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    History of The Atom 1. J.J Thomson'S Experiment To Detect The Electron

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    Yeni Suranti
    1. In the late 19th century, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode rays. He showed that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, which he called "corpuscles". 2. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment firing positively charged particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed through without deflection, but some bounced back at large angles, indicating a small, dense positive charge at the atom's center. This led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. 3. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron after noticing particles emitted in radioactive experiments had no charge but the mass of protons. Neutrons were found to be necessary to bind protons in

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    History of The Atom 1. J.J Thomson'S Experiment To Detect The Electron

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    Yeni Suranti
    48 views4 pages
    1. In the late 19th century, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode rays. He showed that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, which he called "corpuscles". 2. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment firing positively charged particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed through without deflection, but some bounced back at large angles, indicating a small, dense positive charge at the atom's center. This led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. 3. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron after noticing particles emitted in radioactive experiments had no charge but the mass of protons. Neutrons were found to be necessary to bind protons in

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    History of Atom

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    1. In the late 19th century, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode rays. He showed that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, which he called "corpuscles". 2. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment firing positively charged particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed through without deflection, but some bounced back at large angles, indicating a small, dense positive charge at the atom's center. This led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. 3. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron after noticing particles emitted in radioactive experiments had no charge but the mass of protons. Neutrons were found to be necessary to bind protons in

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    48 views4 pages

    History of The Atom 1. J.J Thomson'S Experiment To Detect The Electron

    Uploaded by

    Yeni Suranti
    1. In the late 19th century, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron through experiments using cathode rays. He showed that cathode rays were composed of negatively charged particles smaller than atoms, which he called "corpuscles". 2. In 1908, Ernest Rutherford conducted an experiment firing positively charged particles at a thin gold foil. Most passed through without deflection, but some bounced back at large angles, indicating a small, dense positive charge at the atom's center. This led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus. 3. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered the neutron after noticing particles emitted in radioactive experiments had no charge but the mass of protons. Neutrons were found to be necessary to bind protons in

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    HISTORY OF THE ATOM

    1. J.J THOMSONS EXPERIMENT TO DETECT THE ELECTRON


    In 1897, the English scientist J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom
    is made of even smaller particles. He proposed a model of the atom that is sometimes
    called the Plum Pudding model. Atoms were made from a positively charged
    substance with negatively charged electrons scattered about, like raisins in a pudding.
    Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) played a pivotal role in developing our
    understanding of the electron. In the 1890's, cathode ray tubes had been developed in
    which a luminous beam could be produced in a partially evacuated glass tube,
    directed from the negative electrode (cathode) to the positive (anode). A narrow
    luminous beam could be produced by using an aperture near the cathode, and this
    beam could be deflected by either an electric field or a magnetic field. Thomson
    showed that with the application of both electric and magnetic fields, he could balance
    the deflections and obtain a straight beam. This same principle is presently used in
    velocity selectors for mass spectrometers. Using this apparatus, Thomson determined
    the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron

    Thomson studied the passage of an electric current through a gas. As the


    current passed through the gas, it gave off rays of negatively charged particles. This
    surprised Thomson, because the atoms of the gas were uncharged. The evidences of
    Thomson are When cathode rays traveled through an electric field they were repelled
    from the negative side of the field and attracted to the positive side. From measuring
    the deflection of the cathode rays in combinations of electric and magnetic fields,
    Thomson was able to determine that cathode rays had charge and mass. The same
    results were obtained no matter what the cathode was made from. He claims Cathode
    rays were composed of a stream of negatively charged particles. These particles were
    fundamental to all atoms.

    Thomson concluded that the negative charges came from within the atom. A
    particle smaller than an atom had to exist. The atom was divisible. Thomson called
    the negatively charged corpuscles, today known as electrons. Since the gas was
    known to be neutral, having no charge, he reasoned that there must be positively
    charged particles in the atom. But he could never find them.
    2. RUTHERFORDS GOLD FOIL EXPEREIMENT TO DETECT THE ATOMIC
    NUCLEI
    In 1908, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford was hard at work on an
    experiment that seemed to have little to do with unraveling the mysteries of the
    atomic structure. Rutherfords experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively
    charged particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000 atoms thick). Rutherfords
    experiment Involved firing a stream of tiny positively charged particles at a thin sheet
    of gold foil (2000 atoms thick). Most of the positively charged bullets passed right
    through the gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil without changing course at all. Some
    of the positively charged bullets, however, did bounce away from the gold sheet as
    if they had hit something solid. He knew that positive charges repel positive charges.

    Most of the alpha particles passed through the gold foil, but some were
    deflected at varying angles. Most of the alpha particles were able to pass through the
    atoms with little or no deflection, therefore the atom was mainly empty space. There
    must be a concentration of positive charge in order to cause the alpha particles to be
    deflected by large angles. This concentration of positive charge must be very small or
    more alpha particles would have been deflected by large angles.
    3. JAMES CHADWICK EXPERIMENT TO DETECT THE NEUTRON

    James Chadwick was working at the Cavendish laboratory in Cambridge at


    that time. The lab was directed by Ernest Rutherford, and reportedly when Chadwick
    relayed the Joliot-Curie results and interpretation to Rutherford, he exclaimed I do
    not believe it! he claim there must be other particles in the atom, and these particles
    must have mass but no charge. He gives a reason that the mass of an atom is greater
    than the mass of its protons and electrons. Therefore there must be another particle in
    the atom that has mass. This additional particle must not have any charge, because if it
    had charge then the atom would no longer be electrically neutral.
    Chadwick himself was certainly suspicious. He immediately repeated the
    experiments, using many different elements as radiation targets besides paraffin. By
    comparing the energies of particles ejected from all these various targets, Chadwick
    was able to prove that the radiation causing the ejected particles was much more
    energetic than could be accounted for by photons.

    Instead, the range and power of the radiation could be accounted for quite
    easily if it consisted of particles having the same mass as protons. What really
    occurred when one bombarded beryllium with alpha particles, Chadwick explained,
    was the formation of a carbon-12 nucleus and the emission of a neutron. Formation of
    a carbon-13 nucleus with the emission of a photon, as the Joliot-Curies had
    postulated, could not provide sufficient energy for the scattering pattern and energies
    of ejected particles from Chadwicks various targets.
    Neutrons are necessary within an atomic nucleus because they bind with
    protons via the strong nuclear force; protons are unable to bind with each other
    directly because their mutual electromagnetic repulsion is stronger than the strong
    force. Neutrons keep the atomic nucleus from flying apart, one of the features that
    allows for atoms heavier than hydrogen, thus making our universe much more
    interesting than one would otherwise expect.
    Its hard to imagine a more momentous event than Chadwicks discovery of
    neutrons. Radiation experiments at that time used helium nuclei, which are
    electrically charged and therefore repelled by electrical forces. These electrical forces

    become quite considerable close to the nuclei of heavier atoms, which are loaded with
    many protons (and neutrons). However, neutrons do not need to overcome any
    electrical barrier to penetrate (and split) the nucleus of even the heaviest, most-protoncharged atomic nucleus. After Chadwicks discovery, it was soon postulated that
    neutrons could mediate a nuclear chain reaction, which eventually led to the atomic
    bomb, and later to nuclear power production.

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