MTCTCE

01/08/2014
Schedule
09:00 10:30 Morning Session I
10:30 11:00 Morning Break
MikroTik RouterOS (v6) Training

Traffic Control
11:00 12:30 Morning Session II

12:30 13:30 Lunch Break
13:30 15:00 Afternoon Session I

15:00 15:30 Afternoon Break
15:30 17:00 (18:00) Afternoon Session II

Vahid Shahbazian fard jahromy
www.LearnMikroTik.ir
LearnMikroTik.ir 2013
Instructor
Housekeeping
Vahid Shahbazian fard jahromy
Course materials
Routers, cables
Break times and lunch
Training, Support & Consultant

Specialization: Wireless, Firewall, The Dude,
Routing
Course Objective
Introduce Yourself
Provide knowledge and hands-on training for

MikroTik RouterOS basic and advanced traffic
control capabilities for any size networks
Upon completion of the course you will be
able to plan, implement, adjust and debug
traffic control configurations implemented by
MikroTik RouterOS.
Please, introduce yourself to the class
Your name
Your Company
Your previous knowledge about RouterOS
Your previous knowledge about networking
What do you expect from this course?
Please, remember your class XY number.

(X is number of the row, Y is your seat number in the
row)
My number is: X=_____ Y=_____
01/08/2014
Class Setup Lab
Class Setup
Create an 192.168.XY.0/24 Ethernet network

between the laptop (.1) and the router (.254)
Connect routers to the AP SSID MTCTCEclass
Assign IP address 10.1.1.XY/24 to the wlan1
Routers main GW and DNS address is 10.1.1.254
Gain access to the internet from your laptops via
local router
Create new full access user for your router and
change admin access rights to read
Class setup Lab (cont.)
Small ISP
Set system identity of the board and wireless

radio name to XY_<your_name>. Example:
88_Shahbazian
Upgrade your router to the latest Mikrotik
RouterOS version
Upgrade your Winbox loader version
Set up NTP client use 10.1.1.254 as server
Create a configuration backup and copy it to
the laptop (it will be default configuration)
DNS Client and Cache
10
DNS Client and Cache

DNS client is used only by router in case of
web-proxy or hotspot configuration
Enable Allow Remote Requests option to
transform DNS client into DNS cache
DNS cache allows to use your router instead of
remote DNS server, as all caches - it minimizes
resolution time
DNS cache also can act as DNS server for local
area network address resolution
11
12
01/08/2014
Static DNS Entry
DNS Cache Lab

Configure your router as DNS cache. Use
10.1.1.254 as primary server
Add static DNS entry www.XY.com to your
router's Local IP address (XY your number)
Add static DNS entry www.XY.com to neighbour
router's Public IP address (XY your neighbours
number)
Change your laptops DNS server address to your
routers address
Try the configuration and monitor cache list
Each Static DNS entry will add or override

(replace existing) entry in the DNS cache
13
DHCP
IP address and netmask

Default gateway address
DNS and NTP server addresses
More than 100 other custom option (supported only
by specific DHCP clients)
DHCP is basically insecure and should only be

used in trusted networks
14
DHCP Communication scenario
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used

for dynamic distribution of network setting such
as:
15
DHCP Discovery
src-mac=<client>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp,
src-ip=0.0.0.0:68, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67
DHCP Offer
src-mac=<DHCP-server>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp,
src-ip=<DHCP-server>:67, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67
DHCP Request
src-mac=<client>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp,
src-ip=0.0.0.0:68, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67
DHCP Acknowledgement
src-mac=<DHCP-server>, dst-mac=<broadcast>, protocol=udp,
src-ip=<DHCP-server>:67, dst-ip=255.255.255.255:67
DHCP Client Identification
16
DHCP Client
DHCP server are able to track lease association

with particular client based on identification
The identification can be achieved in 2 ways
Based on caller-id option (dhcp-client-identifier
from RFC2132)
Based on MAC address, if caller-id option is not
specified
hostname option allow RouterOS clients to

send additional identification to the server, by
default it is system identity of the router
17
18
01/08/2014
DHCP Server
DHCP Networks
There can be only one DHCP server per

interface/relay combination on the router
To create DHCP server you must have
In DHCP Networks menu you can configure

specific DHCP options for particular network.
Same of the options are integrated into
RouterOS, others can be assigned in raw form
(specified in RFCs)
Additional information at:
IP address on desired DHCP server interface

Address pool for clients
Information about planned DHCP network
http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters
All 3 options must correspond

Lease on Disk should be used to reduce
number of writes to the drive (useful with flash
drives)
DHCP server is able to send out any option

DHCP client can receive only implemented
options
19
DHCP Options
20
Custom DHCP Option
Implemented DHCP options
Subnet-Mask (option 1) - netmask

Router (option 3) gateway
Domain-Server (option 6) - dns-server
Domain-Name (option 15) domain
NTP-Servers (option 42) - ntp-server
NETBIOS-Name-Server (option 44) - wins-server
Custom DHCP options (Example:)

Classless Static Route (option 121) 0x100A270A260101 = network=10.39.0.0/16
gateway=10.38.1.1
21
IP Address Pool
22
IP Address Pools
IP address pools are used to define range of IP

addresses for dynamic distribution (DHCP, PPP,
Hotspot)
Address pool must exclude already occupied
addresses (such as server or static addresses)
It is possible to assign more that one range to
the pool
It is possible to chain several pools together by
using Next Pool option
23
24
01/08/2014
Address Pool in Action
Other DHCP Server Settings

Src.address specifies DHCP servers address if
more than one IP on DHCP server's interface
Delay Threshold prioritize one DHCP server
over another (bigger delay less priority)
Add ARP For Leases allow to add ARP
entries for leases if interface ARP=reply-only
Always Broadcast allow communication
with non-standard clients like pseudo-bridges
Bootp Support, Use RADIUS (obvious)
25
Authoritative DHCP Server
26
DHCP Server
Authoritative allow DHCP server to reply on

unknown client's broadcast and ask client to
restart the lease
(client send broadcasts only if unicast to the
server fails when renewing the lease)
Authoritative allow to:
Prevent rouge DHCP server operations
Faster network adaptation to DHCP configuration
changes
27
28
DHCP Server Leases
DHCP Server Leases (cont.)
address: Specify ip address (or ip pool) for

static lease. If set to 0.0.0.0 - pool from server
will be used
mac-address: If specified, must match the
MAC address of the client
client-id: If specified, must match DHCP 'client
identifier' option of the request
server: Server name which serves this client
block-access: Block access for this client

always-broadcast: Send all replies as broadcasts
rate-limit: Sets rate limit for active lease.
Format is: rx-rate[/tx-rate] [rx-burst-rate[/txburst-rate] [rx-burst-threshold[/tx-burstthreshold] [rx-burst-time[/tx-burst-time]]]]
address-list: Address list to which address will
be added if lease is bound.
29
30
01/08/2014
DHCP Relay
DHCP Relay
DHCP Relay is just a proxy that is able to

receive a DHCP discovery and request and
resend them to the DHCP server
There can be only one DHCP relay between
DHCP server and DHCP client
DHCP communication with relay does not
require IP address on the relay, but relay's
local address option must be the same with
server's relay address option
31
DHCP Lab
Interconnect with your neighbour
Ethernet cable
Create 3 independent setups:
32
Simple Packet Flow structure

using
Create DHCP server for your laptop

Create DHCP server and relay for your neighbour
laptop (use relay option)
Create a bridged network with 2 DHCP servers and
2 DHCP clients (laptops) and try out
authoritative and delay threshold options
33
Firewall Filters Structure
34
Firewall Filter Structure Diagram
Firewall filter rules are organized in chains

There are default and user-defined chains
There are three default chains
Input: processes packets sent to the router
Output: processes packets sent by the router
Forward: processes packets sent through the router
Every user-defined chain should subordinate to at

least one of the default chains
35
36
01/08/2014
Connection Tracking
Conntrack Placement
Connection Tracking (or Conntrack) system is the

heart of firewall, it gathers and manages
information about all active connections.
By disabling the conntrack system you will lose
functionality of the NAT and most of the filter and
mangle conditions.
Each conntrack table entry represents
bidirectional data exchange
Conntrack takes a lot of CPU resources (disable it,
if you don't use firewall)
37
Conntrack Winbox View
38
Condition: Connection State

Connection state is a status assigned to each
packet by conntrack system:
New: packet is opening a new connection
Established: packet belongs to already known
connection
Invalid: packet does not belong to any of the known
connections
Related: packet is also opening a new connection, but
it is in some kind relation to already known
connection
Connection state TCP state

39
40
First Rule Example
Protection of the router allowing only necessary services from reliable

source with agreeable load.
CHAIN INPUT
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42
01/08/2014
Connection State Lab

Create 3 rules to ensure that only connectionstate new packets will proceed through the input
filter
Drop all connection-state invalid packets
Accept all connection-state related packets
Accept all connection-state established packets
Create 2 rules to ensure that only you will be able

to connect to the router
Accept all packets from your local network
Drop everything else
43
RouterOS Services
Nr.
Port
Protocol
Comment
Nr.
Port
Protocol
Comment
20
TCP
FTP data connection
21
53
UDP
DNS
21
TCP
FTP control connection
22
67
UDP
BootP or DHCP Server
22
TCP
Secure Shell (SSH)
23
68
UDP
BootP or DHCP Client
23
TCP
Telnet protocol
24
123
UDP
Network Time Protocol
53
TCP
DNS
25
161
UDP
SNMP
80
TCP
World Wide Web HTTP
26
500
UDP
Internet Key Exchange (IPSec)
179
TCP
Border Gateway Protocol
27
520
UDP
RIP routing protocol
443
TCP
Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
28
521
UDP
RIP routing protocol
646
TCP
LDP transport session
29
646
UDP
LDP hello protocol
10
1080
TCP
SOCKS proxy protocol
30
1701
UDP
Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol
11
1723
TCP
PPTP
31
1900
UDP
Universal Plug and Play
12
2828
TCP
Universal Plug and Play
32
5678
UDP
MNDP
13
2000
TCP
Bandwidth test server
33
20561
UDP
MAC winbox
14
8080
TCP
Web Proxy
34
---
/41
IPv6 (encapsulation)
15
8291
TCP
Winbox
35
---
/47
GRE (PPTP, EOIP)
16
8728
TCP
API
36
---
/50
ESP (IPSec)
17
8729
TCP
API-SSL
37
---
/51
AH (IPSec)
18
---
/1
ICMP
38
---
/89
OSPF routing protocol
19
---
/2
Multicast | IGMP
39
---
/103
Multicast | PIM
20
---
/4
IPIP encapsulation
40
---
/112
VRRP
44
RouterOS Service Lab

Create a chain services
Create rules to allow necessary RouterOS services
to be accessed from the public network
Create a jump rule from the chain input to
the chain services
Place a jump rule accordingly
Write comment for each firewall rule
Ask your neighbour to check the setup
45
Protection of the customers from the viruses and protection of the

Internet from the customers
CHAIN FORWARD
46
Virus Port Filter
Chain Forward Lab
At the moment the are few hundreds active

trojans and less than 50 active worms
You can download the complete virus port
blocker chain (~330 drop rules with ~500
blocked
virus
ports)
from
ftp://test@10.1.1.254
Some viruses and trojans use standard
services ports and can not be blocked.
Create 3 rules to ensure that only connectionstate new packets will proceed through the
input filter
47
Drop all connection-state invalid packets

Accept all connection-state related packets
Accept all connection-state established packets
Import the virus.rsc file into the router

Create a jump rule to the chain virus
48
01/08/2014
Bogon IPs
Address List Options

Instead of creating one
filter rule for each IP
network address, you
can create only one
rule for IP address list.
Use Src./Dst. Address
List options
Create an address list
in
/ip firewall
address-list menu
There are ~4,3 billion IPv4 addresses

There are several IP ranges restricted in public
network
There are several of IP ranges reserved (not
used at the moment) for specific purposes
There are lots of unused IP ranges!!!
You can find information about all unused IP
ranges judy google for bogon IPs
49
Address List Lab
50
Adv. Address Filtering Lab

Allow packets to enter your network only from
the valid Internet addresses
Allow packets to enter your network only to
the valid customer addresses
Allow packets to leave your network only from
the valid customers addresses
Allow packets to leave your network only to
the valid Internet addresses
Place the rules accordingly
Make an address list of most common bogon

IPs
51
52
NAT Types
As there are two IP addresses and ports in an
IP packet header, there are two types of NAT
The one, which rewrites source IP address and/or
port is called source NAT (src-nat)
The other, which rewrites destination IP address
and/or port is called destination NAT (dst-nat)
Destination NAT, Source NAT, NAT traversal
NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION

(NAT)
Firewall NAT rules process only the first packet

of each connection (connection state new
packets)
53
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01/08/2014
Firewall NAT Structure
IP Firewall Diagram
Firewall NAT rules are organized in chains

There are two default chains
Dstnat: processes traffic sent to and through the
router, before it divides in to input and
forward chain of firewall filter.
Srcnat: processes traffic sent from and through
the router, after it merges from output and
forward
chain
of
firewall
filter.
There are also user-defined chains

55
Dst-nat Action
56
Dst-nat Rule Example
Action dst-nat changes packet's destination

address and port to specified address and port
This action can take place only in chain dstnat
Typical application: ensure access to local
network services from public network
57
Redirect
58
Redirect Rule Example
Action redirect changes packet's destination

address to router's address or to the router
specified port
This action can take place only in chain dstnat
Typical application: transparent proxying of
network services (DNS,HTTP)
59
60
10
01/08/2014
Redirect Lab
Dst-nat Lab
Capture all TCP and UDP port 53 packets

originated from your private network
192.168.XY.0/24 and redirect them to the router
itself.
Set your laptops DNS server to the random IP
address
Clear your router's and your browser's DNS cache
Try browsing the Internet
Take a look at DNS cache of the router
Capture all TCP port 80 (HTTP) packets

originated from your private network
192.168.XY.0/24 and change destination
address to 10.1.2.1 using dst-nat rule
Clear your browser's cache on the laptop
Try browsing the Internet
61
Universal Plug-and-Play
62
UPnP
RouterOS allow to enable uPnP support for

the router.
UPnP allow to establish both-directional
connectivity even if client is behind the NAT,
client must have uPnP support
There are two interface types for UPnPenabled router: internal (the one local clients
are connected to) and external (the one the
Internet is connected to)
63
First VIP clients
Requirements:
Public IP address for
VIP clients
Guaranteed speed for
VIP clients
64
Source NAT Drawbacks

Hosts behind a NAT-enabled router do not
have true end-to-end connectivity:
Situation:
You have public IP
address and
/30 subnet of public
addresses,
You sometimes reach
ISP speed limitation
(5Mbps/5Mbps)
Clients:
I love my ISP
Web-server
VIP client 2
connection initiation from outside is not possible

some TCP services will work in passive mode
src-nat behind several IP addresses is
unpredictable
same protocols will require so-called NAT helpers
to to work correctly (NAT traversal)
VIP client 1
65
66
11
01/08/2014
NAT Helpers
Src-nat Lab
You can specify ports for existing NAT helpers,

but you can not add new helpers
You have been assigned one public IP address

172.16.0.XY/32
Assign it to the wireless interface
Add src-nat rule to hide your private network
192.168.XY.0/24 behind the public address
Connect from your laptop using winbox, ssh, or
telnet via your router to the main gateway
10.1.1.254
Check the IP address you are connecting from
(use /user active print on the main gateway)
67
68
What is Mangle?
The mangle facility allows to mark IP packets
with special marks.
These marks are used by other router facilities
like routing and bandwidth management to
identify the packets.
Additionally, the mangle facility is used to
modify some fields in the IP header, like TOS
(DSCP) and TTL fields.
IP packet marking and IP header fields adjustment
FIREWALL MANGLE
69
Mangle Structure
70
Firewall Diagram (Filter, NAT and Mangle)
Mangle rules are organized in chains

There are five built-in chains:
Prerouting: making a mark before dstnat
Postrouting: making a mark before srcnat
Input: making a mark before Input filter
Output: making a mark before Output filter
Forward: making a mark before Forward filter
New user-defined chains can be added, as

necessary
71
72
12
01/08/2014
Mangle actions
Mangle actions (cont.)
There are 9 more actions in the mangle:
mark-connection mark connection (only first packet)

mark-packet mark a flow (all packets)
mark-routing - mark packets for policy routing
change MSS - change maximum segment size of the
packet
change TOS - change type of service
change TTL - change time to live
strip IPv4 options
73
Marking Connections
change-dscp - change Differentiated Services Code

Point (DSCP) field value
set-priority - set priority on the packets sent out
through a link that is capable of transporting
priority (VLAN or WMM-enabled wireless
interface).
74
Mark Connection Rule
Use mark connection to identify one or group of

connections with the specific connection mark
Connection marks are stored in the connection
tracking table
There can be only one connection mark for one
connection.
Connection tracking helps to associate each
packet to a specific connection (connection mark)
75
Marking Packets
76
Mark Packet Rule
Packets can be marked

Indirectly. Using the connection tracking
facility, based on previously created
connection marks (faster)
Directly. Without the connection tracking - no
connection marks necessary, router will
compare each packet to a given conditions
(this process imitates some of the connection
tracking features)
77
78
13
01/08/2014
Mangle Packet Mark Lab
Mangle View
Mark all connections from 192.168.XY.100

address (imaginary VIP 1)
Mark all packets from VIP 1 connections
Mark all connections from 192.168.XY.200
address (imaginary VIP 2)
Mark all packets from VIP 2 connections
Mark all other connections
Mark packets from all other connections
79
80
HTB
All Quality of Service implementation in RouterOS
is based on Hierarchical Token Bucket
HTB allows to create hierarchical queue structure
and determine relations between parent and
child queues and relation between child queues
RouterOS v5 or older versions support 3 virtual
HTBs (global-in, global-total, global-out) and one
more just before every interface
RouterOS v6 support 1 virtual HTB (global) and
one more just before every interface
Hierarchical Token Bucket
HTB
81
Mangle and HTBs in RouterOS v5 or older versions
83
82
Mangle and HTBs in RouterOS v6
84
14
01/08/2014
HTB (cont.)
HTB Features - Structure
In RouterOS v5 or older versions when packet

travels through the router, it passes all 4 HTB
trees
travels to the router, it passes only global-in
and global-total HTB.
travels from the router, it passes global-out,
global-total and interface HTB.
As soon as queue have at least one child it

become parent queue
All child queues (don't matter how many levels of
parents they have) are on the same bottom level
of HTB
Child queues make actual traffic consumption,
parent queues are responsible only for traffic
distribution
Child queues will get limit-at first and then rest of
the traffic will distributed by parents
85
HTB Features - Structure
86
HTB Features Dual Limitation

HTB has two rate limits:
CIR (Committed Information Rate) (limit-at in
RouterOS) worst case scenario, flow will get this
amount of traffic no matter what (assuming we
can actually send so much data)
MIR (Maximal Information Rate) (max-limit in
RouterOS) best case scenario, rate that flow can
get up to, if there queue's parent has spare
bandwidth
At first HTB will try to satisfy every child queue's
limit-at only then it will try to reach max-limit
87
Dual Limitation
88
HTB - limit-at
Maximal rate of the parent should be equal or

bigger than sum of committed rates of the
children
MIR (parent) CIR(child1) +...+ CIR(childN)
Maximal rate of any child should be less or

equal to maximal rate of the parent
MIR (parent) MIR(child1)
MIR (parent) MIR(child2)
MIR (parent) MIR(childN)
89
90
15
01/08/2014
HTB - max-limit
HTB Features - Priority

Work only for child queues to arrange them
8 is the lowest priority, 1 is the highest
Queue with higher priority will get chance to
satisfy its max-limit before other queues
Actual traffic prioritization will work only if
limits are specified. Queue without limits will
not prioritize anything
91
HTB limit-at of the Parent
92
HTB limit-at > parent's max-limit
93
94
Queue Tree
Queue tree is direct implementation of HTB
Each queue in queue tree can be assigned only in one
HTB
Each child queue must have packet mark assigned to it
Advanced queue structures
QUEUE TREE
95
96
16
01/08/2014
Queue Tree and Simple Queues
HTB Lab
Tree queue in RouterOS v5 or older versions can be placed

in 4 different places:
Global-in (direct part of simple queues are placed here
automatically)
Global-out (reverse part of simple queues are placed here
automatically)
Global-total (total part simple queues are placed here
automatically)
Interface queue
In RouterOS v6 can be placed in global or interface queue

In RouterOS v5 or older versions if placed in same place
Simple queue will take traffic before Queue Tree
In RouterOS v6 if placed in same place Simple queue will
take traffic after Queue Tree
97
HTB Lab (cont.)
Create Queue tree from the example

Extend mangle and queue tree configuration to
prioritize ICMP and HTTP traffic over all other
traffic only for regular clients
Replace regular client packet mark with 3 traffic type
specific marks
Create 3 child queues for regular client queue in
queue tree
Assign packet marks to queues
(optional) Create the same queue tree for client

upload
98
Simple Packet Flow in RouterOS v6
Consume all the available traffic using

bandwidth-test (through the router) and
check the ping response times
Set highest priority to ICMP
Check the ping response times
99
Medium Size ISP
NAT Action Netmap

Can be used in both (srcnat and dstnat) chains
Allows to create address range to address
range NATing only with one rule
It is possible to masquerade 192.168.88.0/24
to 88.188.32.0/24 only with one rule
It is possible to redirect 88.188.32.0/24 to
192.168.88.0/24 with the second rule
Situation:
Your network is growing rapidly
and now offer public IPs to the
customers
Requirements:
Transfer all old clients from

local address to public
Increase HTTP browsing
performance
100
101
102
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01/08/2014
NAT Action same
QoS Feature Burst
Can be used in both (srcnat and dstnat) chains

Ensures that client will be NAT'ed to the same
address from the specified range every time it
tries to communicate with destination that
was used before
If client got 88.188.32.104 from the range
when it communicated to the particular server
every next time communicating with this
server it will use the same address
Burst is one of the best ways to increase HTTP

performance
Bursts are used to allow higher data rates for a
short period of time
If an average data rate is less than burstthreshold, burst could be used( actual data
rate can reach burst-limit)
Average data rate is calculated from the last
burst-time seconds
103
Burst - Average Data Rate
104
Burst
Average data rate is calculated as follows:

burst-time is being divided into 16 periods
router calculates the average data rate of each class
over these small periods
Note, that the actual burst period is not equal to

the burst-time. It can be several times shorter
than the burst-time depending on the max-limit,
burst-limit, burst-threshold, and actual data rate
history (see the graph example on the next slide)
105
Burst (Part 2)
106
Web-Proxy
Web-proxy have 3 mayor features
HTTP and FTP traffic caching
DNS name filtering
DNS redirection
Web-proxy have two operation modes

Regular browser must be configured to use this
proxy
Transparent this proxy is not visible for
customers NAT rules must be applied
107
108
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01/08/2014
Web-Proxy Caching
Web-Proxy Options
No caching
Maximal-clientconnections: number of
connections accepted
from clients
Maximal-serverconnections: number of
connections made by
server
Max-cache-size = none
Cache to RAM
Max-cache-size none
Cache-on-disk = no
Cache to HDD
Max-cache-size none
Cache-on-disk = yes
Max cache object size

Cache drive
109
Web-Proxy Options
110
Web-Proxy Statistics
Serialize-connections: use only one connection

for proxy and server communication (if server
supports persistent HTTP connection)
Always-from-cache: ignore client refresh
requests if the cache content is considered fresh
Max-fresh-time: specifies how long objects without
an explicit expiry time will be considered fresh
Cache-hit-DSCP: specify DSCP value for all

packets generated from the web-proxy cache
111
Proxy Rule Lists
Proxy Rules
It is
possible
to
intercept HTTP request
based on:
TCP/IP information
URL
HTTP method
Access list also allow
you to redirect denied
request to specific page
Web-proxy supports 3 sets of rules for HTTP

request filtering
Access List dictates policy whether to allow
specific HTTP request or not
Direct Access List list works only if parent-proxy
is specified dictates policy whether to bypass
parent proxy for specific HTTP request or not.
Cache List dictates policy whether to allow
specific HTTP request be cached or not
112
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19
01/08/2014
URL Filtering
Regular Expressions
http://www.mikrotik.com/docs/ros/2.9/graphics:packet_flow31.jpg
Destination host
Destination path
Place : at the beginning to enable regular

expression mode
^ - show that no symbols are allowed before the
given pattern
$ - show that no symbols are allowed after the given
pattern
[....] - A character class matches a single character
out of all the possibilities offered by the character
class
\ (backslash) followed by any of [\^$.|?*+() suppress
their special meaning.
Special characters
* - any number of any characters
? - any character
www.mi?roti?.com
www.mikrotik*
*mikrotik*
115
Web-Proxy Lab
Next problems
Teacher will have proxy, that redirects all requests

to separate web-page on 10.1.1.254
Enable transparent web-proxy on your router
with caching to the memory
Create rules in access list to check its functionality
Create rules in direct access list to check its
functionality
Create rules in Cache list to check its functionality
117
Problems:
Sometimes you get unusually big

traffic and packet counts going
trough or to your router
Some of regular clients use
routers to share connection with
neighbours
Some of regular clients use
HTTP port 80 for encrypted p2p
traffic
Network Intrusion Types
Ping flood
Port scan
DoS attack
DDoS attack
118
Ping Flood
Network intrusion is a serious security risk that

could result in not only the temporal denial, but
also in total refusal of network service
We can point out 4 major network intrusion
types:
116
119
Ping
flood
usually
consist from volumes of
random ICMP messages
With limit condition it
is possible to bound the
rule match rate to a
given limit
This condition is often
used with action log
120
20
01/08/2014
ICMP Message Types
ICMP Message Rule Example
Typical IP router uses only five types of ICMP

messages (type:code)
For PING - messages 0:0 and 8:0
For TRACEROUTE messages 11:0 and 3:3
For Path MTU discovery message 3:4
Other types of ICMP messages should be

blocked
121
ICMP Flood Lab
Port Scan
Make the new chain ICMP
Port Scan is sequential

TCP (UPD) port probing
PSD
(Port
scan
detection) is possible
only for TCP protocol
Low ports
From 0 to 1023
High ports
From 1024 to 65535
Accept 5 necessary ICMP messages

Set match rate to 5 pps with 5 packet burst possibility
Drop all other ICMP packets
Move all ICMP packets to ICMP chain
Create an action jump rule in the chain Input

Place it accordingly
Create an action jump rule in the chain Forward
122
123
124
PSD Lab
DoS Attacks
Create PSD protection

Create a PSD drop rule in the chain Input
Create a PSD drop rule in the chain Forward
Main target for DoS attacks is consumption of

resources, such as CPU time or bandwidth, so the
standard services will get Denial of Service (DoS)
Usually router is flooded with TCP/SYN
(connection request) packets. Causing the server
to respond with a TCP/SYN-ACK packet, and
waiting for a TCP/ACK packet.
Mostly DoS attackers are virus infected customers
125
126
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01/08/2014
DoS Attack Protection
DoS Attack Detection
All IP's with more than 10 connections to the

router should be considered as DoS attackers
With every dropped TCP connection we will allow
attacker to create new connection
We should implement DoS protection into 2
steps:
Detection - Creating a list of DoS attackers on the
basis of connection-limit
Suppression applying restrictions to the
detected DoS attackers
127
DoS Attack Suppression
DDoS attacks
To stop the attacker from

creating
new
connections, we will use
action tarpit
You must set protocol=tcp
for tarpit rule
We must place this rule
before the detection rule
or else address-list entry
will rewrite all the time
128
A Distributed Denial of
Service attack is very
similar to DoS attack
only it occurs from
multiple compromised
systems
Only thing that could
help is TCPSyn Cookie
option in conntrack
system
129
Mangle Action change-ttl
130
Changing TTL
TTL is a limit of Layer3 devices that IP packet

can experience before it should be discarded
TTL default value is 64 and each router reduce
value by one just before forwarding decision
Router will not pass traffic to the next device if
it receives IP packet with TTL=1
Useful application: eliminate possibility for
clients to create masqueraded networks
131
132
22
01/08/2014
Queue Types
100% Shaper
RouterOS have 4 queue types:

FIFO First In First Out (for Bytes or for Packets)
RED Random Early Detect (or Drop)
SFQ Stochastic Fairness Queuing
PCQ Per Connection Queuing (MikroTik Proprietary)
Each queue type have 2 aspects:

Aspect of the Scheduler
Aspect of the Shaper
133
100% Scheduler
134
Default Queue Types
135
FIFO
136
FIFO (Cont.)
Behaviour:
What comes in first is handled first, what comes
in next waits until the first is finished. Number of
waiting units (Packets or Bytes) is limited by
queue size option. If queue is full next units
are dropped
mq-pfifo is pfifo with support for multiple
transmit queues.
137
138
23
01/08/2014
139
140
142
144
RED
Behaviour:
Same as FIFO with feature additional drop
probability even if queue is not full.
This probability is based on
comparison of
average
queue length over some
period of time to minimal
and maximal threshold
closer to maximal threshold
bigger the chance of drop.
141
SFQ
Behaviour:
Based on
hash value from source and
destination address SFQ divides traffic into 1024
sub-streams
Then
Round
Robin
algorithm will distribute
equal amount of traffic to
each sub-stream
143
24
01/08/2014
SFQ Example
PCQ
SFQ should be used for equalizing similar

connection
Usually used to manage information flow to or
from the servers, so it can offer services to
every customer
Ideal for p2p limitation, it is possible to place
strict limitation without dropping connections.
Behaviour:
Based on classifier PCQ divides traffic into substreams. Each sub-stream can be considered as
FIFO queue with queue size specified by limit
option
After this PCQ can be
considered as FIFO
queue where queue size
is specified by totallimit option.
145
146
147
148
Queue Type Lab

Try all queue types on Other-download
queue in your queue tree. Use band-width
test to check it.
Adjust your QoS structure with proper queue
type
Create a packet mark for all p2p traffic and
create SFQ queue for it
Change HTTP queue type to PCQ
149
150
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01/08/2014
Packet Sniffer
NTH
Packet sniffer is a tool that can capture and

analyze packets that are going to, leaving or
going through the router
Packet sniffer can store result in routers
memory, to a file or send sniffed packets to
streaming server
The filter can be used to curb the packets
Matches every nth packet

It has only two parameters 'every' and
'packet'.
Every rule has its own counter. When rule
receives packet counter for current rule is
increased by one.
If counter matches value of 'every' packet will
be matched and counter will be set to zero.
151
152
Per Connection Classifier

PCC matcher allows to divide traffic into equal
streams with ability to keep packets with
specific set of options in one particular
stream.
PCC is introduced to address configuration
issues with load balancing over multiple
gateways with masquerade
153
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What are the different queue types available in RouterOS and their behaviors?

What are the different queue types available in RouterOS and their behaviors?

What is the difference between a DNS client and DNS cache?

What is the difference between a DNS client and DNS cache?

01/08/2014

MikroTik RouterOS (v6) Training

11:00 12:30 Morning Session II

13:30 15:00 Afternoon Session I

15:30 17:00 (18:00) Afternoon Session II

Vahid Shahbazian fard jahromy

Training, Support & Consultant

Provide knowledge and hands-on training for

Please, introduce yourself to the class

Please, remember your class XY number.

Class Setup Lab

Create an 192.168.XY.0/24 Ethernet network

Class setup Lab (cont.)

Set system identity of the board and wireless

DNS Client and Cache

DNS Client and Cache

Static DNS Entry

DNS Cache Lab

Each Static DNS entry will add or override

IP address and netmask

DHCP is basically insecure and should only be

DHCP Communication scenario

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used

DHCP Client Identification

DHCP server are able to track lease association

hostname option allow RouterOS clients to

There can be only one DHCP server per

In DHCP Networks menu you can configure

IP address on desired DHCP server interface

All 3 options must correspond

DHCP server is able to send out any option

Custom DHCP Option

Implemented DHCP options

Subnet-Mask (option 1) - netmask

Custom DHCP options (Example:)

IP address pools are used to define range of IP

Address Pool in Action

Other DHCP Server Settings

Authoritative DHCP Server

Authoritative allow DHCP server to reply on

DHCP Server Leases

DHCP Server Leases (cont.)

address: Specify ip address (or ip pool) for

block-access: Block access for this client

DHCP Relay is just a proxy that is able to

Simple Packet Flow structure

Create DHCP server for your laptop

Firewall Filters Structure

Firewall Filter Structure Diagram

Firewall filter rules are organized in chains

Every user-defined chain should subordinate to at

Connection Tracking (or Conntrack) system is the

Conntrack Winbox View

Condition: Connection State

Connection state TCP state

First Rule Example