufacture,Indian Leather
Technologists Association, Calcutta, 1980.
3. Thorstenson, T.C., Practical Leather Technology, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co.,
alabar, Florida, 1985.
4. Fred O Flaherty, Roddy, T.W. and Lollar, R.M. `The Chemistry and Technology of
Leather', Vol.I & II, Type of tannages, Rober E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York,
1977.
5. Beinkiewicz, K. `Physical Chemistry of Leather Making, Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Co., Florida, 1983.
REFERENCE
1. Koteswara Rao, C., and Olivannan, M.S., Lecture Notes on dyeing and finishing of
leathers, CLRI, Madras, 1983.
10
EE9214
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LT PC
0 0 4 2
AIM
To experimentally determine the load characteristics on various types of AC/DC Motors and also
study on the generator and alternators circuit arrangement.
OBJECTIVES
After the completion of this course students gain knowledge in fundamentals of Electrical
Engineering and the operational and design aspects of DC and AC motors and drivers.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1.
Open circuit characteristics of D.C. shunt generator.
2.
Load characteristics of D.C. shunt generator
3.
Load characteristics of D.C. compound generaor
4.
Load test on D.C. shunt motor
5.
Study of D.C. motor starters
6.
O.C. and S.C. tests on single phase transformer
7.
Load test on single phase transformer
8.
Load test on 3 - phase squirrel cage induction motor
9.
Study of 3 - phase induction motor starters
10.
Load test on 3 - phase slip ring induction motor
11.
O.C. and S.C. tests on 3 - phase alternator
12.
Synchronization and V-curves of alternator
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
CY9214
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS LABORATORY

(Common for Leather, IBT, Food and Pharmaceutical Technology)
LTPC
004 2
Precision and validity in an experiment using absorption spectroscopy .

Validating Lambert-Beer's law using KMnO4
Finding the molar absorbtivity and stoichiometry of the Fe
(1,10 phenanthroline)3 using absorption spectrometry.
Finding the pKa of 4-nitrophenol using absorption spectroscopy.
UV spectra of nucleic acids.
Chemical actinometry using potassium ferrioxolate.
Estimation of SO4-- by nephelometry.
Estimation of Al3+ by flourimetry.
Limits of detection using aluminium alizarin complex.
Chromatography analysis using TLC.
Chromatography analysis using column chromatography.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
TEXTBOOKS
1. Skoog, D.A. etal. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5 th Edition, Thomson / Brooks
Cole,1998.
2. Braun, R.D. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, Pharma Book Syndicate, 1987.
3. Willard, H.H. etal. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 6th Edition, CBS, 1986.
4. Ewing,G.W. Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5 th Edition, McGraw- Hill,
1985.
11
LT9207
TANNERY PRACTICE INTRODUCTION TO LEATHER

MANUFACTURE
LTPC
0042
AIM
To provide practical training in making chrome and vegetable tanned leathers from raw hides
and skins.
OBJECTIVES
To train the students gain practical experience in
Various unit processes and operations in leather making from raw to finish
Brief functions of various machineries used in leather manufacture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Assortment of hides and skins

Various methods of Curing
Manufacture of wet-blue from hides and skins
Manufacture of E.I and vegetable tanned leathers
Quality control and Process control aspects of each unit process involved in wet blue and
E.I. manufacturing
Introduction to various post tanning and finishing processes for the manufacture
of upper and garment leathers
Introduction to various mechanical operations.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
MA9267
STATISTICS AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING
LTPC
3104
AIM
This course aims at providing the required skill to apply the statistical and Linear
Programming tools for engineering problems.
OBJECTIVES
The students will have a fundamental knowledge of the concepts of statistical
inference
Have the knowledge of applying Linear programming tools in management
problems.
UNIT I
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
9+3
Sampling distributions - Tests for single mean , proportion and difference of means (large
and small samples) Tests for single variance and equality of variances 2-test for
goodness of fit Independence of attributes Non-parametric tests: Test for Randomness
and Rank-sum test (Wilcoxon test).
UNIT II
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
9+3
Completely randomized design Randomized block design Latin square design - 22 factorial design.
UNIT III
STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL
9+3
Control charts for measurements ( X and R charts) Control charts for attributes ( p, c and
np charts) Tolerance limits - Acceptance sampling
UNIT IV
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
9+3
Formulation Graphical solution Simplex method Big-M method - Transportation and
Assignment models
UNIT V
ADVANCED LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Duality Dual simplex method Integer programming Cutting-plane method.
9+3
L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
12
TEXT BOOKS
1. Johnson, R.A. and Gupta, C.B., Miller and Freunds Probability and Statistics for
Engineers, Pearson Education, Asia, 7th edition, (2007).
2. Taha, H.A., Operations Research, Pearson Education, Asia, 8 th edition, (2007).
REFERENCES
1. Walpole, R.E., Myers, R.H., Myers, S.L. and Ye, K., Probability and Statistics for
Engineers and Scientists, Pearson Education, Asia, 8 th edition, (2007).
2. Devore, J.L., Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences, Thomson
Brooks/Cole, International Student Edition, 7 th edition, (2008).
3. Winston, W.L.,Operations Research Applications and Algorithms,
Thomson, 1 st
Indian Reprint, 4th edition, (2007).
CH9204
BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on thermodynamics and thermal engineering power generating units
such as engines and theory of machines
OBJECTIVE
Students should learn thermodynamics and thermal engineering to understand the
principles behind the operation of thermal equipments like IC engines and turbines etc.,
Students should be able to appreciate the theory behind operation of machinery and be
able to design simple mechanisms
UNIT I
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
10
Basic concepts and hints; Zeroth law; First Law of Thermodynamics - Statement and
application; Steady flow energy equation-problems- Second law of Thermodynamics Kelvin
- Plank statement and Clausius statement- problems; Limitations; Heat Engine, Refrigerator
and Heat Pump, Available energy, Equivalence entropy; Reversibility: Entropy charts; Third
law of Thermodynamics - Statement.
UNIT II
HEATING AND EXPANSION OF GASES
6
Expressions for work done, Internal energy and heat transfer for Constant Pressure, Constant
Volume, Isothermal, Adiabatic and Polytropic processes-Derivations and problems; Free
expansion and Throttling process.
UNIT III
AIR STANDARD CYCLES
6
Carnot cycle; Stirlings cycle; Joule cycle; Otto cycle; Diesel cycle; Dual combustion CycleDerivations and problems.
UNIT IV
I.C. ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES AND STEAM

TURBINES
12
Engine nomenclature and classification; SI Engine; CI Engine; Four Stroke cycle, Two stroke
cycle; Performance of I.C.Engine; Brake thermal efficiency; Indicated Thermal Efficiency,
Specific fuel consumption. Steam - Properties of steam; Dryness fraction; latent heat; Total
heat of wet steam; Dry steam; Superheated steam. Use of steam tables; volume of wet
steam, volume of superheated steam; External work of evaporation; Internal energy; Entropy
of vapour, Expansion of vapour, Rankine cycle.
Steam turbines Impulse and Reaction
types - Principles of operation.
UNIT V
SIMPLE MECHANISM, FLY WHEEL, DRIVES AND BALANCING
11
Definition of Kinematic Links, Pairs and Kinematic Chains; Working principle of Slider Crank
mechanism and inversions; Double slider crank mechanism and inversions.
Flywheel-Turning moment Diagram; Fluctuation of Energy. Belt and rope drives; Velocity
ratio; slip; Creep; Ratio of tensions; Length of belt; Power Transmitted; gear trains-types.
Balancing of rotating masses in same plane; Balancing of masses rotating in different planes.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
13
TEXT BOOKS
1. Nag, P.K., " Engineering Thermodynamics ", II Edition, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., 1995.
2. Rajput, R .K, Thermal Engineering, Laxmi publications (P) Ltd, 2001.
3. Khurmi R.S., and Gupta J.K, Theory of Machines, Eurasia Publishing House (P) Ltd.,
2004.
REFERENCES
1. Smith, " Chemical Thermodynamics ", Reinhold Publishing Co., 1977.
2. Bhaskaran, K.A., and Venkatesh, A., " Engineering Thermodynamics ", Tata McGraw Hill,
1973.
3. Pandya A. and Shah, " Theory of Machines ", Charatakar Publishers, 1975.
4. Khurmi R.S., and Gupta J.K, Thermal Engineering, S.Chand & Company (P) Ltd.,2001.
5. Kothandaraman and Dhomkundwar,: A course in Thermal Engineering (SI Units),
Dhanpat Rai and Sons, Delhi (2001).
LT9251
LEATHER BIOTECHNOLOGY
LTPC
3003
UNIT I
PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACID & ENZYMOLOGY
10
Chemistry of DNA and RNA: Structure, Conformation and function Proteins - Chemistry,
structure and Function Separation Principles in proteins. Classification,
assay,
characterization, mechanism of action, enzyme kinetics, immobilized enzymes.
UNIT II
GENETIC ENGINEERING (RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
10
Principles and methods, Essentials of biotechnology products of biotechnology,
Restriction enzymes, vectors, DNA cloning strategies.
UNIT III
BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR HIDES/SKINS IMPROVEMENT
13
Applications in Animal nutrition and animal production: embryo transfer, gene transfer,
transgenic animals. Cleaner Leather Processing : Use of enzyme options in beam house
operations - Soaking, unhairing, bating,degreasing, offal treatment: Types of enzymes proteases, lipases - properties, assaay systems and production. Types of fermentation,
Preparation of media,preparation of inoculum, separation and purification of products.
UNIT IV
WASTE MANAGEMENT
8
General features of the organic and inorganic pollutants of tannery. Stabilisation and
disposal of organic and chemical wastes and their biological treatment. Possible energy
generation from wastes.
UNIT V
UTILISATION
OF
COLLAGENOUS
TISSUES FOR DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS
4
Collagen and its application in food, cosmetic and medical fields.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
RERERENCES
1. Rohm, H.J. and Reed, G. "A Comprehensive treatise on Biotechnology", Verlag
Chemie, lecinheim,1983.
2. Pelczar, J.,Reid, R.D.and Chan, F.C.S.,"Microbiology", Tata McGraw Hill, 1977.
3. Old, R.W., and Primrose, S.B., "Principles of Gene manipulation" 3/e Cambridge,
1985.
4. Stryer, L."Biochemistry" 3/e W.H. Freeman and Co. 1989.
5. Lehninger,
A.L., Nelson, D.L., Gx M.M
"Principles
of
Biochemistry", CBS
Publications, 1993
6. Puvanakrishnan, R and Dhar, S.C."Enzyme Technology in Beamhouse practices"'
CLRI
Publication.
7. Wrinter, N.A., "Biological treatment of waste water", 1982.
8. Schroeder, E.D., "Waste and Waste water treatment",. McGraw - Hill Inc. 1983
14
LT9252
INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
LTPC
3003
AIM
To know the basic concepts of inorganic and physical chemistry aspects of chemical
compounds and their behavior at different processing conditions.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course students would have gained knowledge on the structure and
symmetry of inorganic compounds and theories of coordination compounds. Students will
also be in a position to appreciate the concepts of phase rule and their applications in
separation of liquids, behavior of ions and colloids in different processing conditions.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
9
A brief survey of the s block - binary compounds, complexes, alkalides and electrides.
Features in the chemistry of the p block- expansion of the octet, Lewis structures; d orbitals
transition metals; coordination compounds basic terms, nomenclature, Coordination theory,
Werners theory, Stereo chemistry
UNIT II
MOLECULAR BONDING AND THEORIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
9
Shapes of molecules by application of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion method.
Valence bond approach and atomic orbital hybridizations. CF theory, LCAO-MO theory,
pictorial derivation of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals. MO energy level diagrams
for homonuclear diatomics. Redox reactions
UNIT III
PHASE RULE
9
Definition Application of phase rule to water system Thermal Analysis Cooling curves
Two component system Eutectic and compound formation-Liquid liquid equilibriaDistillation of binary liquid mixture- Azeotropic distillation-Fractional distillation-partially
miscible liquid-CST-Immiscible liquid-Steam distillation
UNIT IV
IONIC EQUILIBRIA
9
Acids and bases; Arrhenius concept, Lewis concept; Dissociation of weak acid, weak base;
Ionic product of water; Buffer solutions, calculation of pH; Hendersons equation; Hydrolysi s
of salts; Degree of hydrolysis; Acid-base indicators-their applications; solubility product; Ionic
equilibria involving complex ions
UNIT V
COLLOIDS
9
Introduction to colloids properties of colloids coagulation of solutions Origin of charge on
colloidal particles Determination of size of colloidal particles- Donnan Membrane equilibrium
Emulsions Gels Applications of colloids.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. T L Brown, H E LeMay Jr., B E Bursten, Chemistry: The Central Science 8th edn.,
Prentice-Hall, 2000.
2. M J Winter, 'Chemical Bonding' Oxford Primer Series, Oxford University Press, 1994
3. N C Norman, 'Periodicity and the p-block Elements' Oxford Primer Series, Oxford
University Press, 1994
4. J W Huheey, E A Keiter and R L Keiter, 'Inorganic Chemistry' 4th edn, Harper Collins,
1993
5. Puri B.H. Sharma L.R and M.S.Prathama, Principles of Physical Chemistry, S. Chand and
Company, Delhi (2001).
6. Gordon M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Sixth edition, Tata McGraw Hill (1998).
REFERENCES
1. Website http:// www.prenhall.com/brown
2. Kund and Jain, Physical Chemistry, S.Chand and Company, Delhi (1996).
3. Negi and Anand Physical Chemistry Wiley eastern (1992).
15
LT9253
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PRESERVATION AND

PRE-TANNING PROCESSES
LTPC
210 3
AIM
This course will be dealing with basic principles and technology of various pretanning
processes and operations.
OBJECTIVES
To impart knowledge on principles and practices of long and short term preservation
To make the students appreciate the principles involved in various pretanning processes
and operations
To impart knowledge on various technologies involved in pretanning.
UNIT I
PRESERVATION OF HIDES AND SKINS
6
Principles and practice involved in long and short term preservation techniques for hides and
skins; Preservation defects
UNIT II
PRETANNING PROCESSES
12
Objectives, Principles and practice of different pretanning processes - Soaking, liming,
deliming, bating, pickling, depickling and degreasing.
UNIT III
CLEANER PROCESSING PRACTICES IN BEAMHOUSE
12
Salt-free curing options, sulphide free unhairing systems, ammonia-free deliming, salt free
pickling systems, eco friendly degreasing systems. Strategies to bring down BOD, COD and
TDS of tannery effluents. Recycling and reuse of waste streams.
UNIT IV
PRACTICE OF PRETANNING PROCESSES
10
Different methods of pretanning processes as applied to light, heavy and industrial leathers.
UNIT V
QUALITY CONTROL IN PRETANNING PROCESSES
Process and quality control in pretanning operations.
5
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Flaherty, O., William Roddy, T. Robert, M. Lollar, The Chemistry and Technology of
Leather, Vol.1 Preparation for Tannage, E Robert Krieger Publishing Company, New
York, 1978.
2. Bienkiewiez, Physical Chemistry of Leather Manufacture, Krieger, Florida, 1982.
LT9254 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VEGETABLE AND ORGANIC TANNAGES L T P C

210 3
AIM
To make the students understand the chemistry of different organic tanning agents and
systems.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, the students will have knowledge of chemistry of various
organic tanning agents and the mechanism of their interaction with the skin proteincollagen.
UNIT I
CLASSIFICATION, OCCURANCE, BIOSYNTHESIS AND

CHEMISTRY OF VEGETABLE TANNINS
14
Vegetable tannins - definition and classification, Occurrence, Biosynthesis; Chemistry of
hydrolysable tannins - gallotannins, ellagi tannins - their structural aspects including ellagi
tannin dimers, trimers, etc.,
Chemistry
of
condensed
(flavanoid)
tannins
proanthocyanidins, dimers, trimers and other oligomers.
16
UNIT II
POLYPHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS OF VEGETABLE TANNINS
9
Tannins as well as non-tannins, polyphenolic constituents
present in popular
indigenous tanning materials like avaram, konnam, wattle, cutch, babul, myrobalan, etc
and their Physico-chemical properties and effect on the physical properties of leathers.
UNIT III
MECHANISM AND PRACTICE OF VEGETABLE TANNING
8
Mechanism of reaction of vegetable tannins with collagen. Electrolytic equilibria, diffusion
equilibria, fixation and absorption equilibria. General practices in vegetable tanning. Pit
tanning and drum tanning. Manufacture of E.I. skins and kips - Modern practices in E.I.
tanning.
UNIT IV
ORGANIC TANNAGES
7
Mechanism of tanning with Aldehyde, Dialdehydes, oil, Sulphonyl chloride, Quinone,,
oxazolidine and other organic tanning agents. Synthetic tannins - Classification - properties,
uses in leather industry. Mechanism of reaction with collagen.
UNIT V
PREPARATION OF TANNINS AND TANNIN EXTRACTS
7
Methods of preparation of vegetable tannin extracts, spray dried vegetable tannins, synthetic
and other organic tannages.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Howes, F.N. "Vegetable tanning materials", Butterworth. London, 1953.
2. Rodd, "Chemistry of carbon compounds", Vol. III-D, Chapter on "Hydrolysable
tannins".
3. Haslam , E. "The biochemistry of Plants", Vol.7. Academic Press, 1981, Chapter 18,
"Vegetable
tannins". "A survey of modern vegetable tannages". Tanning
extracts Producers Federation, Switzerland,
1975.
4. Humphreyes, G.H.W. and Jones, C.R. "The manufacture of sole and other heavy
leathers". Pergamon Press, 1966. Chapter 5, "Vegetable tannin materials and syntans".
5. O'Flaherty and Roddy,T.W. , Lollar, R.M. "The Chemistry and Technology of Leather",
Vol. II. Krieger Publishing Corpn., New York, 1977.
6. Gustavson, K.H. "Chemistry of Tanning Processes" Academic Press, New York,
1950.
7. Vegetable and Synthetic Tanning agents, Sundara Rao, V.S., et al The Leather
Industry, (ed. Bu Sadulla, S) Kothari Desk book series, H.C. Kothari Group (Publications
Division), Madras, p.71, 1995.
LT9255
TECHNOLGY OF HEAVY LEATHER MANUFACTURE
LTPC
3 0 03
AIM
This course aims at imparting knowledge in the technology of making different types of heavy
leathers from hides.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students will be in a position to understand the property
requirements of different kinds of heavy leathers and process aspects for the same
UNIT I
SOLE, HARNESS AND SADDLERY LEATHERS
9
Property requirement of sole leathers; Process design considerations; Manufacture of
vegetable tanned and chrome tanned sole leathers; Water proofing of sole leathers;
Manufacture of harness and saddlery leathers.
17
UNIT II
INDUSTRIAL LEATHERS
9
Different types of raw materials used, properties required: physical and chemical, standards
required and process details to achieve the specifications for the following industrial
leathers: Belting leathers, honing leathers, picking band leathers, picker as apron leathers.
Hydraulic and pneumatic leathers such as hand pump and deep bore well leathers.
UNIT III
SPORTS GOODS LEATHERS
9
Different types of raw materials used, physical and chemical properties required and process
details to achieve the specifications for the following sports goods leathers: Leathers for
football, rugby ball, volley ball, hockey ball and cricket ball. Glove leathers for wicket keepers
and boxing. Different types of sports goods leathers made from bag tanned leathers.
UNIT IV
FINISHED LEATHERS FROM HIDES
9
Different types of raw materials used, physical and chemical properties required and process
details to achieve the specifications for the following leathers: Full chrome, Semi chrome and
Chrome retan - uppers, suedes, nubuck, lining, nappa, shrunken grain, dressing of E.I. kips
into upper, lining and leathers for leathergoods application, upholstery, burnishable, printed
leathers, Kattai, Bunwar, Case hides.
UNIT V
UPGRADATION AND QUALITY CONTROL
9
Upgradation technologies; Rectification of defects in hides; Control of area, yield, color and
finish of leathers; Quality control in heavy leather manufacture.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Choichi Ogiwara, À practical guide to heavy leather processing', Fuel and Leather
Research Centre, Karachi, 1980.
2. Tuck, D.H. `The manufacture of upper leathers', Tropical Products Institute, London,
1981.
3. Jyotirmay Dey, `Practical aspects of the manufacture of upper Leather,Indian Leather
CH9257
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY
LTPC
004 2
AIM
To impart practical knowledge in operating IC engines and conduct experiments. To
understand test procedures in testing material for engineering applications
OBJECTIVES
Students will be able to understand Power-generating units such as engines and
operate IC engines and conduct tests. They will be able to appreciate the theory
behind the functioning of engines. Material properties, their behavior under different
kinds of loading and testing can be visualized.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Port timing diagram
2. Valve timing diagram
3. Study of 2,4 stroke I C Engines
4. Load test on 4-stroke petrol engine
5. Performance test on 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine
6. Performance test on 4-stroke twin cylinder diesel engine
7. Heat balance test on diesel engines
8. Tension test
18
9. Compression test
10. Deflection test
11. Hardness test (Rockwell and Brinell)
12. Spring test
13. Torsion test
14. Impact test
* Minimum 10 experiments shall be offered
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
LT9257
TANNERY PRACTICE - HEAVY LEATHER MANUFACTURE
LTPC
0063
AIM
To carry out the practical leather processing of heavy and finished leathers from raw hides.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course students will gain confidence in manufacturing
Heavy leathers like sole, saddle, belting etc., from hides
Finished leathers from different hides
i.
Manufacture of vegetable tanned and chrome sole leathers - Waterproofing of sole

leathers.
ii. Processing of Industrial leathers like belting, harness and saddler, belting, honing,picking
band, hydraulic and pneumatic leathers.
iii. Manufacture of following leathers from different raw materials and tannages:
1. Picking band leathers
2. Sports goods leathers
3. Upholstery leathers
4. Upper leathers
5. Zug grain upper leathers
6. Nappa leathers
7. Patent leathers
8. Shrunken grain leathers
9. Suede upper leathers
10. Burnishable upper leathers
11. Kattai and Bunwar leathers
TOTAL : 90 PERIODS
LT9301
PRINCIPLES OF UNIT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES IN

LEATHER MANUFACTURE
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on basic concepts of chemical engineering unit operations and
processes
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student would understand the basic concepts of unit
operations, material and energy balances, fluid dynamics mass and heat transfer in
various unit operations such as distillation, extraction, drying and humidification size
reduction and separation and mixing techniques technology of organic and inorganic
chemicals involved in the processing of leather chemicals
19
UNIT I
CONCEPTS & METERING OF FLUIDS
4
Concepts of Unit operations and Processes, Fundamentals: Unit and Dimensions, Material
and Energy Balances. Fluid
statics
and
dynamics,
Compressible
and
incompressible fluids, Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids, Measurement of pressure
drop and fluid velocity. Pumps, Compressor, Blowers.
UNIT II
HEAT TRANSFER AND MASS TRANSFER
16
Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Heat transfer equipment, Heat exchangers, Evaporators
and Condensers and Simple Design Calculations.
Diffusion :
Binary diffusion, concept of mass transfer coefficients and interface mass
transfer and stagewise contact.
Distillation : Principle of distillation, Application of distillation in leather chemicals and
auxiliaries processing.
Extraction : Extraction
principles, Leaching and Extraction equipment and their
application in manufacture of leather chemicals
Drying :
Drying characteristics, Theory and mechanism of drying, estimation of
drying rate,design and performance of industrial dryers for leather.
Humidification : Humidity charts, methods of humidification and
dehumidification;Equipments and their design aspects; Humidity control in leather
processing.
UNIT III
MECHANICAL SEPARATIONS
3
Size reduction : Theory and equipment ; application in leather chemical processing
Clarification : Principles of clarification, Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-solid and Liquid-gas
separations, Application in leather processing and effluent treatment Mixing : Basic theory
and application in leather and leather chemical processing.
UNIT IV
PRINCIPLES OF UNIT PROCESSES
17
General concepts for unit processes; Development of process flow sheets with reference
to leather and leather chemical industries design, control safety pollution abatement.
Principles of halogenation, esterification, hydrolysis, oxidation, hydrogenation.
Polymerization, sulphation and sulphonation, diazotization and coupling.
Tanning agents
Vegetable tannins and Vegetable tannin extracts, Basic Chromium Sulphate, Aluminium,
and Zirconium, salts for leather processing.
Oils, fats and detergents
Oils and fats; their nature and products derived from oils and fats, Fatty Acids and
Alcohols, waxes and fatliquors.
Synthetic binders
Binders on acrylics, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes, polypropylene
Dyes and intermediates & surface coating agents
Raw materials;Important unit processes; Types of dye intermediates and dyes; pigments,
lacquers
UNIT V
WATER AND INORGANIC CHEMICALS
5
Treatment of water for domestic and industrial purposes, manufacture of sodium chloride,
sodium sulphide, sodium sulphite and bisulphite, soda ash, caustic soda, lime, sulphuric
and hydrochloric acids.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. McCabe .W.L and Smith, J.C., Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill,
Fourth Ed., 1993.
2. Treybal, R.E., Mass Transfer Operations, McGraw Hill Book Company, Third Ed. 1981.
3. Coulson, J.M., and Richardson, J.F., Chemical Engineering, Vol.I and II Third Ed.
Pergamon press, 1978.
4. Welty, J.R., Wilson, R.E., and Wicks, C.E. Fundamentals of momentum, Heat and Mass
Transfer, Third Ed., John Wiley, 1984.
5. Perry, J.H., Chemical Engineers Handbook, McGraw Hill, New York, Sixth Ed., 1984.
20
LT9302
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CHROME AND INORGANIC TANNAGES

LTPC
21 03
AIM
To impart knowledge on the chemistry of various inorganic tanning materials and systems
OBJECTIVES
Chemistry of inorganic tanning materials giving more thrust to chrome tanning material
and system and a glimpse of other inorganic tanning systems based on Al, Zr, Ti, Fe,
Si and P.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION TO COORDINATION CHEMISTRY;METAL IONS

IN TANNING
10
Werner's theory of coordination, origins of coordinative interactions, role of d and f orbitals,
definition of ligands, nucleophilicity of ligands and electronegativity of donor atoms,
chelation and masking, ligand field stabilisation energy and introduction of factors
controlling molecular stability of transition metal complexes. Historical overview of mineral
tanning.
UNIT II
AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM
8
Electronic configuration and its implications, common oxidation states of chromium,
redox stabilities of chromium (VI) and chromium (III) salts, redox potentials and their
interconversion, protolysis, kinetic inertness of chromium (III), basicity, olation, oxolation
and polymerisation, Stiasny's series, Mc Clandish precipitation point.
UNIT III
FACTORS CONTROLLING CHROME TANNING
8
Single and double bath chrome tannages and their relative merits and dem erits,
preparation of Basic chromium sulphate salt, reaction parameters influencing composition
of BCS, kinetics of chrome tanning, diffusion and complexation, effects of float volume,
pH, basicity, masking, temperature, drum speed, ageing chrome tanned substrates.
UNIT IV
MECHANISM OF CHROME TANNAGE
9
Theories of chrome tanning; absorption, coating, electrostatic and hydrogen bond
interactions and coordinative forces involved in chrome tanning, indirect evidence
for
chrome binding sites in protein, hydrothermal stability of chrome-collagen compound,
chromium induced structural changes in collagen.
UNIT V
OTHER INORGANIC TANNAGES
10
Aqueous chemistry of aluminium (III), zirconium (IV), titanium (IV) and iron (III) and its
relevance to mineral tanning, chemistry of silicates and phosphates and their tanning
mechanisms, mechanistic classification of inorganic tannages and their relevance to
combination tanning.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
Leather', Vol.II, Type of tannages, Rober E.Krieger Publishing Co.,New York, 1977.
2. Gustavson, K.H. `Chemistry of Tanning Processes' Academic Press, New York,
1956.
3. Bienkiewicz `Physical Chemistry of Leather Manufacture' Krieger, Florida 1982.
21
LT9303
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POST TANNING PROCESSES
LTPC
2103
AIM
To impart knowledge on chemicals and processes involved in post tanning operations of
leather manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
Post tanning processes like neutralization and its importance to the manufacture of
various types of leathers.
Chemistry of post tanning auxiliaries.
Mechanism of dyeing, fatliquoring and retanning
UNIT I
DYES AND DYEING OF LEATHER
10
Theory of colours, chromphoric groups and their optical absorption, structural features of
dyes, factors affecting hue and colour, intensity; Classification of dyes based on their
chemical nature, application and colour index, properties; blending of dyes, theory and
practice of colour matching, theory and mechanism of dyeing, chemistry and application
of dyeing auxiliaries such as leveling agents, dispersing agents and dye fixatives.
UNIT II
FATLIQUORS AND FATLIQUORING OF LEATHER
10
Fatliquors - chemical classification, natural and synthetic oils. Unit operations: Sulphation,
sulphonation, sulphitation reactions of oils, role of double bonds and iodine value in
oils. Stability of emulsions, grain and particle sizes of emulsions, factors controlling grain
sizes of emulsions. Mechanism of fatliquoring process and softening of leathers.
UNIT III
SYNTANS AND RETANNING OF LEATHER
10
Classification of syntans, auxiliary, intermediate, replacement syntans and resin tanning
agents Sulphonation of naphthalene, napthols,
phenol-formaldehyde condensation
reactions, characterisation and photo oxidation mechanisms of phenolic syntans. Bleaching
agents and mordants.. Light fast, amino resin, formaldehyde-free, acrylic and PU syntans.
Chemistry and mechanism of retanning.
UNIT IV
PRACTICE OF POST TANNING PROCESSES AND OPERATIONS
10
Practice, Mechanism and Formulation of post tanning processes viz., neutralization,
retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and various post tanning operations involved in processing of
different types of leathers.
UNIT V
POST TANNING PROCESSES OF SPECIALITY LEATHERS
5
Chemistry and mechanism of retanning, dyeing and fat liqouring processes for the
manufacture of all speciality leathers like burnish, oil pull ups and upgradation techniques.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Venkataraman K. `Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes', Academic Press, New York and Lond,
1971.
Leather', Vol.III, , Rober E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York, 1977.
3. Billmeyer and Saltzmans, `Principles of Color Technology, - Wiley Inter Sciences
Publication.
4. Dutta, S.S., Introduction to the Principles of Leather Manufacture, Indian Leather
5. Gustavson, K.H. `Chemistry of Tanning Processes' Academic Press, New York, 1956.
6. Sarkar. K.T, Theory and practice of leather manufacture, The author, Kolkata, India,
2005.
22
LT9304
LEATHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on analytical methods for the analysis of leather, leather chemicals and
process liquor generated during processing of leathers
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student would understand
The analytical chemistry in testing of leather chemicals and leathers
The principle used in instrumental techniques
Various methods of analysis of leather chemicals, spent process liquors and pelts/
leathers
Standard and quality control measures of leather chemicals
UNIT I
ANALYSIS OF PRETANNING LEATHER CHEMICALS
7
Principles of analytical methods employed in analysis of pretanning chemicals - lime,
unhairing, deliming and bating agents; Specifications recommended by standards
organizations.
UNIT II
ANALYSIS OF TANNING AGENTS
8
Principles of analytical and instrumental methods employed in analysis of vegetable tanning
materials and extracts; Aldehydes; chrome extracts and liquors; zirconium, titatinium,
aluminium and Iron tanning agents; Specifications recommended by standards organizations.
UNIT III
ANALYSIS OF POST TANNING AND FINISHING CHEMICALS
8
Principles of analytical and instrumental methods employed in analysis of neutralising
agents, syntans, dyes, oils and fats, fatliquors, post tanning auxiliaries, pigments, resin
binders, wax emulsions, fillers, lacquer and lacquer emulsions and finishing auxiliaries;
Specifications recommended by standards organizations.
UNIT IV
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS LIQUORS AND EMISSIONS
8
Principles of analytical and instrumental methods employed in analysis of exhaustion liquors
of pretanning, tanning and post tanning processes. Analysis of emissions - air pollutants from
leather processing; Specifications recommended by standards organizations.
UNIT V
ANALYSIS OF TANNED LEATHERS
8
Principles of analytical and instrumental methods employed in analysis of various chrome
leathers, vegetable tanned leathers; Specifications recommended by standards
organizations.
UNIT VI
ANALYSIS OF ECO-SENSITIVE LEATHER CHEMICALS IN LEATHER 6
Principles of analytical and instrumental methods employed in analysis of eco-sensitive
chemicals present in leather chemicals and finished leathers; Specifications recommended by
standards organizations.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Sarkar, P.K., Ànalytical Chemistry
of Leather
Manufacture', Indian Leather
2. Òfficial methods of Analysis', Society of Leather Technologists and Chemists, U.K.,
1981.
3. `Methods of chemical testing of leathers', IS: 582 1970 (Reaffirmed 2003) Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
Leather', Vol.IV, Evaluation of leather, Rober E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York,
1977.
23
LT9305
TECHNOLOGY OF LIGHT LEATHER MANUFACTURE
LTPC
3003
AIM
This course aims at imparting knowledge in the technology of making different types of light
leathers from skins.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students will be in a position to understand the property
variations of different leathers and suitable processing variations that are required in the
manufacture of the same.
UNIT I
PROPERTIES OF LEATHER
9
Definition and understanding of various physical, chemical and organo-leptic properties of
leather.
UNIT II
PROPERTY PROCESS RELATIONSHIP
8
Understanding of the relationship between each leather property and the process parameter
of each unit operation/process.
UNIT III
PRODUCT BRIEF OF LIGHT LEATHERS
8
Product brief i.e, property requirements w.r.t. product manufacture and use of different light
leathers
UNIT IV
PROCESS DESIGN
8
Concept of designing the process of manufacture of light leathers of different product briefs.
UNIT V
LIGHT LEATHER MANUFACTURE
12
Process of manufacture of leathers such as glazed kid, nappa garment, fine glove, suede
garment and lining; Quality control aspects with special reference to light leather manufacture
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Briggs, P.S. `Gloving, clothing and special leathers, Tropical Products Institute, London,
1981.
2. Kartheiz, Fuchs, H.P. `The Chemistry and technology of Novelty Leathers' FAO, United
Nations, Rome.
3. CLRI Process Bulletins.
LT9306
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR LEATHER

SECTOR
LTPC
300 3
AIM
The aim of this course is to create awareness in every engineering graduate about the
importance of environment, the effect of technology on the environment and ecological
balance and make them sensitive to the environment problems in every professional
endeavour that they participates.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this course the student is expected to understand what constitutes the
environment, what are precious resources in the environment, how to conserve these
resources, what is the role of a human being in maintaining a clean environment and
useful environment for the future generations and how to maintain ecological balance and
preserve bio-diversity. The role of government and non-government organization in
environment managements.
24
UNIT I
ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
14
Definition, scope and importance of environment need for public awareness - concept of an
ecosystem structure and function of an ecosystem producers, consumers and
decomposers energy flow in the ecosystem ecological succession food chains, food
webs and ecological pyramids Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and
function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquatic
ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) Introduction to biodiversity
definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity biogeographical classification of India
value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option
values Biodiversity at global, national and local levels India as a mega-diversity nation
hot-spots of biodiversity threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, manwildlife conflicts endangered and endemic species of India conservation of biodiversity:
In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
Field study of common plants, insects, birds
Field study of simple ecosystems pond, river, hill slopes, etc.
UNIT II
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
8
Definition causes, effects and control measures of: (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution (c)
Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Thermal pollution (g) Nuclear hazards
soil waste management: causes, effects and control measures of municipal solid wastes
role of an individual in prevention of pollution pollution case studies disaster management:
floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Field study of local polluted site Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural.
UNIT III
NATURAL RESOURCES
10
Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber extraction,
mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people Water resources: Use and overutilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits
and problems Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting
and using mineral resources, case studies Food resources: World food problems, changes
caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide
problems, water logging, salinity, case studies Energy resources: Growing energy needs,
renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. case studies
Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil
erosion and desertification role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
Field study of local area to document environmental assets river / forest / grassland / hill /
mountain.
UNIT IV
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
7
From unsustainable to sustainable development urban problems related to energy water
conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management resettlement and rehabilitation
of people; its problems and concerns, case studies role of non-governmental organizationenvironmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions climate change, global warming, acid
rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies. wasteland
reclamation consumerism and waste products environment production act Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) act Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) act
Wildlife protection act Forest conservation act enforcement machinery involved in
environmental legislation- central and state pollution control boards- Public awareness.
UNIT V
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
6
Population growth, variation among nations population explosion family welfare
programme environment and human health human rights value education HIV / AIDS
women and child welfare role of information technology in environment and human health
Case studies.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
25
TEXT BOOKS
1. Gilbert M.Masters, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2 nd edition,
Pearson Education (2004).
2. Benny Joseph, Environmental Science and Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,
(2006).
REFERENCES
1. R.K. Trivedi, Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and
Standards, Vol. I and II, Enviro Media.
2. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico Publ.,
House, Mumbai, 2001.
3. Dharmendra S. Sengar, Environmental law, Prentice hall of India PVT LTD, New Delhi,
2007.
4. Rajagopalan, R, Environmental Studies-From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press
(2005)
LT9307
LEATHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
LTPC
0063
AIM
To provide practical knowledge and the skill on chemical analysis of various leather
chemicals, process liquors, effluent and pelts/ leathers at various stages of processing and
eco-sensitive chemicals present in leather.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students will have practical experience and understanding
on the analysis of various leather chemicals, pelts/leathers and eco-sensitive by means of
qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis
Analysis of Lime
a. Purity of lime
b. Total bases
Analysis of Sodium Sulphide
Analysis of Deliming Agents
a. Analysis of ammonium salts
b. Analysis of boric acid
Analysis of Bate
Analysis of Vegetable Tanning Materials
a. Qualitative analysis
b. Quantitative analysis
c. Acids and Salts in Vegetable Tannin Extracts by Different Methods
Analysis of Chrome tanning agents
a. Moisture
b. Cr2O3 content
c. Acid combined with chromium
d. Basicity: Proctor and Lehigh basicities
e. Distribution of acid groups combined with chromium
f. Degree of olation
Analysis of Syntans
Quantification of phenolic content& free formaldehyde
26
Analysis of fatliquors
a. Moisture
b. Acid value
c. Saponification value
d. Iodine value
e. Free fatty acids
f. Unsaponifiables
g. Total alkalinity
Analysis of pretanned pelts and tanned leathers
Analysis of process liquors
Soak, Lime, Pickle Liquor, Chrome and Vegetable tan liquors;
BOD, COD, TOC, TDS, TS in composite liquors/waste waters.
TOTAL : 90 PERIODS
LT9308
TECHNICAL SEMINAR
LTPC
0021
The object of the technical seminar is to assess the technical communication proficiency and
the scholatic attainment of the student in the technical subjects related to leather science and
technology studied during the degree programme.
TOTAL : 30 PERIODS
LT9309
TANNERY PRACTICE LIGHT LEATHER MANUFACTURE
LTPC
00 63
AIM
To carry out the practicals of leather manufacture of light leathers from raw goat, sheep and
calf skins.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course students will gain confidence in processing
Upper, Lining, Nappa, Suede, Nubuck, Glove leathers from different skins
Specialty leathers from different skins
Upgradation techniques employed for skins
I.
Practical training on the manufacture of
Resin and protein upper leathers

Nappa leathers
Glazed kid leathers
Nubuck leathers
Dress glove
Utility glove leathers
Crushed kid leathers
Suede upper leathers
Suede garment leathers
Mesh leathers
Hair-on/Fur-on leathers
Chamois leathers
II. Novel Finishing Techniques and Upgradation
TOTAL : 90 PERIODS
27
LT9351
LEATHER MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYSICAL TESTING OF LEATHERS

LT P C
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on analytical methods for physical testing of leathers and related
microscopical and bacteriological tests of leather and leather chemicals
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the student wound understand the
Principle in microscopical and bacteriological testing related to leather processes
Mould and pest growth and control in leather
The analytical methods/principles and instrumental techniques used in physical
testing leathers
Standard and quality control measures of physical testing of leathers
UNIT I
MICROSCOPY
10
Mechanical and optical parts of compound microscope, images formed, defects in eye pieces
-and their rectification etc. Preparation of microscopical slides, fixing, embedding, sectioning,
staining and mounting etc. Fibre structure and assessment - Orientation of fibre structure in
curing, soaking, liming, pickling, tanning , post tanning and finishing. Optimal condition of
fibre structures in various types of leathers. Assessment of finished leather, heavy leathers
and light leathers.
UNIT II
BACTERIOLOGY
8
Structure of bacterial cell, nutritional requirements, culture media, sterilization, staining of
bacterial cells. Effect of environmental factors on bacterial growth, enzymes of bacteria,
biochemical properties of bacteria, control of bacterial growth. Testing of bacterial action on
raw hides and skins and in the different stages of Leather Manufacture.
UNIT III
MOULD & PEST CONTROL
10
Structure of moulds associated during different stages of leather manufacture. Effect of
environmental factors on mould growth. Effect of mould growth during processing of
skins/hides, finished leathers, leather goods and during transportation. Testing and
prevention of mould growth during processing, storage of finished goods and
transportation. Parasitic diseases of livestock that affect the leather quality - Demodectic Sarcoptic and Psoroptic manage mites, warble files, ticks and lice.
UNIT IV
PHYSICAL TESTING OF LEATHERS
14
Sampling position for physical testing of leathers. Different physical testing methods principles involved. Static and Dynamic methods, Non-destructive testing of leathers.
UNIT V
STANDARDS AND QUALITY CONTROL
Physical characteristics and specifications of various types of leathers
3
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Dutta, S.S. "An introduction to the principles of physical
testing of leather",
Indian Leather Technologist's Association, Calcutta, 1991.
2. Sale, A.J., Fundamental principles of Bacteriology, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.,
New York, Toronto, London.
3. Mackie and McCartneys, Handbook of Bacteriology, Edited by Robert Crucikshank, E &
S Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh and London.
4. Tanner., F.W, Practical Bacteriology, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Chapman & Hall Ltd.,
Newyork, London.
28
LT9352
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LEATHER FINISHING
LTPC
210 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on materials and processes/operations involved in leather finishing.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course, the students would be in a position to
Appreciate the role of various finishing agents and auxiliaries used in leather finishing
Formulate strategies for finishing different types of leathers
Study various upgradation techniques
Methods of drying Toggle drying, paste drying, vacuum drying etc. and preparing the
crust
UNIT I
COATING SCIENCE
9
Theory of surface coating; Characteristics of various components of coating system;
Parameters of the process of coating and its influence on coating characteristics; Testing of
coatings.
UNIT II
PIGMENTS
9
Classification of pigments; Inorganic, organic, nacreous (pearlescent) and interference
pigments - their representation code in the colour index. Different forms of pigments powders and pastes. Evaluation and control of their brilliance, opacity, particle size,
resistance to solvent, heat and light and colour matching.
UNIT III
POLYMERIC MATERIALS AND THEIR DISPERSION FORMS
9
General introduction to addition and condensation polymerization; various methods of
polymerisations, resins binders - acrylics, vinyls and urethanes, protein binders, cellulose
nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, - protein binders - lacquers - emulsion and emulsifiers evaluation and control - solvents and thinners.
UNIT IV
PRINCIPLES OF FINISHING, FINISH FORMULATIONS AND THEIR

APPLICATION
9
Impregnation: Terminology, types of impregnating binders, characteristics, selection of
systems for corrected and full grain impregnation, formulations, application methods and
precautions
Finishing: Definition, aims, film formation mechanisms, properties of films such as glass
transition temperature/ minimum film forming temperature, transparency, gloss and
resistance to heat, light and solvent. Pigment volume concentration, plasticizer, wetting
agents, role in dispersion and stability - requirements in multiple coat technique such as
clearing coat, sealer coat, base coat, top and feel coat. Single coat composition methods
like spraying, curtain coating, roller coating etc. Cationic finishes and their relative merits.
Eco- friendly finishing - volatile organic compounds (VOC) reductions. Finish formulation for
various types of leathers.
UNIT V
COATING METHODS AND NOVEL FINISHING SYSTEMS
9
Role of newer equipments like autospray, roller coats, continuous embossing machines, dorn
busch, finiflex, etc. Methods such as oil pull-up, waxy, burnishable, antique, grain suede,
screen printing, roller printing, tie and dye finishing. Pearl finishing, easy-care and patent
finishing, cationic finishing, foam finishing, transfer foil, lamination, etc.,
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Pattern. T.E., Pigment Hand Book, vol.3 ed. W.J., New York, 1973.
2. Patterson, P., Pigments - An Introduction to Theory of Physical Chemistry, Elsevier
Publishing Co. Ltd., Amsterdam, 1967.
3. Treatise on coating, Misers and Long Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (5 Vol.)
4. Sharphouse, J.H., Leather Technicians Handbook, Leather Producers Association,
Northampton NN3 1JD, Reprinted 1995.
29
LT9353
THEORY AND MECHANISM OF LEATHER MACHINERY
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart theory and practical knowledge on the working principles, use and maintenance of
machineries used in leather manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students would understand the
General principles involved in various machineries used in leather manufacture.
Salient features and purpose of the various machinery used
Preventive maintenance and safety in the use of leather machinery
Adjustment of machinery parts for proper functioning of different machines used in
leather processing
Design of optimal machinery layout of tannery
UNIT I
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISM OF LEATHER MACHINERY 9
involved in various tannery machines. Mechanism of cutting and shearing action of helical
blade systems. Bush, ball, roller and ring oil bearing, cam springs and their application and
function in tannery machinery.
UNIT II
DESIGN, MATERIAL SELECTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENT

9
Basic design, material selection and construction of pits, drums and paddles. Pneumatic
steering mechanism and control as applied to dust control equipment, air compressor, auto
spray, etc. Hydraulic steering mechanism in case of shaving, staking, embossing machines,
etc.
UNIT III
MECHANICAL FEATURES OF LEATHER MACHINERY
9
Salient features and purpose of the various machinery used in beam house, tanning and
finishing yards, unhairing, fleshing, scudding, sammying, setting, shaving, staking, buffing,
dedusting, glazing, machines, finiflex, hydraulic press, curtain coating, roller coating, transfer
coating, autospry, driers and measuring machine etc.
UNIT IV
TANNERY LAYOUT, PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY
9
Drawing a neat lay out for a small/medium tannery showing the wet yard and finishing yard by
arranging the machines as per the sequence of operation for standard leather processing.
Preventive maintenance and safety in the use of leather machinery
UNIT V
PRACTICAL WORKING ON MACHINERY USED IN LEATHER

PROCESSING
9
Adjusting the position of rollers for proper fleshing of skins and hides in a fleshing machine
Adjusting the position of rollers to achieve proper grain setting in a mechanical setting
machine
Adjusting the position of different rollers in a splitting machine to get the required thickness
while splitting
Adjusting the grinding stones to achieve the required level profile in a splitting band knife.
Adjusting the position of rollers in a shaving machine to achieve proper thickness
Replacing the worn-out helical blades in a shaving machine
Procedure to be followed in removing the worn-out knife
Replacing the rubber beading in a drum door.
Changing the main ball bearing in a drum
Tightening the V-belts in a drum
Adjusting the worn-out staking blades in a slocomb staking machine for proper staking
Increasing the staking pressure
Selection and fixing of the emery paper in a buffing machine
Adjusting the lateral oscillation of a buffing cylinder
Adjusting the feed roll position for proper buffing
30
Fixing the felt in a buffing machine

Fixing the glass roll in a glazing machine
Fixing the leather strap to the cast iron bed of a glazing machine
Increasing the glazing bed
Adjusting the various knobs in a spray gun to achieve proper spraying over leather
Adjusting the air compressor pressure for proper spraying
Changing embossing plates in hydraulic press
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Walter Landmann, The Machines in the Tannery A Review of Leather Producing
Machinery and Equipment in current use, World Trades Publishing, UK, 2003
2. Thomas C.Thorstensen, Practical Leather Technology- Robert E.krieger Publishing
Company, Huntington, New york, 1976.
LT9357
LEATHER MACHINERY LABORATORY
LTPC
0021
AIM
To impart practical knowledge on the working principles and maintenance of machineries
used in leather manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
1. At the end of the course the student would understand the
2. Adjustment of machinery parts for proper functioning of different machines used in leather
processing
3. Adjusting the position of rollers for proper fleshing of skins and hides in a fleshing
machine
4. Adjusting the position of rollers to achieve proper grain setting in a mechanical setting
machine
5. Adjusting the position of different rollers in a splitting machine to get the required
thickness while splitting.
6. Adjusting the grinding stones to achieve the required level profile in a splitting band knife.
7. Adjusting the position of rollers in a shaving machine to achieve proper thickness
8.
a) Replacing the worn-out helical blades in a shaving machine
b) Procedure to be followed in removing the worn-out knife
9.
a) Replacing the rubber beading in a drum door.
b) Changing the main ball bearing in a drum
c) Tightening the V-belts in a drum
10.
a) Adjusting the worn-out staking blades in a slocomb staking machine for proper staking
b) Increasing the staking pressure
11.
a) Selection and fixing of the emery paper in a buffing machine
b) Adjusting the lateral oscillation of a buffing cylinder
c) Adjusting the feed roll position for proper buffing
d) Fixing the felt in a buffing machine
12.
a) a. Fixing the glass roll in a glazing machine
b) Fixing the leather strap to the cast iron bed of a glazing machine
c) Increasing the glazing bed
13.
a) Adjusting the various knobs in a spray gun to achieve proper spraying over leather
b) Adjusting the air compressor pressure for proper spraying
TOTAL : 30 PERIODS
31
LT9358
LEATHER MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYSICAL TESTING LAB
LTPC
0042
AIM
To provide practical knowledge on physical testing of leathers and microscopical and
bacteriological testing of leathers and leather chemicals
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the students would have practical experience and understanding on
Physical testing of leathers
Microscopical analysis/identification of leathers
Bacteriological testing of leathers and leather chemicals
PHYSICAL TESTING LAB
Strength Properties
a. Tensile Strength and Elongation at break
b. Tongue tear strength
c. Stitch tear and slit tear strengths
d. Grain crack and bursting strengths
Wear and Comfort Properties
a. Static/dynamic water absorption
b. Water vapour permeability
c. Abrasion resistance
d. Persipiration resistance
Fastness Properties
a.
Rub fastness
b.
Water fastness
c.
Heat fastness
d.
Light fastness
e.
Gloss
MICROSCOPY LAB
a.
Setting up of a compound microscope
b.
Preparation of microscopical slides by paraffin embedding method and By
freezing method
c.
Identification of hides and skins from their histological structures and from
their grain pattern-Buffalo, Cow, Sheep and Goat
e.
Microscopical assessment of fibre structure during the process - Soaking,
liming, pickling and tanning of finished leather - sole leather.
BACTERIOLOGY LAB
a.
Preparation of various culture media
b.
Staining of bacteria
c.
Enumeration of bacteria in hides and skins and in tan liquors
d.
Isolation and identification of fungi in raw hides/skins, leathers and tan liquors
e.
Isolation and identification of fungi in leathers
f.
Mildew resistance test for leathers
g.
Identification of insect and parasitic damages
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
32
LT 9359
TANNERY PRACTICE - POST TANNING AND FINISHING
LTPC
00 21
AIM
To carry out the practical leather processing of various types of leathers from semiprocessed/crust leathers.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students will gain confidence in
Post tanning and finishing different types of leathers
Post tanning operations for at least three different types of leathers
Various finishing techniques for grain/split leathers
Machinery interventions for different leathers
TOTAL : 30 PERIODS
GE9371
COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND SOFT SKILLS LAB
LTPC
002 1
AIM
To enhance the overall capability of students and to equip them with the necessary
Communication Skills and Soft Skills that would help them excel in their profession.
OBJECTIVES
To equip students of engineering and technology with effective speaking and listening
skills in English.
To help them develop their soft skills and interpersonal skills, which will make the
transition from college to workplace smoother and help them excel in their job.
To enhance the performance of students at Placement Interviews, Group Discussions
and other recruitment exercises.
1. PC based session
A. Career Lab
(15 periods) Viewing and discussing audio-visual materials
1.
Resume / Report Preparation / Letter Writing:
writing Job application with Resume - Project report - Email etiquette.
(3) Letter
2.
Presentation skills:
(3)
Elements of effective presentation Structure of presentation - Presentation tools Body
language.
3. Soft Skills:
(3)
Time management Stress management Assertiveness Negotiation strategies,
Psychometrics - Analytical and logical reasoning.
4. Group Discussion:
(3)
Group discussion as part of selection process, Structure of group discussion Strategies in
group discussion Mock group discussions.
5. Interview Skills:
(3)
Kinds of interviews Interview techniques Corporate culture Mock interviews.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
33
II. Class Room Session

1.
Resume / Report Preparation / Letter writing:
Students prepare their own resume and report.
2.
Presentation Skills:
Students make presentations on given topics.
3.
Group Discussion:
Students participate in group discussions.
4.
Interview Skills:
Students participate in Mock Interviews
Note: Classroom sessions are practice sessions.
(9)
(12)
(12)
(12)
REFERENCES
1. Prakash P, Verbal and Non-Verbal Reasoning, Macmillan India Ltd., 2nd Edition, New
Delhi, 2004.
2. John Seely, The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, Oxford University Press, New
Delhi 2004.
3. Paul V Anderson, Technical Communication, Thomson Wadsworth , 6 th Edition, New
Delhi, 2007.
4. Edgar Thorpe and Showick Thorpe, Objective English, Pearson Education, 2 nd Edition,
New Delhi 2007.
5. David Evans, Decision maker, CUP, 1997
Lab Requirement:
1.
Teacher console and systems for students.
2.
English Language Lab Software
3.
Tape recorders
LT9401
PROCESS ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT FOR LEATHER

SECTOR
LTPC
3003
AIM
To introduce process economics and industrial management principles to leather
technologists
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is to teach principles of cost estimation, feasibility
analysis, management, organization and quality control that will enable the students
to perform as efficient managers.
UNIT I
PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT AND

ORGANISATION
15
Planning, organization, staffing, coordination, directing, controlling, communicating,
organization as a process and a structure; types of organizations
Method study; work measurement techniques; basic procedure; motion study; motion
economy; principles of time study; elements of production control; forecasting; planning;
routing; scheduling; dispatching; costs and costs control, inventory and inventory control.
UNIT II
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS FOR TECHNOLOGISTS - INTEREST,

INVESTMENT COSTS AND COST ESTIMATION
10
Time Value of money; capital costs and depreciation, estimation of capital cost,
manufacturing costs and working capital, invested capital and profitability.
UNIT III
PROFITABILITY, INVESTMENT ALTERNATIVE AND REPLACEMENT 8
Estimation of project profitability, sensitivity analysis; investment alternatives; replacement
policy; forecasting sales; inflation and its impact.
34
UNIT IV
ANNUAL REPORTS AND ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE
4
Principles of accounting; balance sheet; income statement; financial ratios; analysis of
performance and growth.
UNIT V
ECONOMIC BALANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL
8
Essentials of economic balance Economic balance approach, economic balance for leather
and product industries. Elements of quality control, role of control charts in production and
quality control.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Peters, M. S. and Timmerhaus, C. D., Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineers , 5th Edn., McGraw Hill, 2002.
2. Holand, F.A., Watson, F.A. and Wilkinson, J.K., " Introduction to process Economics ", 2 nd
Edn., John Wiley, 1983.
3. Narang, G.B.S. and Kumar, V., Production and Costing , Khanna Publishers, New
Delhi, 1988.
REFERENCE
1. Allen, L.A., Management and Organization, McGraw Hill.
LT 9402
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS FOR LEATHER AND LEATHER

PRODUCTS
LT PC
3003
AIM
To make students capable of using Computer and related technologies for an effective
management of leather and leather products industry
OBJECTIVES
To expose the students to Systems analysis concepts, application aspects of Operating
systems & DBMS, Data communication principles, web designing, E-Commerce and
CAD applications in leather/leather products manufacture
UNIT I
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & DESIGN AND IT INFRASTRUCTURE
8
Definition of a System; System development life cycle- System study; System analysis;
System Design (Input, output, files, procedure); Implementation and maintenance; Need for
the IT Infrastructure; Form factor; Data Center & Disaster Recovery; Security & Threads.
UNIT II
OPERATING SYSTEMS AND DBMS
7
Different types of operating systems and their applications in LINUX, Macintosh and Windows
Platforms; Different types of Database Management Systems and SQL; DDL, DML - Retrieving,
Manipulating, Updating tables;
UNIT III
DATA COMMUNICATIONS
7
Concept of Data Communication, Modes of Transmission -Digital Vs Analog,
SerialVs Parallel, Synchronous Vs Asynchronous; Types of Communication - Simplex, Half
Duplex, Full Duplex; Communication channels - Twisted pair cables, Coaxial cables, Optical
Fiber, Radio Waves, Satellites; Communication Protocols - FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP, WAP; Data
Communication Devices; Network topologies; Network Types (LAN, WAN and MAN), Data
Communication Terminologies in Internet WWW-Website-Webpage-HTML-URL.
UNIT IV
ADVANCED TOOLS FOR WEB DESIGNING
12
HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting Languages - Java script, VB script; Perl & CGI; ASP; JSP;
Java; C#, .NET
35
UNIT V
11
E-COMMERCE
E-Commerce-Definition; Traditional Commerce V/s E-Commerce; Benefits of e-commerce;
Various e-commerce models-B2B, B2C;
CAD SYSTEMS
CAD Systems for Leather & Leather Products- Pattern grading & cutting for footwear, leather
goods and garments; Design and development of Leather products; Computerised color
matching systems its principle and application.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Alex Leon & Mathews Leon, Fundamentals of Information Technology, Leon Techworld, 1999.
REFERENCES
1. Dorian Cougias, E. L. Heiberger, Karsten Koop, The Backup Book: Disaster Recovery from
Desktop to Data Center.
2. Tannenbaum, Operating Systems, PHI, 4th Edition, 2000
3. Date C. J., An Introduction to Database Systems, 7th Ed., Narosa Publishing, 2004
4. Kendall & Kendall, Systems Analysis and Design (Prentice Hall India)
5. Achyut S. Gobbole, Data Communication and Networks (Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company)
6. Understanding SQL (BPB Publications)
7. Hands-on HTML(BPB Publications)
8. Ann Navarro, Effective Web Designing (BPB Publications)
9. E-commerce Developers Guide to Building Community & using Promotional Tools (BPB
Publications)
10. Reference Manuals for CAD systems for Footwear and Garments
LT9406
INDUSTRIAL INTERNSHIP / TRAINING
LTPC
0042
Each student is required to undergo a practical training in leather processing unit/ leather
chemical manufacturing unit and submit an industrial training report on practical internship
undertaken by/assigned to him/her by the Department. The report should be based on the
practical experience gained at the industry duly certified by the issuing authority at the
training centre of leather industry. The objective of the training is to make use of the practical
knowledge gained by the student at various stages of the leather processing. This helps to
judge the level of proficiency, originality of the student in understanding and applying the
practical aspects of leather technology.
Student should undertake this industrial internship/training during the summer vacation after
the sixth semester. However evaluation for this course will be done in seventh semester.
TOTAL DURATION: 4 WEEKS
LT9407
PROJECT WORK PHASE I
LTPC
0 0 12 6
Each student is required to submit a report on the project undertaken by and assigned to him
by the Department. The report should be based on the information available in the literature
or data determined in the laboratory/industry. The objective of the project is to make use of
the knowledge gained by the student at various stages of the degree programme. This helps
to judge the level of proficiency, originality and capacity for application of the knowledge
attained by the student at the end of the programme.
VIVA VOCE
The object of the viva-voce examination is to determine whether the objectives of the Project
work have been met by the student as well as to assess the originality and initiative of the
student as demonstrated in the Project Work.
TOTAL : 180 PERIODS
36
LT9451
PROJECT WORK PHASE II
LTPC
0 0 16 8
Each student is required to submit a report on the project undertaken by and assigned to him
by the Department. The report should be based on the information available in the literature
or data determined in the laboratory/industry. The objective of the project is to make use of
the knowledge gained by the student at various stages of the degree programme. This helps
to judge the level of proficiency, originality and capacity for application of the knowledge
attained by the student at the end of the programme.
VIVA VOCE
The object of the viva-voce examination is to determine whether the objectives of the Project
work have been met by the student as well as to assess the originality and initiative of the
student as demonstrated in the Project Work.
TOTAL : 240 PERIODS
LT9021
SAFETY IN LEATHER INDUSTRIES
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on Occupational Safety and Hazard aspects in leather manufacture
OBJECTIVES
To understand
legal framework of safety & health in India and international conventions
hazard identification and assessment
productive machine safety in the leather industry
work ecology and ergonomics
emergency prevention and preparedness safety & health management
UNIT I
SAFETY PHILOSOPHY, HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND

ASSESSMENT
10
Legal framework of safety & health in India International conventions and trends
Responsibilities and enforcement mechanism. Need for safety & health (cost/benefit rational;
safety, environment and productivity triangle)
Role of industrial hygiene, Hazard classification (hazard categories and groups), Hazard
identification and assessment (tools and methods).
UNIT II
SAFETY IN USE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AT WORK
8
Chemical and biological hazards in the work place in the leather industry.
Health effects of chemical and biological exposure Hazard information systems on
hazardous substances (material safety data sheets, labelling) Workplace exposure
monitoring and evaluation Hazard prevention and control measures (storage, handling
and disposal) in the leather industry.
UNIT III
PRODUCTIVE MACHINE SAFETY IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY, WORK

ECOLOGY AND ERGONOMICS
17
Safety hazards of machinery, machine tools and electrical installations ; Hazard
prevention and safeguarding of machinery (guards, machine controls, ergonomics) ; Role of
preventive maintenance
Safe workstation design and layout, Manual handling of material
Lighting (standards, use of natural and artificial illumination)
Climate control (standards, temperature/humidity, improving general ventilation)
Noise management (standards, prevention and protection)
Safety of factory premises and installations (railings, flooring, safe structures)
Welfare measures
Personal protection and hygiene (selection, use, maintenance)
37
UNIT IV
EMERGENCY PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS
Planning for emergencies
Control of fire and explosion
Dealing with medical emergencies
UNIT V
SAFETY & HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION
3
Promoting safety & health practices at the workplace (training, safety and warning signs)
Role and responsibilities of managers, supervisors and workers
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Jeannie Mager Stellmann, Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety & Health, 4th edition,
International Labour Office, Geneva 1999.
2. J. Buljan, A Sahasranaman, J Hannak, Occupational Safety and Health Aspects of
Leather
Manufacture, 1st edition,
United Nations Industrial
Development
Organization, Chennai, 1998.
3. CLRI, Safety Manual on Leather Processing, 1st edition, Central Leather Research
Institute, Chennai, 1999.
LT9022
SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY OF LEATHER SUPPLEMENTS &

SYNTHETICS
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on the use of leather supplements used as substitutes for leather in the
manufacture of leather products
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge on the chemistry of
most common polymeric materials used in leather industry as supplements. The emphasis
on the course content will be on the fundamentals of polymerization of various polymers
used. Analytical skills on testing of polymers will be emphasized that will enable them to
understand various polymer properties and manufacturing methods.
UNIT I
6
Technology of the most common polymeric materials used in leather industry as
supplements. Polymer and Rubber industries in India.
UNIT II
15
Manufacture of industrially important polymers for plastics, fibres and lastomer Polyethylene, polypylene,
polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyacrylonitrile,
polystyrene, polyurethane, fluoro-carbon polymers, epoxy resins, polyamides, polyesters,
alkyd resins, silicone polymers, cellulosics.
UNIT III
Fabrication
spinning,
6
of polymeric materials, compounding and mixing, casting, extrusion, fibre
molding, coating, foam fabrication.
UNIT IV
Testing of
polymers. Mechanical and
8
Thermal testing.
UNIT V
10
Manufacture of rubber and elastomers. Natural rubber, processing, vulcanizing
synthetic elastomers, butadiene copolymer, neutral rubber, polyisoprene polybutadiene.
Polymer and rubber industries in India
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
38
REFERENCES
1. Williams, D.J., `Polymer Science & Engineering', Prentice Hall, New York, 1971.
2. Austin, G.T., Shrere's `Chemical Process Industries', 5th ed., McGraw Hill International
Book Co., Singapore, 1984.
3. Elrich. F.R., `Science & Technology of Rubber;, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
4. Lubin, `Handbook of compsites', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
LT9023
VALUE ENGINEERING AND REENGINEERING IN LEATHER SECTOR

LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge of value engineering and reengineering and relating them to leather
industry.
OBJECTIVE
To address value engineering through the objectives, different stages,
procedures and implementation of reengineering.
To make students apply the learned concepts in a case study/project.
UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF VALUE ENGINEERING
8
Value- Types How to add value-Job plan techniques employed- Who will do value
engineering- Organizing the value engineering study-Benefits.
UNIT II
STEP BY STEP APPLICATION OF JOB PLAN
10
Selection of project and team members general phase information phase function
phase creative phase evaluation phase Investigation phase implementation phase Audit
UNIT III
WORK SHEETS AND GUIDE LINES
9
Preparation of worksheets general and information phase Function Classification,
relationship and summary- Meaningful costs- Cost analysis- Idea listing and Comparison
Feasibility ranking Investigator phase, study summary guidelines for writing value
engineering proposal Financial aspects Life cycle cost analysis Oral presentation
Audit Case studies and Discussion.
UNIT IV
REENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
10
The 6 Rs of organizational transformation and reengineering process reengineering preparing the workforce Methodology PMI leadership expectation Production and
service improvement model Process improvement.
UNIT V
IMPLEMENTATION OF REENGINEERING
8
Process analysis techniques Work flow analysis Value analysis approach Nominal
group technique Fish bone diagram Pareto analysis team building Force fields
analysis Implementation.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. S.S.Iyer, Value Engineering, New Age Information, 1996.
2. Del L. Younker, Value Engineering Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2003
3. M.S.Jayaraman and Ganesh Natarajan, Business Process Reengineering, Tata
McGraw Hill, 1994.
REFERENCE
1. Dr.Johnson, A.Edosomwan, Organizational Transformation and Process reengineering,
British Library Cataloguing in publication data, 1996.
39
LT9024
ORGANISATION & MANAGEMENT OF LEATHER

MANUFACTURE
LTPC
3003
UNIT I
TRENDS IN LIVESTOCK POPULATION
5
Categories of livestock, global distribution, Indias share, distribution livestock in India, growth
rates, trends and relative importance , projections.
UNIT II
AVAILABILITY AND MARKETING OF HIDES AND SKINS
10
Concepts, global availability , India,s share in the world , trends in meat production and
consumption practices , fallen animal recovery systems , off-take rates( slaughter and
mortality rates), availability of hides and skins , projections
Collection and mobilization of hides and skins, Origin and characteristics, Transportation,
Grading systems, Pricing, major markets and sourcing of hides and skins, Broad features of
marketing
UNIT III
STRUCTURE OF TANNING INDUSTRY AND LEATHER PRODUCT

INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
10
Distribution of tanneries in India, scale of operation, type of ownership, line of specialization,
capacity and production, employment pattern, industrial policy , environmental issues ,
leather complexes
Categories of products, distribution of footwear, leather garments, leather goods industries,
scale of operation, ownership pattern, capacity and production, industrial policy, employment,
exports and domestic market.
UNIT IV
INDIAS FOREIGN TRADE AND POLICY
5
Economic and social importance of leather sector, trade terms, trends in the exports, major
importing countries, imports of India, review of trade policy and impact.
UNIT V
GLOBAL MARKET FOR LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS
5
Shifts in production bases, structure of global market, trends in the global trade, major
markets, competitors for India, dynamics of global leather trade.
EMERGING DIMENSIONS IN THE GLOBAL TRADE
5
Non- price Competition , Trade related Environmental and Social issues , Eco- labels and
Social certification , E- Commerce ,impact of W orld Trade Organisation .
STRATEGIES FOR EXPORT PROMOTION
5
Identification of critical factors, Role of various organizations, Planning and sustainable
development ,Trade policy, Developing market net-work and market intelligence, Resource
and product related strategies.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS AND REFERENCES
1. Report of All India Survey on Raw Hides and Skins, CLRI, 1987 and 2004
2. Report on Capacity Utilisation and Scope for modernization of Indian tanning industry ,
CLRI, 1990
3. Report of the Committee on The Development of Leather and Leather Manufactures for
Exports ( Seetharamaiah Committee Report) , Govt of India 1972
4. Report of the Nation wide Survey on Leather Product Units in India , CLRI, 1997.
5. Thyagarajan, G, Srinivasan, A.V. and Amudeswari, A., "Indian Leather 2010, A
technology, Industry and Trade Forecast', CLRI, Madras 1994.
6. Bulletins of Indias Foreign Trade in Leather and Leather Products , CLRI
7. Sadulla, S. The Leather Industry Kothari's Deskbook Series, H.C. Kothari Group
(Publications Division), Madras 1995.
40
LT9025
LEATHER AND PRODUCT MERCHANDISING
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on leather products merchandising that relates to the domestic and
global leather and leather product merchandising.
OBJECTIVES
To understand
Fundamentals of purchasing
Retail sector
Global Market
UNIT I
PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT
9
Introduction, Definition, Importance and Scope of Marketing, Philosophies of Marketing
Management, Elements of Marketing - Needs, Wants, Demands, Customer, Consumer,
Markets and Marketers; Marketing Vs Selling, Consumer Markets and Industrial Markets.
Concept of Marketing Management, Marketing Mix, Functions of Marketing Management,
Marketing Organisations, Qualities of Marketing Manager.
Marketing Environment, Factors Affecting Marketing Environment, Marketing Information
System and Marketing Research, Strategic Marketing Planning.
UNIT II
PURCHASING PRINCIPLES AND MANAGEMENT
9
Purchasing scope and development - Strategic aspects of purchasing - Key purchasing variables consideration - Purchasing negotiations & competitive Bidding - Outsourcing purchasing operation - Buying capital goods & services - Purchasing for resale - Purchasing
systems and technology - Evaluation of purchasing performance - Purchasing ethics and
legal issues
UNIT III
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF MERCHANDISING
9
Merchandising concepts, technology, systems, planning - Merchandise pricing and
budgeting, sample handling - Managing merchandise assortments - Developing and presenting product lines - Introduction to shipping operation
UNIT IV
RETAIL SECTOR OF LEATHER
9
Overview of retailing; Changing retail environment - Typology of retail buying - Understanding
the consumer - Competitive strategies in the retail industry - Retail location strategy; Store
layout & Design - Product planning and selection; Inventory management - Retail pricing;
Retail communication - Customer Service
UNIT V
GLOBAL SOURCING OF LEATHER
9
Globalization and its influences - The role and importance of global sourcing - Global
sourcing process and strategy - Investigation and tendering - Supplier selection and
development - Operationalization of global sourcing strategy - Performance Measurement The benefits and challenges of global sourcing - Coping with custom clearance uncertainties Sourcing on the Internet - Supplier relationship development - Merchandising language for
sourcing
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Apparel Product Design and Merchandising Strategies by Cynthia L. Regan. Publisher:
Prentice Hall
2. Integrated
Retail
Management
by
James
R.
Ogden
&
Denise
T.
Ogden, 2007, Biztantra Retail Management Levy & Weitz-TMH 5th Edition 2002
3. Charles
W
L
Hill.
And
Arun
Kumar
Jain.
International
Business:
competing in the global market place, Mc Graw-Hill, 2007.
4. John
D.
Daniels
Lee
H
Radebaugh,
International
Business:
Environments and Operations Addison Wesley, 2007.
5. Justin Paul International Business Prentice Hall of India, 2007
Oded Shenkar Yadong Luo : International Business John Wiley &
Co., 2006
41
LT9026
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LEATHER SECTOR
LTPC
3003
AIM
This course aims at providing necessary skills for the students in becoming a technocrat.
OBJECTIVE
To understand the entrepreneurship in leather sector related to industrial enterprise,
venture planning and development, techno economic feasible reports, resource
management and production. To gain knowledge on market management.
UNIT I
INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE
6
Concepts and Fundamental Principles - Factors influencing business environment,
Opportunity assessment, Business forecasting and prospective - Leather as an economic
and export opportunity sector - Influence of socio-economic environment on
the
sustainability of the leather sector.
UNIT II
VENTURE PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
12
Resource planning, Product and process selection criteria - Market segmentation and
selection - Investment strategies, Business financing systems, Financial analysis for
investment decision - Policy issues and legal clearances - Venture planning in
tanneries, shoe units, chemical units and leather garments and goods units - Return on
investments in leather sector - Financial sensitivity analysis for investments in the leather
sector.
UNIT III
TECHNO - ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORTS (TEFR)
5
Components of TEFR - size of projects, Project costing - Selection and means of finance cash-flow projections - Costing and pricing - Implementation schedules - PERT and related
project scheduling charts - TEFR for tannery, shoe plants, leather chemical, leather
garments and leather goods units.
UNIT IV
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION PLANNING
10
Material and money flow - Labour management - Principles of production management TQM concepts - ISO and related certification methods - Purchase management in leather
sector - Credit financing and labour issues in leather sector - Productivity bottlenecks in
tanneries and shoe plants and debottlenecking strategies - Inventory control measures
for leather sector.
Operations research - time-motion studies - Principles of time management - Management
information system - Intranet and Internet communication and its relevance in managing
enterprises - Factors concerning system productivity in leather sector.
UNIT V
MANAGING MARKETS
12
Market demand assessment techniques - Taxation and internal revenue issues - Market
forecasting tools and techniques - Brand building - Export - import guidelines and trade
issues - Market sensitivity analysis - Global trade in leather - inter-country comparison of
strengths and weaknesses at market place - WTO and related issues influencing leather Eco-criteria and its influence in leather market - Forecasting domestic market for leather
products and market driven planning of an enterprise in leather sector.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Brandt, Steven C., The 10 Commandments for Building a Growth Company, Third Edition,
Macmillan Business Books, Delhi, 1977
2. Bhide, Amar V., The Origin and Evolution of New Businesses, Oxford University
Press, New York, 2000.
3. Desai, Vasant, Small Scale Enterprises Vols. 1-12, Mumbai, Himalaya Publishing
House. (Latest edition).
4. Dollinger, Mare J., Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources, Illinois, Irwin,
1955.
5. Holt, David H., Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation, Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi, latest Edition.
42
6. Panda, Shiba Charan, Entrepreneurship Development, New Delhi, Anmol

Publications. (Latest Editions)
7. Patel, V. G., The Seven Business Crises and How to Beat Them, Tata-McGraw,
New Delhi, 1995.
8. SIDBI Report on Small Scale Industries Sector (Latest Editions)
9. Taneja, Satish and Gupta, S.L. Entrepreneurship Development-New Venture
Creating, Galgotia Publishing House, New Delhi, Latest Edition
10. Verma, J.C., and Gurpal Singh, Small Business and Industry-A Handbook for
Entrepreneurs, New Delhi, Sage, 2002
11. Vesper, KarlsH, New Venture Strategies, (Revised Edition), New Jersey, Prentice- Hall,
1990.
GE9021
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN ENGINEERING
LT PC
3003
AIM
To sensitize the engineering students on blending both technical and ethical responsibilities.
OBJECTIVES
Identify the core values that shape the ethical behavior of an engineer.
Utilize opportunities to explore ones own values in ethical issues.
Become aware of ethical concerns and conflicts.
Enhance familiarity with codes of conduct.
Increase the ability to recognize and resolve ethical dilemmas.
UNIT I
ENGINEERING ETHICS
9
Senses of Engineering Ethics Variety of moral issues Types of inquiry Moral dilemmas
Moral Autonomy Kohlbergs theory Gilligans theory Consensus and Controversy
Professions and Professionalism Professional Ideals and Virtues Uses of Ethical
Theories.
UNIT II
ENGINEERING AS SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION
9
Engineering as Experimentation Engineers as responsible Experimenters Research
Ethics - Codes of Ethics Industrial Standards - A Balanced Outlook on Law The
Challenger Case Study
UNIT III
ENGINEERS RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY
9
Safety and Risk Assessment of Safety and Risk Risk Benefit Analysis Reducing Risk
The Government Regulators Approach to Risk - Chernobyl Case Studies and Bhopal
UNIT IV
RESPONSIBILITIES AND RIGHTS
9
Collegiality and Loyalty Respect for Authority Collective Bargaining Confidentiality
Conflicts of Interest Occupational Crime Professional Rights Employee Rights
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) - Discrimination
UNIT V
GLOBAL ISSUES
9
Multinational Corporations Business Ethics - Environmental Ethics Computer Ethics Role in Technological Development Weapons Development Engineers as Managers
Consulting Engineers Engineers as Expert Witnesses and Advisors Honesty Moral
Leadership Sample Code of Conduct
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Mike Martin and Roland Schinzinger, Ethics in Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York
(2005).
2. Charles E Harris, Michael S Pritchard and Michael J Rabins, Engineering Ethics
Concepts and Cases, Thompson Learning, (2000).
43
REFERENCES
1. Charles D Fleddermann, Engineering Ethics, Prentice Hall, New Mexico, (1999).
2. John R Boatright, Ethics and the Conduct of Business, Pearson Education, (2003)
3. Edmund G Seebauer and Robert L Barry, Fundamentals of Ethics for Scientists and
Engineers, Oxford University Press, (2001)
4. Prof. (Col) P S Bajaj and Dr. Raj Agrawal, Business Ethics An Indian Perspective,
Biztantra, New Delhi, (2004)
5. David Ermann and Michele S Shauf, Computers, Ethics and Society, Oxford University
Press, (2003)
GE9022
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
LTPC
3003
AIM
To provide comprehensive knowledge about the principles, practices, tools and techniques of
Total quality management.
OBJECTIVES
To under the various principles, practices of TQM to achieve quality
To learn the various statistical approaches for quality control.
To understand the TQM tools for continuous process improvement.
To learn the importance of ISO and Quality systems.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
9
Introduction - Need for quality - Evolution of quality - Definition of quality - Dimensions of
manufacturing and service quality - Basic concepts of TQM - Definition of TQM TQM
Framework - Contributions of Deming, Juran and Crosby Barriers to TQM.
UNIT II
TQM PRINCIPLES
9
Leadership Strategic quality planning, Quality statements - Customer focus Customer
orientation, Customer satisfaction, Customer complaints, Customer retention - Employee
involvement Motivation, Empowerment, Team and Teamwork, Recognition and Reward,
Performance appraisal - Continuous process improvement PDSA cycle, 5s, Kaizen Supplier partnership Partnering, Supplier selection, Supplier Rating.
UNIT III
TQM TOOLS & TECHNIQUES I
9
The seven traditional tools of quality New management tools Six-sigma: Concepts,
methodology, applications to manufacturing, service sector including IT Bench marking
Reason to bench mark, Bench marking process FMEA Stages, Types.
UNIT IV
TQM TOOLS & TECHNIQUES II
9
Quality circles Quality Function Deployment (QFD) Taguchi quality loss function TPM
Concepts, improvement needs Cost of Quality Performance measures.
UNIT V
QUALITY SYSTEMS
9
Need for ISO 9000- ISO 9000-2000 Quality System Elements, Documentation, Quality
auditing- QS 9000 ISO 14000 Concepts, Requirements and Benefits Case studies of
TQM implementation in manufacturing and service sectors including IT.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Dale H.Besterfiled, et at., Total Quality Management, Pearson Education Asia,Third
Edition, Indian Reprint (2006).
44
REFERENCES
1. James R. Evans and William M. Lindsay, The Management and Control of Quality, 6 th
Edition, South-Western (Thomson Learning), 2005.
2. Oakland, J.S. TQM Text with Cases, Butterworth Heinemann Ltd., Oxford, 3rd
Edition, 2003.
3. Suganthi,L and Anand Samuel, Total Quality Management, Prentice Hall (India) Pvt.
Ltd.,2006.
4. Janakiraman,B and Gopal, R.K, Total Quality Management Text and Cases, Prentice
Hall (India) Pvt. Ltd., 2006.
GE9023
FUNDAMENTALS OF NANOSCIENCE
L TPC
300 3
AIM
To make the students understand the importance , relevance and potentialities of this
emerging field of study.
OBJECTIVES
Study the basic nano technology and nano science.
Understand interdisciplinary nature of this field.
Understand the importance role of physics, chemistry, biology.
Recognize that the rules of nano science are fundamentally different than those we
experience.
Study the basic fabrication strategies of nano science.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
10
Nanoscale Science and Technology- Implications for Physics, Chemistry, Biology and
Engineering-Classifications of nanostructured materials- nano particles- quantum dots,
nanowires-ultra-thinfilms-multilayered materials. Length Scales involved and effect on
properties: Mechanical, Electronic, Optical, Magnetic and Thermal properties. Introduction to
properties and motivation for study (qualitative only).
UNIT II
PREPARATION METHODS
10
Bottom-up Synthesis-Top-down Approach: Precipitation, Mechanical Milling, Colloidal routes,
Self-assembly, Vapour phase deposition, MOCVD, Sputtering, Evaporation, Molecular Beam
Epitaxy, Atomic Layer Epitaxy, MOMBE.
UNIT III
PATTERNING AND LITHOGRAPHY FOR NANOSCALE DEVICES
5
Introduction to optical/UV electron beam and X-ray Lithography systems and processes, Wet
etching, dry (Plasma /reactive ion) etching, Etch resists-dip pen lithography
UNIT IV
PREPARATION ENVIRONMENTS
10
Clean rooms: specifications and design, air and water purity, requirements for particular
processes, Vibration free environments: Services and facilities required. Working practices,
sample cleaning, Chemical purification, chemical and biological contamination, Safety issues,
flammable and toxic hazards, biohazards.
UNIT V
CHARECTERISATION TECHNIQUES
10
X-ray diffraction technique, Scanning Electron Microscopy - environmental techniques,
Transmission Electron Microscopy including high-resolution imaging, Surface Analysis
techniques- AFM, SPM, STM, SNOM, ESCA, SIMS-Nanoindentation
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
45
TEXT BOOKS
1. A.S. Edelstein and R.C. Cammearata, eds., Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties and
Applications, Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol and Philadelphia, 1996.
2. N John Dinardo, Nanoscale charecterisation of surfaces & Interfaces, 2 nd Edition,
Weinheim Cambridge, Wiley-VCH, 2000
REFERENCES
1. G Timp (Editor), Nanotechnology, AIP press/Springer, 1999
2. Akhlesh Lakhtakia (Editor), The Hand Book of Nano Technology,Nanometer Structure,
Theory, Modeling and Simulations, Prentice-Hall of India (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2007.
GE9261
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

(Common to all branches)
LTPC
300 3
AIM
The aim of this course is to create awareness in every engineering graduate about the
importance of environment, the effect of technology on the environment and ecological
balance and make them sensitive to the environment problems in every professional
endeavour that they participates.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this course the student is expected to understand what constitutes the
environment, what are precious resources in the environment, how to conserve these
resources, what is the role of a human being in maintaining a clean environment and
useful environment for the future generations and how to maintain ecological balance and
preserve bio-diversity. The role of government and non-government organization in
environment managements.
UNIT I
ENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY
14
Definition, scope and importance of environment need for public awareness - concept of an
ecosystem structure and function of an ecosystem producers, consumers and
decomposers energy flow in the ecosystem ecological succession food chains, food
webs and ecological pyramids Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and
function of the (a) forest ecosystem (b) grassland ecosystem (c) desert ecosystem (d) aquatic
ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries) Introduction to biodiversity
definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity biogeographical classification of India
value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option
values Biodiversity at global, national and local levels India as a mega-diversity nation
hot-spots of biodiversity threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, manwildlife conflicts endangered and endemic species of India conservation of biodiversity:
In-situ and ex-situ conservation of biodiversity.
Field study of common plants, insects, birds
Field study of simple ecosystems pond, river, hill slopes, etc.
UNIT II
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
8
Definition causes, effects and control measures of: (a) Air pollution (b) Water pollution (c)
Soil pollution (d) Marine pollution (e) Noise pollution (f) Thermal pollution (g) Nuclear hazards
soil waste management: causes, effects and control measures of municipal solid wastes
role of an individual in prevention of pollution pollution case studies disaster management:
floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides.
Field study of local polluted site Urban / Rural / Industrial / Agricultural.
46
UNIT III
NATURAL RESOURCES
10
Forest resources: Use and over-exploitation, deforestation, case studies- timber extraction,
mining, dams and their effects on forests and tribal people Water resources: Use and overutilization of surface and ground water, floods, drought, conflicts over water, dams-benefits
and problems Mineral resources: Use and exploitation, environmental effects of extracting
and using mineral resources, case studies Food resources: World food problems, changes
caused by agriculture and overgrazing, effects of modern agriculture, fertilizer-pesticide
problems, water logging, salinity, case studies Energy resources: Growing energy needs,
renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy sources. case studies
Land resources: Land as a resource, land degradation, man induced landslides, soil
erosion and desertification role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
Equitable use of resources for sustainable lifestyles.
Field study of local area to document environmental assets river / forest / grassland / hill /
mountain.
UNIT IV
SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT
7
From unsustainable to sustainable development urban problems related to energy water
conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management resettlement and rehabilitation
of people; its problems and concerns, case studies role of non-governmental organizationenvironmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions climate change, global warming, acid
rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust, case studies. wasteland
reclamation consumerism and waste products environment production act Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) act Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) act
Wildlife protection act Forest conservation act enforcement machinery involved in
environmental legislation- central and state pollution control boards- Public awareness.
UNIT V
HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
6
Population growth, variation among nations population explosion family welfare
programme environment and human health human rights value education HIV / AIDS
women and child welfare role of information technology in environment and human health
Case studies.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Gilbert M.Masters, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 2 nd edition,
Pearson Education (2004).
2. Benny Joseph, Environmental Science and Engineering, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi,
(2006).
REFERENCES
1. R.K. Trivedi, Handbook of Environmental Laws, Rules, Guidelines, Compliances and
Standards, Vol. I and II, Enviro Media.
2. Cunningham, W.P. Cooper, T.H. Gorhani, Environmental Encyclopedia, Jaico Publ.,
House, Mumbai, 2001.
3. Dharmendra S. Sengar, Environmental law, Prentice hall of India PVT LTD, New Delhi,
2007.
4. Rajagopalan, R, Environmental Studies-From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press
(2005)
47
LT9027
ADVANCED PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF LEATHER I

L TPC
3 0 0 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on the advanced physical and chemical concepts of native collagen and
collagen processed into leather.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the students would have gained comprehensive knowledge
on the chemistry and physics of molecular architecture, hydration, swelling, phase
transitions, dimensional stability, relaxation, shrinkage and cross-linking phenomena
of collagen/processed collagen/leather.
UNIT I
10
Histology and fibre packing in Skins. Techniques for study of macro-ultra and
microstructural details of skins. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure of
collagen.
UNIT II
10
Molecular architecture of collagen. Inter and intra-change forces in the stabilisation and
aggregation of collagen molecules. Three dimensional network of collagen fibres in skins
and leather matrix.
UNIT III
7
Hydration, fibre swelling and phase transitions in collagen fibres and their role in dimensional
stability of skin and leather matrix.
UNIT IV
9
Molecular mechanisms in relaxation and folding with special reference to native collagen and
tanned collagen. Helix to coil transition and effects of thermo-mechanical stress on
connective
tissue fibres.
UNIT V
9
Shrinkage and cross linking phenomena in native, chrome tanned and vegetable tanned
collagen.
Influence of electromagnetic and high energy radiation on native collagen.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
1. Flaherty, O. Roddy, T.W., Lollar, R.M., `The Chemistry & Technology of Leather',
Vol.1, E. Robert Krieger Publishing Co., New York 1978.
2. Gustavson, K.H., `The Chemistry & Reactivity of Collagen', Academic Press, New
York.
3. Ramachandran, G.N., `Treatise on the Biology of Collagen, Academic Press, New
York.
4. Krishnan, V, Ed. Trends in Collagen, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences
(Chemical Sciences), Vol. 111, No. 1, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1999.
48
LT9028
ADVANCED PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF LEATHER II

(Prerequisite: Elective APCL-I)
L T PC
30 0 3
AIM
To attempt micro-level understanding of leather making
OBJECTIVES
To understand hydration of skin protein and its functional sites
To understand diffusion and transport phenomena in collageneous matrices
To understand molecular level changes and dimensional changes during various unit
processes in leather making
To relate surface science to leather making.
UNIT I
6
Macro and microporosity of skin and influence of hydration and water structure on the
pore size pattern in skin. Functional sites in protein for interactions with vegetable and
pretanning materials, Electrophilic and nucleophilic reactions at protein sites.
UNIT II
9
Types of transport of fluids into solid matrices. Diffusion and transport phenomena in
collageneous matrices. Kinetics and diffusion of tannery materials, dyes; forced diffusion into
collageneous matrices.
UNIT III
15
Molecular level processes and changes in soaking, liming/dehairing, deliming/bating,
pickling, tanning, dyeing and Fatliquoring.
UNIT IV
6
Dimensional changes and Ultra and micro structural variations
of
skins during
soaking,liming, deliming/bating, pickling, tanning, retanning, Fatliquoring and drying as
well as finishing with resin and casein finishes.
UNIT V
9
Surface science application to leather. Surface charge and energy of full chrome and
chrome retanned leather. Emulsions in leather processing and the surface charge and
potential of leather finish films, adhesion, mechanisms, influence of opacity, refractive
index and scattering coefficient of pigments and pigment formulations and factors
controlling the stability of leather finish films.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
1. Fred O, Flaherty, Roddy, T.W Roddy and Robert M. Lollar Ed., `The Chemistry of
Technology of Leather', Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York 1977.
2. Bienkiewicz, `Physical Chemistry of Leather Manufacture' Krieger, Floridaa, 1982.
3. Gustavson, K.H., `Chemistry of Tanning Processes', Academic Press, New York,
1956.
4. Krishnan, V, Ed. Trends in Collagen, Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences
(Chemical Sciences), Vol. 111, No. 1, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 1999.
49
LT9029
ECO-BENIGN OPTIONS FOR LEATHER PROCESSING
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on eco friendly options for leather processing.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge on the cleaner
process technology in the leather processing during tanning, post tanning and finishing
systems. The emphasis on the course content will be on the fundamentals of bio beam
house processing.
UNIT I
CLEANER PROCESSING - BEAMHOUSE
9
Eco-friendly process technologies: Salt free curing options, sulphide free unhairing systems,
ammonia - free deliming, salt free pickling systems, solvent free degreasing systems.
Paradigm shift from chemical processing of hides and skins to bio beam house processing.
UNIT II
CLEANER PROCESSING: TANNING
9
Less chorme and chrome-free tanning systems. Latest concepts and trends in leather
processing. Eco-labelling. Integrated strategies to achieve permissible BOD, COD and TDS
standards of tannery effluents.
UNIT III
CLEANER PROCESSING: POST TANNING
9
Formaldehyde, Phenol, VOX, AOX free post tanning systems; Latest concepts and trends in
leather processing. Eco-labelling. Integrated strategies to achieve permissible BOD, COD
and TDS standards of tannery effluents.
UNIT IV
CLEANER PROCESSING: FINISHING
9
Cleaner processing and solvent free finishing systems; Eco-labelling. integrated strategies to
achieve permissible BOD, COD and TDS standards of tannery effluents.
UNIT V
ADVANCED FINISHING, SPLIT PROCESSING AND UPGRADATION

TECHNIQUES CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES
9
Role of following finishing equipment like autospray, roller coats, embossing machines,
finiflex, auto togglers, stacking machines etc. Techniques such as oil pull-up, waxy,
burnishable, crazy horse, antique finish, screen printing, roller printing, tie and dye finishing.
metallic effects, patent finishing, cationic finishing, other novel finishing techniques like
electrostatic finishing.
Shoe suede, garment suede, grain finished effect and speciality finishes at split leather processing technologies and finishing techniques specially suited for the purpose.
Upgradation of lower ends for better utilisation. Transfer foil, lamination techniques, etc in
split finishing. Latest trends.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. P.S.Briggs, "Gloving, Clothing and special leathers" products Institute, London 1981.
2. J.H.Sharphouse, "Leather Technicians Hand Book", Leather Producers Association,
Northampton NN3 1JD, Reprinted 1995.
50
LT9030
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF LEATHER AUXILIARIES
LTPC
3003
AIM
This course aims to impart knowledge on the chemistry and properties of various auxiliaries
used in leather processing
UNIT I
9
Definition and function of leather auxiliaries, role of wetting agents, syntans, fatliquors,
dyes, pigments, binder, top coats, feel modifiers and matting agents in leather processing.
Surface tension and principles of wetting, importance of HLB, Chemical classification of
wetting agents.
UNIT II
9
Chemical classification of syntans, sulphonation of naphthalene, phenols, Napthols,
Phenol formaldehyde condensation reactions, chemistry of light fast syntans, chem istry of
amino resins and PU, Unit operations in syntan manufacture.
UNIT III
13
Compostion of fatliquors; Functionalisation of oils for surface active function, chemical
classification natural and synthetic oils, sulphation, sulphonation, sulphitation reactions
of oils,
role of double bonds and iodine value in functionalisation of oils,
sulphochlorination, sulphoamidation, transesterification,
phosphorylation reactions for
fatliquor preparation. Stability of emulsions, grain and particle sizes of emulsions, factors
controlling grain sizes of emulsions. Fatliquor manufacturing technology.
Theory of colors, chromphoric groups, structural features of dyes; acid, basic and
reactive dye classification. Chemistry and technology of dye manufacture.
UNIT IV
9
Definition of pigments, groups of polymer bases for colour. Classification, formulations
of pigments, particle size, refractive index, density, opacity criteria for the choice of
pigment bases, Different techniques in particle size reduction and importance of particle
size on functional properties of pigment formulation.
Functional definition of binders, chemical classification of binders, acrylic, protein,
polyurethane, introduction to manufacturing of binder formulations.
UNIT V
5
Different types of top coat formulations, choice of polymers for surface protection, role of
plasticizers, internal and external plasticizers.
Principles of feel modification of polymer surfaces, types of feel modifiers and matting
agents.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
Leather', Vol.II, Type of tannages, Rober E. Krieger Publishing Co., New York, 1977.
2. Gustavson, K.H. `Chemistry of Tanning Processes' Academic Press, New York, 1956.
3. Venkataraman , K. `Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes', Academic Press, New York and
Lond, 1971.
4. Myers, R.R., and Lond, J.S. `Treatise on Coatings', Marcel Dekker, New York, 1975.
51
LT9031
TECHNOLOGY OF ANIMAL AND TANNERY BY PRODUCTS

UTILISATION
LTPC
30 03
AIM
To impart knowledge on the preparation and use of tannery by-products that emerge during
the preservation and manufacture of leather and leather products.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge on the preparation of
several by-products emerging out of the leather and leather products sector.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION.
9
Types
of
animal byproducts - from abattoirs, meat processing plants, poultry,
fishing and other sources including fallen animals. Present methods of collection, processing
and utiisation in developing countries vis - a - vis developed countries : conservation
techniques and concept of two tier technology. Protein meals from animals by-products
including fallen animals and their significance in livestock feeds
UNIT II
DIFFERENT METHODS OF RENDERING
9
Bone products and their utilisation. Keratinous proteins - various sources keratinous based
products and their uses.
UNIT III
ANIMAL BLOOD, ITS PRODUCTS AND THEIR UTILISATION
9
Alimentary tract and its processing into various products. Present status of the
industry in the country. Pet foods methods of preparation in brief.
UNIT IV
COLLECTION AND CONSERVATION OF ORGANS AND GLANDS

FROM SLAUGHTERED ANIMALS : POSSIBLE SCOPE OF THEIR
UTILISATION
9
Anaerobic digestion, its significance for
the preparation of animal feed, fuel gas,
fertilizer, etc. Quality control including microbiological aspects of products processed from
animal by-products.
UNIT V
PRESENT INDUSTRIAL STATUS OF VARIOUS BY-PRODUCTS IN THE

COUNTRY
9
Process studies on
a. Glue making from tannery wastes
b. Bone glue and deproteinisation of bone
c. Horn and hoof meal
d. Protein meals by different methods
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Burnham, F. `Rendering - the invisible industry", Aero Publishers, inc., Fallbrook, CA
92028, 1978.
2. Mann, I. `Processing and Utilisation of animal by-products', Food and Agriculture
organisation, Rome, 1962.
3. Scaria, K.J., Mahendrakumar and Divakaran, S. Ànimal by-Products - processing and
utilisation', Central Leather Research Institute, Madras, 1981.
4. Taiganides, E.P. Ànimal Wastes', Applied Science, Publishers Ltd., Essex, 1977.
5. Mahendrakumar, `Hand Book of rural technology for the processing of animal byproducts'. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 79, Food and Agriculture Organisation.
6. Divakaran, S. Animal Blood - Processing and utilisation, Food and Agriculture
Organisation, Rome, 1978.
52
LT9032
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR LEATHER SECTOR

LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on the environmental impact assessment for leather sector.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge on the legislations on
environmental pollution control and management, obligations of industries to control
environmental pollution, occupational health hazards and industries, environmental
impact assessment, audit and management plan
UNIT I
LEGISLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL AND

MANAGEMENT
8
Environmental Legislations in India, Europe, USA and Canada. Development of Legislations,
Standards and guidelines.
UNIT II
OBLIGATIONS OF INDUSTRIES TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION
5
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act 1981, Environmental Protection Act 1986, Hazardous Waste Management
Rules and Guidelines for siting of industries. Standards for discharge of treated liquid effluent
into water bodies, including inland water bodies and sea, standards for disposal of air
emissions (SO2, SPM, NH3, H2S and HC) into atmosphere.
UNIT III
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH HAZARDS AND INDUSTRIES
8
Factory Act 1987 of India, Occupational health and safety requirements and standards of ILO,
compliance of rules and guidelines of Factory Act applicable to industries.
UNIT IV
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) AND AUDIT (EA)
10
Principles of environmental impact assessment and audit guidelines and legislature
requirements for siting of industrial units in estates/complex. Preparatory procedures for EIA
study, evaluation of impact on air, water and land environment.
UNIT V
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT (EA AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
14
Principles of environmental auditing, cleaner technologies in industrial processes and
evaluation of processes. Auditing techniques in preparation of EA.
Monitoring of ambient environment, including air, water and land, noise liquid and solid waste
management.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Canter, W.L. Environmental Impact Assessment, McGraw Hill Inc., 1992.
2. Rau, J.G. and Wooten, D.C., Environmental Impact Analysis Handbook, McGraw-Hill
1980.
3. Woolsten, H., Environmental Auditing. An Introduction and Practical Guide.
53
LT9033
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT DESIGN FOR LEATHER AND CHEMICALS

PROCESSING
LTPC
3003
AIM
This course aims at imparting knowledge on the principles of designing a leather and
chemical processing industry.
UNIT I
PRINCIPLES, ILLUSTRATIONS AND METHODOLOGY OF THE

FOLLOWING WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR APPLICATION IN
LEATHER AND CHEMICAL PROCESSING
Process Design
Process flowsheeting
Material and energy flows and networks
Process engineering flow schemes
Codes, Standards and Fabrication processes
Utilities/Offsite facilities
Inplant safety
Selection of Materials of construction
BASIC DESIGN OF PROCESS EQUIPMENTS & LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES
Basic Design of process Equipments :
Stirred reactors (gas liquid and liquid - solid systems)
Tanning drums and supporting units
Forced circulation leather dryer
Distillation units
Principles of layout for Tanneries and Chemical Process Units
Factors to be considered for layout selection
Types of layouts and their design basis
UNIT II
PROCESS CONTROL FOR TANNERIES AND CHEMICAL

PROCESS UNITS
Principles and types
Typical control strategies
Piping and Instrumentation diagrams
12
UNIT III
UNIT IV
UTILITIES AND OFFSITE FACILITIES FOR TANNERIES AND CHEMICAL

PROCESS UNITS
7
Estimation of loads
Nature and type of facilities
UNIT V
PRE CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION
Fixed and working capital requirements
Manufacturing costs
Break-even and profitability analysis
Cash flow analysis
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
1. Max,S. Peters and Timmerhaus, K.D. `Plant Design and Economics for Chemical
Engineering', McGraw-Hill - International Book Company, New York, 1989.
2. Vibrandit, C. and Dryden, C.E. `Chemical Engineering Plant Design', McGraw-Hill book
Company Inc., New York.
3. Lloyd, E. Brownell and Young, E.H.`Process Equipment Design', Wiley Eastern Limited,
New Delhi.
4. Walas, `Chemical Process Equipment
Selection
and Design', McGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc., New York.
5. `Tannery design' - CLRI Publication.
6. Walter Landman, The Machines in the Tannery, World leather publication, 2003.
54
LT9034
ADVANCED ANALYTICAL LABORATORY
LTPC
0042
Ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic techniques for the separation of mineral
tanning species and determination of charge - UV and visible spectrophotometric techniques
and their applications in the determination of chromium, iron, formaldehyde, dyes, NMR
methods for fatliquors - Functional group identification in polymers using IR and NMR
techniques. 13 C spectra of polymeric syntans. GPC for molecular weight determination of
polymeric syntans - Leather surface examination by electron microscope.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
LT9035
LEATHER AUXILIARIES LABORATORY
LTPC
0042
Preparation and characterization of Phenol, Naphthalene condensation products; Mineral
syntans; Vegetable tannin extracts; Various types of Fatliquors; Pigment formulations.
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
LT9036
LEATHER GOODS DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on design and construction of leather goods
OBJECTIVES
Through this course students will be able know
Various components used for the manufacture of leather goods
Processing steps involved in the making of leather good
Techniques to design and develop leather goods
Organization and management of a leather goods manufacturing unit
UNIT I
OVERVIEW AND FABRICATION OF LEATHER GOODS- PRODUCTION &

PLANNING
14
Classification of Leather Goods; Grading and assorting of leathers for leather goods;
Property requirements for leather and lining materials; Accessories for Leather goods;
Various types of fasteners, fittings and other accessories. Alternative materials and their
adaptability for goods
Nomenclature used for component identification in various leather goods Wallet, hand
bags, Executive bags etc. operational sequences in Leather goods production
UNIT II
FABRICATION OF LEATHER GOODS -CUTTING, CLICKING AND

ASSEMBLING
6
Hand & machine cutting, Knives & tools Preparation and handling.
Pattern
interlocking/nesting for material optimization. Factors influencing cutting value.
Various types of assembly techniques for leather goods. Pre assembly and assembly
techniques skiving, splitting, folding, sewing etc.
UNIT III
FABRICATION OF LEATHER GOODS -PROCESS SCHEDULING AND

LINE BALANCING.
3
Quality control measures in leather goods manufacture.
55
UNIT IV
DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
12
Basic design development measurement/ sizing for various types of leather goods pattern
grading for leather garments. CAD applications for leather goods design & production;
Analysis of fashion and material trends
UNIT V
ORGANISATION & MANAGEMENT
10
Project Feasibility reports for leather; Plant lay out, Costing and pricing for leather goods and
garments. Analysis of international market trends for goods Europe, USA & other markets.
Social auditing of leather goods, occupational Health & Safety, ISO 9000 & 14000.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Pattern Making Manual - Womens Garments, ESMOD, Paris, 1991.
2. Fashion Drawing Method, ESMOD, Paris, 1992.
3. Metric Pattern cutting for Menswear, Winifred Aldrich, BSP Professional Books, London,
1990.
4. Grading Manual, ESMOD, Paris, 1994.
5. Training in Tanning Techniques and Leather Goods Manufacture - Course material,
CLRI, Madras, 1990.
6. Skiving Manual, First Edition, 1994 CLRI, Madras.
LT9037
LEATHER GARMENTS DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
LTPC
30 03
AIM
To impart knowledge on design and construction of leather Garments
OBJECTIVES
Through this course students will be able know
various components used for the manufacture of leather garments
processing steps involved in the making of leather good
techniques to design and develop leather garments
organization and management of a leather garments manufacturing unit
UNIT I
OVERVIEW AND FABRICATION

OF
LEATHER
GARMENTSPRODUCTION & PLANNING
14
Classification of Leather Garments; Grading and assorting of leathers for leather
garments; Property requirements for leather and lining materials; Accessories for Leather
garments; Various types of fasteners, fittings and other accessories. Alternative materials
and their adaptability for garments
Nomenclature used for component identification in various leather garments Wallet, hand
bags, Executive bags etc. operational sequences in Leather garments production
UNIT II
FABRICATION OF LEATHER GARMENTS- CUTTING, CLICKING AND

ASSEMBLING
5
Hand & machine cutting, Knives & tools Preparation and handling. Pattern
interlocking/nesting for material optimization. Factors influencing cutting value.
Various types of assembly techniques for leather garments. Pre-assembly and assembly
techniques skiving, splitting, folding, sewing etc.
UNIT III
PROCESS SCHEDULING AND LINE BALANCING
Quality control measures in leather garments manufacture.
56
UNIT IV
DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT
12
Basic design development measurement/ sizing for various types of leather garments
pattern grading for leather garments. CAD applications for leather garments design &
production; Analysis of fashion and material trends
UNIT V
ORGANISATION & MANAGEMENT
10
Project Feasibility reports for leather; Plant lay out, Costing and pricing for leather garments
and garments. Analysis of international market trends for garments Europe, USA & other
markets.
Social auditing of leather garments, occupational Health & Safety, ISO 9000 & 14000.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
RERERENCES
1. Pattern Making Manual - Womens Garments, ESMOD, Paris, 1991.
2. Fashion Drawing Method, ESMOD, Paris, 1992.
3. Metric Pattern cutting for Menswear, Winifred Aldrich, BSP Professional Books,
London,1990.
4. Grading Manual, ESMOD, Paris, 1994.
5. Training in Tanning Techniques and Leather Garments Manufacture - Course
material, CLRI, Madras, 1990.
6. Skiving Manual, First Edition, 1994 CLRI, Madras.
LT9038
LEATHER FOOTWEAR DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge of various materials and components used in footwear manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
To give focus on the manufacture, evaluation and application of materials and
components used in footwear manufacture
UNIT I
FOOTWEAR MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS
9
Different types of upper and lining leathers; Different types of soling materials; Different types
of adhesives used in footwear industry; Kinds of insole boards, Grinderies; Fasteners; Shoe
dressing materials etc.
UNIT II
DESIGN AND PATTERN DEVELOPMENT
9
History of shoe; Purposes and styles; Fashion & designs; Preparation of standards and
section for men, ladies & children; Classic and other types of shoes and boots.
UNIT III
CUTTING, PRE-CLOSING AND CLOSING
13
Principles of cutting Hand, machine; Clicking room design and management.
Checking incoming work, stitchmaking, skiving, punching and gimping, heat embossing, flow
moulding, toe puff attachment, attaching linings and scrims, trimming linings, finishing off
closed seams. Top line and other edge treatments, local reinforcements, attaching fastners
and trims.
UNIT IV
PRELASTING AND LASTING
10
Principles and methods of pre-lasting and lasting for different types of construction; Sole
attaching; Lasted margin; Upper preparation; Sole preparation; Sole cementing; Upper
cementing; Bottom fillers and shanks; Adhesive drying, Heat activation, Spotting, Pressing,
Last slipping, Health and safety, Quality control and fault finding problems- solving.
UNIT V
METHODS OF SHOE CONSTRUCTION
Various methods of shoe construction; shoe room techniques.
4
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
57
REFERENCES
1. Cott, N.F., American Shoe Making, Shoe Trades Publishing Co., Cambridge.1993.
2. Apparel International Published by P.F collier and sons, U.K, 1961.
3. Shoes and Leather News,Published by bureau of foreign and domestic commerce,
Dept of commerce, US, 1940.
LT9039
TECHNOLOGY OF LEATHER SUPPLEMENTS, SYNTHETICS

& ACCESSORIES FOR LEATHER PRODUCTS
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on the technology of use of leather supplements used as substitutes for
leather in the manufacture of leather products
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course the students would have gained knowledge on the chemistry of
most common polymeric materials used in leather industry as supplements. Analytical
skills on testing of polymers will be emphasized that will enable them to understand
various polymer properties and manufacturing methods.
UNIT I
POLYMERS USED FOR LEATHER AND LEATHER PRODUCTS

MANUFACTURE
9
Technology of the most common
polymeric materials used in leatehr industry as
supplements. Polymer and Rubber industries in India
UNIT II
MODIFICATIONS OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR DIFFERENT

COMPONENTS
10
i.
Polymer Blending : High polymer blends - Plasticization Other additives, fillers,
Antioxidants, flame retardants, stabilizers, colorants and pigments - Post reactions of
polymers
ii.
Moulding techniques and equipment used in fabrication of polymer products such as :
Injection moulding, calendering, Reaction Injection moulding (RIM), Blow moulding etc.
UNIT III
PROPERTIES, SPECIFIC USES AND TESTING OF DIFFERENT POLYMER

MATERIALS
9
Properties and test procedures for polymer materials such as rheological, mechanical,
electrical, thermal, chemical and comfort -suitability of polymer materials for different
components of leather products.
UNIT IV
MANUFACTURE OF DIFFERENT POLYMERS
12
Manufacture of industrially important polymers for plastics, fibres and elastomer Polyethylene, polypylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyacrylonitrile,
polystyrene, polyurethane, fluoro-carbon polymers, epoxy resins, polyamides, polyesters,
alkyd resins, silicone polymers, cellulosics.
UNIT V
GRINDERIES AND CHEMICALS
9
Last: Raw material - Manufacture of wooden last, Plastic last and metal last.
Constitutents and Manufacture of fibreboards. Plastic back part insole and stiffener board.
Shank, Raw Material - Wood, Fibre board Steel, combined wooden board or steel and board,
manufacture technique.
Adhesive: Types of adhesives used in shoe making, raw materials - formulation and
manufacture.
Grinderies: Metallic grinderies - tack, rivet and nails, wires - raw materials - sorting and
polishing.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
58

1. Williams, D.J., `Polymer Science & Engineering', Prentice Hall, New York, 1971.
2. Austin, G.T., Shreres `Chemical Process Industries', 5th ed., McGraw Hill International
Book Co., Singapore, 1984.
3. Elrich. F.R., `Science & Technology of Rubber;, Academic Press, New York, 1978.
4. Lubin, `Handbook of compsites', Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
5. A.C. Miler & J.H. Bristan, Polymer Tech.,Temple Press, London.
6. P.R.Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry, Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York,
1953.
LT9040
FASHION FORECASTING FOR LEATHER AND LEATHER

PRODUCTS
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on fashion forercating for leather and leather products.
OBJECTIVES
To give focus on the historical evaluation & international trends, fashion considerations,
product development, presentation techniques and fashion forecasting of leather and
leather products.
UNIT I
HISTORICAL EVALUATION & INTERNATIONAL TRENDS
10
Historical evaluation of leather and leather products styling. Seasonal influences on fashion,
cultural and geographical instances on leather and products fashion. Market research and
track record.
UNIT II
FASHION CONSIDERATIONS
9
Design Criteria through effect of shape, colour, pattern, texture and decorative materials. Life
cycle of fashion
UNIT III
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
9
Market Strategy - Prototype Development - Field test and evaluation - Standard preparation Second prototype - Final run. Costing
UNIT IV
PRESENTATION TECHNIQUES
9
Organisation of shows and preparation of art portfolios; advertising; effect of foreign
languages in the presentation and promotional activities.
UNIT V
FASHION FORECAST
Direction of fashion trends in leather and leather products production and marketing.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Cott, N.F., American Shoe Making, Shoe Trades Publishing Co., Cambridge.1993.
2. Apparel International Published by P.F collier and sons, U.K, 1961.
3. Shoes and Leather News,Published by bureau of foreign and domestic
commerce,
Dept of commerce, US, 1940.
59
LT9041
LEATHER PRODUCTS MACHINERY
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on leather products machinery used in leather sector.
OBJECTIVES
To focus on the hand tools and machines, machines for shoe and footwear construction,
system, automation in leather product machines and modular manufacturing and layout.
UNIT I
HAND TOOLS AND MACHINES
8
Hand tools and machinery used in leather and leather products making and other auxiliaries
operations General constructions - Principles involved in their working - Power
transmissions systems. The machinery: Pattern grading, clicking Press, splitting, skiving,
edge-folding, stamp Marking, sewing, punching, crimping, eyeleting, Seam-rubbing and
taping, thermo-cementing, Pre-forming, etc.
UNIT II
MACHINES FOR SHOE AND FOOTWEAR CONSTRUCTION
8
Machines used in cemented, stitch down, welted, string lasted, DVP & DIP and other types of
construction. Principles involved in their working - trouble shooting and & preventive
maintenance. Spare parts planning and inventing control.
UNIT III
TRANSPORT SYSTEM
5
Different types of material handling system in leather products industry. Manual, semiautomatic and automatic conveyors.
UNIT IV
AUTOMATION IN LEATHER PRODUCT MACHINES
11
Application of computer/microprocessor base leather products making machines, principle
and operation technique, safety measurements computerized controls, micro-processor links,
and used of Robotics Die Less Cutting Systems. CAM for automatic stitching and other
advance footwear machinery.
UNIT V
MODULAR MANUFACTURING AND LAYOUT
13
Productivity improvements: scheduling, Simulation, Toyota and rink system and Lean
manufacturing system.
Factors affecting plant location and construction of factory building for balancing the
production line in footwear Industry. Application of Neural-network software in layout
preparation.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Thornton, J.H, Text Book of Footwear Manufacture, National Trade Press Ltd., London,
1970.
2. Blakeman, J., An Introduction to applied Science for Boot and Shoe Manufacture, The
Anglo American Technical Co.Ltd., London,1924.
60
LT9042
CAD/CAM FOR LEATHER PRODUCTS DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE

LTPC
2103
AIM
To impart knowledge on CAD/CAM for leather products design and manufacture.
OBJECTIVES
To focus on the computer applications in leather products sector, hardware in cad, pattern
engineering, last and sole modelling for footwear and advanced computational techniques
in cad, rapid prototyping.
UNIT I
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN LEATHER AND PRODUCT

SECTOR
12
Definition, historical development, scope of applications and advantage. CNC devices for
computer aided cutting including laser and water jet, computer aided manufacturing.
UNIT II
HARDWARE IN CAD
12
Introduction, Principles, Capabilities and operation of graphical workstations, central
processing units, graphic terminals, input/output devices, interface and storage devices, networking concepts of LAN and WAN.
Digitization: 2D & 3D Coordinate extracting, principles of digital and analog conversion,
digital input/output processing systems.
Output devices: Prints, plotter and cutter.Various typpes, their working principles and
apllications.
UNIT III
PATTERN ENGINEERING
8
Computerized techniques for pattern generation, grading and assessment of leather products
patterns, consumption calculations, pattern nesting and costing, stitching etc. through
computerized techniques.
UNIT IV
LAST AND SOLE MODELLING FOR FOOTWEAR
7
Digitization with Microscribe; manipulation and optimization of digitized last; use of macros;
last comparison; grading wizard; flattening; 3D visualization of last and styles; concept of elast; introduction to sole and sole mould design.
UNIT V
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES

PROTOTYPING
Principles and practice; simulation concepts and applications.
IN
CAD,
RAPID
6
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. MP Groover and EW Zinimers, CAD/CAM, Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing,
Prentice Hall of India, 1984.
2. Newman & S P Sul., Introduction to Computer Graphics, Published by Morgan
Kaufmann,1995
3. S.Harrington, Computer Graphics : A programming approach, Edition 2, Published by
Elsevier, 1997.
4. Zandi, Computer Aided Design and drafting, Published by Delmer,1985.
5. William Pratt., Digital Image Processing, 1978.
6. Desai and Abel, Introduction to FEM. Step by Step guide to CAD for footwear: CAD
Centre, SDDC, CLRI.
7. Rapid prototyping ; AU FRG publications, 1984.
8. Jorg BuchnerSimulation :
QUEST manual : EDS Technologies, Published by
Springer, 2003.
61
LT9043
LEATHER GOODS AND GARMENTS DESIGN AND

FABRICATION LABORATORY
LT PC
004 2
Leather Assortment
Layout preparation
Preparation and cutting
Assembling and stitching operation
Process scheduling and line balancing
Bottom Stock Preparation
Practice in CAD/CAM and pattern grading using machine.
Practice in classic leather goods and garments making
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
LT9044
LEATHER FOOTWEAR DESIGN AND FABRICATION

LABORATORY
LTPC
0042
Leather Assortment
Layout preparation
Preparation and cutting
Upper preparation
Pre Assemble operation
Closing Operation
Bottom Stock Preparation
Lasting and Finishing
Practice in CAD/CAM and pattern grading using machine.
Practice in classic shoe making; moccasin construction; practice in shoe finishing
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
LT9045
PRINCIPLES OF PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
LTPC
30 03
AIM
To impart knowledge on principles of production manageemnt in leather industry.
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would understand the designs of production, plant
and layout facilities. The role of human factors in production management, various
method analysis, work measurement and quality control in production.
UNIT I
PRODUCTION DESIGN, PLANT DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF

FACILITIES
12
Process planning- plant capacity capacity planning- make or buy decisions Use of crossover chart for selection process.
Plant location: Factories to be considered in plant location- choice of general region,
particular community and site Multiplant location decision Plant location trends.
Layout of facilities : Principles of good layout Layout factors Basic types of layout
Service facilities Principles of materials handling Materials handling equipment.
UNIT II
HUMAN FACTORS IN JOB- DESIGN
Consideration of Man and machine in job design, adaptation of machine to man
Ergonomics Working environment Worker safety.
62
UNIT III
PRODUCTION, INVENTORY CONTROL AND MAINTAINANCE
7
Basic types of production, Intermittent, Batch, Continuous Routing, Scheduling, Activating
and Monitoring Basic Inventory Models Economic order quantity, Economic batch quantity
Reorder point Safety stock Classification and codification of stock classification
Procedure for stock control, Materials Requirement Planning ( MRP ), JIT, Implications for
Supply chain management.
Maintenance : Preventive Vs. Breakdown maintenance Break-down time distribution
Maintenance cost balance Procedure for maintenance.
UNIT IV
METHODS ANALYSIS, WORK MEASUREMENT AND QUALITY

CONTROL
10
Purposes of inspection and quality control Acceptance sampling by variables and attributes
Control charts for variables, fraction defectives and defects. Total Quality management.
Methods Analysis and Work Measurement: Methods study procedures The purpose of time
study Stop watch time study Performance rating Alowance factors Standard time
Worksamplingtechnique.
UNIT V
PURCHASE AND WARE HOUSE MANAGEMENT
Dynamic Purchasing : Purchasing function Selection of materials and vendors Purchasing Organization Concept of value analysis.
Store Keeping and Warehousing Management.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Alan Mulemann, John Oakland , Keith Locker , Production and Operations Management
Macmillan India ltd.
2. Datta A.K., Materials Management : Procedures, Text and Cases, Prentice Hall of India.
3. Gaither, Operations Management , Thomas Learning
LT9046
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND BUSINESS ORIENTATION
LTPC
300 3
AIM
To impart consumer behaviour and business orientation skills to students.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this course is to provide an overview of consumer decision making,
maketing implications, consumer behaviour, business orientation and issues in business
marketing catering to leather sector.
UNIT I
CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING AND MARKETING IMPLICATIONS
6
Introduction to the study of consumer behaviour- Stages in Consumer Decision MakingTypes of Consumer decision-making -Consumers shopping styles and Trends-Information
search and consumers decision-making-Information search and marketing strategiesDimensions of information search - Impulse Buying of Consumer- an emerging trend.
UNIT II
CONSUMER DECISION-MAKING AND BEYOND
7
Models of consumers- Four views of consumer decision-making - Economic, Passive, Cognitive,
Emotional-A simple view of consumer decision-making Howard sheth Model- Engel, Kollat and
B1ackWell Model- Case studies with reference to India.
63
UNIT III
DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
10
a) Motivation-Abraham Maslow's need Herz-berg's two factor theory, Sigmund freud's Psychoanalytical model of Motivation.
b) Perception - Selective attention, Exposure and Subliminal perceptionPerception ProcessFactors for perceptional distortion.
c) Learning -Pavlovian & Skinner's approaches in Stimulus Response Theories- Leon festinger's
Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
d) Beliefs and Attitudes- Cognitive , Affective and Action oriented Attitude.
UNIT IV
BUSINESS ORIENTATION
8
Management roles and functions in a business. Designing and re-designing business
process, location, layout, operations planning and control. Basic awareness on the issues
impinging on quality, productivity and environment. Principles of double-entry book-keeping:
journal entries, cash-book, pass book,and Bank Reconciliation Statement, ledger accounts,
trail balance and preparation of final accounts: Trading and Profit and Loss Account; Balancesheet. Briefintroduction to Single-Entry system of record keeping. Sources of risk/venture
capital, fixed capital, working capital and a basic awareness of financial services such as
leasing and factoring. Managing business growth. The pros and cons of alternative growth
options, internal expansion, acquisitions and mergers, integration and diversification.Crisis in
business growth.
UNIT V
ISSUES IN BUSINESS MARKETING
14
The concept and application of product life cycle [plc], advertising and publicity, sales and
distribution management. The idea of consortium marketing, competitive bidding/tender
marketing, negotiating with principal customers. The contemporary perspectives on
Infrastructure Development, Product and Procurement Reservation, Marketing
Assistance,Subsidies and other Fiscal and Monetary Incentives. National state level and
grass-root level financial and non-financial institutions in support of small business
development. Credit risk management, contract management, interest rist management,
forest risk manageemnt, leadership strategic planning.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Consumer Behavior 90' Edition Leon and Schiffman and Leslie Lazar Knuk, Pearson
Education Blackwell: Consumer Behaviour, 10e, Thomson 2007
2. Consumer Behaviour- Suja Nair - Himalaya Publishers. Assael: Consumer Behaviour, 6e
Thomson 2006
3. Research for Marketing decisions- Paul, Donald, Herald- Prentice Hall (India) Zikmund:
Exploring Marketing Research, 8e, Thomson 2006
4. Naresh K.Malhotra, Marketing Research, An applied Orientation, Pearson Education Asia.
Panda, Shiba Charan, Entrepreneurship Development, New Delhi, Anmol Publications.
5. Patel, V.G., The Seven Business Crises and How to Beat Them, Tata-Mcgraw,New Delhi,
1995.
6. Verma, J.C.., and Gurpal Singh, Small Business and Industry-A Handbook for
Entrepreneurs, Sage, New Delhi, 2002
64
LT9047
HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
LTPC
3003
AIM
To impart human resource management skills to the students.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this course is to provide an overview of human resource management,
with particular emphasis in human resource planning and strategy, personnel selection,
equal employment opportunity, training, performance appraisal, compensation, and
contemporary issues.
UNIT I
MANAGEMENT AND GENERAL EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES
15
Human resource planning, organizational design, budgeting, motivation, leadership, quality,
research,
employee
involvement,
ethics,
international
issues
Laws, job analysis, job description, performance appraisals, workplace behaviour problems
UNIT II
STAFFING
6
Equal employment opportunity, recruitment, selection, career planning, organizational exit
UNIT III
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Needs analysis, training programs, evaluation
UNIT IV
COMPENSATION AND BENEFITS
Philosophy, job evaluation, pay structures, benefit programs, strategy
UNIT V
HEALTH, SAFETY, SECURITY AND LABOUR RELATIONS
12
Employee assistance programs, safety programs, theft, fraud, investigations, corrections
Labour laws, unfair labour practices, collective bargaining
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
1. Mathis, R. L. & Jackson, J. H. (2003). Human Resource Management, (10th ed.),
Mason, Ohio: Thomson-Southwestern.
2. Rao, T.V., (1996) Human Resources Development: Experiences. Interventions.
Strategies, Sage Publications, New Delhi.
LT9048
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS & FINANCE MANAGEMENT
L T P C
3 0 0 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on financial management concepts and principles of engineering
economics
UNIT I
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
13
Accounting principles basic records depreciation depreciation methods preparation and
interpretation of profit and loss statement balance sheet fixed assets current assets.
UNIT II
PROFIT VALUE ANALYSIS
10
Cost valume profit relationship relevant costs in decision making profit management
analysis break even analysis margin of safety Angle of incident & multi product break
even analysis Effect of changes in volume selling price fixed cost and variable cost on
profit.
UNIT III
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
8
Current assets and liability decisions estimation of working capital requirements
Management of accounts receivable Inventory cash inventory valuation methods.
65
UNIT IV
CAPITAL BUDGETING
8
Significance of capital budgeting payback period present value method Accounting rate
of return method.
UNIT V
ENGINEERING ECONOMICS
7
Economics Engineering economics Demand analysis Laws of demand Production and
cost Pricing methods
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. R. Kesavan, C.Elanchezhian and T.Sundar Selwyn Engineering Economics and
Financial Accounting, Laxmi Publications 2005
REFERENCES
1. C.James, Vanhorn, Fundamentals of Financial management PHI 1996
2. Charles T.Homgren, Cost Accounting, PHI 1985
3. S.N.Maheswaran, Management Accounting and Financial Control, Sultan Chand, 1992.
LT9049
INTERNATIONAL MARKETING AND FOREIGN TRADE
LT PC
3003
AIM
To impart knowledge on international marketing and foreign trade aspects of leather industry
OBJECTIVE
At the end of the course the students would understand the basics of international trade,
government policies in export aspects of world trade related to leather sector, custom
tariff and international marketing.
UNIT I
9
Basics of International trade - India's trade policy, International trade and Monetary SystemsMarketing Services in International trade Pricing and trade cycles-Precautionary measures to
prevent fraud in International trade - International trade Multimodal Transport OperationsConsumer Behavior and Role of Marketing Indian market Analysis-.
UNIT II
11
Introduction-Import to India-An over view, Import and the Customs in India-Importation of
Goods, Customs Duty and Exemptions-Valuation of Goods under Customs, Clearance of
Imported Goods and Goods in Transit-Warehousing of Goods, Import into India.
India's new foreign trade Policy -Legal frame work of foreign trade Policy-Special focus General provision on Import and Export-Promotional Measures- Duty exemption/ Duty
remission scheme EPCG Scheme -EOU/ EHTP/ STP/ BTP- SEZs.
UNIT III
11
Marketing concepts and Import-Forms of organization in Import and domestic TradeMarketing Management- Products, Sales forecasting and sales Management-pricing,
Promotion, Branding and Advertising.
Retail Management - Introduction to Logistics - Parameters of Supply Chain Management Management of logistics and Supply Chain - Retail Management -Consumer Supply Chain
Relationship.
UNIT IV
5
The Customs Tariff Act-Exemptions in Import-by UN and its agencies and their officialsImport by UN or international organizations for execution of projects in India-Imports by
Government Diplomats, Trade representatives etc.-Customs Tariff
66
UNIT V
9
Marketing Management in the Indian context Introduction-concept-process functions-Role of
Marketing in modern Organization- Marketing environment-Socio economic forces- Marketing
Planning-Understanding Buyer-Organizational
Buyer behavior Product Management - pricing decisions-Promotion Decisions.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. Wagdre, H. International Marketing Management, Adhyayan Publisher, 2007
2. Datey, V. S. Foreign Trade Policy, Taxmann Publishers, 2008.
3. Bhat, M. K. international marketing management with special reference to India, king
publishers, 2001
LT9050
ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING FOR LEATHER SECTOR
LTPC
3003
AIM
To introduce enterprise resource planning principles to leather technologists.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this course is to teach the principles of ERP technologists involved in
enterprise resource and various caes studies in the pre and post implementation of ERP,s
that will enable the students to perform as an efficient entrepreuner.
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
1. What is ERP?
2. Need of ERP
3. Advantages of ERP
4. Growth of ERP
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
II
ERP AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES

Business process Reengineering (BPR)
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Data Warehousing, Data Mining
Online Analytical Processing (OLTP)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III
ERP MODULES & VENDORS
Finance
Production planning, control & maintenance
Sales & Distribution
Human Resource Management (HRM)
Inventory Control System
Quality Management
ERP Market
10
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IV
ERP IMPLEMENTATION LIFE CYCLES
Evaluation and selection of ERP package
Project planning
Implementation team training & testing
End user training & Going Live
Post Evaluation & Maintenance
10
67
13
UNIT V
ERP CASE STUDIES
6
Post implementation review of ERP Packages in Manufacturing, Services, and
other Organizations
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
REFERENCES
1. Leon, A. Enterprise Resource Planning, Tata Mcgraw-hill, 1999.
2. Garg, V.K. and Venkitakrishnan, N.K. ERP Ware: ERP Implementation Framework,
Prentice Hall, 1999
3. Garg, V.K. and Venkitakrishnan, N.K. Enterprise Resource Planning Concepts and
Practice, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2004
LT9051
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT FOR LEATHER SECTOR
L T P C
3 0 0 3
AIM
To impart knowledge on Supply chain management principles and their application in leather
industry.
OBJECTIVE
To cover the basics of supply chain concepts, associated networks, tools and techniques
required for evaluating various supply chain processes.
UNIT I
STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
5
Objective, decision phases, process views, examples, strategic fit, supply chain drivers and
metrics
UNIT II
SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKS
10
Distribution networks, Facility networks and design options, Factors influencing, Models for
facility location and capacity allocation, Transportation networks and design options,
Evaluating network design decisions
UNIT III
MANAGING DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN A SUPPLY CHAIN
10
Predictable variability in a supply chain, Economies of scale and uncertainty in a supply chain
Cycle and safety Inventory, Optimum level of product availability, Forward Buying, Multiechelon cycle inventory
UNIT IV
SOURCING AND PRICING IN A SUPPLY CHAIN
10
Cross-Functional drivers, Role of sourcing in a supply chain, Logistics providers,
Procurement process, Supplier selection, Design collaboration, Role of Pricing and Revenue
Management in a supply chain
UNIT V
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COORDINATION IN A SUPPLY

CHAIN
10
The role of IT in supply chain, The supply chain IT frame work, Customer Relationship
Management, Supplier relationship management, Future of IT in supply chain, E-Business in
supply chain, Bullwhip effect Effect of lack of co-ordination in supply chain, Building
strategic partnerships, CPFR
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK
1. Sunil Chopra and Peter meindl, Supply Chain Management , Strategy, Planning, and
operation, PHI, Third edition,2007
REFERENCES
1. Jeremy F.Shapiro, Modeling the supply chain, Thomson Duxbury ,2002
2. James B.Ayers, Handbook of Supply chain management, St.Lucle press, 2000.
68
LT9052
LTPC
0042
The objective of this lab is to develop the students management skills, that include time
management, conflict management and project management.The students are imparted
training in these skills. The common training inputs are leadership skills, coaching skills,
negotiation skills, meeting skills and team dynamics. After identification of his/her training
needs, the students are required to attend the following training modules mentioned below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ADVANCED SOFT SKILL LABORATORY
Presentation Skills
Time management
Conflict management
Individual action plan
Project management
Leadership skills
Coaching skills
Negotiation skills
Meeting skills
Decision skills
Team dynamics
TOTAL : 60 PERIODS
69

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ANNA UNIVERSITY : : CHENNAI 600 025

Statistics and Linear Programming

Principles of Unit Operations & Processes in Leather

Leather Microbiology & Physical Testing of Leathers

Process Economics and Industrial Management for

TOTAL CREDITS: 191

LIST OF ELECTIVES FOR B.TECH LEATHER TECHNOLOGY

Safety in Leather Industry

Leather Goods and Garments Design & Fabrication

Leather Footwear Design & Fabrication Laboratory

Additional Electives (Common for Group I & II Streams)

Consumer Behavior and Business Orientation

Human Resources Management

Engineering Economics and Finance Management

International Marketing and Foreign Trade

Enterprise Resource Planning for Leather Sector

Supply Chain Management for Leather Sector

Advanced Soft Skills Laboratory

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION TO SPECTROSCOPICAL METHODS OF

ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROLS

CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF LEATHER MANUFACTURE

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS LABORATORY

Precision and validity in an experiment using absorption spectroscopy .

TANNERY PRACTICE INTRODUCTION TO LEATHER

Assortment of hides and skins

STATISTICS AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING

L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

BASIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

I.C. ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES AND STEAM

INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

MOLECULAR BONDING AND THEORIES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PRESERVATION AND

LT9254 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VEGETABLE AND ORGANIC TANNAGES L T P C

CLASSIFICATION, OCCURANCE, BIOSYNTHESIS AND

TECHNOLGY OF HEAVY LEATHER MANUFACTURE

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

TANNERY PRACTICE - HEAVY LEATHER MANUFACTURE

Manufacture of vegetable tanned and chrome sole leathers - Waterproofing of sole

PRINCIPLES OF UNIT OPERATIONS AND PROCESSES IN

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CHROME AND INORGANIC TANNAGES

INTRODUCTION TO COORDINATION CHEMISTRY;METAL IONS

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF POST TANNING PROCESSES

LEATHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

TECHNOLOGY OF LIGHT LEATHER MANUFACTURE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FOR LEATHER

LEATHER ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

TANNERY PRACTICE LIGHT LEATHER MANUFACTURE

Practical training on the manufacture of

Resin and protein upper leathers

LEATHER MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYSICAL TESTING OF LEATHERS

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LEATHER FINISHING

PRINCIPLES OF FINISHING, FINISH FORMULATIONS AND THEIR

THEORY AND MECHANISM OF LEATHER MACHINERY

DESIGN, MATERIAL SELECTION AND CONSTRUCTION OF EQUIPMENT

PRACTICAL WORKING ON MACHINERY USED IN LEATHER

Fixing the felt in a buffing machine

LEATHER MACHINERY LABORATORY