Nuts & Volts April 2007

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Vol. 28 No. 4
NUTS & VOLTS
Part #
Pins
SX20AC/SS-G
20
SX28AC/DP-G 28
SX28AC/SS-G
28
SX48BD-G
48
I/O
12
20
20
36
EE/Flash
2K bytes
2K bytes
2K bytes
4k x 12 words
RAM
137 bytes
136 bytes
136 bytes
262 bytes
Qty. 1
$2.79
$2.79
$2.79
$2.79
Qty. 5
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
Qty. 100
$2.23
$2.23
$2.23
$2.23
Qty. 1000
$1.89
$1.89
$1.89
$1.89
If you have not yet tried programming with an SX, this is the time to get started. Parallax offers free
development software, including SX/B, a BASIC language compiler for the SX microcontroller. The SX/B
compiler speeds the programming of SX chips by providing a simple, yet robust high-level language
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Kit PLUS (#45181; $99.95) and a 7.5 VDC 1 Amp power supply (#750-00009; $10.95).
Order Parallax SX microcontrollers online

at www.parallax.com or call the Parallax Sales
Department toll-free 888-512-1024 (Mon-Fri,
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April 2007
Parallax, and the Parallax logo are trademarks of Parallax, Inc. BASIC Stamp
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Page 2
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Full Page.qxd
3/8/2007
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2900 Spafford Street, Davis, CA 95618 Tel 530.757.8400
TOC - Apr07.qxd
3/7/2007
12:07 PM
Page 4
APRIL 2007
PROJECTS and FEATURES

32 CONTROL YOUR WORLD
Home Automation Part 3:
X-10 interfaces.
By Michael Simpson
COLUMNS
32
39 PULSE SPEED TIMER

Get practical experience in
high-gain amplifiers and
mixed-signal designs in
a heartbeat.
By Gerard Fonte
48 THE MYSTERIOUS
MAGIC BOX
Exploit magnetisms invisibility
to mystify your friends.
By Vaughn D. Martin
and John Stabler
62 USB FOR PROJECTS
ON A BUDGET
Learn different approaches
to add USB to a device with
minimal expense and hassle.
By Jan Axelson
39
70 FUSE AND METER SAVERS

Discover three different circuits
that will help you to not blow
your fuse!
By Bill Stiles
72 UNDERSTANDING DIGITAL
BUFFER, GATE, AND
LOGIC IC CIRCUITS
Logic gate basics and a detailed
look at practical TTL and CMOS
digital buffer IC circuits are
covered in Part 1 of this
five-part series.
By Ray Marston
Nuts & Volts (ISSN 1528-9885/CDN Pub Agree#40702530) is published monthly for $24.95 per year
by T & L Publications, Inc., 430 Princeland Court, Corona, CA 92879. PERIODICALS POSTAGE PAID AT
CORONA, CA AND AT ADDITIONAL MAILING OFFICES. POSTMASTER: Send address changes
to Nuts & Volts, P.O. Box 15277, North Hollywood, CA 91615 or Station A, P.O. Box 54,Windsor
ON N9A 6J5; cpcreturns@nutsvolts.com
4
April 2007
08
TECHKNOWLEDGEY 2007
Events, advances, and news
from the electronics world.
12
PERSONAL ROBOTICS
Parameters on the fly Part 2.
19
GETTING STARTED WITH

PICs
PIC versus PIC speed test.
67
IN THE SPOTLIGHT EW FEA

TUR
E
Each month, a different
advertiser will be spotlighted.
This month: Circuit Specialists.
82
THE DESIGN CYCLE

In the shadow of the 8051.
89
OPEN COMMUNICATION
MIMO 101.
DEPARTMENTS
06
READER FEEDBACK
28
NEW PRODUCTS
44
NEWS BYTES
60
SHOWCASE
66
ELECTRO-NET
78
CLASSIFIEDS
80
NV BOOKSTORE
93
TECH FORUM
97
ADVERTISERS INDEX
Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
3:33 PM
Page 5
Link Instruments
PC-Based Test Equipment
Digital Oscilloscopes
2 Channel Digital Oscilloscope
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1Mpt sample memory
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Advanced Triggering
Only 9 oz and 7 x 3.5 x 1.5
Portable and Battery powered
USB 2.0
Advanced Math
FFT Spectrum Analyzer
Priced at only $950
NEW!
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Sa/s
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Screenshot
Logic Analyzers
40 to 160 channels
up to 500 MSa/s
Variable Threshold
8 External Clocks
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USB 2.0 and Parallel Interface
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www.Link-instruments.com
April 2007
ReadFeed Apr07.qxd
3/8/2007
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Page 6
READER FEEDBACK
HOT FOR ANSWERS
ABOUT FURNACE
Kenton Chuns recent article
(Dec 06) was particularly timely and
helpful considering our recent, long,
and cold power outage. During this
period, our house temperature fell to
38 very cold degrees.
I would like to undertake the
project proposed by Kentons article.
However, I have one major concern.
I own a Carrier 58MVP gas-fired furnace. This furnace is very modern and
very efficient. To achieve this, the
furnace does contain some circuit
cards and other components which
might (I am not sure) be considered
sensitive to something less than pure
sine wave inverter output.
Above-all, I do not want to toast
my very expensive furnace in this
process. Nor do I want to purchase
an inverter that will ultimately not
meet my needs for emergency heat in
the future.
So, I wonder (obviously, I know
nothing about all this sorry for any
newbie questions):
(a) How can I tell if my furnace
requires pure sine wave power or
not without taking a risk of doing any
damage in empirical tests? I know that
my furnace can be run via generator
I have been told this by both a local
dealer and read individual accounts
of this being done on the web. Do
generators produce pure sine wave
power?
(b) I read various inverter vendors
speak of their products having clean
power. Is clean power the same as
pure sine wave power? If not, what
does this mean?
(c) If a modified sine wave output
will work, are some forms of
modified sine wave output better
(more clean) than others? How can
I tell? If the vendors publish specs, what
should I look for?
6
April 2007
(d) Kenton specifically mentions a trace

inverter with 2400 watts. Is trace a
brand name or is it some t ype or
specialty within the inverter field? I
have seen something called a Trace
made by Xantrex on the web. Is this
the unit Mr. Chun used?
(e) I plan in case of another power
emergency to run the furnace from
my cars battery. I dont expect to do
this without the car running at idle.
This will turn my car into the most
expensive and inefficient generator
known. But will this work? It sounds
like it did when the trace inverter was
run from Mr. Chuns van.
(f) Inside my furnace, a notice by the
junction box specifically says to NOT
wire neutral to ground. I have read on
the web a case where some folks had
difficulty powering the furnaces via
generator due to neutral being wired
to ground in their generators (a Honda, I believe). Is this going to be a problem/issue using an inverter? If so, how
can I tell if a particular brand/model is
going to be a source of this problem.
Sorry for carrying on too long. But
I am so ignorant of these matters that
I want to be sure I do the right thing.
David White
Seattle, WA
Author Response:
Thank you for your interest and
feedback! The concept I described in
the article will work well with gas-fired
furnaces provided the inverter is
correctly sized to the furnaces power
requirements. Most recently manufactured modified sine wave inverters
will have a sufficiently clean output
to run any elec trical appliance,
including sensitive electronic devices
(like computers) safely. If you have any
doubts or concerns about whether a
specific inverter will safely power your
home furnace, consult the manufacturer(s). Xantrex purchased Trace
Engineering a number of years ago and
is now the manufacturer of all Trace
power products.
Continued on Page 47
EVERYTHING FOR ELECTRONICS

Published Monthly By
T & L Publications, Inc.
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FAX (951) 371-3052
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Outside US 1-818-487-4545
P.O. Box 15277
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FOUNDER/ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Jack Lemieux
PUBLISHER
Larry Lemieux
publisher@nutsvolts.com
ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER/
VP OF SALES/MARKETING
Robin Lemieux
display@nutsvolts.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Chuck Hellebuyck
Jeff Eckert
Peter Best
Jan Axelson
Bill Stiles
Vaughn Martin
Louis Frenzel
Phil Davis
Ray Marston
Michael Simpson
Marvin Mallon
Gerard Fonte
John Stabler
CIRCULATION DIRECTOR
Tracy Kerley
subscribe@nutsvolts.com
SHOW COORDINATOR
Audrey Lemieux
WEB CONTENT/NV STORE

Michael Kaudze
sales@nutsvolts.com
PRODUCTION/GRAPHICS
Shannon Lemieux
Michele Durant
ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT
Debbie Stauffacher
Copyright 2007 by T & L Publications, Inc.

All Rights Reserved
All advertising is subject to publishers approval. We are not
responsible for mistakes, misprints, or typographical errors.
Nuts & Volts Magazine assumes no responsibility for the
availability or condition of advertised items or for the honesty
of the advertiser. The publisher makes no claims for the legality of any item advertised in Nuts & Volts. This is the sole
responsibility of the advertiser. Advertisers and their agencies
agree to indemnify and protect the publisher from any and all
claims, action, or expense arising from advertising placed in
Nuts & Volts. Please send all editorial correspondence, UPS,
overnight mail, and artwork to: 430 Princeland Court, Corona,
CA 92879.
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3/6/2007
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TECH
KNOWLEDGEY
EVENTS, ADVANCES, AND NEWS
BY JEFF ECKERT
2007
Tech2007.qxd
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY
BUBBLES ARE BACK?
PHOTO COURTESY OF MANU PRAKASH.
MIT researchers have developed

a computer chip that runs on
microbubbles like these.
stances that dont mix (e.g., oil and

water, wine and whiskey). The team has
demonstrated, at least in theory, all elements needed for any new logic family,
including gates, memories, amplifiers,
and oscillators. One main drawback at
this point, however, is speed they run
about 0.1 percent of the speed of a
typical microprocessor, so a computer
driven by them would have slightly
more power than a Commodore
VIC-20. But the devices may also prove
useful in programmable print heads
and various medical applications.
BUT MAYBE MOLECULES

ARE MORE MIRACULOUS
t looks a little like a damaged

compound eye from a mechanical
insect, but what youre really looking
at is a new device that could derive
among other things computing
capabilities from microfluid bubbles. A
team of scientists from MITs Center
for Bits and Atoms (http://cba.mit.
edu/) recently reported the development of bubble logic, which merges
chemistry with computation, allowing
a digital bit to carry a chemical payload. This should not be mistaken for
the bubble memories of a few decades
ago, which showed promise but
ultimately were too slow and expensive
for widespread commercialization.
Although bubble logic functions
in a manner that is analogous to electronics, what you really have is a tiny
chip in which nanoliters of fluid flow
from one part to the other and undergo controlled chemical reactions.
Instead of using electrical states to
indicate a 1 or a 0, it bases its logic on
the presence or absence of a bubble.
The demonstrated approach
employs nitrogen bubbles in water, but
you can use pretty much any two sub8
April 2007
PHOTO COURTESY OF
J. FRASER STODDART
SUPRAMOLECULAR
CHEMISTRY GROUP, UCLA.
These switches store information in

an ultra-dense 160 kilobit memory
made up of a 400 x 400 grid of
nanowires (left).
pproaching high logic density

from a different direction is a project from UCLA (www.ucla.edu), where
researchers have created a dense
memory device, said to be about the
size of a white blood cell, that could be
an important step toward the creation
of molecular computers to replace
todays silicon-based technology.
The switches (right side of illustration) are made up of a molecular ring
that encircles the dumbbell-shaped
molecule. When the switch is
triggered, the ring slides between two
locations to control conductivity. The
present device contains 160 kbits that
are arranged on a grid (left side of
illustration) of nanowires (400 silicon
crossed by 400 titanium, each 16 nm
wide), with a layer of the switches

sandwiched between the wires.
Commercial use of the concept is
still a few years off, but one of the collaborators noted, Our goal was not to
demonstrate a robust technology; the
memory circuit we have reported on
is hardly that. Instead, our goal was to
demonstrate that large-scale, working
electronic circuits could be constructed at a density that is well beyond (1015 years) where many of the most
optimistic projections say is possible.
COMPUTERS AND
NETWORKING
ELECTRONIC
PRESCRIPTIONS
ON THE WAY
he notoriously bad handwriting of physicians has been a

joke for as long as anyone can
remember, but when it comes to
writing prescriptions, some of the
humor disappears. According to the
National ePrescribing Safety Initiative
(NEPSI, www.nationaleRx.com), medication errors injure at least 1.5 million
Americans and kill 7,000 every year.
Although many of these are unrelated
to penmanship and are caused by common adverse reactions and such, it does
appear that switching US doctors over
to electronic prescription filing could
improve the situation. Unfortunately,
fewer than 1 in 5 MDs have adopted it,
so NEPSI, a coalition of health care and
technology companies too numerous
to mention, is now providing such
capabilities free of charge.
The backbone of the NEPSI
program is eRx NOW web-based
software from Allscripts (www.all
scripts.com) powered by the same
engine used today by more than
20,000 physicians already. Designed
for physicians in solo practice or small
Tech2007.qxd
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11:53 AM
Page 9
TECHKNOWLEDGEY 20 07
PHOTO COURTESY OF PC GUARDIAN.
STOP EMBARRASSING
LEAKAGE
This USB lock is designed to provide

data protection for various digital
devices.
he USB Port Security System from

PC Guardian (www.pcguardian.
com) may not be the highest-tech
product youll run into, but it looks like
a good bet if you are worried about
data leakage, data theft, computer
viruses, and malware that passes
through USB ports of your computer.
Capable of protecting single or multiple
USB ports in various configurations, it
was developed in response to the ever-
increasing threat of unauthorized data

transfer through USB ports to Flash
drives, memory sticks, MP3 players,
and other mobile storage devices.
The USB Port Security System is
compatible with most USB ports on
the market today. The pushbutton lock
is available in different keying options,
and multiple configurations are
available to secure from one to seven
USB ports. The locks are priced at
$12.95 to $71.95, depending on
configuration and components.
tion from it. It employs a vision detection

technology that combines stereoscopic
cameras with high-luminosity infrared
LEDs, and an advanced interpretation
algorithm is said to provide detection
accuracy better than 97 percent under
all lighting conditions, in anything ranging from tropical to arctic conditions.
The central control units can also
provide asset management, security
and surveillance, diagnostics and fleet
monitoring, wireless communication,
and information services. Isolated
digital inputs and outputs can be used
to control devices on the vehicle, detect
door position, or to trigger external
systems. And apparently, vandalism is
common in Italy, as well as in the US,
because the counter is enclosed in a
sealed, solid magnesium enclosure with
locking automotive-grade connectors.
FREE VIDEO SOFTWARE
n a continuing effort to inform readers about useful freebies, we present

Prism v. 1.00, from the folks
down under at NCH Software. The
Canberra-based outfit specializes in
business and video software and has
just released a video file converter for
Windows 98 onward, including Vista.
Its basically just a file converter
that converts avi, mpg, vob, asf, wmv,
mp4, ogm, and all video formats that
have a DirectShow based codec to
AVI and Windows Media Video formats, and its available for download
at www.nchsoftware.com/prism/
index.html. (DirectShow, formerly
called ActiveMovie, is Microsofts
graphic driver for various formats.)
CIRCUITS AND
DEVICES
DEVICE COUNTS
PASSENGERS
The PCN-1001
Passenger
Counter is
based on
noncontact
stereoscopic vision
technology. PHOTO COURTESY OF EUROTECH S.p.A.
ts not as if one in a million of us would

ever need one, but Eurotechs PCN1001 Passenger Counter falls into the
category of interesting stuff you probably never knew existed. The Italian
company (www.eurotech.it) builds computer systems for public transportation
vehicles, and the PCN-1001 is intended
to work with a vehicle server that can
preprocess, store, and upload informa-
LOW-COST SERIAL
ANALYZER
PHOTO COURTESY OF MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY.
groups, eRx NOW is available free to

any health care provider with legal
authority to prescribe medications,
and it requires no download, no new
hardware, and minimal training.
The product includes the ability to
generate secure electronic prescriptions that can be sent computerto-computer or via electronic fax to
55,000 retail pharmacies via Sure
Scripts Messenger Service (www.sure
scripts.com). Prescriptions are checked
for potentially harmful interactions with
a patients other medications, and the
product includes the ability for physicians to search and find targeted
health-related information using a
custom search engine from Google.
And in case youre worried about
your medical records, note that eRx
NOW includes multiple redundant layers of firewall; deep-packet inspection;
SSL encryption; database encryption;
intrusion detection; and virus, spyware, and malware protection for the
programs remote servers. So, physician, heal thyself. After all, its free.
This new tool enables design

engineers to interface with circuits that
are embedded deep within serial
systems using any Windows-based PC.
he latest from Microchip

Technology, Inc. (www.micro
chip.com) a provider of
microcontroller and analog
semiconductors is the PICkit Serial
Analyzer, an addition to the PICkit
development tool series. It is designed
for engineers who develop firmware to
communicate via serial communication protocols to components typically
found in embedded systems.
The instrument comes with a
28-pin demo board populated with a
PIC16F886 mid-range eight-bit microcontroller. The kits hardware and
graphical user interface (GUI) software
allow communication between the PC
April 2007
Tech2007.qxd
3/6/2007
11:53 AM
Page 10
INDUSTRY AND
THE PROFESSION
POSTHUMOUS AWARD
FOR HYBRID ENGINEER
Protection Agency ultimately (and

probably falsely) claimed that it did
not meet Clean Air Act emission
standards, which led to the demise
of Petro-Electric.
IBM TO DUMP PRINTING

DIVISION
n February, engineer Victor Wouk,

widely known as the father of modern hybrid programs, was posthumously given the Elmer A. Sperry
Award by the Society of Automotive
Engineers (SAE, www.sae.org) for his
visionary approach to developing
gasoline engine-electric motor hybriddrive systems for automobiles and his
distinguished engineering achievements in the related technologies of
small, lightweight, and highly efficient
electric power supplies and batteries.
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Source Code: NVM48

10
April 2007
and several industry-standard serial

protocols on the microcontroller being
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Included are users guides for
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code, selected application notes, and
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The tool is available now for the paltry
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MOBILE PHONE
HAS MORE
he day has not arrived when your

cell phone will replace all of your
other gadgets, but its getting closer.
The latest step in that direction in the
Samsung Ultra lineup is the Ultra Smart
F700, introduced at the 3GSM World
Congress. The instrument offers both a
full touch screen and a QWERTY key
pad, plus the companys VibeTonz
technology that makes the buttons
vibrate. A drag-and-drop method of
touch screen operation offers easier
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list control for an expanded multimedia
t was recently announced that IBM

(www.ibm.com) is forming a joint
venture with Ricoh Co. (www.ricoh.
com) under which the latter will acquire
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Ricoh will pay $725 million
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controlling interest, with the price
for the remainder being based on
future profitability of the company. In
2006, the division generated approximately $1 billion in revenues. In
1991, IBM spun off its low-end printer division, which became Lexmark.
PHOTO COURTESY OF SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS.
Samsungs Ultra Smart F700 offers both

a touch screen and QWERTY key pad.
experience. Volume, play lists, screen

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measuring only 104 x 50 x 16.4 mm
(approx. 4 x 2 x 0.65 in). NV
Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
3:40 PM
Page 11
PersonalRobotics.qxd
3/6/2007
11:47 AM
Page 12
ROBOTICS
PERSONAL
UNDERSTANDING, DESIGNING & CONSTRUCTING ROBOTS & ROBOTIC SYSTEMS
BY PHIL DAVIS
PARAMETERS ON THE FLY: Part 2

LAST MONTH, I CONCEPTUALLY DESIGNED A hand-held console which would
allow one to remotely change critical parameters in their autonomous robot.
Since last month, I decided that I wanted to go into more detail on the software
and some of the hardware components specifically the Blue Tooth card so
rather than finish the article up this month, I am making it a three-parter.
he idea behind this device is to

allow the changing of those variables which are typically used to tune
or control the robot. For example, if
you have a robot that is designed to
stop four inches from a wall, then you
will probably have a distance sensor
and a variable containing four, and the
bot will stop when the distance sensor
matches the variable.
However, when building your
robot you find that due to inaccuracies
in the distance sensor, your robot
actually stops six inches from the wall.
Typically, the only way to fix this is to
edit your code, recompile the program,
and download in into the robot. You
might find you have to do this many
times to get it just right. With the handheld console we are building, however,
you will be able to do this on the fly,
without having to change the code.
The main component of the handheld console is going to be the RF
module as this allows communication
PHOTO 1. Parallax EB500 embedded
Blue Tooth card.
between the bot and the console to

take place. This being the case, I
chose Blue Tooth since it has a range
sufficient for our purposes and is fairly
easy to connect.
THE EB500 EMBEDDED

BLUE MODULES
These terrific little Blue Tooth
cards are manufactured by A7
Engineering and can be obtained from
Parallax (see Photo 1). These cards are
designed to be used specifically for
use with Parallaxs AppMod header
and, in that configuration, are very
easy to use. However, as I am going to
connect these to my Mega32 board, I
need to know about the pinouts in a
little more detail.
As you can see from Photo 1 of
the EB500, there are two rows of 10
pins for a total of 20. These pins have
various functions, but for now, the
ones I am interested in are power and
TTL serial communications:
Power
GND pin 1
VCC pin 20
Comms
RX pin 3
TX pin 4
If you look at Photo 2, you can
see how I have connected this up to
my Mega32 board. I basically located
a header on my CPU board which had
GND and VCC and cabled that up to
pins 1 and 20 on the EB500. Since the
serial interface on the EB500 is at TTL
levels, I removed the RS-232 driver
chip on my board and connected pins
3 and 4 from the EB500 directly to
pins 9 and 10 of the Mega32. My
board has a header that exposes these
two pins. Photo 3 shows the EB500
connected to my STK500.
The EB500 has additional pin
output signals such as connection
status and mode control, which I may
use later, but for now, Im just using
power and comms. Note also, the
long single wires can be replaced later
PHOTO 2. Mega32
board hooked up to
an EB500.
12
April 2007
3/6/2007
11:48 AM
Page 13
PERSONAL ROBOTICS
with a header and some neater wiring.
Since I will be using an identical
Mega32 board at both the console
side and the robot side, the connections and wiring will be identical.
EB500 OPERATION
The EB500 has two basic modes
of operation: Command and Data. In
Command mode, the user can issue
various commands to cause certain
actions. In Data mode, the device acts
like a cordless RS-232 connection
and all input is passed through.
In Command mode, there are
several commands available, though I
will only be using a small subset of
these, namely connect and get
address. There are a number of other
interesting commands and capabilities, most notably the ability to have
encryption and trusted devices.
DATA TRANSMISSION
The whole point of the hand-held
console is to have the robot send its set
of variables to the console and then to
let the user change those parameters
and send them back to the robot. The
data being transmitted may consist of
some ASCII characters as part of the
protocol between the two devices, for
example, respond, var, ready, etc.
However, the data being transmitted
also consists of variables and the variables will contain non-ASCII data, such
as a binary 1 or a binary 2 etc., so special accommodations need to be made
for this type of non-ASCII data. We will
also have to delineate a message. That
is, we will need to build each message
into a packet, with a header and a
trailer; in this case, very simple ones.
To this end, we need a simple
packet protocol and a way to ensure
the transmission of binary data. It just
so happens that my robotics buddy,
Ken Tait, uses such a protocol and
with his permission, I am briefly going
to describe a version of it.
Regardless of what the contents of
the messages sent back and forth are,
we are going to wrap them in a header and trailer. This way, we will know
where the beginning of the message is
and where the end of the message is.
PHOTO 3. EB500 connected

to a STK500 with a Mega32.
For this we will use the

ASCII characters:
Header: STX (hex 02)
Trailer: ETX (hex 03)
When a message comes
into either the bot or the
Console, the first thing we
will do is look for an STX character and
wait for an ETX character. Then we will
know the stuff in the middle is the message. However, as mentioned before,
we need to take into consideration
binary data. Why you might ask
since we encapsulate our message with
STX/ETX. Well, we have to consider
what would happen if part of the data
being transmitted is a binary 2 or a
binary 3, since these could be mistaken
for either an STX or an ETX.
To solve this problem, we will
incorporate into our packet construction a search for any of these characters in the data of the message. If we
find one, we will insert a character
before it marking its position and then
follow it with the actual character. For
this mark character, we will use:
Mark: SOH (hex 01)
As an illustration, lets say we have
a message of two bytes each containing the following:
Byte 1: hex 03
Byte 2: hex 41
Following the rules above, we
would then construct a packet as
follows, using a | to separate each
byte for clarity:
STX|SOH|0x03|0x41|ETX
As you can see, our packet grew
from a length of two to a length of
five, but we are able to determine the
beginning and the end, as well as not
confuse any binary data with the STX,
ETX, or the SOH since this is also a
reserved character.
When we deconstruct this packet,
we essentially reverse the process. The
STX tells us this is the start of the pack-
et and the message, the next SOH

tells us that the following character
could be an SOH, STX, or ETX, and
should be treated literally. When we
find an SOH, we throw it away and
take the next character as-is. Finally,
moving through the rest of the data
we find the ETX that is not preceded
by an SOH and we then know that is
the end of the message and packet.
So, if we use this simple technique to construct and deconstruct
the packets, we can be assured of
sending both ASCII and binary data
back and forth. Note also, there is no
attempt at error detection or correction and it is assumed that all data will
be received accurately, which I think is
fine for this level of robotics.
PROTOCOL
Packetizing and sending data
back and forth is not quite enough.
We now need to develop a
simple protocol we can layer on top of
it and use to identify requests and
responses, as well as a standard
method for packing the information.
As an example, these are some of the
commands we will need to pass the
variables back and forth:
respond Sent by the console to
the bot when the console first
powers up and after the EB500s
become connected.
ready Sent by the bot to the
console to acknowledge it is ready
and running. This is in response to
receipt of respond. May be sent
by the console to the bot to
acknowledge it is ready and running.
send Sent by the console to the
bot once communication has been
April 2007
13
3/6/2007
11:48 AM
Page 14
established or at any time after if the

variables are required to be reloaded.
This command requests that the bot
transmit all the variables in its param
array to the console.
n1-n8 The eight-byte name of the

variable.
d1-d2 The default value.
i1-i2 The current value of the
variable.
regular interval checks to see if any

serial data has come in. When it finds
an STX, it unpacks all the data into a
buffer until it finds an ETX and only
then returns. So, we might say:
var N Sent by the bot to the

console in response to the send
command or sent by the console to
the bot when a variable has been
changed. Here, N represents the zero
based variable number, e.g., 1 for the
second variable in the param array.
When we receive this packet, we

can deconstruct it, see its a variable
and which one in the array, get the
name and the two byte default and
current integer values. If the variable
was a floating point variable, the type
might be a binary 2 and the default
and current values would be four
bytes long.
When the bot first transfers its
complete param array, it will pack
between one set of STX and ETX
multiple var N messages, with each
N identifying the variables position in
the array.
ret = waitForPacket(buffer, 30);
Of these commands, var is the

more difficult as it will contain the
properties relating to a specific variable. Last month, I described the properties of a variable in the param array.
This month, I want to simplify it slightly to illustrate the var N command,
so let us assume the properties are:
struct {
char
BYTE
void
void
name[9];
type;
*def;
*var;
We might, therefore, pack the

var N command as follows, assuming a 1 represents an integer type:
STX|v|a|r||0|n1|n2|n3|n4|n5|n6|
n7|n8|1|d1|d2|i1|i2|ETX
MANAGING THE
MESSAGES
Both the bot and the console will
be expecting specific commands at
certain times. For example, when the
console sends send to the bot, the
console will be expecting a var N
command from the bot in return.
This can be easily managed in one
of two ways, both are very similar. The
idea is to have a routine which at a
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14
April 2007
This routine would only return

when it has compiled a packet into the
buffer or after the time-out of 30 seconds has passed. This is fairly simple to
implement and is probably sufficient
for our needs, however, a version
could be implemented which waits for
a specific command, for example:
ret = waitForCommand(
ready, buffer, 30);
SUMMARY
With this more complete set of
tools, we can finish the implementation of the hand-held console. Next
month, I will show the completed
device, discuss how well it works, and
go over any would like to haves.
Also, I should mention that A7
Engineering have just released a more
generic EB module called the EB501
which is not dependent upon the
AppMod and may be easier for me to
use. If I have one of those by next
month, I will talk about it. NV
RESOURCES
Matrix Orbital LCD
www.matrixorbital.com
EmbeddedBlue
www.parallax.com
EmbeddedBlue
www.a7eng.com
FreeRTOS www.freertos.org/
WinAVR http://winavr.source
forge.net/
AVRstudio
www.atmel.com/dyn/products/tools
_card.asp?tool_id=2725
Rutherford Robotics can laser-cut
the console for you http://ruther
ford-robotics.com/laser.html
Parallax www.parallax.com
Phil Davis phild2@charter.net
Page15.qxd
3/8/2007
9:55 PM
Page 15
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NutNVolt200703.qxd
2/2/2007
11:04 AM
Page 16
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NutNVolt200703.qxd
2/2/2007
11:08 AM
Page 17
FM Broadcasters
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GetStartedWithPICs.qxd
3/6/2007
11:50 AM
Page 19
PICs
GETTING STARTED WITH
THE LATEST IN PROGRAMMING MICROCONTROLLERS
BY CHUCK HELLEBUYCK
PIC VS. PIC SPEED TEST

IF YOU LOOK THROUGH NUTS & VOLTS OR SURF THE INTERNET, youll see
lots of different Microchip PIC-based development chips and modules offering
all kinds of different features. Some of the more popular ones are the PICAXE,
BASIC Stamp, Basic Atom, and even my own Ultimate OEM and BasicBoard
just to name a few. Which is the best platform to start with or what is the best
bang for the buck are topics of questions I often get in Email. Readers
frequently ask how these compare to programming with a Basic compiler
like PICBasic Pro. In this months column, Ill compare them all with a common
program to see how well they do against each other.
he Emails I often get come from

readers of this column who are
just getting started programming and
have also read the BASIC Stamp column or have read about the PICAXE
or read about the Basic Atom and
wonder what the difference between
all of them are. Because of all these
choices, they begin to doubt their
own instincts.
In their Emails, they might ask if
the BASIC Stamp is really a Microchip
PIC-based module since they read
something about Scenix. Or, they
read about the PICAXE and wonder
why it doesnt need a hardware programmer. Then they read another
book or article and it tells them only
a real compiler is the way to go if
they plan to take their design into
production. They begin to question
the advantage of PICBasic Pro over
the single chip approach, such as
PICAXE.
In most cases, the limiting factor
comes down to cost. Lets face it, if
money wasnt an issue you could own
them all and evaluate them for yourself, but thats not often possible.
Fortunately, Ive collected several of
these systems over the years because
I was curious myself and decided to
run my own tests.

Back in the early days of computers, there was a speed test program I
could run at the DOS prompt that
would give me a performance rating
on the PC. By comparing this rating, I
could determine if one PC was really
better than the next. I thought this
would be a great way to compare PIC
options because by measuring speed,
you are also measuring code size. If it
takes a long time on one module to
process the same function that it does
on another module, then it must use
more PIC commands. No matter how
the code is written, it eventually gets
down to binary 1s and 0s.
I decided to reproduce that test to
compare the various PIC-based
setups. Ive selected five popular hobbyist approaches: BASIC Stamp 2
(BS2), PICAXE 28x, Basic Atom 28,
PICBasic, and PICBasic Pro. Ill also
compare a popular C compiler for
this test to see if programming in C is
that much faster than Basic. For those
that arent familiar with these choices,
Ill begin by briefly describing them.
came out, I wasnt impressed. They

based their operation on the original
BASIC Stamp 1 (BS1) PBasic command set, which is limited. The original BS1 was built around a PIC16C56
with an external EEPROM memory
for storing the commands. The
PICAXE (Figure 1) reduced those two
chips into a single chip with software.
I didnt see that as a big advantage,
but on the other hand, I was
impressed with the free PICAXE flowchart style GUI programming software. This made it easier for kids to
get involved.
PICAXE also offers the ability to
program directly in PBasic commands
just like the BS1. I began to re-think
my first impression. The PICAXE has
since grown to include a whole variety of options and new commands
FIGURE 1
PICAXE
I have to admit when these first
April 2007
19
3/6/2007
11:51 AM
Page 20
already on the chip.

Each PICAXE chip has a
limited number of total
commands with the maximum being 600. This seems
to relatively match the EEP FIGURE 3 ROM size of the particular
package size. The eight-pin
beyond the BS1. This all comes at a
has a smaller EEPROM and smaller
very low price as you can get PICAXE
command limit and the larger PICs
chips and starter kits for only a few
have more EEPROM and larger comdollars.
mand limits. What I questioned most
Every PICAXE is a Microchip PIC
was the speed. The PICAXE 28x runs
with a custom, self-programming softwith an external 4 MHz resonator
ware program installed. At first, I
and I suspect the eight-pin PICAXE
thought it was a bootloader but since
and the others run on the internal 4
some of the PICs they use dont offer
MHz RC oscillator that these PICs
self-write memory, I figured this wasnt
have.
the case. The small eight-pin version is
I know the BS1 also ran at 4 MHz
based on a PIC12F629 and the 28x
and that PICBasic-compiled BS1 pro(that Ill use in my test) is based on a
grams ran faster than they did on the
PIC16F873. The other versions are
BS1, so I was very curious how fast
PICs, but Im not sure which ones
the PICAXE ran. Lets cover the other
since I cant find details on them and I
players before that.
only have these two Ive mentioned in
my lab.
Its clear, though, that they work
similar in that they program themThe BS2 (shown in Figure 2) was
selves through a serial connection.
a great module when it was first
The BS1 operated the same way and
released. It was one of the first PICstored command tokens in external
based modules for those that wantEEPROM. My guess is the PICAXE
ed to use the easy-to-understand
stores command tokens in internal
Basic language to program PICs. The
EEPROM and then retrieves each
BS2 also has a free programming
command one at a time and
software that is command based, so
processes it. Therefore, when you
all you need is a BS2 module (or you
program a PICAXE, you are passing
can build one from the BS2 intertokens to it that get stored in EEPpreter chip and EEPROM). The interROM by the resident software
preter chip is more money than a
FIGURE 2
BASIC STAMP 2
FIGURE 4
PICAXE chip, but I suspect it would

run faster than the PICAXE. The BS2
advertises 4,000 instructions per second while the BS1 is only 2,000
instructions per second. The BS2
also runs on a 20 MHz resonator
versus the PICAXE and BS1 at 4
MHz.
The BS2 is based on a PIC16C57
and also stores command tokens in
external EEPROM. The access time
to read and write to external
EEPROM is slower than writing to
internal EEPROM on a PIC, so that
will affect processing speed during
my test. I began to wonder if the
PICAXE with internal EEPROM
would be as fast or faster than the
BS2, even though the BS2 has the
faster oscillator.
BASIC ATOM
The Basic Atom (Figure 3) takes
the PICAXE/BASIC Stamp programming style a little further in that it
pseudo compiles or combines the
token-style commands with the processing routines and stores them in
a binary .hex file. This binary .hex file
gets programmed into the PICs program memory. This way, the program is retrieving information from
within program memory rather than
EEPROM memory. This is much
faster than EEPROM access but uses
a lot of program memory initially
when it downloads all this to the
PIC.
The Atom is based on the
PIC16F876A and 16F877A both of
which have the capability to self-write
to program memory from within the
software. This is how a bootloader
works and a bootloader is how the
Atom programs itself through a PC
serial connection. This is why an
Atom doesnt need a separate PIC
programmer similar to PICAXE and
BS2 to download the .hex file it
creates.
PICBASIC
FIGURE 5
20
April 2007
PICBasic (Figure 4) is the original

Basic compiler frommicroEngineering
Labs and it takes BS1 programs and
directly converts them into an assem-
3/6/2007
11:51 AM
Page 21
G E T T I N G S TA R T E D W I T H P I C s
PIC Option
FIGURE 6
Measured Time
PICAXE 28x @ 4 MHz
368 msec
BASIC Stamp 2 @ 20 MHz
278 msec
Basic Atom @ 20 MHz
68 msec
PICBasic in PIC16F876A @ 4 MHz
28 msec
PICBasic Pro in PIC16F876A @ 4 MHz
1.76 msec
0.350 msec
TABLE 1
bly language file that gets assembled into a true binary
.hex file. This .hex file can then be programmed into a
blank PIC with a hardware PIC programmer. This is the
is still one of the more popular compilers on the market.
compiler that got me started programming blank PICs in
The PICBasic Pro compiler produces an assembly file that
Basic.
gets assembled into a binary .hex file so it can program just
about any eight-bit PIC out there. I noticed right away when
I had reached a limit with the BS1 and had moved on
I switched from PICBasic to PICBasic Pro that it greatly
to the BS2 when PICBasic arrived on the scene.
reduced the memory size of my programs in the exact
Programming in assembly language just was too time-consame PIC.
suming for me. I was amazed at how easy it was to program
PICBasic Pro isnt limited to 2K like PICBasic, so its
off-the-shelf PICs. The PICAXE and Atom werent around
number of commands is only limited by the program memwhen the PICBasic compiler was introduced, so those
ory space of the PIC you are using. If you use a
werent an option.
PIC18F6722, you get 128K bytes of program space. I rarely
The PICBasic compiler added a few commands to the
use more than 8K, so thats one huge advantage of
BS1 PBasic command set that allowed it to access
PICBasic Pro. How much better it is at speed is really the
registers in the PIC and it also allowed more RAM space
question I want to answer. PICBasic Pro can be set up to
to be used for variables.This was a huge advantage
run at various speeds with a simple DEFINE insert, so this
over BS1 and BS2. PICBasic was the best thing going
allowed me to run the same program at both 4 MHz and
until the PICBasic Pro compiler was released. PICBasic is
20 MHz.
limited to 2K of PIC program memory so even if you have
an 8K PIC, you would have to do some special coding to
get beyond 2K. I thought it was interesting to add
PICBasic to my performance test since I havent used it in
a while and havent even talked about it in this column
Now for the moment weve all been waiting for the
series. I do include both PICBasic and PICBasic Pro in my
speed/performance test. I wanted to create a simple
book Programming PIC Microcontrollers with PICBasic,
program that could be used across all these different
though.
platforms with very little or no modification. I knew I
At $99.95, PICBasic is a pretty good alternative to
wanted it to process several commands in a loop and
programming with PICAXE or BS1 since the commands
also perform some math. I wanted to light an LED so I
are the same and you can use it with blank PICs. PICBasic
could see it working and be able to put an oscilloscope
is also written to run programs at 4 MHz. You can run
on the LED to measure the time it took to change
the PIC faster, but some of the time-critical commands
state. This change in state delay reflects the processing
will be affected. For example, a PAUSE 1000 will delay
time, so by recording that time, I could compare
one second at 4 MHz, but run the PIC at 20 MHz, and
everything running the exact same Basic code. The final
program is below:
that command will only take 200 milliseconds. Some
people use this method to get
higher baud rates out of
C Code
PICBasic Pro Code
PICBasics SEROUT command.
while(1==1)
//loop forever
For the performance test, I ran it {
Main:
at 4 MHz.
unsigned int z, y;
SPEED TEST
RB0 = 1;
// Turn on RC0 LED
for(z=0; z<256; z=z+1)
{
y=y+1;
}
RB0 = 0;
//Turn off RC0 LED
Pause(10); // Pause 10 msec
PICBASIC PRO
The PICBasic Pro compiler
(Figure 5) has been talked about a
lot in this column. It added so
many features to the PICBasic
compiler, it clearly was in a class
by itself when it was released, and
high 1
Set Port 1 High
For x = 1 to 255
y=y+1
Perform simple
next
low 1
Clear port 1 to
pause 10
Stay low for 10
to Light LED
math
turn off LED
milliseconds
goto main
//End while
TABLE 2
April 2007
21
3/6/2007
11:51 AM
Compiler
Page 22
Measured Time
PICC-Lite in PIC16F877A @ 4 MHz
3.6 msec
1.76 msec
TABLE 3
Main:
high 1
Set Port 1 High to Light LED
For x = 1 to 255 Loop 255 times in for-next loop
y = y + 1
Perform simple math
next
End for-next loop
low 1
Clear port 1 to turn off LED
pause 10
Stay low for 10 milliseconds
goto main
On each part I had to create the x and y variables in

slightly different ways. In PICAXE and PICBasic, I used:
Symbol x = B0
Symbol y = B1
On the others, I used the VAR directive:

x var byte
y var byte
These variable declarations didnt affect the speed

since they are a one-time function. I was really surprised
how easy it was to make one program fit all these different platforms, which shows how common the Basic language is for PICs. Each processor reported a different
amount of program space and I was a little confused on
how to measure some of them. I could not figure out how
much memory I used in the BS2, but Im sure that was
because of my inexperience with the Stamp programming
environment. For the most part though, program size
affected speed. The slower the class of chip, the more
memory it used.
RESULTS
claim to be a great C programmer, but the results of

this test were very interesting. The speed test code in C is
below:
unsigned int counter;
// Create delay loop variable

// with max range of 0 to 65535
// Prototyping functions
void Pause( unsigned short usvalue );
void msecbase( void );
main()
{
PORTB = 0;
TRISB = 0;
//Clear PortC port

//All PortC I/O outputs
while(1==1) {
//loop forever
unsigned int z, y;
RB0 = 1;
// Turn on RC0 LED
for(z=0,y=0; z<256; z=z+1) {
y=y+1;
}
RB0 = 0;
// Turn off RC0 LED
Pause(10);
// Pause 10 msec
}
//End while
}
//end main
//*******************************************************
//pause - multiple millisecond delay routine
//*******************************************************
void Pause( unsigned short usvalue )
{
unsigned short x;
//Loop through a delay equal to usvalue in ms
for (x=0; x<=usvalue; x++) {
msecbase();
// ms delay routine
}
}
//*******************************************************
//msecbase - 1 msec pause routine
//*******************************************************
The chart in Table 1 and graphic in Figure 6 show the

results. The PICAXE came in the slowest and PICBasic Pro
(at 20 MHz) was the fastest. That is, over 1,000 times faster.
You can also see how the move from external EEPROM to
internal program memory helped the Atom beat out the
Stamp. I was surprised to see PICBasic Pro at 4 MHz beat
PICBasic. The Pro program was about one-third the size of
the PICBasic program.
void msecbase(void)
{
C VS. PICBASIC PRO
This will look very confusing to beginners and Basic

programmers since C is very cryptic at first glance. If you
compare the core section of both versions, you will see a
lot of similarities, however, as shown in Table 2.
I then compiled the C code and ran it at 4 MHz to compare it to the rest of the pack. The results in Table 3 show
how PICBasic Pro at 4 MHz compares to PICC-Lite at 4
MHz.
I have to admit I was shocked by these results. I
may have screwed up somewhere, but I tested it on
I often get Emails from C programmers asking me to

stop using that interpreted Basic code and program in C.
PICBasic Pro really is compiled just like C and, in many
cases, will produce code the same size as a C language
compiler.
I decided to write the Basic program in C using
the HiTech PICC-Lite compiler from htsoft.com. This
is a popular PIC C compiler and I like it a lot. I will not
22
April 2007
//Set prescaler to TMRO 1:4

OPTION = 0b00000001;
TMR0 = 0xd; // Set TMR0 to overflow on 250
while(!T0IF); //Stay until TMRO overflow flag set
T0IF = 0;
//Clear the TMR0 overflow flag
}
3/6/2007
11:52 AM
Page 23
G E T T I N G S TA R T E D W I T H P I C s
several PICs after this and got the
same results. PICBasic Pro was faster
than C in this simple application. To
further understand the results, I
reviewed the .hex files and saw
that PICBasic Pro compressed
the code into a single block of space
that took up 60 words of program
memory.
The PICC-Lite version broke up
the code into two blocks: one at the
top of program memory and one
much further down. This told me that
PICC-Lite had produced code that
possibly jumped around more than
PICBasic Pro. If your assembly code
has more calls or gotos in it, then it
will take more time to process. The
PICC-Lite file took 68 words of
space. This was larger than PicBasic
Pro.
PICC-Lite is a freeware version
and doesnt have all the optimization
layers in place that help compact the
code, so there are improvements
that can be made. Compacting
can sometimes add more calls, so
Im not sure that would help.
Inserting assembly into C helps
speed things up, but you can do that
in PICBasic Pro, as well. All in all,I
was impressed at how well PICBasic
Pro performed against PICC-Lite in
this test.
If you want to become a professional software engineer, then C is still
the most desired language to know.
However, PICBasic Pro can compete
well in applications where you may
need to rely on a simple Basic
language to get a product out the
door quickly. Ive helped many nonsoftware engineers do this using
PICBasic Pro.
CONCLUSION
Based on this brief study, Ive concluded that no matter how you get
started, you end up getting what you
pay for. If you only have a few bucks,
then PICAXE is a great place to start
and you will learn the language that
can later be used with PICBasic Pro.
Basic Atoms and Stamps offer a
smooth upgrade path to PICAXE
and PICBasic/PICBasic Pro offer the
ultimate option for programming
low-cost PICs.
Purchasing a decent PIC programmer and PICBasic Pro will cost a
few hundred dollars, but divide that
up among all the projects you create
with it and it will bring the cost
down. Once you start reading sensors or trying to process large
amounts of data, speed becomes a
priceless advantage. I still do a lot of
work with Atoms because of the
great built-in, in-circuit debugger
(ICD) and I like some of the commands it offers that PICBasic Pro
doesnt.
I hope youve learned something
that will help you decide the best
route to take getting started. If you
have any questions or comments,
send them to me at chuck@elproducts.com or visit my website at
www.elproducts.com for all your
Programming PICs in Basic needs.
See you next month. NV
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April 2007
23
Page24.qxd
3/8/2007
8:30 PM
Page 24
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pricing you
already get
at Jameco
every day!
M AAJNODRS
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K! best-in-theE
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To dramatize the
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you an additional 15% discount on two
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And thats on top of our
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UP
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to the website...
BR
T.I. Semiconductor
Augat/Tyco Bourns
CTS Cypress
C&K Switches
Comair Rotron
Condor Grayhill
Intel Micron
Philips Power-One
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Vishay Siliconix
Great Products.
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EVERY
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THIS WEEK
www.Jameco.com/NVS
April 2007
25
Page26.qxd
26
3/8/2007
8:28 PM
April 2007
Page 26
Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
4:02 PM
Page 27
NewProductsApr07.qxd
3/8/2007
5:47 PM
Page 28
NEW
P
NEW DESKTOP
ELECTROPLATING
SYSTEM
PKF Laser & Electronics introduces

the MiniContac RS, reverse pulse
plating system, specially developed
for the professional production of protot ype and small batch production
PCBs. This cost-effective system is
completely enclosed in a compact tabletop size, ideal for any rapid PCB
prototyping situation, especially small
runs and tight work locations, such as
in a research environment.
Utilizing reverse pulse plating
(RPP) technology allows uniform metal
distribution for more aggressive aspect
ratios. The MiniContac RS has the
ability to plate holes as small as 8 mil
(0.2 mm) vias in 62 mil thick standard
PCBs smoothly; thin or fragile materials can easily be placed in a support
framework before processing. The
MiniContac RS handles circuit boards
as large as 9 x 13 (230 mm x 330
mm) and is completely closed with no
external connection needed, allowing
double-sided and multilayer boards to
quickly and easily be through-hole
plated. North American Vice President
Jim Greene stated, The MiniContac is
simple and easy to operate. It uses safe
chemicals to make plated throughholes and does not require special
operation skills. This system takes
advantage of the reverse pulse plate
technology, for a clean, perfect
through-hole plating process.
The MiniContac
RS uses only four
tanks, which can
easily be replaced
when required. For
ease
of
use,
LPKF handles
the complete
disposal of all
28
April 2007
plating chemicals. This system features

LPKFs standard approach to prototype
plating solutions, favoring simple maintenance of chemical assets, and a semiautomated menu-driven control system.
For more information, contact:
LPKF Laser & Electronics

Tel: 503-454-4212
Fax: 503-682-7151
Web: www.lpkfusa.com
DO-IT-YOURSELF
LIQUID COOLING FOR
PC HOBBYISTS
OVERCLOCKING
MULTI-CORE
PROCESSORS
-Tek Customs, an innovator of

top-performing heat-dissipation
products for computer gamers, overclockers and case modders, has begun
volume shipments of its FuZion CPU
block, a liquid cooler optimized for the
latest dual- and quad-core processors
from Intel Corp. and Advanced Micro
Devices (AMD).
The D-Tek FuZion CPU blocks
advantage is a unique base plate that
delivers more efficient thermal control
than existing water blocks. Specifically,
the FuZion CPU block uses an
impingement design that puts liquid
directly in the middle of the processor,
where the cores are located. The
copper base plate with its dense
rounded copper pins and 1.4 squareinch pin spread especially
designed for large-die, multi-core
processors increases theFuZion
CPU blocks cooling surface area.
Unlike other high-performance
impingement water blocks that
require expensive high-flow
pumps with the bigger size
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
GADGETS
TOOLS
and louder operation associated with

those pumps the FuZion CPU block
achieves a vastly lower pressure drop
(three to five times lower). As a result, it
can deliver high-performance thermal
management in a smaller, quieter, more
cost-effective package. Additionally, the
FuZion CPU blocks 4-to-1 flow chamber
provides optimal flow through the block.
Our low-pressure-drop FuZion
CPU block provides gamers with the
best thermal performance without the
large, noisy, expensive pumps that are
t ypically needed in liquid-cooled
gaming PCs, said Danny Salandra, DTeks chief executive officer.
With less load on the pump, a cooling system based on the D-Tek FuZion
CPU block has a longer life cycle even
under vigorous operating conditions.
In addition, the low-pressuredrop, high-performance FuZion block is
ideal for multi-block solutions that
include single and multiple GPU block
configurations, while still using only one
pump per system, Salandra said.
D-Tek paid careful attention to the
manufacturability of the FuZion CPU
block, exerting exceptional qualit y
control including leak-testing each
part and ensuring consistent manufacturing from one block to the next. Its
100-percent-copper base is machinelapped to a precise finish, and its top
assembly is molded Delrin/Acetal.
Price and Availability
The D-Tek FuZion CPU block the
first in a series is available now
through D-Teks worldwide reseller partners. The list price is $64.99, which
includes all necessary mounting hardware for both AMD and Intel processors.
Coming soon is a nozzle jet impingement kit that will take advantage
of the low-pressure-drop design and
increase the water velocity directly on
top of the multi-core processors.
The company has its headquarters
3/8/2007
5:47 PM
H A R D W A R E
in Murrieta, CA, near San Diego.

D-Tek Customs
Web: www.dtekcustoms.com
EMBEDDED
COLOR VGA
GRAPHICS
ultilabs announces the

release of their first
custom controller
chip called the
ezVGA Graphics
Controller, and
their newest ez serial-controlled
embedded module called the ezVGA
Serial Module.
Page 29
S O F T W A R E
G A D G E T S
ezVGA Graphics Controller and the

host does not have to directly manage
it. In fact, the ezVGA Graphics
Controller handles all operations automatically so no knowledge of the
VGA specification is necessary.
Besides writing pixels, the host
can also read any pixel on the screen.
All of this is done (again) via six
simple instructions that allow the host
to set the X position, Y position, pixel
color, and issue pixel write and read
commands. Other features such as
T O O L S
auto-incrementing the position registers allows the host to perform fast

writes and reads of the entire screen.
The ezVGA Graphics Controller
comes housed in an 84 pin PLCC
package that conforms to JEDEC MO047. The ezVGA Graphics Controller
can be purchased by itself for $24.95
(single piece price). It can also be purchased with a video memory chip for
$29.95 (single piece price). The video
memory comes in a 32 pin TSOP II
package. Quantity pricing is available.
ezVGA Graphics Controller

The ezVGA Graphics Controller is
an embedded color VGA processor
that can be used to generate VGA
signals for image display on VGA
monitors and VGA compatible
devices. Using the data instructions,
the host writes and reads pixel color
data through the ezVGA Graphics
Controller to the external video memory. All operations are done automatically via the on-board circuitry. Sync
signals, video memory pixel reading
and writing, continuous screen
drawing, pixel counts, and line counts
are all done automatically through the
ezVGA Graphics Controller. The
host only needs to know six simple
instructions for complete operation.
Communications to and from the
ezVGA Graphics Controller is done
through an eight-bit data bus along
with four address control lines. Having
addressable control lines allows the
ezVGA Graphics Controller to share a
common system data bus with
other devices. The ezVGA Graphics
Controller offers a fast parallel
interface and pixel read/write times of
only 40120 nanoseconds.
The host creates texts and graphics by writing pixels to the screen. The
screen pixel color data is stored in an
external video memory. This memory
is automatically controlled by the
April 2007
29
3/8/2007
5:48 PM
H A R D W A R E
ezVGA Serial Module

The ezVGA Serial Module is a
ready-to-use embedded color VGA
video card that will deliver color VGA
video functionality to your design. The
ezVGA Serial Module takes away the
problem of needing an enormous
amount of I/O pins and lots of
processing power typical for high
resolution color VGA video generation and replaces it with only two
serial communication pins and simple
to learn and use commands. The
ezVGA Serial Module offers a quick
and cost-effective way to generate
color VGA text and graphics.
Everything you need to get started
quickly is housed on a 2.5 by 3.1 SIP
module, even right down to the VGA
monitor connector. Commands are
sent and status received via a TTL level
two-line serial asynchronous interface.
The command set gives you the ability
to clear areas of the screen, change
the background color, clear the entire
screen, define custom characters, use
a floating character which can be used
for a point-and-click interface, draw
30
April 2007
Page 30
S O F T W A R E
G A D G E T S
lines, place characters, and read pixels

from and write pixels to the screen.
The floating character can be displayed and moved around anywhere
on the screen without disturbing any
of the image on the screen. This adds
another level of character display.
The screen resolution is 320 by
240 pixels and there are 64 colors to
choose from. The ezVGA Serial
Module comes with a built-in ASCII
character set and gives you the ability
to define up to 256 characters. You
can also change the built-in character
set to fit your needs. The screen is
layed out as a bitmap. This means
there are no character cells which
gives you the freedom to place characters wherever you need. This gives
the ezVGA Serial Module the flexibility to meet any of your design needs.
You can connect the ezVGA Serial
Module to any VGA video device.
Multilabs
Tel/Fax: 949-458-7625
Web: www.multilabs.net
T O O L S
THE
ENERGYSAVER
evvus Corporation announces

the launch of their Nevvus Energy
Saver, an innovative new product that
reduces power consumption in homes
by up to 10% and more. The Energy
Saver reduces the amount of power
drawn from the utilit y company by
storing (in capacitors) otherwise lost
electricity caused by inductive motors
in home appliances (examples of
inductive motors are air conditioning
units, refrigerators, dishwashers, vacuum cleaners, fans, etc.).
You simply plug the unit into any
wall outlet and turn it on. It is suitable
for use in houses, condominiums,
apartments,
shops,
restaurants,
offices, and small factories with one
phase service.
EnergySaver features include:
No installation
required just plug
3/10/2007
12:06 PM
H A R D W A R E
it into any wall outlet.

Increased motor and appliance life.
UL, CE, and RoHS certified and listed.
Reduction of power surges.
Nevvus Corporation
Tel: 514-285-2829
Email: info@nevvus.com
Web: www.nevvus.com
SWEEP FUNCTION
GENERATOR
&K Precision Corporation announces

the availabilit y of the
Model 4017B, a 10 MHz
DDS sweep function
generator that utilizes
Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) to
generate very precise and accurate
waveforms with little distortion. At
a price of only $499, the new
Model 4017B is extremely flexible,
and has a vast number of applications
in both analog and digital electronics
Page 31
S O F T W A R E
G A D G E T S
in the engineering, manufacturing,

servicing, educational, and hobbyist
fields.
The B&K Precision Model 4017B
10MHz DDS sweep function generator is a versatile signal source which
combines several functions into one
unit
waveform
generation,
pulse generation (through variable
symmetry), and frequency sweep.
Additionally, the instrument provides
the added convenience of a built-in
frequency counter. Utilizing DDS
technology to produce precise and
accurate waveforms, the unit permits more accurate determination
of output frequency than is
possible with a simple calibrated
dial. Coarse and fine tuning
controls permit the precision
setting of the output frequency.
The heart of the function generator is a VCG (voltage controlled
generator) that produces precision
sine, square, or triangle waves over
the 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz range. This
encompasses sub audible, audio,
ultrasonic, and RF applications. A
T O O L S
continuously variable DC offset allows

the output to be injected directly into
circuits at the correct bias level.
The sweep generator offers linear
or log sweep with variable sweep rate
and adjustable sweep time. Variable
symmetry of the output waveform
converts the instrument to a pulse
generator capable of generating
rectangular waves or pulses, ramp or
sawtooth waves, and slewed sine
waves.
In addition to the above features,
an external voltage may be used to
control operating frequency. This is
useful in situations where an
externally controlled frequency is
desirable. The unit comes with a user
instruction manual and B&K Precision
Corporations one-year warranty.
B&K Precision Corp.
22820 Savi Ranch Pkwy

Yorba Linda, CA 92887
Tel: 714-921-9095
Fax: 714-921-6422
Web: www.bkprecision.com

April 2007
31
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:26 AM
Page 32
PROJECTS
THIS MONTHS PROJECTS
An X-10 Interface . . . . . . . . . . .32
Pulse Speed Timer . . . . . . . . . .39
The Magic Box . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
LEVEL RATING SYSTEM

To find out the level of difficulty
for each of these projects, turn
to our ratings for the answers.
. . . . Beginner Level
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
YOUR WORLD WITH
AN X-10 INTERFACE
Home Automation
. . . . Intermediate Level
. . . . Advanced Level
. . . . Professional Level
Last month, we
looked at interfacing
your PC to various
1-Wire weather
sensors.
This month, we
are going to dive
head-first into
home automation.
ne of the most frustrating

aspects for the PC-to-X10
interface is lack of quality documentation. For an industry that has so much
demand, you would think that the
manufacturers would create some
quality manuals explaining in detail
the protocol that their devices require.
This is just not the case. The instructions for the various interface devices I
tested went from nonexistent to poor.
I am going to show
you how to use your
and appliances using
32
April 2007
Most of the technical information I

managed to get my hands on was after
many hours of searching the net. In
many cases, I had to use a lot of guesswork to get the interfaces to work.
I will show you how to use three
different RS-232 interfaces. We will be
looking at the FireCracker (CM17A),
SmartHome PowerLinc (1132B), and
the RCA ActiveHome
(CM11A).
How Does
X10 Work?
PC to control lamps
the X10 protocol.
FIGURE 1. ZeusPro Programs.
FIGURE 2
It isnt necessary
to know how the X10
protocol is transmitted over the power
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:27 AM
Page 33
BY MICHAEL SIMPSON
lines, but a brief overview may help you
to troubleshoot problems. X10 uses a
PLC technology, which stands for Power
Line Carrier. A 1 ms, 120 kHz burst is
transmitted near the zero crossing of
the 60 Hz AC signal. Two crossings are
required to form a single bit. To generate 1, we need a burst at the first
crossing and none at the second, as
shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 also shows
the pattern is reversed for 0; we need
a burst at the second crossing but not
the first. Things would get out of sync
very fast if we did not have some way of
starting the whole data packet. A
special start sequence is used. This
sequence is three 120 kHz bursts at
consecutive crossings followed by no
pulse, as shown in Figure 3.
After the start sequence, the next
nine bits represent the actual data
being transmitted. The first four bits
are the house code. The house codes
are represented by letters on the
actual devices to make it easier on the
consumer as in Table 1.
After the house code, the next
five bits represent the device code or
function to perform as shown in
Table 2. The last bit is actually used to
indicate that the device is to perform
a function if the bit is 1. The complete
message from start to finish is sent
twice for redundancy.
In reality, there are variations to the
above protocol such as sending extended data, but I wont be getting into these
in this article. Lets start to break down
the various RS-232 interfaces. Each has
its own protocol and will translate your
interface data into the
X10 protocol I just talked
about. It isnt necessary
that you understand the
actual details of the X10
protocol, just that you
know how the House,
Devices, and Function
codes are laid out.
All the previous
examples show a single
pulse that is synchronized with the zero
crossing. In reality, the
FIGURE 3
X10 specification
calls for three
pulses to be transmitted to make
the X10 compatible with a threephase distribution
system. The second pulse is sent
2.778 ms after the
zero crossing. The third pulse is sent
5.556 ms after the zero crossing.
PalmPad Remote Control (HR12A)

I recommend the CM18A kit if
you dont already have a wireless
FireCracker
(Model CM17A)
1
Lets start by looking at the

FireCracker (Figure 4). Due to its price
and simplicity, and the fact that it has
been around for a long time, there are
many of these in use today. The
FireCracker is manufactured by X10
and can be purchased as an individual
module or as part of the CM18A
package. The cost for the CM17A will
run you $12 to $40, depending on
where you purchase it.
The CM18A package shown in
Figure 5 is priced in the range of $22
to $39 and consists of the following
modules:
FireCracker
Module (CM17A)
Transceiver
Module (TM751)
Lamp Module
(LM465)
FIGURE 4
01100
11100
00100
10100
00010
10010
01010
11010
01110
10
11110
11
00110
12
10110
13
00000
14
10000
15
01000
16
11000
0110
1110
All Units Off
00001
0010
All Lights On
00011
1010
On
00101
0001
Off
00111
1001
Dim
01001
0101
Bright
01011
1101
All Lights Off
01101
0111
Extended Code
01111
1111
Hail Request
10001
0011
Hail Acknowledge
10011
1011
Preset Dim
101-1
0000
Extended Data
11001
1000
Status On
11011
0100
Status Off
11101
1100
TABLE 1
Status Request
TABLE 2
April 2007
11111
33
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:27 AM
Page 34
Well it doesnt. Take a look

at Table 3. The house code
bits are in reverse order.
Back in 1975, a company called Pico Electronics
If you look at Table 4,
developed technology for what is now the X10
you
can see that there is a
interface. It gets its name from the fact that it
pattern
to the code/
was the 10th project that Pico had created. The
function sequence but its
technology did not reach the market until 1978
not simple, so I just took
when RadioShack started to sell X10 products.
Sears then started selling X10 merchandise
the strong arm approach
Pico formed a partnership with BSR and
and listed all the combinaX10 Ltd. was born. X10 Ltd. bought out BSRs
tions. In the downloads,
interest in 1987. The X10 Patent expired in 1997
there is a Zeus file called
and now X10 is an open standard.
FCm1.txt. This program has
support functions called:
from the RS-232 signal, you can use it
SendX17Afooter, SendX17Aheader,
in portable interfaces such as a microand SendX17Adata. The SendX17A
controller or a Pocket PC. The only
data makes a call to the header and
downside is that its a one-way module.
footer functions so you need not worry
It transmits only, so it cannot receive
about them. You simply pass the house
data from sensors or other controllers.
code from Table 3 and the device/
The FireCracker uses a standard
function code from Table 4.
Here is an excerpt of the main loop
DB9 connector with an RS-232 inter FIGURE 5
in the FCm1.txt program. It will turn on
face. When I first started researching
Device K1, then wait five seconds and
the FireCracker, I had assumed that the
transceiver. You must have one for the
then turn it off again. The FCm1.txt
TX and Ground lead on the DB-9 conFireCracker to operate. You can
program is very simple and will compile
nector were used at some predeterpurchase the CM18A from X10.com,
and run in the free ZeusLite compiler
mined baud rate. This is not the case.
but I found the website very difficult
available on the KRMicros website.
The FireCracker uses a two-pin binary
to navigate due to the overwhelming
interface. The RTS and DTR leads are
Loop:
amount of popups and crazy flashing
used to power and to clock-in the data.
adds. I purchased a brand new
To send a 1, RTS is high and DTR
SendX17Adata(%1100, %000000000000)
CM18A package from one of the
is low, as shown in Figure 6. For a 0,
pause(5000)
SendX17Adata(%1100, %000000100000)
eBay online stores. The cost was only
DTR is high and RTS is low. Once
pause(5000)
$22 and I received it in just three days.
signals are set, the system should wait
The FireCracker is a small and
for 500-1,000 s then set both RTS
goto Loop
compact
module.
and DTR high. The sequence is repeatSince its wireless
ed eight times for a complete byte.
The SendX17Adata function will
A
0110
and
gets
its
power
To
send
a
complete
control
signal
to
print
the 1s and 0s as they are sent
B
0111
the FireCracker, you need
to the FireCracker so you can see
C
0100
to send a sequence of 40
whats happening.
FIGURE 6
D
0101
bits. This sequence conE
1000
sists of a header of 16 bits,
Going Further with
F
1001
data consisting of 16 bits,
the FireCracker
and a footer of eight bits.
G
1010
The header is always
I have given you the basics for
H
1011
11010101 10101010 and
interfacing to the FireCracker. The
I
1110
the footer is always
next logical step is to create a more
J
1111
10101101. As you might
intuitive program to allow you to pass
K
1100
expect its the 16 bits of
actual strings like K1on or K1off. I
L
1101
data that tell the transceivhave included a ZeusPro source file
er
module
what
to
send
to
called FireCracker1Pro.txt as an
M
0000
the
remote
X10
devices.
example of how to get started.
N
0001
Now, you would
I have also included a couple of
O
0010
expect the data portion of
programs called FireCracker2Pro and
P
0011
the FireCracker protocol
FireCracker3Pro that will allow you to
TABLE
3
to match that of the X10.

use a small form to send codes to your
BRIEF X10 HISTORY
34
April 2007
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:28 AM
Page 35
Control Your World
FIGURE 7
FireCracker. Both the source and compiled exes FIGURE 9

for Windows, as well as the Pocket PC exe, are
included in the download.
Last, but not least, is a program I call FireWorks, shown in
Figure 7. It was written and compiled with the ZeusPro compiler. This program will allow you to create script files that will turn
lights and appliances on and off at various times. I have included the full ZeusPro source which includes documentation for
the script editor. This is a work in progress, and eventually I want
to create two-way versions for the other interfaces, as well.
SmartHome PowerLinc (Model 1132B)

The SmartHome 1132B shown in Figure 8 is a much
more robust interface than the FireCracker. It offers full twoway X10 communications, as well as support for extended
codes and data. You can purchase an 1132B for about $34
directly from SmartHome at www.smarthome.com.
The SmartHome 1132B has a more straightforward
interface than that of the FireCracker. You communicate
with the 1132B at 9600 baud, eight bits, and no parity
using the standard RS-232 RX and TX leads.
1132B Reception
Using a free copy of ZeusLite, load up this program:
[PLm1.txt] PowerLinc 1132B interface
func main()
dim x as integer
dim curchar as integer
x=ComOpen(1,baud=9600,port=3) <- Set Port here
print Open Status = ;x
ComBGSuspend(1,1)
loop2:
curchar = ComGetByte(1)
if curchar = -1 then goto loop2
print curchar
goto loop2
endfunc
FIGURE 8
0000 00000000
0000 00100000
0000 00010000
0000 00110000
0000 00001000
0000 00101000
0000 00011000
0000 00111000
0000 01000000
10
0000 01100000
11
0000 01010000
12
0000 01110000
13
0000 01001000
14
0000 01101000
15
0000 01011000
16
0000 01111000
9 On
0100 00000000
9 Off
0100 00100000
10 On
0100 00010000
10 Off
0100 00110000
11 On
0100 00001000
11 Off
0100 00101000
12 On
0100 00011000
12 Off
0100 00111000
13 On
0100 01000000
13 Off
0100 01100000
In this example, I issued

14 On
0100 01010000
the K3-On command using
14
Off
0100 01110000
one of my X10 controllers.
15 On
0100 01001000
Each data packet reported
on the 1132B begins with
15 Off
0100 01101000
a 120 and ends with a
16 On
0100 01011000
13, as shown in Figure 9.
16 Off
0100 01111000
Excluding these bytes, the
Bright
0000 10001000
packet
data
actually
Dim
0000 10011000
consists of three bytes with
the third always being 49.
TABLE 4
The first data byte is the
house code and returns the values shown in Table 5.
The second byte is the device/function code shown in
Table 6.
The 120 that starts the packet can also be replaced
by other codes, such as 88 which represents the
response to an 1132B transmission. The 49 value at
the end of the packet also represents the number of
transmissions detected. From what I have found, this is
always 49.
Looking at Figure 10, two packets were received. The
first data packet sets the target device; in this case, K3. The
second packet sets the function ON.
Load up the included program PLm3.txt. I have created
April 2007
35
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
A
70
B
78
C
66
D
74
E
65
F
73
G
69
H
77
I
71
J
79
K
67
L
75
M
64
N
72
O
68
P
76
TABLE 5
Func 1
Func 2
Func 3
Func 4
Func 5
Func 6
Func 7
Func 8
Func 9
Func 10
Func 11
Func 12
Func 13
Func 14
Func 15
36
11:28 AM
Page 36
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 10
a couple of routines to make 1132B

reception fool-proof. The function
called check1132B is called inside
a loop and returns
one of the following
1 76
values:
2 92
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
All Units Off
All Lights On
On
Off
Dim
Bright
All Lights Off
Extended Code
Hail Request
Preset Dim High
Preset Dim Low
Extended Data
Status On
Status Off
Status Request
TABLE 6
April 2007
68
84
66
82
74
90
78
94
70
86
64
80
72
88
65
67
69
71
73
75
77
79
81
87
85
89
91
93
95
variables HOUSE, DEVICE, and ACTION each time a status

of 2 is received from the check1132B function:
loop2:
stat = check1132B()
if stat = 2 then
print HOUSE,DEVICE,Action=+ACTION
endif
0, No New Codes
1, New Device Set
2, Action Received
goto loop2
The
following
code snipit shows
how you can access
the three global
X10 Command
As you can see, I have translated the raw data

into usable values which could easily be translated
into strings, if need be. I have included a ZeusPro
program called X10Logger.exe in the download shown
in Figure 10. This program will allow you
to monitor the traffic on your power line for
99
X10 activity.
House Code
See Table 5
Unit Code
See Table 6
Function Code
See Table 6
Repeat Code
65
TABLE 7
1132B Transmission
Transmitting to a device is just a little bit
more complicated. The first thing you need
to do is to send the code 02 to start the
transmission. The 1132B will respond with an
ACK consisting of 06 and 13 if it is available, and
21 if its not.
Once you receive the ACK, you are free to
transmit your device code data. Table 7 shows the
sequence of bytes that need to be transmitted. The
Repeat Code shown is 65, which tells the 1132B
that we want to transmit the code one time. The
1132B supports up to 15 transmissions of the
code, which gives this field a range of 65-79. In
most of the code examples, I have hard-coded this
field to 65.
Once you send the data packet, the 1132B
will respond with a data packet that we can
capture and verify. The only
FIGURE 12 difference is that the 120 start
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:28 AM
Page 37
Control Your World

packet code is replaced with an 88 to let us know its a
command response.
Take a look at program PLm4.txt included with the
downloads. In this program, I added a function called
TX1132B(). The command translates the house, unit, and
function codes into the 1132B codes so that they can be
transmitted. You simply pass the house code of 65-80 and
the unit code 1-16 and the function you want to perform
1-16. The function codes start with the All Units On and
proceed down the list as shown in Table 6.
After sending the code, the program calls the
check1132B() function and displays the command results.
I have included yet another ZeusPro program called
PL1132Control.exe shown in Figure 11. This program will
let you control your X10 devices and will also log any
activity.
RCA ActiveHome PC Interface

(Model HC60CRX or CM11A)
The RCA HC60CRX shown in Figure 12 is actually the

very popular CM11A. You can still find both online. The
one I purchased I got for $19 including shipping from an
eBay online store. Of the three interfaces I am presenting
in this article, this is the most robust. It is also the most
complicated.
Since the CM11A is much more complicated, I cannot
detail every feature this little gem has to offer in the space
of this article.
The interface is via a DB-9 cable and utilizes the
standard RX and TX leads. The baud rate is 4800, eight-bits,
and no parity. The RI pin is also provided that is brought
high when data is available to be read.
CM11A Reception
Load up the following program into ZeusLite and run it.
Make sure you set the port that is connected to the DB-9
connector on the CM11A.
func main()
dim x as integer
x=ComOpen(1,baud=4800,port=3) <- Set Port here
print Open Status = ;x
ComBGSuspend(1,1)
As soon as you plug the CM11A into a power

outlet, you will see the program start to print the code
165. This code is a request from the CM11A to set the
internal timer. You wont be able to do anything else until
you do.
In the program CM11A2.txt, I have added a function
called setCM11CurTime(). This function sets the 56 bit
fields of the internal clock on the CM11A. I use the PCs
internal clock so there is no need to pass any variables.
You could place a call to the function at the start of
your program after you open the com port. However,
I like to constantly look for the 165 code then make the
call as needed. This way, any time the CM11A loses
power the PC will reset the timer. The CM11A has
two batteries that I had assumed would keep the timer
running. This does not seem to be the case. If power is
removed then restored, the CM11A will still respond with
the 165 code.
You may have noticed that once the timer is set and
you send an X10 code with one of your remotes, you
see the code 90 start to appear. This is the CM11As
way of telling you that data is ready to be pulled from
the interface. In CM11A3.txt, I added an additional
if statement and when I see the code 90, I send back
the code of 195 to tell the CM11A to transmit its
information. The CM11A will transmit the 90 code once
per second as long as data is in its buffer. In reality, you
need to pull data from the CM11A much faster than
once a second.
Table 8 shows that up to 10 bytes may be received at
one time. The very
first byte tells you
Byte 0 Number of Bytes in Packet
how many bytes
Byte 1 Function/Address Mask
follow. The secByte 2 Data 0
ond byte is a mask
Byte 3 Data 1
that tells you
which of the data
Byte 4 Data 2
bytes are address
Byte 5 Data 3
bytes and which
Byte 6 Data 4
are function bytes.
If bit 0 in the mask
Byte 7 Data 5
byte is a 1, then
Byte 8 Data 6
Data 0 represents
Byte 9 Data 7
a function byte. If
TABLE 8
its 0, then Data 0
dim curchar as integer

loop2:
curchar = ComGetByte(1)
if curchar = -1 then
goto loop2
endif
BYTE 1
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
Dim Amount
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
Func
Ext
Bit 2
Bit 1
Bit 0
BYTE 2
print curchar
goto loop2
endfunc
Bit 7
Bit 6
Bit 5
Bit 4
Bit 3
House Code
Unit/Function Code
TABLE 9
April 2007
37
Simpson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:29 AM
Page 38
is an address byte. Bit 1 maps to Data

1 and so on for all eight bits. There is
one exception to this format: if a Dim
or Bright function is received. The
following byte represents the amount
of the Dim or Bright. In my tests, this
value always seemed to be 25.
If the data is an address byte,
then the upper four bits are the house
code and the lower four bits are the
unit code. The house code maps
directly to Table 1. The unit code
maps to Table 2 minus the right-most
bit, as shown. If the data is a function
byte, the upper four bits map to the
house code and the lower four bits
map to the function code (Tables 1
and 2).
In program CM11A4.txt, I
added
a
function
called
checkCM11A().
This
function
collects the data transmitted by the
CM11A and then processes the
packet once all the bytes in a single
packet have been received. The
function is called once every 10 ms
and if the 90 code is not found, it
sends the data request code of 165
regardless. This ensures that I can
keep the CM11A buffer clear
and process the commands in a
timely manner.
code, you need to send two

bytes. The first byte is the header
byte and uses the format shown in
Table 9.
The upper five bits are only used
when doing a Dim or Bright function.
It is supposed to direct how many
times the CM11A transmits the
command. In all the tests I have
performed, it looks like only bits 5-7
are used and will transmit from
one to seven times. In all my
examples, I leave all the Dim bits at
0. This will cause the Dim or Bright
function to be issued once for each
call. Bit 2 in the header is always 1.
Bit 1 is set to 1 to flag a function
(House/Function) code for the
second byte in the transmission. If its
set to 0, the second byte is an
address (House/Unit). Bit 0 is used to
flag an extended format which I am
not covering in this article, so its
set to 0.
After transmitting these two
bytes, you will receive an eight-bit
checksum and the CM11A expects
you to send a 0 to indicate the
checksum is a valid one. The CM11A
will then respond with an 85, a
code which indicates that it is ready
once again.
In program CM11A5.txt, I added
a function called TXCM11A(). Just
CM11A Transmission
like the TX1132B() function we
In order to transmit an X10
created for the 1132B, you pass
the house code 65-80, device
code 1-16, and action code
INKS
1-16.
The
TXCM11A()
function sends two command
Kronos Robotics
sequences to the CM11A.
www.kronosrobotics.com/xcart/
The first is an address
customer/home.php
sequence and the second is a
function sequence.
KRMicros
One of the deficiencies
www.krmicros.com/Development/Zeus
of the CM11A interface is
Pro/ZeusPro.htm
that if any data is in the
interface buffer, the transmiswww.krmicros.com/Development/Zeus
sion of an X10 code will
Lite/ZeusLite.htm
fail. At the very start of
the TXCM11A() function,
SmartHome
I make a call to the
www.smarthome.com/1132b.html
CollectCM11Adata() function. This will empty the
X10
buffer and allow us to prowww.x10.com
ceed with the transmission.
38
April 2007
I have created two extra ZeusPro

programs called CM11Logger.exe and
CM11AControl.ext, shown in Figure
1. Just like the 1132B, you can use
them as a controller or logger for your
X10 network.
X10 Performance Tips

A few notes on X10 performance. Do not place X10 devices or
interfaces on power strips. Many
have suppression capacitors that
will affect the performance of both.
In some cases, they may not work
at all. The same goes for batterypowered UPS systems. If you start to
have problems with your X10 device
or interface, move it to a different
location and try again. I dont
recommend X10 systems for critical
systems as it can be unreliable
under certain circumstances. They
do sell two-way appliance and
lamp modules to allow you to poll
their status in order to verify they
have the correct settings you have
sent them.
Final Thoughts
All three of the interfaces
presented here have their place. But
for real automation, you should
look into the 1132B or the CM11A.
Its a simple matter to take a very
inexpensive X10 motion detector
and automatically control lights or
other devices upon entry into or exit
from a room.
In many cases, we cant devote
a PC to our home automation
system or weather station, so
starting next month, I am going to
begin the process of migrating
these projects to one or more microcontrollers. The microcontroller
interface will also yield other
advantages such as faster A-to-D
conversion and the ability to
interface to more sensor types.
NOTE: All the example programs,
as well as the source code, are
available for download at www.
kronosrobotics.com/Projects/x10.
shtml. NV
Fonte.qxd
3/6/2007
1:50 PM
Page 39
BY GERARD FONTE
PULSE SPEED
TIMER
he human circulatory system is

not simply a lot of plumbing.
There are a number of subtle factors
that nature has provided to aid in
the ability of the heart to push
blood around the body. One of the
most important is the elasticity of
the walls of the arteries. This elasticity is easily observed by simply
feeling ones own pulse at the wrist.
The small artery there can be felt
expanding and contracting with
every beat of the heart. If there were
no expansion and contraction, the
pulse would be much harder to feel.
This action sets up something
like a peristaltic wave that helps to
push the blood through the circulatory system. In short, the elasticity
of the arteries is important for good
blood flow. Its well known that
hardening of the arteries from
cholesterol build-up is not good.
There are two general types of
waves found in nature: transverse
and compression. A transverse
wave changes the amplitude of the
medium. Ripples on the surface of
a pond are transverse waves.
Compression waves change the
density of the medium. The most
common compression wave is
sound. Sound changes the density
of the air, not its height.
Speculation
The elasticity of the arterial walls
means that the pulse wave acts somewhat like a transverse wave. One
characteristic of a transverse wave in
a liquid is that its fairly slow. Ripples
on a pond move relatively slowly.
They rely on the external restoringforce of gravity to propagate.

However, the propagation of a
compression wave in a liquid can be
extremely fast. Here, the speed of
propagation depends on the compressibility of the liquid and the walls
containing it. For example, consider
water in a filled copper pipe. There is
very little delay from the time more
water is forced into one end to the
time water comes out of the other
end. In this case, system pressure is
an important factor.
Therefore, it was thought that
the propagation speed of the human
pulse should increase if the elasticity
of the arterial walls decreases
because the pulse wave is changing
from a transverse wave to a compression wave. Initially, no references
could be found. However, recently a
paper by doctors Safer, Henry, and
Meaume (2002) was found (see reference at end) that indicated that the
speed of the pulse does indeed
increase with lower arterial elasticity.
A somewhat more subtle
factor should also be observed.
This is the change in wave shape.
There is every reason to believe
that there will be a different wave
shape when comparing a compression wave to a transverse wave.
This should be especially true
for the same system when the
elasticity of the retaining walls has
changed. It would be expected that
higher frequency components
would appear as the pulse wave
propagation speed increases. No
references concerning that factor
could be found (but that doesnt
There is a delay
between when your
heart beats and
when the pulse is
felt at your wrist
(or elsewhere).
This delay depends
upon a number of
physical factors,
including the elasticity
of the walls of the
arteries. This project
will allow you to
measure this delay and
will also provide a
platform for acquiring
some practical
experience with
high-gain analog and
mixed-signal design.
The output of the
project is a digital pulse
with a duration equal to
the difference between
the start of the
heartbeat and
the pulse.
April 2007
39
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3/6/2007
1:51 PM
Page 40
PHOTO 1. Here is the FFT

of the pulse taken at the
wrist. Note that this is a
linear scale. It is also
noteworthy that no signals
above 10 Hz were seen.
surprising to find that a

normal human pulse wave
would have a soliton wave
shape. After all, nature has
had a long time working
out the kinks in circulatory
systems and a soliton wave
is very efficient. (Soliton
mean there arent any).
waves are self-reinforcing waves that
Going further, it would not be
propagate without distortion based on
non-linear characteristics of the
FIGURE 1. The schematic diagram of the medium.) Photo 1 shows an FFT of
project consists of three sections: power my (mostly) normal wrist pulse. It is
supply, amplifier, and conditioner. This is a unknown if this matches a soliton
high-gain, mixed-signal design that requires wave. (If you know, please tell me.)
proper techniques to function accurately.
40
April 2007
The Power Supply

Figure 1 is the schematic diagram
of the pulse speed timer. There are two
important things to note right away.
The first is that this is a mixed-signal
design. Both analog and digital components are used. The second is that
the analog section has amplifiers with
gains of 1,000. Putting all this together
will require some special attention.
The power supply section is
pretty much basic, except that there
are a few subtle points that need to be
discussed. When working with highgain and/or mixed signal designs,
power-supply (PS) noise can be a real
problem. PS noise shows itself in two
different ways. Obviously, it doesnt
take much noise to drown out your signal. This is especially true with low-level
signals requiring high-gain amplifiers.
Fonte.qxd
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Page 41
Pulse Speed Timer

The second point is that PS noise
can cause oscillation. When digital signals switch, they can cause the power
supply voltage to drop. This can change
the internal bias of the amplifiers which
may cause them to draw more power
and/or shift the output voltage.
Since op-amps use negative feedback, any change in the output will be
corrected by the amplifier, which
causes an output shift and can cause
additional power supply variations.
Unfortunately, the op-amp cannot
respond instantaneously, so this correction is delayed to some degree. At some
point, if the correction if large enough
and of the proper polarity, positive feedback will occur which can cause ringing
or full-blown oscillation. To reduce PS
noise, three isolated voltages are used.
The +9 volts are used for the electret microphones. This is done for two
reasons. The first is to isolate them
from any other power supply. Since
their output is directly related to the
positive supply, any noise here will be
directly coupled into the output. Note
that this +9 volts is well bypassed and
isolated from the other two supplies.
The second reason is that the +9 volt
supply will provide a larger signal than
using a +5 volt supply.
There are two +5 volt supplies:
one for the analog circuit and the other
for the digital circuit. Again, this is to
reduce noise coupling. A very important point is that there is one and only
one connection between the analog
ground (AGND) and the digital ground
(DGND). More than one ground interconnection can cause ground loops
between the analog and digital circuits.
Ground loops couple noise and allow
differential currents to flow. Not good.
The single ground connection should
be at the power supplies.
I used low-power, three-terminal
regulators. You can use the high-power
version if its more convenient. I also
added LEDs as a visual indicator that
the power supplies were working. I
find this useful, but its not necessary.
Since I had high-intensity LEDs on
hand, I used 5.1K current limiting resistors for R9 and R10. If you have less
bright LEDs, you may want to change
the resistors to 1K or even 510 ohms.
The Amplifier
I chose the LMC6482 op-amp
because I had it on hand, as well. The
CMRR (Common Mode Rejection
Ratio) and PSRR (Power Supply
Rejection Ratio) are good for the
LMC6482 (at 82 dB). Most single supply amplifiers should work reasonably
well. If you have noise problems with
your amp, these are the characteristics
to compare. The input impedance of
your amplifier should be in the
megohms, at least (the LMC6482 has
>10 teraohm input impedance).
Both amplifiers are the same.
Keep the leads short and close to the
amplifier. If you stand the gain
resistors R7 and R8, R4, and R5
on end like I did (see Photo 2), place
the body of the resistor at the input
pin of the op-amp. This eliminates the
small amount of noise that might
come in from the 1/2 inch of exposed
resistor lead. (Every little bit helps!)
Ordinary point-to-point wiring was
used, but care was taken to keep the
lead dress as short as possible.
The variable resistors (R2, R6) are
used to set the sensitivity of the
amplifiers. The full gain of 1,000 may
not be needed. The input capacitor
(C1, C2) is used to block the DC that
is present at the electret microphone.
The microphone resistor (R1, R5) is
used to supply power and limit the
current to the microphone.
Microphone
Construction
A number of different microphones were tried with various levels
of success. The best all-around
performance came from an ordinary
electret microphone. I used ones I
already had, which are apparently now
obsolete. They are about 0.27 high
and 0.39 in diameter. This appears to
be similar to Jameco 320178CK, but
anything with good low frequency
response (about 20 Hz) should work
fine. I attached the microphones to a
one inch square piece of 0.25 thick
PHOTO 2. The circuit board layout is

straightforward. Point-to-point wiring
was used but care was taken to keep
leads short and to separate the analog
section from the digital section.
plexiglas (see Photo 3). I drilled a hole

slightly larger than the diameter of the
microphone, almost all the way through
the plastic so that the microphone
would have a solid backing. I drilled a
smaller hole the rest of the way through
for the wires.
The microphone was set in place
with silicone adhesive. Note that
about 0.2 of the microphone
protrudes from the face of the plastic.
This projection is important because it
presses the microphone into the skin.
You must use shielded cable for the
wires and keep the length to a maximum of 24. Also be sure to observe
the polarity of the microphone leads.
The center conductor of the shielded
cable goes to the positive terminal.
PHOTO 3. The microphones were
cemented into plexiglas holders about
an inch square with silicone adhesive.
The protrusion of the microphones
provides better pick-up of pulse and
heart signals.
April 2007
41
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3/6/2007
1:52 PM
Page 42
PHOTO 4. The micro

phones are held in
place with elastic straps
and velcro. Placing
the microphone at the
forearm provided a
better signal than at
the wrist. This is a
commercial wrist-strap.
The chest-strap was
homemade.
The Digital Signal

Conditioner
The heart of the conditioner is the
4013 D Flip-Flop that is configured as a
Set/Reset Flip-Flop. The heartbeat clocks
a 1 into the 4013, setting it. This state
remains until the pulse signal resets it.
Therefore, the output pulse length is
equal to the difference in time between
the heartbeat and pulse. Unfortunately,
things arent quite as simple as that.
The input signals from the analog
circuit have to be converted to proper
digital signals. This is done with the
40106 Hex Schmitt-trigger chip. This
device uses hysteresis to create clean,
sharp digital signals from slow-rising
analog signals. Since the triggers act as
inverters, two sections are used for each
signal to maintain the proper polarity.

The extra sections are used to
drive LEDs. Note that it is possible to
connect the LEDs after the first
section, but that would load the signal, possibly causing problems. Since
two spare sections are available, it
makes sense to use them to eliminate
any possibility of loading problems.
The 4000 series chips sink much
more current than they can source,
therefore the LEDs are connected as
shown. The maximum sink current for
the 4000 series is about 4 mA. So you
can use smaller resistor values and less
bright LEDs, if desired. This applies to
the 4013 pulse output LED, as well.
There is a special circuit that consists of R16, R11, and R12. It turns out
that the heartbeat signal is still too small
PARTS LIST
CAPACITORS (all 25 volts or greater)
C1-C3, C5-C7
C4
0.1 F
10 F
RESISTORS (1/4 watt fixed, 5% except as noted)

R1, R5
R3, R7
R2, R6, R11
R4, R8
R9, R10, R13-R15
R12, R16
2.4K
1K
100K Potentiometer
1M
5.1K
100K
SEMICONDUCTORS
D1-D5
U1
U2, U3
U4
U5
Red LED
LMC6482 Op-amp
LM78L05; Low Power +5 Volt Regulator
CD40106; Hex Schmitt-Trigger
CD4013; Dual D Flip-Flop
MISCELLANEOUS
SW1
M1, M2
B1
42
SPST Switch
Electret Microphone (see text)
Nine-volt Battery
April 2007
(about 1+ volts) to directly trigger a

digital circuit. To fix this problem, a bias
voltage is generated and added to the
input voltage. So, instead of a 0 to 1.3
volt signal, a DC bias of about 1.5 volts
is added to create a signal of 1.5 to 2.8
volts. This new signal will trigger the
40106 input properly. R11 provides the
bias voltage that is summed with the
heartbeat signal via R12 and R16.
The 4000 series of chips was chosen specifically because they are slow
and require very little power. There is
no need for speed in this application.
And the slower the transitions, the less
PS noise and less EMI (electromagnetic
interference) is generated. Additionally,
the low power means there will be less
drain on the power supply, which also
lessens any PS noise. The 4000 series
parts may be old and slow, but they are
very useful in applications like this.
Operation
In theory, the operation is very simple. Attach the pulse microphone to the
wrist to obtain the wrist pulse and attach
the heartbeat microphone to the chest
and measure the output pulse length on
any oscilloscope or with an interval
timer, or just look at the output LED for
a qualitative indication. However, its a
bit tricker than that in practice.
The microphones must be attached
rather than held in place because
the microphones are very sensitive to
any movement. Holding them in place
creates way too much movement noise.
Elastic bands and Velcro works well.
The pulse microphone works best if
placed on the forearm rather than the
wrist for me anyway (see Photo 4). In
fact, an extremely good signal of greater
than 100 mV was obtained from the
microphone directly (measured at TPP).
Few problems occurred here.
The heartbeat microphone was
attached in a similar manner. However,
the signal was much weaker; only a millivolt or two. Different placements yield
different signals and strengths. Posture
can affect the signal. Additionally, the
heartbeat consists of two distinct signals:
Lub-Dub. Sometimes the second signal
was the largest. This occurred well after
Fonte.qxd
3/6/2007
1:52 PM
Page 43
Pulse Speed Timer

the pulse had propagated to the other
microphone. Naturally, that causes problems when the circuit triggers on that.
There is also the issue of triggering
on the same point of each signal. Since
the signals are over 100 ms in length
and the delay to be measured is less
than that, the trigger points must be
right at the beginning of the signal. This
works well for the pulse signal, which is
very large. However, it is more problematic with the heartbeat signal, which
is much smaller. There is a much greater
likelihood that the heartbeat signal will
be delayed until the signal reaches a
sufficient level to trigger the circuit.
It is certainly possible to measure
the signals directly with an oscilloscope
without using the signal conditioner
section. This is shown in Photo 5.
(Note: The figure is retouched to show
the beginning of the heartbeat trace. It
was difficult to get a good picture of
a single-shot event with a nonsynchronized camera. The zero-voltage, flat
part of the heartbeat trace is presumed
to be a negative signal that was clipped
because the op-amp is using a single
supply and cant handle negative input
voltages.) The proper delay is from the
start of the heartbeat and the start of
the pulse. The second time-bar in not
placed properly. The proper delay is
approximately 60 ms (not 83 ms).
This procedure can provide a fairly
accurate measure of the delay. In this
case, the delay is about 60 ms from
heartbeat to wrist. The straight-line
distance is 27 inches. This corresponds
to about 2.2 mS per inch or 27 mS per
foot. Converting to speed: 454 inches
per second or 37 feet per second.
the same size and PHOTO 5. Actual delay

triggered at the same measurement taken at TPP
point. One way to and TPH (see Figure 1).
improve
matters Actual delay is about 60
significantly is to cou- ms (not 83 as shown). The
ple the microphone beginning of the heartbeat
signal was retouched for
to an inexpensive clarity. (Its very difficult to
stethoscope. This was synchronize a camera to
tested and a very nice an oscilloscope!)
signal of over 100
mV before the amplifier was obtained.
So it is not proper to directly compare
This is very similar to the pulse voltage.
the numbers presented there with the
These signals should be passed
delays measured here. (Additionally,
through an AGC (automatic gain consome of the statistics appear suspect.)
trol) to get them to match well. Then a
And always remember to leave the
comparator could be used to create the
medical diagnoses to the professionals.
digital signal. (This would make the project too complex for most readers, howConclusion
ever.) The polarity of the signals should
also be the same. The pulse moves the
It is possible to measure the propskin outward to start. Depending on
agation speed of the blood pulse from
where you place the sensor, the heartthe heart to the forearm with a simple
beat may or may not do the same.
circuit. In the process of building this,
It should also be noted that the
practical experience in high-gain
reference article refers to aortic pulse
amplifiers and mixed-signal designs
velocity, not peripheral pulse velocity.
can be obtained. NV
Going Farther
In order to reduce the variability of
the digital conditioning circuit, the
pulse and heartbeat signals need to be
REFERENCE
Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity:
An Independent Marker of
Cardiovascular Risk , Michel Safer
MD, Oliver Henry MD, Sylvie
Meaume MD, 2002 Medscape. www.
medscape.com/viewartile/443202
April 2007
43
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Page 44
NEWS BYTES
NEW PROGRAM FOR

SCHMARTBOARD
ADVOCATES
chmartBoard, the developer of a

new technology that has significantly simplified the creation of electronic circuits for hobbyists, education,
and industry, is now recruiting people
to help spread the word as part of its
SchmartAdvocate program. Schmart
Advocates will pass our free samples to

help promote SchmartBoards.
The SchmartAdvocate program is
designed to spread the word about
SchmartBoard protot yping boards
among electronics and robotics clubs,
universities, and other enthusiasts.
SchmartAdvocates will receive commissions, bonuses, and other perks in
return for talking about SchmartBoards
from experience as a user and passing
out materials. A 20% commission will

be paid on orders that come from the
work of SchmartAdvocates.
SchmartBoard|ez protot yping
boards allow virtually anyone to handsolder surface-mount components easily, quickly, and flawlessly. Prior to the
development of this technology in late
2005, few people had the dexterity to
hand-solder surface-mount components
with pitches as tiny as 0.4 mm.
People cannot believe how easy
it is to hand-solder surface-mount components with our product unless they
try it for themselves. It is for this reason
that we need to get demo boards in the
hands of the right people, said Neal
Greenberg, SchmartBoards vice presidnent of sales and marketing. We are
looking for influential people involved
in industry, education, and clubs to
simply hand out samples to friends and
colleagues.
The people who try SchmartBoard
due to their SchmartAdvocates will also
receive bonuses if they make a SchmartBoard purchase. Those interested in this
limited opportunity can fill out an application at: www.schmartboard.com/
index.asp?page=schmartland_advocate.
The program is currently limited to the
US, but may expand at a later date.
HANDS-ON LEARNING
HELPS KIDS EXPRESS
THEMSELVES
roject-based learning at iD Tech

Camps a family-owned Silicon
Valley-based company now in its ninth
season gives kids just the kind of
hands-on learning experience that will
make a difference in their lives. iD Tech
Camps produces and runs weeklong
day and overnight summer technology
44
April 2007
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4:45 PM
Page 45
programs for Digital Kids ages seven to

17 at 50 prestigious universities in 23
states (www.internaldrive.com).
Locations include Columbia University, Stanford University, Georgetown
University, Brown University, UCLA,
and Northwestern University.
Project-based learning shifts away
from traditional classroom lectures. Instead, it actively engages students by
promoting understanding, empowering
kids, and motivating them with energetic, lifelong investigative learning.
According to the George Lucas Educational Foundation, with projectbased learning in the classroom, there
is a decline in absenteeism, an increase
in cooperative learning skills, and improvement in student achievement.
These benefits are heightened even
further when technology is integrated
into projects.
With this hands-on approach,
learning becomes more relevant to kids
and helps them to establish connections
to the real world. When students
are more attentive, they retain more
knowledge. This knowledge can then
be applied to students current and
future schoolwork, hobbies, and eventually a career.
Each student has a different style
of learning. What once was difficult to
articulate in a written report can now
be demonstrated powerfully through
digital movies and other multimedia
vehicles. Learning through hands-on
projects allows students to delve
into the content in a more direct and
meaningful way.
Project-based learning is the core
of the iD Tech Camps philosophy. Our
teaching philosophy is experiencebased which means from the moment
the students enter our lab, the experience is hands-on, said Karen Thurm
Safran, VP of Marketing. We challenge
and guide our students, encouraging
each to experiment. Students work at
their own pace and prepare for the
grand debut of their projects at the end
of the week using industry-standard
products like Adobe Photoshop,
Autodesk 3ds max, and Apple Final
Cut Pro.
During the last 10 years, the Secretary of Labor selected a commission
NEWS BYTES
to determine necessary 21st-Century

Digital Age skills for competing in the
working world. What may have worked
in the past simply focusing on the
3Rs of reading, writing and arithmetic
doesnt hold up for todays kids. Instead, the following Digital Age skills
have been identified: teamwork, planning, problem solving, critical thinking,
researching, information synthesizing,
using technology, and communicating.
A number of those Digital Age skills

are developed through project-based
learning, including knowing how to
work well with others, making careful
decisions, being proactive, and solving
difficult problems. Thanks to hands-on
learning, students are paving the
way to future careers filled with
independence, critical thinking, and
lifelong learning.
Continued on page 61
April 2007
45
Page46.qxd
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Page 46
NEW! HIDmaker FS for Full Speed FLASH PIC18F4550

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sized ones), and give you convenient
variables to handle them.
PIC18F Compilers: PICBASIC Pro,
MPASM, C18, Hi-Tech C.
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DOWNLOAD the HIDmaker FS Test Drive today!

www.TraceSystemsInc.com
301-262-0300
46
April 2007
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9:38 PM
Page 47
Continued from Page 6
Mechanical generators will produce

true sine wave power. Most electronic
power inverters produce modified sine
wave power that approximates a sine
wave. There are more expensive electronic inverters that will produce true
sine wave power. Consider that grid-tie
inverters are capable of back-feeding the
grid in order to sell electricity back to
the power company this requires very
close tolerances in both sine wave quality, as well as isochronous phase timing.
An inverter running off a car is not
as strange as it sounds. Many utilities run
power from their trucks using large
electronic inverters, including power
companies. This allows them to have
power when the grid is unavailable, and
it is electrically isolated from the grid.
Many RVs and motorhomes are running
generators and inverters as power options.
Most generators have a bonded
ground, meaning the neutral wire is
connected to the chassis and ground.
Once it is connected to your service
panel (via a grounded cable), its neutral
is locally grounded. Not connecting neutral and ground correctly is a potential

safety issue; not a guarantee of death
and destruction, but it could be. Proper
electrical wiring and use is a good habit
to follow. I cannot safely advise you
otherwise, but if you are in doubt about
the operation of your setup, again, consult your manufacturer(s), or a power
consultant. If you have any doubts about
your ability to work with home power,
it is best to enlist the services of a qualified and licensed electrical contractor
to do the necessary work. Also, I am not
recommending you leave an inverter
permanently connected to your furnace,
only as a temporary measure until either
power is restored, or until you can get
an alternate power source in place.
Kenton Chun
PINOUTS YES,
iPOD NO
I really like your magazine. Every
issue has something useful. Your last
READER FEEDBACK
issue had an article about iPod
interfacing, which does not interest me,
but the pinouts for USB and the
schematics for the electret preamp and
RS-232 interface were great.
David Murphy
PREFERENCE FOR
PICAXE
Ron Hackett made a compelling case
for the PICAXE in his recent article series.
It comes down to an extremely low cost,
and fast development and prototyping.
Unlike most Stamp-like devices, this one
can be purchased at very low prices,
making it affordable for the very small automation circuits that dont justify a $50
MCU controller. Also, the fact that we
dont have to buy a separate compiler or
hardware programming device makes the
PICAXE a no brainer purchase! By the
way, theres a small typo in the link for
the maker of the PICAXE you need a
hyphen: www.rev-ed.co.uk.
Eric Engler
Continued on Page 92
April 2007
47
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Page 48
This unique DIY

construction project
blends electronics
technology with
carefully planned
handcraftsmanship.
It is where the old

world meets the new.
Its delightful innovative
twists will surely amuse
you. More importantly,
though, it bewilders,
baffles, and mystifies
those observing this
subtle, magic trick.
FIGURE 1. A pawn with an embedded
magnet, covered by a felt pad.
THE MYSTERIOUS
MAGIC
BOX
Part 1
magine two rows of pawns residing inside an ancient, well-worn

wooden box with rustic hardware.
Ask an observer to remove a pawn
or two, then close and latch the lid
after you leave the room. You
re-enter the room and astound
onlookers
by
miraculously
identifying the positions of the
removed pawns without ever
opening the box!
Magicians and magic books
both stress the importance of a
good tricks simplicity, while still
puzzling its observers and this
electronic project
does both!
Exploiting
Magnetisms
Invisibility
You
embed
each pawns base
with a 1/4-inch
diameter
neo
(neodymium) magnet and conceal it
with a felt pad
FIGURE 2. The
alignment pattern
showing the pawn
numbering sequence.
48
April 2007
(Figure 1). Each pawns corresponding Hall Effect sensor (hidden

underneath it) detects a magnetic
field and generates a logic level to a
missing pulse detector. This drives a
transformer whose output causes a
tingling sensation when you touch
the boxs rear hinges, to which it
is wired.
Detection occurs from a long
pulse followed by six shorter pulses
(one for each pawn). When you
remove a pawn, youll miss one of
the shorter pulses in the sequence.
This corresponds to that particular
missing pawn. With practice, you
can even detect two missing
pawns.
For
those
interested,
a
complete kit of parts is available for
purchase. References to this kit will
be made throughout the article.
However, you should be able to
construct the project on your own if
you prefer, with the information
presented.
Figure 2 shows the layout
pattern (not to scale) of each
pawns position and its order in the
numbering sequence.
Rare Earth Magnets

Neodymium or rare Earth
Martin.qxd
3/7/2007
5:33 PM
Page 49
BY VAUGHN D. MARTIN and JOHN STABLER

magnets
are
very
powerful
compared to their own weight.
Three substances comprise this magnet: neodymium, iron, and boron
Nd2Fe14B. They are now so economical they have replaced the more
heat-resistant
samarium-cobalt
magnets. Samarian-cobalts Curie
temperature is about 800C
compared to 310C for rare earth
magnets. Exceeding Curie temperatures in ferromagnetic materials
nullifies their magnetic ability.
The toy industry uses millions of
these in magnetic products such as
building sets and jewelry. Apples
popular iPod music player uses
them for the transducers in the
earphones. A downside to these
magnets is their mechanical
brittleness. The edges are highly
susceptible to chipping. Fortunately,
this does not affect their ability to
function properly, whatsoever.
Another downside is that these
magnets are powerful enough to
irreparably damage the contents of
a floppy disc and erase data on
magnetic stripes of credit cards.
Neodymium magnets can also
magnetize color CRT shadow masks,
and physically deform them so
severely that even going through a
degaussing repair process is useless.
FIGURE 3. The
magnets travel
path related to
field strength.
Artwork courtesy of Allegro
Microsystems.
Total Effective
Air Gap or
TEAG). You
can measure
the strength of
the magnetic
field with a
Gaussmeter or
a calibrated
linear Hall Effect sensor. If you plot
field strength (magnetic flux density),
you will discover it is a function of
distance along the intended line of
travel of the magnet (see Figure 3).
The site www.coolmagnetman.
com/magmeter.htm shows how to
use another Allegro Hall Effect sensor
to make your own Gaussmeter. If this
intrigues you, reference Allegros web
page at www.allegromicro.com/
demo/3515-6.htm and you will find a
calibrated Hall Effect sensor that you
can buy online for about $25. This
is an accurate, easy-to-use tool for
measuring magnetic flux densities.
The manufacturer individually cali-
brates these devices over their linear

magnetic span and furnishes you with
a reference curve and specific
sensitivity and quiescent outputs at
4.5V, 5.0V, and 5.5V.
You specify sensitivity in mV/G
for a linear device, or operate and
release points in Gauss for a digital
device. This allows you to determine
the critical distances (TEAG) for a
particular magnet and type of
motion (see Figure 4). Field strength
plots are not linear, especially when
you place the magnet off-axis from
the Hall Effect sensors centerline
(see Figure 5). I used an acrylic
sheet 80/1,000s of an inch thick to
Grading and Field

Strength
Neodymium magnet strengths
are graded over a range of N24 to the
strongest of N54. The N number
represents the magnetic energy
product, in MegaGauss-Oersteds
(MGOe) (1 MGOe = 7,957 TkA/m =
7,957 kJ/m3). Magnets included in the
kit are mid-range in strength.
A magnets field strength is
greatest at the pole face, and naturally
decreases with increasing distance
from the magnet (also referred to as
FIGURE 4. The magnets critical
separation distance. Artwork courtesy
of Allegro Microsystems.
April 2007
49
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5:34 PM
Page 50
FIGURE 5. A nonlinear magnetic field

strength plot for placement of the
magnet 0.05 off the Hall-Effect sensors
centerline. Artwork courtesy of Allegro
Microsystems.
versions (Figure 6). The standard four

pawn version uses the tactile missing
pawn detection method described
previously. The enhanced six pawn
version uses the same tactile
method, but includes a visual
indicator as well (see Figure 7).
SPECIAL NOTE: Because of the
tingling sensation which occurs,
if you have a heart murmur,
pacemaker, or suffer from epileptic
seizures, its highly recommended
to go with the visual indicator
version only.
The visual indicator has an
encapsulating shroud over an LED and
a micro-lens with which to efficiently
direct and couple its optical energy
down an optical fiber. The 660 nm
(medium red) LED and its optical fiber
(matched to within 10 nm) result
in a minimal index of diffraction
mismatch losses.
FIGURE 6. The six pawn enhanced and the

four pawn standard versions of the kit.
separate the magnets and Hall Effect

sensors. Be sure to abut the sensors
absolutely flush with the acrylic,
however.
The shape of the flux density
curve greatly depends upon the
FIGURE 8. A cross sectional view of
the IF-E96 LED optical fiber holding
module. Artwork courtesy of Industrial Fiber
Optics, Inc.
FIGURE 7. The IF-E96 LED optical

fiber holding module. Artwork courtesy of Industrial Fiber Optics, Inc.
magnets shape, the magnetic circuit,

and the magnets travel path.
Pick Your Pawns

This project comes in two
The Fiber Optic

LED Module
The enhanced kit versions LED is
a Fiber Optics, Inc., IF-E96. This
visible red LED has a connector-less
style fiber optic package per the
manufacturer. The LEDs output peaks
at 660 nm, as previously mentioned.
The internal micro-lens and precision
molded housing maximizes coupling
through extremely precise collet
alignment of the LED into a standard
1,000 m core plastic fiber cable
(which the kit provides). Figure 8 is a
cross-sectional view of this device that
is ideal for this magical application.
You can screw the threaded collet
open and shut. This allows you to
insert the optical fiber, abutting it to
the micro-lens which is between it and
the red LED.
Collets and chucks are closely
FIGURE 9. The Bivar Model FLPR-SR
alternate optical fiber holding module.
50
April 2007
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Page 51
The Mysterious Magic Box Part 1
FIGURE 10.
Project schematic.
April 2007
51
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Page 52
FIGURE 12. The suggested

sleight-of-hand positioning.
FIGURE 11. The Bivar HandyPro Fiber

Cutter from BivarOpto.
related. Both are cone-shaped

sleeves that you use to hold a
circular or rod-like piece in a lathe or
machine. Typically, you center a tool
in a holding fixture with a collet. (A
collets opening range is more
limited than a chuck.) Here it holds
and very exactly centers an optical
fiber in your securing and alignment
fixture.
Alternate Light Source

The PCB (printed circuit board)
accommodates a variety of secondsource parts. There is an alternate
equivalent light source the Bivar
model FLPR-SR flexible light pipe
base (Figure 9). It securely holds an
optical fiber, has an internal
micro-lens, and uses a slightly darker
red LED. There are no nubs on this for
strain relief like the IF-E96, so it comes
with a cable tie to loop through these
holes, serving as a strain relief to
secure the FLPR-SR. Refer to the
schematic in Figure 10 to see where
the LED goes.
If you ever damage and need a
new plastic optical fiber, or even want
to reduce the service loop length,
you can cut this cable with an ordinary razor.
However, if
you
have
your thumbs inward so your

thumbnail is obscured by the
remainder of your hand. Look
carefully at Figure 12 and try
to see the pinhole. This very
faint light illuminates your
thumbnail, allowing you to decipher periods of alternating
long and short durations of
light resembling an optical
Morse code.
several thousand cables to cut like
we did, try the new, inexpensive
palm-sized HandyPro Fiber Cutter
from BivarOpto (the optoelectronics
division of Bivar, Inc.) shown in
Figure 11. Its design cuts or strips
plastic optical fiber (POF) and
flexible light pipe (FLP) cabling. Its
made of molded ABS plastic, and
measures only 1.75 x 1.12. Its
internal stainless steel blade
accurately cuts one mm and two mm
fibers, including native or sheathed
fiber, or glass cabling.
You strip POF or clad fibers by
rotating the cutter around the fiber.
This smoothly scores the sheathing
without cutting or damaging
the native fiber inside. Be careful
to apply even pressure to the upper
section of the cutter to ensure
precise and smooth cutting, before
you insert the fiber into the light
source.
(Dont) See the Light
The light source is cleverly disguised because it can only be viewed

through a minute pinhole. Use a dark
brown or black felt tip pen to darken
around the outside of the pinhole so
nobody sees this drilled hole. It purposely has a very narrow columnated
field-of-view, so only you know where
it is. You can only see this light by
strategically placing your thumbnail
against it.
We suggest you place both of
FIGURE 13. Stacking magnets with your hands palms down on either
contiguous North to side of the box with fingers
South poles.
slightly curled under. Slightly point
52
April 2007
Design Notes and Tips

When you insert the magnets into
the pawns bases, we suggest you start
by stacking all of the magnets in a
column (Figure 13). Peel each
magnet off the bottom of the stack
when inserting them in the pawns.
That will keep the finished pawns from
having a North to South pole touching
one another. If you allow North to
South poles to touch, they will
strongly attract one another and give
away your secret. Even though the
Hall Effect sensors in this project are
not pole dependent and will work
with any pole orientation, this method
is a good practice.
Establish a consistent pattern to
determine the missing pawns based
on your battery placement. If you
position the battery pointing to the
right, the pawn numbering sequence
corresponds to Figure 2. (This is for
either the four or six pawn version.)
If you place the battery to the left,
you literally invert the numbering
sequence. We recommend only
placing the battery on the right so the
tilt ON/OFF switch works when you
rest it on the back hinges. This switch
is either an open or short driving the
base of a transistor (refer again to
Figure 10).
This project has one dual-sided
PCB with plated through holes and
silk-screened component outline
silhouettes which accommodates
both the basic and enhanced
versions. (See Figures 14 and 15 for
the boards component and wiring
Martin.qxd
3/7/2007
5:36 PM
Page 53

FIGURE 14. The PCBs
component side.
sides, respectively.) It also

accepts various style pots,
capacitors, and two different
nine-volt battery holders without any modifications. There
are six mounting holes on the
PCB for the battery holder, but
you will only use three of
them. There are three holes
with BH9VPC and three with
1294 silk-screened beside
them on the PCB included in
the kit. They indicate where
you place three nylon screws
and nuts for one or the other
of the battery holders.
During assembly, youll need a
fine tip soldering iron (the smaller, the
better), solder, cutter pliers, needlenose pliers, a hair dryer to heat the
shrink tubing, a very small hammer,
and a Phillips screwdriver.
It would be helpful to have a
DMM with a built-in frequency
counter or an oscilloscope, however,
you can build the project without
them, albeit with a greater degree of
difficulty in the troubleshooting and
testing stages.
Be prepared for tight soldering
requirements from 0.050 lead
spacing on the Hall Effect sensors, as
well as on the voltage regulator. The
sensors (Hall Effect and tilt) go on the
traditional non-component wiring
side of the PCB.
If youd like to make your own
box, it will require a cradle for
supporting the acrylic sheet, top
panel, and PCB. Be certain to use
hardwood for the top panel since it
has to take four wood screws that
might otherwise crack a soft wood. It
should closely conform to the
dimensions of Figure 16. This is the
supporting frame (or struts) upon
which the electronics assembly with
the acrylic sheet and wooden top
panel rests. The second part of the
drawing shows how all of it fits together. The three Escutcheon pins on each
side are 5/8 long, #18 (.049 shank
diameter) brass brads or miniature
nails. Ensure that you drill a hole with

a 1/4 Forstner bit (see Figure 17).
This allows the extended shaft
shoulder washer (Figure 18) to lay flat
and flush with the right cradle
members surface. This enables it to
securely hold the optical fiber.
More extensive drawings for
building your own box are available
FIGURE 15. The PCBs wiring side.
for download on the Nuts & Volts

website (www.nutsvolts.com).
The Hall Effect

Sensor ICs
The ICs we used are Allegro
Microsystems A3214 micro-power,
PINHOLE LIGHT THEORY

If you are intrigued or baffled by how a small ray of light emanating
from a pinhole casts itself most sharply on your thumbnail at a given
distance, but otherwise diffuses into space, you might want to examine
the underlying theory of operation of pinhole cameras. First unlike a
traditional camera a pinhole does not focus light as a lens does. If you
change the pinhole to your thumbnail distance (focal length), it has little
effect on image sharpness. However, when you critically examine the light
cast upon your thumbnail, you will discover there is an optimum pinhole
diameter for any given pinhole-to-focused-plane distance.
If you increase the size of the pinhole from this optimum hole diameter,
it passes more light through but it also degrades image sharpness.
Generally, making the hole smaller increases image sharpness. If you are a
photographer, you already realize that decreasing the iris diameter
increases the depth-of-field or allows you to have both near and far images
alike more in focus. Decreasing the pinhole size does not necessarily
increase image sharpness. This is because you may have decreased
its size beyond this optimum diameter for the specified distance; diffraction
sets in, which decreases image sharpness. Go to www.pinholephoto
graphy.com.au/Theory/theory.html The optimum pinhole diameter is
approximately 1/25th the square root of the distance between the pinhole
and the object upon which the light is cast. In our example, using a 1/16
drill would give you an impractical optimum distance of 1.44 inches. This is
impractical because you would not want to have your thumbnail any greater
than 1/4 inch from the pinhole to conceal it from a skeptical observer trying
to discredit your trick. Obviously, this means that to be in focus, your thumbnail has to be virtually right next to the LED light source.
April 2007
53
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Page 55
FIGURE 17. A
Forstner bit.
does not affect

the supply current and this FIGURE 18. An extended shaft
overall scheme shoulder washer. Artwork courtesy of
greatly
con- Richco Plastics.
serves power.
particle with
charge Q at
Chopper-Stabilizing
velocity V, moving within a magnetic
Technique
field B, and its experienced Lorentz
You can best visualize the Hall
Force (see Figure 21a). This amasses
element as a resistor array similar to a
electrons on one side, creating a
Wheatstone bridge. A large portion of
voltage proportional to the magnetic
the offset results from resistor
field (see Figure 21b). When an
mismatching. The kits sensors use a
electric charge moves through a
proprietary dynamic offset cancellation
magnetic field, there is a force on
technique, with an internal highthe charge, perpendicular to the
frequency clock to reduce the residual
direction of the charge and perpenoffset voltage of the Hall element that is
dicular to the direction of the
normally caused by device over-moldmagnetic field. (This is the Lorentz
ing, temperature dependencies, and
Force.) This also applies to electric
thermal stress (see Figure 19 again).
current in a wire.
The chopper-stabilizing technique
Take your right hand with your
cancels the mismatching of the
thumb up, your forefinger or first
resistor circuit. It does this by changfinger forward, and your second finger
ing the direction of the current flowing
perpendicular to the other two per the
through the Hall plate using
current within the wire in Figure 22.
CMOS switches and Hall voltage
This shows the field directions per the
measurement taps. It accomplishes
Right Hand Rule. Many industrial
this while maintaining the Hall voltage
products that you may not even
signal that is induced by the external
realize capitalize on this and use Hall
magnetic flux.
Effect sensors (see Figure 23).
The sample-and-hold circuit then
You could use an A3211 Hall
captures the signal and further processEffect sensor with its inverter logic outes it using low-offset bipolar circuitry.
put and just substitute the CD4001
This technique produces devices that
NOR quad gate IC for the CD4011
have an extremely stable quiescent
Hall output voltage, are immune to FIGURE 20. The
thermal stress, and can precisely sensor allowing for
recover after temperature cycling. stabilization prior to
This IC uses a relatively high the sampling and data
sampling frequency for faster signal latching on the falling
edge of the timing
processing capability.
pulse. The output
Just What Is the

Hall Effect?
The Hall Effect describes a
FIGURE 19. A block diagram of the

Hall-Effect sensor showing parallel
Schmitt Triggers. Artwork courtesy of
Allegro Microsystems.
NAND quad gate IC. The logic here

will also be inverted to match the
A3211s inverted logic. It should work
just fine (see Figure 24), noting that
these opposite polarity waveforms act
as if you run one through an inverter
to get the other.
When you open and close your
cell phone, it miraculously turns on
and off automatically. It does so by
activating a Hall Effect sensor near its
hinge. This is very similar to what this
project does.
The A3212, A3213, and A3214 are
all virtually identical with the exception
of the latter two having a wider
operating voltage range to 5.5 volts.
Each successive product improves in
sensitivity and uses less power.
Hall Effect Sensor

Tradeoffs
These useful characteristics come
latches during the

sleep time in the
last sampled state.
Artwork courtesy of
April 2007
55
Martin.qxd
3/7/2007
5:38 PM
Page 56
(a)
FIGURE 21. (a) The forces governing a

particle moving within a magnetic field
associated with the Hall Effect phenomenon. (b) Electrons amassed at one side
of a conductor due to the Hall Effect.
FIGURE 22. The Lorentz Force and

how it relates to the Right Hand Rule.
(b)
at a price the most notable is

limited power supply range; they
lack an internal voltage regulator.

The manufacturer strongly recommends that you also use two
external bypass capacitors in close
proximity to the Hall sensor.
Strategically locate the larger one
between the voltage supply and
ground pins (see Figure 25). Locate
the smaller one at the sensors
output. This reduces both external
noise and noise generated by the
chopper-stabilization
technique
inherent in this ICs design.
This device includes a Hall voltage generator, small-signal amplifier,
FIGURE 23. Various applications
using Hall Effect sensors. Artwork courtesy of Sypris Test & Measurement.
56
April 2007
chopper stabilization, a latch, and a

MOSFET output on a single silicon
chip. This IC takes advantage of
advanced BiCMOS processing for
low voltage and power requirements,
component matching, very low input
offset errors, and small component
geometries.
The presence of transients on
the line would have necessitated
additional circuitry, as well as
guarding against reverse battery
insertions. But no transients exist
since this project runs off a battery
with no severe spikes from switching
heavy loads. Power polarity reversal
issues disappear since the 9 VDC
battery is a NEMA 1604 standard
battery with one male and one
female terminal at its ends, making
reverse insertion into this projects
battery holder an impossibility (see
Figure 26).
Powering Up and Low

Duty Cycle
On powering up, this device starts
sampling after 90 ms and does so at
less than a 1% duty cycle; again,
another inherent characteristic to
conserve energy. The A3214 is an
improvement over its sister IC the
A3210 in power consumption,
magnetic switch points, and extended
Martin.qxd
3/7/2007
5:39 PM
Page 57
temperature range. The maximum

average supply current of the A3214
is 10 A at 2.75 V, compared to 25 A
for the A3210.
As the numbers in this series
increase, these crucial parameters
also improve with each new offering.
Its switching points are also
tighter, allowing for operating in a
weaker magnetic field, while
compensating for magnetic noise
created by extraneous sources
such as cellular phone speakers or
computer hard drives.
Drop-in Reed Switch

Replacement
This Hall Effect IC offers another
advantage: It is a virtual drop-in
replacement for reed switches. In
fact, our original design used reed
switches but we were dismayed at
how sensitive they were with respect
to pole dependence. It also required
a larger magnet to provide sufficient

force to reliably activate them. Reed
switches are far more delicate with a
greater tendency to have the
electrodes break away from the glass
body of the case housing them
(see Figure 27). This IC has no
electro-mechanical contacts since it is
all solid-state.
FIGURE 24. The A3211 Hall Effect

sensor and its opposite polarity
brethren, the A3212. Artwork courtesy
of Allegro Microsystems.
pattern serves two purposes. The

large circles are for proper adhesive
FIGURE 26. Inserting and/or
removing the 9 VDC battery into its
battery holder case.
A Multiple
Purpose Pattern
A paper mask placement/sensor
alignment
pattern comes inside the
box included in each kit. The
FIGURE 25. Placing the 0.1 F
or 0.02 F capacitor as closely
as possible to the Hall Effect
sensors supply voltage pin and
ground. Artwork courtesy of
FIGURE 27. A notoriously unreliable

glass encapsulated magnetic reed
switch.
April 2007
57
Martin.qxd
3/8/2007
11:33 AM
Page 58
(a)
(b)
FIGURE 28. (a) Miniature porcelain

mugs with NFL labels on their sides.
(b) The project using miniature Coca
Cola bottles instead of pawns.
paper mask alignment (to be

discussed in the assembly section in
Part 2). This prevents anyone from
seeing through the acrylic sheet and
discovering that there are actually
electronics below the pawns.
This pattern also helps you
align the sensors exactly beneath
the magnets that activate them. (If
the
noncontiguous
numbering and placement pattern appear
unorthodox to you, its
ITEM
DESCRIPTION
because it has to
Passives (all resistors are 1/4 watt 5% unless stated otherwise)
accommodate both
R1, R4, R7, R11, R12,
the four and six pawn
R15, R18, R19, R22-R25
100K
R5
120K
kit versions.)
R6
100K rate control pot (various suppliers)
If you elect to
R8, R13
100
substitute something
R9
10K amplitude control pot (various suppliers)
else for the pawns as
R10, R20, R21
Onboard jumpers
the magnet holding
R14
10K
devices, the provided
R16
215, 1%
R17
357, 1%
pattern will help with
C1
6.8 F tantalum polarized capacitor
alignment. Check out a
C2-C8, C13, C14
0.1 F capacitor 0.25 spacing (various suppliers)
couple variations in
C9-C12, C15, C16
0.01 or 0.02 F capacitor 0.2 or 0.25 spacing (various suppliers)
Figure 28. Remember,
Semiconductors
the
sensors
must
U1
74AC00
reside exactly below
U2, U3
74AC151
the cross-hairs for the
U4
74AC161
most reliable Hall
U7, U15
CD4001B
Effect sensor activa U5, U6
LMC555CN
tions.
Figure
29
U8
LM317LZ
U9, U10-U14
A3214LUA SOT package (Digi-Key P/N A3214LUA-ND)
demonstrates
the
LED 1
LEDXMTR blue LED or Industrial Fiber Optics P/N IF-E96
proper inline path with
(Digi-Key P/N FB128-ND)
a magnet.
PARTS LIST
Q1, Q2
PN2222A
Misc.
S1
SPST tilt switch, metal case two-lead

(Electronix Express Rollerball P/N 1700TLRB)
2 VA CT transformer, like Tamura SB2812-1204
(Digi-Key P/N MT7249-ND)
2 pin .197 (5mm) Euro terminal block (Jameco P/N 164793)
TB1
Two #6 stud ring terminals,
22-16 AWG
(Jameco P/N 103684)
9 VDC battery holder
(Digi-Key P/N BH9V-PC-ND)
Six or four pawns with six or four magnets and felt self adhesive pads
Metallic hardware
19 pieces of plastic hardware
Notes
For the six pawn enhanced version, delete R18-R21. For the basic four pawn version, delete
C13-C16, R22-R25, and U13-U15. Both kits, the PC boards alone, or the boxes alone, are
available from the authors at www.zonemasterskits.com.
58
April 2007
More Pointers
In case you have
an overly attentive
observer, as a back-up
plan, you can move the
ball bearing with the
magnet;
refer
to
Figure 30. This tilt
sensor/switch illustration shows the roller
ball bearing inside the
cylindrical case. It
allows
movement
within and activation
Martin.qxd
3/7/2007
5:40 PM
Page 59

FIGURE 29. The proper
inline path of a magnet
approaching a Hall-Effect
sensor.
occurs at approximately a
15 degree inclination. As
it makes contact with the
two internal terminals, it
completes the circuit and
allows base drive to the
transistor.
If the switch happens to be
in its normal ON position (not
tilted), this gives you an option other
than the tactile tingling to foil trick
busters.
If the tingling sensation in the
tactile method is too intense, there
is a pot to control this. The
words AMPL CONTROL, 10K are
silk-screened on the PCB next to
this pot. It allows you to decrease
the intensity of the tingling. The
LEDs output is in parallel with this
circuit, so you will simultaneously
decrease the LEDs brightness. The
other 100K pot has a RATE
CONTROL,
100K
silk-screen
nomenclature. You use this to control
the speed at which the flashing LED
progresses through the long followed
by four or six short periods minus,
of course, the missing pawns pulse
or pulses.
The Voltage Regulator

The LM317LZ adjustable positive voltage regulator is a monolithic
integrated circuit that comes in a
FIGURE 31. The LM317LZ voltage
regulators pinout assignments.
TO-92 plastic package with the

kit. It has both overload and
short circuit protection. It can
supply up to 100 mA of load
current with an output voltage
adjustable over a 1.2 to 37V
range. You select the nominal output
voltage by a resistive divider derived
from a pair of resistors RX and
RY (see Figure 31, the voltage
regulators pinout pattern). The
output voltage formula is:
FORMULA 1:
VOUT = VREF (1 + RY/RX) + IADJ RY
IADJ is 100 A. The LM317LZ
provides an internal reference
voltage of 1.25V between the output
and adjustment terminals. Therefore,
VREF in Formula 1 above is a nominal
1.25 volts. Resistors RX and RY in this
project are 215 and 357 , 1%
1/4W resistors to ensure an output
voltage very close to 3.35 volts.
Figure 32 is actually a spreadsheet
calculation showing the possible
voltage limits, considering all
possible variables. If you plug the
values of these resistors into Formula
1, you will arrive at an approximate
value of 3.35 volts. This is an ideal
FIGURE 30. The tilt sensors outline

drawing, showing its internal ball
bearing.
supply voltage for the Hall Effect

sensors and the CMOS logic. This
low
voltage
ensures
current
consumption to prolong battery life.
Proper Component
Insertion
The two largest components are
the transformer and the battery
holder. The transformer has four
terminals on one side and five on the
other, making it impossible to install it
wrong onto the PCB. The battery
holder is also impossible to install
improperly due to its shape and a
silkscreen pattern showing its exact
placement.
Next month, well cover the
projects theory of operation,
assembly, testing, and examine
the Hall Effect phenomenon and
magnetism. NV
FIGURE 32.
The LM317LZ
voltage regulators calculated
voltage extremes.
April 2007
59
Showcase-NewsBytes-Apr07.qxd
3/8/2007
4:42 PM
Page 60
SHOWCASE
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Showcase-NewsBytes-Apr07.qxd
3/8/2007
4:43 PM
Page 61
Continued from page 45
NEWS BYTES
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eal Shield Corporation has unveiled

their new signature products,
the SEAL SHIELD Medical Grade
Washable Keyboard and Mouse.
According to the company, the SEAL
SHIELD Keyboard and Mouse are the
first ever to be fully submersible and
dishwasher safe.
Seal Shields products have been
developed in response to the demand
from healthcare organizations for
disinfectant solutions to combat the
spread of cross contamination infections. This year, over two million patients
will contract an infection while seeking
treatment in a US hospital. Of those,
close to 100,000 people will die,
making hospital acquired infections a
top-10 killer. Complicating this
epidemic, a strain of antibiotic resistant
staph infections (MRSA) has emerged
in hospitals worldwide.
The recent rise in hospital acquired
infections and the lack of an effective
treatment for MRSA has prompted
healthcare providers to reexamine their
cleaning protocols in an effort to reduce
cross contaminations. In response to
the demand from major hospitals, Seal
Shield has developed a family of common computer input devices which can
be disinfected and washed to prevent
the spread of bacterial infection.
Recent studies have shown the
computer keyboard and mouse to be
a major source of cross contamination
infections. According to Dr. Daniel LePera, Bacteria that reside in the upper
mouth or respiratory tract can travel to
an in-office computer keyboard and survive as long as 24 hours. Viruses can
live on them for one hour or more.
Previous attempts to properly clean
and disinfect keyboards have proven
ineffective due to the keyboards
electronic circuitry. Existing solutions
have either been cost-prohibitive or
unreliable. Even so-called spill proof
or washable keyboards have been
shown to be ineffective. Although those
products may be water resistant to a
point, they are not fully submersible and
not dishwasher safe.
The SEAL SHIELD Medical Grade

Washable Keyboard and Mouse are the
only solutions which are fully submersible and dishwasher safe. Our products have been designed for healthcare,
but are aggressively priced for the mass
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SEAL SHIELD Medical Grade washable
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and economical solution for reducing
hospital infection rates.
For more information about SEAL
SHIELD products, visit www.Seal
Shield.com.
NEWEST MEMBERS
OF PIC FAMILY
icrochip Technology, Inc., is now

offering a new 12-member
PIC18F87J11 general-purpose, highperformance eight-bit microcontroller
family, which has up to 20% greater
performance with 12 MIPS (48 MHz),
enhanced peripherals, and lower sleep
power consumption. With its breadth
of family members, the PIC18F87J11
also provides a wide range of program
memory and peripherals, ranging from
most cost effective to feature rich.
Microchip (www.microchip.com)
is expanding its 3V PIC18F J-series of
eight-bit microcontrollers to address
cost-sensitive markets requiring
high performance. Additionally, the
PIC18F87J11 general-purpose family
includes nanowatt technology for low
power consumption in sleep mode
as low as 100 nA which is ideal for
battery-powered applications. Finally,
the PIC18F87J11 is the first eight-bit
microcontroller to offer the Parallel
Master Port for connection to external
memory and displays.
Consumer and industrial applications include: wireless Internet-enabled
appliances, hands-free cell phone
adapters, white good appliances, game
controllers, cappuccino machines,
two-way pagers, TCP/IP interfaces,
home-alarm/security-system keypads,
server power-supply and temperature
controllers, power-meter hubs, security panels, data logging, and central AC
communication controllers. NV
April 2007
61
Axelson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:30 AM
Page 62
USB
for
Projects on a Budget
by Jan Axelson
FIGURE 1
dding a USB interface to a device can

seem like a daunting task. Every USB
device must contain device-controller
hardware and must have a software driver
in the PC. Many options exist for device
controllers and drivers, and the right
choices can make a big difference in how
quickly you get a project up and running.
This article shows three ways to add
USB to devices. Each takes a different
approach, but all are suitable for devices
built in small quantities and on limited
budgets. For a review of USB technology, see the USB in Brief sidebar.
USB Virtual COM Port

For years, every PC came with one
or more RS-232 serial ports. Software
accesses these ports as numbered COM
ports (COM1, COM2, and so on). But
not every COM port has an RS-232
interface. Some devices with USB ports
can function as virtual COM ports.
Applications access virtual COM
ports in the same way as RS-232 ports.
Users can communicate using terminalemulator software such as Windows
Hyperterminal. Programmers can use
the SerialPort class in Microsofts .NET
Framework. The only difference is that
the hardware interface is USB instead of
RS-232. Lower-level drivers handle the
details of accessing the hardware.
Virtual COM ports provide a way to
If you have an idea for a device that communicates with PCs, the chances are good
that the device will connect to the PC via the Universal Serial Bus (USB). Youre
probably well acquainted with USB as the interface used by mice, keyboards,
drives, cameras, and other mass-market peripherals. But USB is also versatile
enough for use in specialized devices produced in single or small quantities.
62
April 2007
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3/6/2007
11:31 AM
Page 63
USBforProjectsonaBudget
transfer data for just about any
purpose. If youre familiar with COMport programming or have existing
COM-port code you want to re-use, a
virtual COM port can be a good
choice. The COM-port data travels in
USBs bulk transfers, so transfers are
fast on a bus that isnt busy.
A virtual COM-port device can
use a generic USB-capable controller
chip or a special-purpose controller
designed for use as a virtual COM port.
A
popular
special-purpose
controller is FTDI Chips FT232BM
USB UART. The chip is a USB/
asynchronous serial converter that
manages all USB communications in
hardware. You dont have to know
anything about USB protocols to use
this chip. For experimenting, DLP
Design (www.dlpdesign.com) offers
DIP adapter modules that each
contain a controller chip, USB
connector, and related components.
You can interface the USB UART
to just about any microcontroller or
other CPU that has a UART or USART
for asynchronous serial communications (Figure 1). On enumeration, the
PC assigns FTDI Chips (free) drivers to
the chip. The drivers cause the chip to
appear as a COM port on the PC. You
can set the baud rate and other parameters for the chips asynchronous port
just as you would for an RS-232 port.
When a PC application writes a
byte to the virtual COM port, the USB
UART receives the byte at the chips
USB port and passes the byte to the
chips asynchronous serial port using
the selected port parameters. A microcontroller that connects to the serial
port can read the received byte. In the
other direction, when the microcontroller writes a byte to its serial port,
the USB UART receives the byte as
serial data and passes the byte to the
PC via USB. COM-port software on
the PC can retrieve the received byte.
If you prefer a parallel interface to
your microcontroller, FTDI Chips
FT245BM USB FIFO chip has a
bidirectional parallel interface instead
of a serial interface. PC applications
can access the chip as a COM port
and exchange data with the chips
parallel port. (The baud rate and other
serial-port parameters dont apply.)
Rather than using a specialpurpose USB controller and drivers,

another option is to use a generalpurpose controller and the USB
COM-port driver included with
Windows. With this approach, the
microcontroller and USB controller
can reside on the same chip.
Because of performance and
other problems with earlier driver
editions, its best to use the included
USB COM-port drivers only with
Windows XP Service Pack 2 (SP2) or
later Windows editions. Microchip
Technology and Atmel Corporation
provide complete example firmware
for USB COM-port devices that use
the built-in Windows drivers.
Input report travels from the device to

the PC. An Output report travels from
the PC to the device. A Feature report
can travel in either direction. The reports
can contain data for any purpose.
HIDs use USBs control and
interrupt transfers. The maximum
guaranteed bandwidth using the
Windows drivers is 64 kilobytes/sec
per endpoint. Even at high speed, the
default interface should request no
more than 64 kilobytes/sec and
supporting an alternate interface
would require a custom driver.
Many device manufacturers
provide HID examples. A mouse or
keyboard example can provide a good
head start for creating a generic HID.
Generic Human
Interface Device
Using a Generic Driver
A third option that can be useful

If you want to use drivers included
for any specialized device is using a
with Windows, another option for USB
generic driver. The driver defines
devices is the Human Interface Device
functions that enable PC applications to
(HID) class. Keyboards, mice, and
exchange data with the device. The
game controllers are HIDs, but you can
downside to using a generic driver is
also design generic
HIDs that transfer data
LISTING 1
for any purpose.
This HID report descriptor defines three two-byte reports.
PC applications
0x06 0xFFA0
Usage Page (vendor defined)
communicate
with
0x09 0x01
Usage (vendor defined)
HIDs using Windows
API functions such as
0xA1 0x01
Collection (Application)
CreateFile, ReadFile,
The Input report
and WriteFile, as well
as APIs that are specif0x09 0x03
ic to HIDs. The .NET
0x15 0x00
Logical Minimum (0)
Framework doesnt
0x26 0x00FF
Logical Maximum (255)
0x95 0x02
Report Count (2)
provide a HID class,
0x75 0x08
Report Size (8 bits)
but .NET applications
0x81 0x02
Input (Data, Variable, Absolute)
can call API functions.
The HIDmaker softThe Output report
ware from Trace
0x09 0x04
Systems, Inc. (www.
0x15 0x00
Logical Minimum (0)
tracesystemsinc.com),
0x26 0x00FF
can automate much of
0x75 0x08
0x95 0x02
Report Count (2)
the task of writing PC
0x91 0x02
Output (Data, Variable, Absolute)
software for any HID
and writing code for
The Feature report
Microchip controllers.
0x09 0x05
All HID data
0x15 0x00
Logical Minimum (0)
travels in structures
0x26 0x00FF
called reports. A report
0x75 0x08
descriptor in the device
0x95 0x02
Report Count (2)
0xB1 0x02
Feature (Data, Variable, Absolute)
defines the size and
direction of each
0xC0
End Collection
report (Listing 1). An
April 2007
63
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3/6/2007
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Page 64
LISTING 2
Every USB device contains a device descriptor with a Vendor ID
and Product ID that identify the device.
Device Descriptor
0x12
0x01
0x0200
0x00
0x00
0x00
0x08
0x0925
0x1234
0x0100
0x01
0x02
0x03
0x01
Descriptor size in bytes

Descriptor type (Device)
USB Specification release number (BCD) (2.00)
Class Code
Subclass code
Protocol code
Endpoint 0 maximum packet size
Vendor ID (Lakeview Research, assigned by usb.org)
Product ID (assigned by vendor)
Device release number (BCD)
Manufacturer string index
Product string index
Device serial number string index
Number of configurations
that youre likely to be dependent on

the drivers provider to fix any problems.
Although you can write your own
driver, Windows driver writing isnt an
easy task and thus isnt worth
pursuing for most small-quantity
projects. Fortunately, generic drivers
are available from a variety of sources.
Drivers from device manufacturers
include the Microchip GeneralPurpose USB Windows Driver, Cypress
Semiconductors
CY4604
USB
Developers uStudio, and the Silicon
Labs USBXpress host library. FTDI Chip
offers the D2XX Direct Driver, which
applications can use to access FTDI
Chips controllers using vendor-specific
USB IN BRIEF
Here are some essential facts for anyone who is
designing a device that uses a USB port.
HOSTS AND DEVICES

Every USB communication is between a host and a
device. A USB host is a PC or another computer that
contains USB host-controller hardware and software. The
host controls communications on the bus. A USB device
contains USB device-controller hardware and program
code, often called device firmware. The device responds
to communications from the host.
On power-up or device attachment, the host
computer requests information from the device in a
process called enumeration. The device sends a series of
data structures called descriptors, which tell the host
about the device and its capabilities.
A Windows host compares the contents of the
descriptors with the information in the PCs INF files. The
file with the best match tells the host what class driver or
device driver to assign to the device. (Other operating
systems use similar methods to select a driver.) The
driver is software that manages communications
between applications and the lower-level drivers that
access the USB hardware.
DEVICE CONTROLLERS
The device controller is hardware that can be
embedded in a microcontroller chip or in a separate chip
that interfaces to a microcontroller or other CPU.
Microcontrollers with embedded USB controllers are
available from many sources, including Microchip
Technology, Atmel Corporation, Silicon Laboratories,
and Cypress Semiconductor. Chips that interface to a
microcontroller or CPU are available from Philips
Semiconductors, National Semiconductor, and others.
Every USB device must have the intelligence to
understand and respond to received requests and other
events on the bus. Controller chips vary in how much
firmware support they require for handling the low-level
USB protocols. Most chip vendors provide example
firmware that you can adapt for a specific application.
TRANSFERRING DATA
TRANSFER TYPE
CONTROL
BULK
INTERRUPT
ISOCHRONOUS
REQUIRED BY ALL
DEVICES
yes
no
no
no
ALLOWED AT LOW
SPEED
yes
no
yes
no
SUPPORTS ERROR
CHECKING
yes
yes
yes
no
GUARANTEED
TRANSFER RATE
no
no
no
yes
GUARANTEED
MAXIMUM TIME
BETWEEN TRANSFER ATTEMPTS
no
no
yes
yes
TABLE 1. USBs four transfer types provide options to

fit the needs of any device.
64
Windows includes drivers for popular device classes,

including human-interface devices (mice, keyboards,
game controllers), mass storage (drives), audio and video
devices, printers, cameras, and more.
April 2007
For every communication, the host specifies

an endpoint address in the device. The endpoint
address is typically a buffer or register that holds
received data or data waiting to transmit.
USB supports three bus speeds. Low speed
can guarantee bandwidth of only 800 bytes/sec
per endpoint address but is useful for some
inexpensive devices such as keyboards and mice.
Full speed can transfer data to or from an endpoint
address at up to 1.2 Megabytes/sec. For devices
that need more speed, a high-speed endpoint can
transfer data at over 30 Megabytes/sec.
USB uses four transfer types (Table 1). Typical
uses for each type include enumeration for control
transfers, printer and scanner data for bulk
transfers, mouse and keyboard data for interrupt
transfers, and real-time audio and video for
isochronous transfers.
Axelson.qxd
3/6/2007
11:32 AM
Page 65
functions instead of COM-port programming. Some development boards
come with drivers that you can use to
access the controller on the board.
Other drivers, such as Tetradyne
Software, Inc.s DriverX USB, are for
use with any controller chip.
If youre switching to Windows
Vista, you can use the operating
systems WinUSB driver. The driver
provides functions for accessing any
device that doesnt use Windows
class drivers or isochronous transfers.
those who want a unique Product ID.

Some development boards that
come with a driver have a Vendor ID
and Product ID that you can use in
products that use the driver.
Learning More
For many projects, one of the
approaches described here can
provide a way to add USB to a device
with minimal expense and hassle. For
more about USB developing, including links to the products mentioned in

this article plus free example device
firmware and host software, visit my
USB pages at www.Lvr.com. NV
AUTHOR BIO
Jan Axelson is author of the
books USB Complete and USB
Mass Storage.
The Vendor ID Dilemma

Every USB device must contain a
Vendor ID and Product ID (Listing 2).
The host requests these 16-bit values
from the device during enumeration
and uses the values to help in selecting a driver for the device.
The owner of the Vendor ID
assigns a Product ID to each product
released by the vendor. Every device
with the same Vendor ID/Product ID
pair should communicate in the same
way with the PC. If two devices with
different communication requirements
contain the same Vendor ID/Product
ID pair, one or both devices are likely
to fail to perform as intended.
The rights to use a Vendor ID cost
$1,500 from the USB Implementers
Forum (usb.org). If you dont have a
Vendor ID and your budget doesnt
allow obtaining one, several options
are available.
Users of FTDI Chips controllers
can use the Vendor ID and Product ID
programmed into each controller.
Because the controllers handle the USB
communications entirely in hardware,
the controllers appear identical to the
host computer. The controllers may
connect to circuits that perform different functions, but the host PC doesnt
have to know or care about anything
that happens beyond the USB interface.
Some chip manufacturers provide
free blocks of Product IDs for
customers. You can use the manufacturers Vendor ID and the provided
Product IDs in products that you
develop using the manufacturers
controllers. Microchip is one
manufacturer that offers Product IDs.
FTDI Chip also has this option for
April 2007
65
ElectronetApr07.qxd
3/6/2007
3:24 PM
Page 66
> > > > g o t o w w w. n u t s vo l t s . c o m c l i ck E l e c t ro - N e t < < < <
AM/FM Broadcasters Hobby Kits

Learnng Kits Test Equipment
...AND LOTS OF NEAT STUFF!
66
April 2007
InTheSpotlight.qxd
3/8/2007
5:44 PM
Page 67
An Interview with Wayne Thorpe:

President and CEO of Circuit Specialists, Inc.
by Marvin Mallon
esa, AZ is home to one of the

largest distributors of electronic equipment and supplies in the country. The 12,000 square
foot facility of Circuit Specialists, Inc.,
houses the more than 11,000 items
that they sell by mail order, as well as
online. Fourteen employees oversee
the operation of this company that has
been in business since 1971.
This privately-owned corporation
was founded by two brothers Leon
and Darrel Thorpe. Darrel worked for
Motorola in Scottsdale, AZ and thought
that those wonderful new devices called
integrated circuits would be a good
product to sell via mail order. Leon made
a financial investment and they both
started Circuit Specialists. They kept their
regular jobs and met in the evenings to
prepare the orders and ship them out.
Darrell sold his interest in the company back in 1984 and still resides in
Scottsdale. Leon stayed active until 1998
when his health began to deteriorate. He
passed away this past September.
In 1984, Leons son, Wayne,
joined the operation. He assumed the
role of President and CEO at that
time. When interviewed for this
column, Wayne Thorpe replied to the
following questions:
Marvin: Where were you employed prior
to coming on-board at Circuit Specialists?
Wayne: I worked in the electronics
industry as a professional sales representative for GC Electronics. I covered the
Southwest territory of Arizona, New
Mexico, and West Texas from 1977 till
1979. In 1980, I joined the Heath Group
of Phoenix as Vice President. They are a
sales marketing company that I worked
with over the next four years.
M: Where and when were you born?
W: I was born in 1950 in Stretford,

England, a suburb of Manchester. Dad
was in the US Air Force and married
while stationed there. We lived off
base and I attended local schools for
most of the time. I ended up thinking
I was British. When I was 16 years old
my parents and I moved to the US.
M: Any hobbies or interests other than
overseeing the operation of your
family-owned business?
W: I played football (thats what the
British call soccer) as a kid in England.
To this day, I help to organize and
coach a high-level soccer team and
serve as an off-campus advisor at a
Phoenix-area high school.
M: Getting back to business, tell us
more about Circuit Specialists.
W: Since the mid 1980s, we have
focused on importing products from
Taiwan, Korea, and China so that we
can offer our customers excellent value.
We maintain an agency office in Taipei
and we have a full time employee and
office in ShenZhen, China to help us
facilitate sourcing of products. This strategy allows us to cut out the profit from
the traditional importer, which makes us
more competitive without degrading
the quality of the products we can offer.
We are strongest in test equipment,
power supplies, soldering equipment,
and PC-based data acquisition and control products and tools. Additionally, we
maintain stock on some major brand
name products such as FLUKE. We also
have a large inventory of old style DIP
ICs, as well as LEDs, diodes, capacitors,
and other passive components.
M: Is there a newly developed product

ready for release?
W: We are currently incubating a new
CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
department. We have set up a machining shop in-house to develop prototypes
of various standard CNC systems that
we will offer. We have already sourced
our primary raw stock and electronics
from Taiwan and China and we feel we
can penetrate this sector of the market
by offering very good quality CNC
platforms at industry best price points.
M: Finally, is there anything else you
care to say about your organization?
W: Circuit Specialists has been providing electronic equipment and supplies
to educational institutions, corporate
entities, and government/military
customers for over 35 years. We ship
most items from stock the same day we
receive the order. Additionally, our website shows our current stock levels to our
customers so they can make an appropriate decision based on their requirements for delivery. When an order is
shipped, our customers get an autogenerated email providing them with a
packing list and a UPS tracking number.
Our most important customer is
the individual hobbyist, designer, or
small manufacturer. We strive to offer
best value deals on quality products.
Our goal is to provide great customer
service and our strategy is to offer
good products at great prices. NV
CSI interior view
220 S. Country Club Dr., Mesa, AZ 85210

Tel: 800-528-1417
Web: www.CircuitSpecialists.com.
April 2007
67
Page68.qxd
3/8/2007
8:43 PM
Page 68
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Ready to Run Linux! For more information, please visit our
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April 2007
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Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
4:19 PM
Page 69
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Magnetic Cartridge Pre-amp
www.ja
KC-5433 $23.25 + post & packing

This kit is used to amplify the 3-4mV signals
from a phono cartridge to line level, so you can use
your turntable with the CD or tuner inputs on your
Hi-Fi amplifier - most modern amps don't include a
phono input any more. Dust off the old LP collection
or use it to record your LPs on to CD. The design is
suitable for 12" LPs, and also allows for RIAA
equalization of all the really old 78s.
Please note that the input sensitivity
of this design means it's only
suitable for moving-magnet,
not moving-coil
cartridges. Kit
includes PCB
with overlay and
all electronic
components.
Requires 12VAC power
POST AND PACKING CHARGES:
Programmable High Energy

Ignition System
This advanced and versatile ignition system can be
used on both two & four stroke engines. The system
can be used to modify the factory ignition timing or
as the basis for a stand-alone ignition system with
variable ignition timing, electronic coil control and
anti-knock sensing.
Features:
Timing retard & advance over a wide range
Suitable for single coil systems
Dwell adjustment
Single or dual mapping ranges
Max & min RPM adjustment
Optional knock sensing
Optional coil driver
Kit supplied with PCB, and all electronic components.
DC Relay Switch
An extremely useful and versatile kit that enables
you to use a tiny trigger current - as low as
400A at 12V to switch up to 30A at
50VDC. It has an isolated input, and is
suitable for a variety of triggering
options. The kit includes PCB
with overlay and all
electronic components
with clear English
instructions.
Order Value
Cost Order Value
Cost
$25 - $49.99 $7.50 $200 - $499.99 $60
$50 - $99.99 $20 $500+
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Max weight 12lb (5kg). Heavier
parcels POA. Minimum order $25.
Note: Products are dispatched from Australia,
local customs duty and taxes may apply.
Car Air Conditioner Controller Kit

This kits stops the air conditioner in your car from
taking engine power under acceleration. It will allow
the compressor to run with low throttle even when
the cabin temperature setting has been reached and
will automatically switch the compressor off at
idle. It also features an override switch,
an LED function indicator. Kit
supplied with PCB with
overlay and all
electronic components
with clear English
instructions.
Recommended box
UB3 HB-6013 $1.95
Fuel Cut Defeater Kit
Ignition Coil Driver

Add this ignition coil driver to the KC-5442
Programmable Ignition System and you have a
complete stand-alone ignition system that will trigger
from a range of sources including points, Hall Effect
sensors, optical sensors, or the 5 volt signal from the
car's ECU. Kit includes PCB with overlay and all
specified components.
Kit supplied with PCB, and all
in
electronic components.
Due
Short Circuits 1 Learning System

KJ-8502 $23.50 + post & packing
Short Circuits 1 uses a learning system designed
around a baseboard and template where all
components are mounted and connected using our
exclusive spring system. The templates show exactly
where each component goes and almost guarantees
success. The 20+ projects are
fun & simple to build and all
components are included.
96 pages in full colour
275 x 205mm
June
Knock Sensor
Add this option to your KC-5442 Programmable High
Energy Ignition system and the unit will automatically
retard the ignition timing if knocking is detected. Ideal
for high performance cars running high octane fuel.
Requires a knock sensor interface which is cheaply
available from most auto recyclers.
Kit supplied with PCB, and all electronic components.
Projects include:
Short circuit tester
Magic eye alarm
Police siren
Electronic organ
and many more.

This simple kit enables you to defeat the
factory fuel cut signal from your car's ECU
and allows your turbo charger to go beyond the
typical 15-17psi factory boost limit. Note: Care
should be taken to ensure the
boost levels and fuel mixture
don't reach an unsafe level.
Kit supplied with PCB, and
all electronic components.
High Range Adjustable

Temperature Switch for Cars
This temperature switch can be set anywhere up to
2192F, so it is extremely versatile. The relay can be
used to trigger an extra thermo fan on an intercooler,
a sensor near your turbo manifold to trigger water
spray cooling, or a simple buzzer
to indicate high temperature.
The LCD displays the
temperature constantly
and can easily be dash
mounted. Kit included
PCB with overlay and all
electronic components with
clear English instructions.
Log on to
www.jaycar.com/catalog
for your FREE catalog!
410+
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Stiles.qxd
3/7/2007
5:21 PM
Page 70
FUSE AND
METER SAVERS
b y
B i l l
S t i l e s
Dont Blow Fuses or Your Meter
ere are three circuits which

can save time and prevent
frustration. They go well with Dont
Blow a Fuse by Ronald Newton
(Nuts & Volts, August 2006, page
40). When I built his circuit breaker
box, I added two test leads with
insulated alligator clips for fuses in a
fuse post holder.
My first circuit shown in Figure
1 is connected in the AC input of
the equipment being tested, with S1
set to lamp. Blown fuses in the
equipment are bridged with Mr.
Newtons substitution box (or
replaced). If Lmp1 and Lmp2 are
correctly chosen, new fuses will not
blow, even with shorts in the power
supply of the equipment.
If the lamp or lamps light
brightly, there is probably a short.
The lamps are dependent on the
power used by the equipment. The
two lamps shown (40 Watt and 60
Watt in parallel) are suitable for
equipment drawing 50 to 70W. For
smaller power use, one of the lamps
can be unscrewed.
I also use a 200W lamp and a

25W lamp, for large and small power
usage. If the lamp(s) light only dimly
if at all full voltage can be
applied to the equipment by switching S1 to direct. The off position
of S1 is used to completely remove
power from the equipment while
you are working on it. I used a
double-pole switch because I have
seen several cases where the neutral
and hot wires are reversed.
SO2 is added for very large
loads. Several years ago, I had a 1/4
horsepower motor with burned
insulation in the start switch. It would
blow a fuse as soon as it was turned
on. I plugged a 1,000W electric
heater into SO2, which prevented
the fuse from blowing and allowed
me to see arcing at the burned insulation inside the switch. Fortunately,
the switch was mounted on the
outside of the motor, where it could
be easily replaced.
I also use this circuit to check for
shorted turns in a power transformer.
Disconnect the output of the
F1
direct
S1A
off
PL1
Lmp1
Lmp2 SO2
lamp
NE1
direct
neutral - white
off
S1B
ground - green
70
April 2007
transformer, and use only one 40W

or 25W lamp. A large transformer
may light the lamp dimly from
internal losses; smaller transformers
should not light the lamp at all.
Measuring the Fuse

Current
As Mr. Newton mentioned, it is

desirable to connect an amp meter
in series with the fuse substitution
box. A single meter could be used
but a multi-meter with several
current ranges is better. However,
there may be a problem at higher
currents.
Many digital multimeters have a
10 or 20 amp range, but the duty
cycle is limited to something like
30 seconds on and 15 minutes
off. With Figure 2, a DMM can be
used for high current with no time
limits.
Set the meter to measure AC or
DC voltage, as appropriate. Connect
PL2 to one of the banana jacks on
the fuse substitution box, and one of
the leads from the fuse
adapter to J3. For current
hot - black
of 10A, the meter will
read 1.0 volts; for 1A, the
reading will be 0.1 volts
(100 millivolts).
Figure 3 is a circuit
similar to Figure 2, which
provides an easy way to
SO1
connect a DMM to measure the AC input current.
lamp
FIGURE 1. A Current Limiter.
Stiles.qxd
3/7/2007
5:22 PM
Page 71
(For nearly all electronic equipment,

the power line current is not a sine
wave, and a true RMS meter must be
used for accurate current measurement.) S2 (optional), when used with
an auto-ranging DMM, allows a quick
check of both voltage and current.
Construction
Each circuit was built in a plastic
project box. A rather large box is
required for Figure 1. F1 is chosen
for the current rating of S1, PL1, and
SO1, but not larger than 15A when
R1 is rated at 40W. I used two 0.2
Ohm, 20W resistors in parallel for
R1. Sockets for FIGURE 2. Current

J1
Lmp1 and Lmp2 Adapter for Meter.
are surface mount
sockets for stanF1
dard incandescent
lamps,
available
PL2
from most larger
electric
supply
stores. The sockets I used have
exposed terminals; I mounted them
ITEM
inside the project box, with holes in PL1
the box cover to allow the lamps to
be inserted into the sockets. I used a PL2
switch rated at 10 amps, 250 volts SO1
for S1. S2 can have a low current SO2
rating, but be sure it is rated for the F1
Lmp1
power line voltage. NV
Lmp2
FIGURE 3. AC
Current Adapter.
voltage
to DMM
J1
S2
S1
J2
S2
current
R1
F1
0.1
hot - black
40 W
J1, J2
ground - green
PL1
neutral - white
NE1
R1
SO1
J3
to DMM
J2
R1
0.1
J3
40 W
PARTS LIST
DESCRIPTION
Grounding AC cord and
plug
Banana plug and wire
Grounding AC socket
Two terminal AC socket
Circuit breaker or fuse
40 watt incandescent
lamp (see text)
60 watt incandescent
lamp (see text)
DPDT center-off toggle
switch
SPDT toggle switch
(optional)
Neon pilot lamp
0.1 ohm, 40 watt
resistor (see text)
Tip jacks to accept DMM
probes
Banana jack
April 2007
71
Marston1.qxd
3/8/2007
1:18 PM
Page 72
Understanding Digital
Buffer, Gate, and Logic
IC Circuits
by Ray Marston
PART 1: Digital Buffer IC Circuits

Ray Marston explains logic gate basics and takes a detailed look
at practical TTL and CMOS digital buffer IC circuits in this
opening installment of a five-part mini series.
Logic Gate Symbology
The eight best known types of digital
logic gates are the buffer and the NOT, OR,
NOR, AND, NAND, XOR (EX-OR), and
XNOR (EX-NOR) types. Many different
symbols can be used to represent each of
these eight basic logic gate elements. Figure
1 shows four different families of symbols
that are widely used in different parts of the
world today; of these, the American
MIL/ANSI symbols are by far the most popular, are instantly recognizable, are used by
most of the worlds practical digital engineers, and are used throughout this series.
Two useful variations of these
American symbols are also widely used
and are shown added to a standard
inverter symbol in Figure 2; the left-hand
symbol is internationally recognized and
indicates that the logic element has a
Schmitt trigger input action; the right-hand
symbol which is widely used but is not
universally recognized indicates that the
logic element has an open-drain (o.d.) or
open-collector (o.c.) output stage.
Logic Gate Functions

The functional action of any logic gate
can be described either in words or in a
tabular or symbolic way. The following list
describes the funcFIGURE 1. A selection of tions of all eight
widely used logic symbols. basic types of logic
72
April 2007
Marston1.qxd
3/8/2007
FIGURE 2. Useful
variations of the
MIL/ANSI inverter
symbol.
1:19 PM
Page 73
gates in words.
Buffers A
buffer is a non-inverting amplifier that
has an output drive capacity that is far
greater than its input drive requirement, i.e., it has a high fan-out and
gives a logic 1 output for a logic 1
input, etc.
Inverters An inverter (also known
as a NOT gate) is a high fan-out
amplifier that gives a logic 1 output for
a logic 0 input, and vice versa.
AND Gates An AND gate has an
output that is normally at logic 0 and
only goes to logic 1 when all inputs
are at logic 1, i.e., when inputs A and
B and C, etc., are high.
NAND Gates A NAND gate is an
AND gate with a negated (inverted)
output; the output is normally at logic
1 and only goes to logic 0 when all
inputs are at logic 1.
OR Gates An OR gate has an output that goes to logic 1 if any input is
at logic 1, i.e., if inputs A or B or C,
etc., are high. The output goes to logic
0 only if all inputs are at logic 0.
NOR Gates A NOR gate is an OR
gate with a negated output; it has an
output that goes to logic 0 if any input
is at logic 1, and goes to logic 1 only
when all inputs are at logic 0.
XOR Gates An exclusive-OR
(EX-OR) gate has two inputs, and its
output goes to logic 1 only if a single
input (A or B) is at logic 1; the output
goes to logic 0 if both inputs are in the
same logic state.
XNOR Gates An exclusive-NOR
FIGURE 5. Any AND or OR gate can be
used as a non-inverting buffer element.
(EX-NOR) gate is
an EX-OR gate with
a negated output,
which goes to logic
1 if both inputs are
in the same logic
state, and goes to
logic 0 only if a
single input is at
logic 1.
Figure 3 shows
how the functions
of the eight basic
types of gates can
also be presented
in tabular form via
truth tables (which
show the logic
state of the output
at all possible input
logic state combinations) or symbolically via Boolean
algebraic terms.
Note that, by convention, all logic
gate inputs are
notated alphabetically as A, B, C,
etc., and the output terminal is notated as Y (in counters
and flip-flops, etc., the main output is
usually notated as Q).
The actual logic states
may be represented
by 0 and 1, as shown,
or by L (= Low logic
level) and H (= High
logic level). Also note
in the Boolean expressions that a negated
output is indicated by
a negation bar drawn
above the basic
FIGURE 3. Symbols, truth tables, and

Boolean expressions for the eight basic
types of logic gates.
FIGURE 4. Basic sets

of two-input positive
and negative logic
equivalents.
April 2007
73
Marston1.qxd
3/8/2007
1:19 PM
Page 74
FIGURE 7. Nine popular

non-inverting buffer ICs.
FIGURE 6. Any two elements from

an inverter IC can be used to make a noninverting buffer element.
FIGURE 9. All unwanted 74LS125

elements must be connected in one
of these ways.
it is sometimes still
useful to be able to
think in negativelogic terms, particularly
when designing gates
in which a low state
output is of special
interest. With this
point in mind, Figure 4
presents a basic set of
two-input positive and
negative logic equivalents. Thus, it can be
seen that a negative
logic AND gate action in which the
output is low only when both inputs
are low is directly available from a
positive logic OR gate, and so on.
Practical Buffer
IC Circuits
Digital buffer ICs have two main
purposes:
to act either as simple nonFIGURE 10. Methods of using a
74LS125 element as a normal buffer. inverting, current-boosting interfaces
between one part of a circuit and
another, or to act as three-state switchFIGURE 8. Functional diagram and truth
ing units that can be used to connect a
table, etc., of the 74LS125 Quad three-state
buffer/bus-driver IC.
circuits outputs to a load, only when
required. If you ever need only a few
output symbol; the negated state is
All modern digital logic circuitry
simple buffers, one cheap way to get
called a not state; thus, a negated Y
assumes the use of the positive logic
them is to make them from spare AND
output is called a not-Y output.
convention, in which a logic 1 state is
or OR elements (as shown in Figure 5)
high and a logic 0 state is low. In the
or from pairs of normal or Schmitt
FIGURE 11. Methods of using a 74LS125 early days of electronic digital circuitry,
inverters (as shown in Figure 6).
element as a three-state line-driving buffer.
an alternative negative logic conFigure 7 lists basic details of nine
vention in which a logic 1 state is
popular, non-inverting digital buffer
low and a logic 0 state is high
ICs. When using these ICs, note that
was also in common use, and
all unused buffers must be disabled by
tying their inputs to one
of the ICs supply lines.
In CMOS devices, the
unused inputs can be
tied directly to either
supply line, but in TTL
FIGURE 12. Functional diagram of the 4050B
devices, it is best (for
or 74HC4050 Hex buffer IC.
lowest quiescent current consumption) to tie
all unused inputs high
via a common 10K resistor. If the unused buffer
is a three-state
FIGURE 13.
type, it should
Functional diagram
and truth table of (if it has indethe 4503B Hex pendent conbuffer IC.
trol) be set into
Positive Versus
Negative Logic
74
April 2007
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Page 75
FIGURE 14. Method of connecting the 4503B for use

as six normal buffers.
FIGURE 16. Functional diagram of the 7407 Hex

buffer with 30V o.c. outputs.
its normal mode via its control input.

Dealing now with the individual
buffer ICs listed in Figure 7, Figure 8
shows the functional diagram and
truth table, etc., of the 74LS125 TTL
IC, which houses four independently
controlled, three-state buffers and is
so modestly priced that it is still worth
using, even if you do not need the
three-state facility. Note from the truth
table that each of the four elements
acts as a normal buffer when its control terminal (C) is in the logic 0 state,
and that the elements quiescent
current (Is) is least when C is at logic 0
FIGURE 15. Method of connecting the 4503B for use as a three-state

Hex buffer controlled via a single input.
FIGURE 17. A 5V to highvoltage buffer/interface.
FIGURE 18. Three 7407 buffers used

to make a three-input wired AND gate.
FIGURE 19. Functional diagram

and truth table of the 74LS365
Hex three-state buffer.
and the buffers input (A) is at logic 1.

Thus, any unwanted elements
should be disabled by tying their C
terminals low and their A terminals
high, using one of the methods shown

in Figure 9. Any element can be used
FIGURE 21. Methods of connecting the
74LS365 for use as a three-state Hex
buffer controlled via a single input.
FIGURE 20. Methods of connecting the

74LS365 for use as six normal buffers.
April 2007
75
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Page 76
FIGURE 23. The 74LS244 Quad buffers can be used as (a) simple Schmitt buffers, or as (b) three-state ganged Schmitt buffers.
FIGURE 22. Functional diagram and truth
table of the 74LS244 (or 74HC244) Octal
(dual Quad) three-state Schmitt buffer IC.
as a normal buffer by grounding its C

terminal (Figure 10), or as a three-state
buffer that drives a common bus line
by using it as shown in Figure 11.
If you need up to six simple CMOS
buffers, one of the cheapest ways to
get them is via a 4050B or 74HC4050
Hex buffer IC. Figure 12 shows the ICs
functional diagram; each buffer can
source up to 10 mA or sink up to 40
mA of output current when the IC is
powered from a 15V supply.
If you need up to six three-state
CMOS buffers, one option is to use a
4503B Hex buffer IC. Figure 13 shows
the functional diagram and truth table
of this versatile IC, in which pin 1 acts
as a DISABLE input that controls four
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of the six buffers,

and pin 15 acts as a DISABLE input
that controls the other two buffers.
Note that each buffer element acts as
a normal buffer when its DISABLE pin
is at logic 0 (low), and goes into the
high-impedance output state when its
DISABLE pin is at logic 1 (high).
Thus, this IC can be used as a
simple Hex buffer by wiring it as
shown in Figure 14 (with pins 1 and
15 grounded), or as a Hex three-state
buffer that is controlled via a single
input by wiring it as shown in Figure
15 (with pins 1 and 15 shorted together and used as a DISABLE input).
Figure 16 shows the functional
diagram of the 7407, which is a
standard TTL Hex buffer in which each
buffer has an open-collector output
that can sink up to 40 mA and can be
connected to a supply of up to 30V via
Locate shorted or leaky

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April 2007
an external current-limiting pull-up

resistor (but the actual IC must use a
5V supply). Figure 17 shows how one
of these buffers can be used as a 5V to
high-voltage (up to 30V) non-inverting
interface. Figure 18 shows how three
o.c. buffers can be made to act as a
wired AND gate by wiring all three outputs to the same pull-up resistor. The
circuit action is such that the output is
pulled low when any input is low, and
only goes high when all three inputs
are high, thus giving an AND action.
Figure 19 shows the functional
diagram and basic truth table of a
74LS365 Hex three-state buffer IC, in
which all six buffers share a common
AND-gated control line. This IC can be
used as six normal buffers by grounding its two control pins as shown in
Figure 20, or as a set of six three-state
buffers that are all switched via one
common control signal as shown in
Figure 21; AND-type three-state
control can be obtained by using both
Control terminals (pins 1 and 15).
Finally, the 74HC241, 74HC244,
and 74LS244 are Octal three-state
Schmitt buffers in which the buffers are
split into two groups of four, with the
mode of each group controlled via a
separate input. Figure 22 shows the
functional diagram and truth table of the
74LS244 IC (the 74HC244 is similar, but
it has Schmitt-type CA and CB inputs).
The IC is really a dual Quad device,
in which buffers 1-4 are controlled via
the CA terminal, and buffers 5-8 are
controlled via the CB terminals. Each of
these Quads can be used as a set of
simple Schmitt buffers by grounding its
control terminal as shown in Figure
23(a), or as a ganged set of three-state
Schmitt buffers by using its control terminal as shown in Figure 23(b). NV
Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
4:21 PM
Page 77
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Momentary switches on the front and back
operate the two digital channels. Operates on
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receiver antenna and sleeve holder for antenna and interconnect cable between RF receiver module and microcontroller. Transmitter
operates on eight AA batteries or one 9.6V
battery pack. Batteries not included.
each Note: We have been told recently that in order
Zenith # ZEV-209.
A simple, inexpensive
CMOS black and white
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1000 or more for 50 each
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CAT# PE-53
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100 for 50 each
each
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Input: 120V 60Hz 25W.
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NO MINIMUM ORDER All Orders Can Be Charged to Visa, Mastercard, American Express or Discover Checks and Money Orders Accepted by Mail
Orders Delivered in the State of California must include California State Sales Tax NO C.O.D Shipping and Handling $7.00 for the 48 Continental United
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Page 78
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April 2007
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CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING
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S e l e c t e d T i t l e s f o r t h e E l e c t r o n i c s H o b b y i s t a n d Te c h n i c i a n
The Nuts & Volts Hobbyist BOOKSTORE

ELECTRONICS
Practical Electronics for Inventors

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If you dont see what you need

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www.nutsvolts.com for a complete
listing of the titles available.
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April 2007
Practical Electronics Handbook:

Sixth Edition
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Electronic Games for

the Evil Genius
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Ian Sinclairs Practical

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BookstoreApr07.qxd
3/8/2007
8:57 PM
Page 81
CALL 1-800-783-4624 today!

Or Order online @ www.nutsvolts.com
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81
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THE
BY PETER BEST
DESIGN
CYCLE
ADVANCED TECHNIQUES FOR DESIGN ENGINEERS
IN THE SHADOW OF THE 8051

I CAN RECALL MAKING THE STEP UP to the eight-bit 8051 from the venerable
eight-bit 8048 way back when dinosaurs still roamed the plains and valleys. I
chose to use the 8748, which was equipped with a quartz window to allow
erasure of the EPROM that held the 8748s program instructions. I soon
outgrew the 8748s 1KB of program EPROM and migrated to its big brother
the 8749 which contained 2KB of on-chip EPROM under the quartz window.
n the application programming

side of things, I seldom spilled
out of the 2KB of EPROM offered by
the 8749. However, I did have a
tendency to wire in the then-popular
6116 2KB SRAM IC from time to time
to augment the meager on-chip
SRAM of the 8749. If my 8749 application included look-up tables that
gobbled up the 2KB of EPROM, I
would hang an external 4KB 2732
EPROM on the 8749s I/O pins. If
things got bigger than that, too bad.
The 8749s addressing engine maxed
out at 4KB of program memory.
I remember being enthralled with
memory banking at the time. More than
once I lashed up an 8KB 2764 EPROM
to an 8749 and used one of the 8749s
general-purpose I/O lines to switch the
EPROMs high address bit and thus
switch between a pair of 4K EPROM
banks. Yep, I did the same thing with
6164 SRAM. There was no way I had
any use for that much SRAM space at
the time, but it was fun to switch the
SRAM banks, write a byte to a random
location in that bank, and then write the
code to read back the byte that I had
written. Yes, I was easily amused.
As my appetite for programming
the 8749 microcontrollers grew, the
complexity of my 8749 applications
followed in a linear fashion. I was
attaching external analog-to-digital
converters such as the ADC0809 to
measure external voltages on things
82
April 2007
like NiCad battery packs and sealed

lead-acid batteries. My dad wanted a
computerized irrigation controller
for his vineyard and, responding in
kind, I assembled a timed valve
controller around an 8749. I was also
learning to communicate with other
computing devices at this time.
I recall writing a soft-UART
routine out of necessity as the 8749
didnt have an on-chip hardware
UART. This was also before the
MAX232 came into vogue. I serially
interfaced my 8749-based devices to
a green-screen dumb ASCII terminal
using a pair of RS-232 converter ICs
the LM1488 and LM1489.
Personal computers were just
beginning to hit the mainstream and
my attention turned away from the
green-screen dumb terminal to the
colorful personal computer terminal
emulator. As you can see, in my
little world, the microcontroller independently ruled its domain and the
personal computers and peripherals
tried to stay on their side of the fence
as much as they possibly could.
By now, my 8749 projects were
beginning to eat up lots of perfboard
real estate as I was hanging more and
more peripheral stuff on the 8749s
general-purpose I/O structure. There
was no Internet then. Thus, I couldnt
just pull up a search on the next best
thing to the 8749. Luckily I had a
friend, Bill Green, who was writing for
Popular Electronics magazine at the

time. Bill had contacts in the industry that fed him the latest information
on new stuff coming onto the market.
I recall flashing over a thing called a
PIC and focusing on a bigger and better
microcontroller, the 8051. I was already
tooled up for the 8749 and I could get
similar hardware programmer tools
from the same source for the 8751.
Ultimately, I ended up on a road trip to
the nearest Intel field office (Atlanta,
GA, for me a three-hour drive one
way) and purchased what was then a
book describing the virtues of the 8051.
Note that I had to buy the 8051
databook. Back then, if you werent
part of General Motors or a large
computing company, you were
considered insignificant to the sales
department and they sold you
the stuff you needed at retail prices
hoping you wouldnt come back.
I recall a buddy of mine that
worked for Collins Avionics that had
every databook that could be had from
every major microcontroller manufacturer of the time. All he had to do was
pick up the phone and ask the sales
rep to drop by with the stuff he wanted. That used to really burn my butt. At
least Bill shared any data he had with
me on things I was interested in.
Well, I got my copy of the official
Intel 8051 databook and thoroughly
wore it out. For me, the 8749 was effectively dead. Another burr that turned
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THE DESIGN CYCLE

FIGURE 1. Take your time and take all of this
in. The figure may seem busy at first, but after
some study, youll see that everything is arranged
in a logical set of independent subsystems.
April 2007
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FIGURE 2. Dont get caught up in this

too much as the Keil C compiler already
has this little memory segment covered.
me away from considering the new PIC

at that time was that the Microchip
sales rep wanted to sell me the PIC
assembler for $99. I had been using a
shareware version of the 8749 assembler and it worked for me. I had already
found an 8051 shareware assembler
and I was not about to drop a C-note to
buy an assembler for that PIC thing.
As far as I was concerned, I was moving
to the 8051 platform right on time as
8749s were almost impossible to buy
new and the used surplus 8749s were
getting hard to procure, as well.
I was still stuck with only 4KB of
program EPROM with the 8051.
However, the 8051s addressing engine
was 16-bits wide providing me with
64KB of space that I could populate
with a combination of EPROM and
SRAM. Just as I did with the 8749, I standardized all of my projects on the quartz
window-equipped 8751. I was already
used to rotating multiple 8749 parts
through the EPROM eraser to speed up
my development and the 8751 offered
no advantage in this department.
One would think that an increase
in program execution speed would
come automatically with the 8751.
With a strong tailwind, an 8749 running with an 11 MHz clock could
pump out 0.5 MIPS. The 8751 doesnt
do much better with the same tailwind and a 12 MHz clock. The bottleneck for both the 8749 and 8751 was
the large number of clock cycles
needed to execute an instruction.
I may not have picked up any execution speed, but I did get some other
things that made moving to the 8751
worthwhile. A feature of the 8751 that
84
April 2007
I found intriguing was its ability to

perform internal Boolean processing
on a bit level within it registers. I was
also able to archive my bit-bang serial
routines as the 8751 was endowed
with a hardware UART. I wasnt really
keen on using interrupts at the time,
but if I had been, the 8751 allowed
the programmer to use separate register sets to store interrupt context information instead of having to push and
pop important registers from a stack.
My crowing achievement was an
8751-based musical instrument tuner
that utilized the 8751s timers. After
that project, I moved on to other
microcontrollers that easily outpaced
the 8751 in speed, general-purpose
I/O, and on-chip peripherals.
Microchip decided that maybe their
assembler should be free for customers that used the PIC parts. I was
still mad at Microchip. Along the way,
the Zilog Z80 had gotten my rapt
attention. Bill loved the Z80 and thus,
Z80 information and application notes
were very easy for me to obtain. So, I
rode the Z80 bus for quite some time.
HERE WE ARE
The concept of the 8051 hasnt
changed but the way the 8051
concept is applied has changed
exponentially. As you might imagine, I
see lots of interesting stuff pass across
the benches at EDTP Electronics. One
of the many variants of the 8051 that
caught my eye was the Silicon
Laboratories C8051F120. Just a cursory glance at Figure 1 speaks volumes.
An 8KB bank of SRAM coupled with a
separate 256-byte SRAM bank easily

eclipses the old 8751 memory model.
Unless youre writing navigation
and targeting code for an F-18 Hornet
fighter/bomber, the C8051F120s
128KB of program memory should
cover most of your (and my) 8051based applications. Throw away that
EPROM eraser as the C8051F120s
program memory is made up of
electrically-erasable Flash not EPROM.
And, we wont need the services of
those ADC0809 analog-to-digital
converters as the C8051F120 incorporates its own on-chip multi-input
analog-to-digital converter subsystem.
Note that I never mentioned
debugging the 8749 or 8751 as the
original 8048/8051 emulators were
priced in the multi-thousands of
dollars. Ill bet GM still has an 8048
emulator stuffed away somewhere in
a warehouse.
I dont know how many of you did
the write-the-code, program-it, test-it,
erase-it, correct-the-code, program-it,
test-it, erase-it 8749/8751 vicious
design cycle like I did. It was a necessary evil as I couldnt afford the
8749/8751 debugging hardware. In my
opinion, the C8051F120 offers one of
the most comprehensive and easy-touse debugging systems. That translates
to super easy C8051F120 development
cycles. Oh yeah, I wrote all of that 8749
and 8751 code in assembler. We will be
writing our C8051F120 code in C.
The C8051F120 is based on
Silicon Laboratories proprietary CIP51 microcontroller core. The Silicon
Laboratories CIP-51 is fully compatible
with the original tried-and-true 8051
instruction set. This allows any standard 8051 assembler or compiler to be
used to develop C8051F120 firmware.
With the old 8051 cores, we
could only dream of achieving
throughputs above 0.5 MIPS. The
Silicon Laboratories CIP-51 employs a
pipelined architecture that greatly
increases its instruction throughput
over the old 8751s I was burning and
churning.
In a standard 8051, all instructions
except for MUL and DIV take 12 or
DesignCycle.qxd
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Page 85
THE DESIGN CYCLE

24 system clock cycles to execute.
The Silicon Laboratories CIP-51 core
executes 70% of its instructions in one
or two system clock cycles, with only
four of 190 instructions taking more
than four system clock cycles. The old
8751 could only crank up 0.5 MIPS
with a 12 MHz clock. The Silicon
Laboratories CIP-51 core can peak
at 100 MIPS when powered by its
PLL-assisted 100 MHz clock.
There are plenty of C8051F120
on-chip gadgets we can put to work in
an application. However, if we dont
have our arms around the C8051F120
basics, we wont even be able to blink
an LED. So, lets examine the
C8051F120s basic subsystems.
C8051F120 MEMORY
ORGANIZATION
Even
though
the
Silicon
Laboratories CIP-51 is a proprietary
implementation, it has a standard
8051 program and data address
configuration. A standard 8051
addressing configuration consists of
256 bytes of data RAM, with the
upper 128 bytes being dual-mapped.
Indirect addressing accesses the
upper 128 bytes of general-purpose
RAM, and direct addressing accesses
the 128 byte SFR address space. The
lower 128 bytes of RAM are accessible via direct and indirect addressing.
The first 32 bytes are addressable
as four banks of general-purpose registers, and the next 16 bytes can be byte
addressable or bit addressable. When I first encountered this small segment of
memory, I had to really
think about what was going
on as I was writing my code
in assembler. Dont get too
caught up in the seeming
complexity as the Keil 8051
C compiler well be using
takes care of us in this area.
What you see in Figure 2
describing the C8051F120
256-byte RAM segment
layout is enough for now.
The
Silicon
Laboratories
C8051F120 devices include an onchip 8KB RAM block and an external
memory interface (EMIF) for accessing
off-chip data memory. Using overlapping 8KB boundaries, the on-chip 8KB
RAM block can be addressed over the
entire 64KB external data memory
address range. External data memory
address space can be mapped to allow
the programmer to use only the
on-chip memory or a combination of
on-chip and external memory.
For instance, addresses up to the
8KB boundary can be directed to onchip memory and any addresses
above the 8KB address marker are
directed to EMIF. If youre using
external memory that multiplexes the
address and data lines, the EMIF
can be configured to accommodate
multiplexed address/data lines. Figure
3 is a graphical depiction of the
C8051F120s external RAM space.
The C8051F120s program memory consists of 128KB of banked Flash
memory. As you can see in Figure 4,
the 1024 bytes between addresses
0x1FC00 and 0x1FFFF are reserved.
This memory may be reprogrammed
in-system in 1024 byte sectors, and
requires no special off-chip programming voltage. Notice that there are
also two 128-byte sectors beginning at
address 0x20000 and ending at
address 0x200FF, which may be used
by the programmer for data storage.
Again, this memory map information
is good for the head and is taken care
of for you by a good C compiler.
C8051F120 I/O AND

DIGITAL CROSSBAR
The standard 8051 configuration
offers a total of four eight-bit ports (0,
1, 2, and 3). The C8051F120 is packaged in a 100-pin TQFP format, which
allows for four additional ports (4, 5, 6,
and 7). It is not every day you see a
microcontroller that allows you to configure the actual internal port hardware.
The C8051F120s general-purpose I/O
operates in an identical manner to the
standard 8051, but better.
Each of the C8051F120s generalpurpose I/O pins can be configured
as either a push-pull or open-drain
output. Power savings wasnt as big a
deal in the old days as it is now. The
standard 8051 configuration permanently enabled weak pullups. The
C8051F120 allows the weak pullups
to be globally disabled, allowing
the C8051F120 to play in todays
low-power application environments.
Take another look at Figure 1. Do
you see all of those on-chip peripherals feeding the Digital Crossbar? The
Digital Crossbar is nothing more than
a large on-chip digital switching
network that allows the mapping of
internal C8051F120 digital system
resources to C8051F120 generalpurpose I/O pins on P0, P1, P2, and
FIGURE 4. As Grace Slick would say,
Feed your head. You can muck around
with your linker to put stuff where you
want it in this space. However, its
easier to let the compiler do it for you.
FIGURE 3. The bottom line

is that you can configure the
usage of this space to suit you.
April 2007
85
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11:33 AM
Page 86
The following two lines of code take advantage of the

reset conditions of the XBR0, XBR1, and XBR2:
SOURCES
Silicon Laboratories (www.silabs.com) C8051F120;
C8051F120 Development Board
XBR2 = 0x40;
P1MDOUT |= 0x40;
// Enable crossbar and weak pull-ups

// enable P1.6 (LED) as push-pull output
Keil (www.keil.com) Keil uVison3 C Compiler
P3. What you would normally encounter with most other

microcontrollers here is a multiplexing scheme, which
allows predetermined system resources to share predetermined general-purpose I/O pins. The Digital Crossbar
approach allows all of the combinations of all functions. The
on-chip counter/timers, serial buses, HW interrupts, ADC
Start of Conversion inputs, comparator outputs, and other
digital signals in the controller can be configured to appear
on the C8051F120 general-purpose I/O pins specified in
the Crossbar Control registers.
Im not going to insult your intelligence as Im positive
that many if not most of you have configured and used
a microcontroller UART. Most of you are also already
familiar with how microcontroller timers operate. So, lets
take command of the C8051F120 and all it has to offer.
TOOLING UP
When it comes to 8051 C compilers, you will have to
look hard to beat Keils uVision3 8051. The Keil 8051 C
compiler includes native support for the Silicon
Laboratories C8051F120. Just in case youre wondering
why I didnt go into excruciating detail about the
C8051F120s internals and memory areas, Listing 1 shows
an excerpt from the C8051F120 include file (c8051f120.h)
that is part of the Keil 8051 C compiler.
Its pretty obvious that the include file excerpt is a manto-machine mapping of some of the C8051F120s SFRs
(Special Function Registers). I purposely picked out the
Digital Crossbar definitions to give you an idea of how to
address the Digital Crossbars configuration registers. Lets
walk through a very simple example of Digital Crossbar
configuration. Our goal is to enable general-purpose I/O
P1.6 as a push-pull output that will drive an LED. Push-pull
configuration of the general-purpose I/O port means that
when we write a logical 1 to the port pin, the output of the
port pin will go logically high. Conversely, a logical low I/O
instruction from the application will render a logical low at
the targeted general-purpose I/O pin output.
LISTING 1
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
sfr
86
P4MDOUT
SPI0CKR
P5MDOUT
P6MDOUT
P7MDOUT
XBR0
PCA0CPH5
XBR1
XBR2
EIE1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0x9C;
0x9D;
0x9D;
0x9E;
0x9F;
0xE1;
0xE2;
0xE2;
0xE3;
0xE6;
April 2007
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
The bits contained within XBR0 enable or disable the

Comparator 0 output, the PCA0 module, UART0, SPI0, and
SMBus0. The corresponding bit in XBR0 must be set to
enable the peripheral represented by the bit. XBR0 resets with
all of its bits cleared. Thus, every internal peripheral represented in XBR0 is disabled on reset. Were only interested in
defining a single push-pull output and none of the peripherals
represented by XBR0 need to be involved. XBR1s bits deal
with interrupt inputs, among other things, and we dont need
any of that right now, either. So, we leave XBR1 in its reset
state, which is all bits cleared and all corresponding services
represented by the bits disabled. I think you get the idea.
However, XBR2 houses the weak pullup bit, which is
enabled when the bit is clear. Thus, all were doing by
setting that single bit within XBR2 is to enable the Digital
Crossbar. Once the Digital Crossbar is enabled, we can set
the bit within the P1MDOUT SFR that configures generalpurpose I/O pin P1.6 as a push-pull output. If we were to
hang an LED on general-purpose I/O P1.6 in a sourced configuration (LED cathode grounded), issuing an application
command to send a logical 1 to the P1.6 general-purpose
I/O pin would illuminate the LED.
The thing you want to take away from this is that
following a reset, you wont have to worry about turning off
Digital Crossbar stuff you dont need in your application. All
you have to do is enable the internal peripherals you intend
to use and turn on the Digital Crossbar if necessary.
NEXT TIME
Normally, were on the scent of assembling and coding

a particular application. Not so this time. So, well explore
the capabilities of the C8051F120 using an off-the-shelf
Silicon Laboratories C8051F120 development board. That
will allow me to use the excellent Silicon Laboratories debugging/programming device in conjunction with Keil uVision3
to show you how things C8051F120 work at the bit level.
The C8051F120s innards have been partially exposed.
We still have C8051F120 timers, UARTs, capture modules,
comparators, and such to work through physically and
logically. You will come to realize
that the ease of dealing with
the C8051F120s Digital Crossbar
flows across all of the C8051F120s
PORT 4 OUTPUT MODE
*/
SPI 0 CLOCK RATE CONTROL
*/
internal peripherals. The C8051F120
PORT 5 OUTPUT MODE
*/
is a very powerful mixed-signal
PORT 6 OUTPUT MODE
*/
SOC (System on a Chip). Just
PORT 7 OUTPUT MODE
*/
because the C8051F120 is powerful
CROSSBAR CONFIGURATION REGISTER 0
*/
doesnt mean it has to be difficult to
PCA 0 MODULE 5 CAPTURE/COMPARE - HIGH BYTE
*/
*/
use. Ill prove that to you in the
*/
next installment of the Design
EXTERNAL INTERRUPT ENABLE 1
*/
Cycle. NV
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8:46 PM
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April 2007
87
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3/8/2007
11:26 AM
Page 88
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OpenComm.qxd
3/6/2007
11:55 AM
Page 89
OPEN
COMMUNICATION
THE LATEST IN NETWORKING AND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
BY LOUIS E. FRENZEL W5LEF
MIMO 101:
Next Generation Wireless Technology is

Finding Its Way Into Most New Systems
IN CASE YOU HAVENT HEARD, MIMO means Multiple Input Multiple Output
which by itself still does not explain very much. It is a relatively new
wireless technique that makes use of two or more transmitters, receivers, and
antennas to greatly improve the range, reliability, and data rate of digital
wireless systems. It is being incorporated in the newest versions of wireless
LANs and in the new metropolitan (metro) wireless systems like WiMAX. And
it could play a role in future cell phone systems. You can expect to see it soon
in a wireless system that you use. Thats why you should know more about it.
MIMO SOLVES SOME

REAL PROBLEMS
In modern digital wireless systems, the goal is always to transmit
data faster over a longer distance
with greater reliability. Thats a
tough job. It is particularly difficult at
microwave frequencies where most
digital transmissions take place.
Remember that microwave frequencies are those above 1 GHz. This is
where the wireless local area
networks (WLAN) like Wi-Fi IEEE
802.11 standard-based units work.
The 2.4 GHz band is the most
common, but 5.8 GHz is also used.
Data transmissions in cell phones
for Internet access, email, instant
messaging, and the like take place
just below 1 GHz in the 850 to 965
MHz range and in the 1.8 to 2.1
GHz range.
In these frequency ranges, signals
are easily reflected, refracted,
diffused, absorbed, and otherwise
affected by their environment.
Buildings, walls and ceilings, trees,
passing cars, or planes all affect the

signal. What happens is that a transmitted signal goes directly to the
receiver but signals reflected from
other sources also end up at the
receiver. Since the reflected signals
take a longer path to
the receiver, they
occur at a slightly
later time so the
effect is to cancel
some of the directly
received signal. The
multipath
signals
cause fading and sig-
nal attenuation. And that effect is not

just an occasional thing but an allthe-time thing. Highly directional
antennas like Yagis and parabolic
dishes can help in fixed point-topoint applications, but you cant put
FIGURE 1. The basic

concept of MIMO showing a 2x3 arrangement
of transmitters (TX) and
receivers (RX). The
receiver outputs are
digitized in analog-todigital converters (ADC)
and then manipulated
by a digital signal
processor (DSP) to
combine
multipath
signals. The result is
higher data rates over
longer distances with
greater reliability.
April 2007
89
OpenComm.qxd
3/6/2007
11:55 AM
Page 90
these on mobile devices like cell

phones or laptops.
One way to improve this
situation is to use an old radio
technique called diversity reception.
The receiver is set up with two or
more antennas spaced as far apart
as possible. A spacing of one
wavelength or more is desired, but
the technique will work with less
spacing, but less effectively. At
microwave frequencies, this is not a
problem because one wavelength is
pretty short.
For example, one wavelength at
2.4 GHz is about five inches. With
two antennas spaced this far apart,
they both receive the signal but most
likely from different directions via
different paths and reflections. The
receiver is then set up to select the
strongest signal by switching to the
antenna with the greatest signal
strength. In some diversity systems,
the signals from the antennas can be
combined assuming they dont cancel
one another. Cordless phones, most
WLAN units, and most cell phone
base stations use diversity to improve
reception.
MIMO IMPROVES
ON DIVERSITY
MIMO (pronounced my mo)
systems use diversity, as well as other
techniques to further improve signal
strength and reliability of reception in
the face of multipath effects. It goes
further, however, in that it also
improves data rate. MIMO makes use
of a minimum of two transmitters (TX)
and two receivers (RX). In many
cases, more receivers are used. A

common arrangement is two
transmitters and three receivers or
what we call a 2x3 MIMO system
(see Figure 1).
The data to be transmitted is
divided into two separate but simultaneous data streams and modulated
on to the two transmitters. The most
widely used modulation method is
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with some form of
PSK or QAM. These transmitters send
the data out over the same frequency
at the same time, but special digital
coding methods are used to keep
the signals unique so the receivers
can separate them out. What this
simultaneous transmission does is
to effectively double the highest
possible data rate. For example, a 54
Mbps rate on both transmitters gives
a net overall data rate of 108 Mbps at
the receiver.
At the receive end of the system,
the three receivers with separate
antennas spaced as far apart as possible pick up the direct signals, as well
as all manner of reflected multipath
signals. The signals received at each
antenna are different. What the
MIMO system does is to make use of
all the received signals to improve
reception. This is done by digitizing
each received signal in an analog-todigital converter (ADC) then sending
the result to a digital signal processor
(DSP).
Special computing algorithms
then manipulate the signals so as
to combine them to produce
receive gain and to virtually
eliminate the fading problem. What
the MIMO method does, in effect,
is to use all the received
signals reflected or otherwise
and combine them to produce
an overall increased signal
level. This extends not only the
range of the signal but also
FIGURE 2. A Belkin pre-n router
uses MIMO in home and office networks. It is backwards compatible
with 802.11b/g Wi-Fi WLANs.
While speed is improved, its real
value seems to lie in its extended
range and increased radio link
reliability. Photo courtesy of Belkin
Corporation.
90
April 2007
improves overall reliability of the

transmission in common multipath
environments.
MIMO
sounds
expensive
because it uses multiple transmitters,
receivers, and antennas. That may
have been a problem at one time,
but today with the available
integrated circuits, MIMO is
affordable and very small. Special
MIMO chipsets put two and
sometimes even more transmitters
on a chip, as well as three or
more receivers. Semiconductor
process technology lets designers
easily incorporate the DSP and
other circuitry directly on a single
chip. Small antennas make it easy
to place two or three on a MIMO
product.
WHERE IT IS USED
The first widespread use of
MIMO is in WLANs. It is available in
the wireless access points (APs) and
gateways and inside laptop computers. It is being incorporated in the
latest version of the IEEE 802.11
WLAN standard. The most widely
used current standard is 802.11b and
11g. The 11b version is the oldest,
operates in the 2.4 GHz band with
direct sequency spread spectrum
(DSSS), and gives 11 Mbps at a range
to 100 meters. The 11g standard also
works in the 2.4 GHz band but uses
OFDM and supports data rates to 54
Mbps up to 100 meters. A lesser used
standard is 802.11a which works in
the 5.8 GHz band and uses OFDM to
give up to 54 Mbps.
The IEEE is currently working to
finalize the next version which is
802.11n. A final version is not
expected to be ratified until early
2008. In the meantime, chip vendors
and Wi-Fi equipment vendors are
offering a pre-n or draft-n version of
the standard. The 11n standard
incorporates MIMO. The Wi-Fi
Alliance who certifies 802.11
products for interoperability is even
certifying pre-n versions of the
equipment. The most common
configuration is the 2x3 version with
two transmitters and three receivers.
A typical unit is shown in Figure 2.
OpenComm.qxd
3/6/2007
11:55 AM
Page 91
O P E N C O M M U N I C AT I O N
The final 11n units will deliver a data rate of over 200
Mbps up to 100 meters with greatly improved reliability.
It is this version of the standard that is expected to
be widely used to distribute video in home networks
when Internet Protocol TV becomes available this year
and beyond.
MIMO is also expected to be used with WiMAX. This
is the name of the IEEE 802.16 wireless metro area
network. It is not widely available yet, but is being
built now as a wireless broadband service to provide
high speed Internet service to those in rural areas with
no DSL or cable. Many even expect WiMAX to be
used for wireless voice over Internet protocol (VoIP)
telephone calls that compete with cellular. Some even
see WiMAX as the fourth generation (4G) of cellular, but
that remains to be seen. In any case, WiMAX works in
the 2.4-2.7 and 3.5 GHz bands so its a great choice
for MIMO.
MIMO is more difficult to integrate into cell
phones because they are so small and make antenna
placement and spacing a major problem. MIMO is
used in base stations and that usage will expand in
the future. MIMO will show up in laptops where it
is possible to mount and hide two or more
antennas. MIMO is a great wireless technique and
available now because of the power of digital signal
processing. NV
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ReadFeed Apr07.qxd
3/8/2007
9:38 PM
Page 92
READER FEEDBACK
FLYIN HIGH FOR
NEAR SPACE
As an engineer and experimenter,
I have found myself very interested in
Paul Verhages articles. As an excommercial pilot and sometimes almost
daily commercial jet passenger, I am
interested in the regulatory and safety
aspects of his hobby.
His work is very stimulating and it
reminds me of some projects Id like to
tackle if I knew more about how to get
started. I know where to get the helium
and the balloons but late at night, at
FL37, sometimes I think about the
sound of one of Verhages balloons
going through the compressor of a Rolls
or Garrett engine :>).
In all seriousness, I would like to
get much more information about the
safe way to approach this hobby.
Larry Cagle
GETTING
GROUNDED
I was just reading the current
edition and came across the Q&A on
grounds, and why chassis ground is
called chassis ground.
In the days of tube radios and
televisions, most if not all of the
chassis were made of tin or formed
metal; the majority of wiring on those
old tube sets was single wire with the
return path being the chassis. On some
houses, one had to be careful with
the plug because if you plugged it in
upside down, the chassis would be hot.
I have been buzzed numerous times
from a hot chassis.
Earth ground was indeed
referenced to Earth and mostly had to
do with antennas since Earth formed
half of a Marconi or Hertz antenna.
Electrical circuits were not
referenced to Earth in a lot of early
construction; some of the earliest wiring
was floating with either side to Earth at
65 volts and phase-to-phase at 130 volts.
Again a hot chassis, but it would not
shock you since the wiring was not
ground referenced.
If the building had grounded
construction, it would be at the fuse
panel with a ground rod connected to
92
April 2007
Continued from Page 47
the neutral. Sometimes they just used

a cold water pipe; I have even seen it
done tied into the telephone ground
rod. Since ground was not carried in
the wiring, there were no three-wire
outlets, and only the very newest
construction had outlets that would
accept a polarized plug and had a
ground referenced system. Most
early (before polarized) plugs had both
tabs the same size. When polarized
plugs were introduced, most cut
off the extra wide tabs because
they would not fit the old duplex
receptacle, hence the statement about
a hot chassis above.
Pat Goodyear
STUDENT NEEDS
HELP PICing
I am an electronics student, and,
though Ive been playing around with
stuff since I was about eight years old,
Im just getting started this being my
first post-secondary year. Being a
programmer, I am interested in getting
into PICs, mainly since I found out that
Microchip gives out free samples ;). I
was hoping you could point me to a
cheap programmer for them. It can be
USB or COM, kit or assembled, but not
too hard to build if it is a kit. I would like
to be able (if possible) to program a
range of PIC models. Could you point
me to some products, please?
Jeff MacEachern
Author Response:
I get this question often. There are
lots of choices including programmers
on eBay. I even offer a PIC programmer
kit at my website www.elproducts.com
for $19.95 that is easy to build and is
powered off the serial port of a
computer. But most people want a USB
programmer though, since many
computers dont even offer serial ports
anymore.
Because of that, I wrote a summary on the various USB PIC programmers
in the October 06 Nuts & Volts issue.
If you can get a hold of that, it might
help you make the decision. In the
article, I included the PICkit2 USB
powered programmer from Microchip
at MicrochipDirect.com and after
using it for a while, Ive found its one

of the best. Its not a kit though, since
it comes fully assembled and even
includes a development board
and PIC16F690 for $50. It also includes
sample compilers and free sample
programs.
In the March 07 N&V issue, I use
the PICkit2 to do in-circuit programming
which is something youll want to learn.
So, my kit or PICkit2 would be my
recommendation.
Chuck Hellebuyck
PATENTED ANSWER
Id like to note some inaccuracies
in the Feb 07 article Open
Communication p.88-89; Julius
Lilienfeld invented and patented the
transistor in the early 1930s:
Pat #1,745,175 Jan 28, 1930
Pat #1,877,140 Sep 13, 1932
Pat #1,900,018 Mar 7, 1933
Reading the patents shows that he
clearly knew what he was doing.
Remember, at that time, the Great
Depression was rolling and funds for
developing a device from an unknown
were not available.
I think that the records show that
Shockley et al. were well aware of those
patents!
Author Response:
Thanks for your input on my Feb
Nut s & Volt s column. You are right
about Lilienfeld being the first to
invent the transistor. In fact, it was
actually a field effect transistor and
not the point contact and BJT that
Shockley and his crew came up with.
But as I have read, Lilienfeld never did
actually build and test one. Nevertheless, I agree that the patents tell the
story. The situation is not unlike the
story I told in the article. Tesla gets the
patents, but Marconi gets all the fame
and money.
I just went with the conventionally accepted wisdom that the transistor
was invented at Bell Labs. Lilienfeld was
certainly first, however. I acknowledge
that. I appreciate you writing.
Lou Frenzel
TechForum.qxd
3/8/2007
1:34 PM
Page 93
TECH
FORUM
This is a READER-TO-READER Column.
All questions AND answers are submitted by Nuts & Volts readers and are intended to promote the exchange of ideas and provide assistance
for solving problems of a technical nature. Questions are subject to editing and will be published on a space available basis if deemed suitable
by the publisher. Answers are submitted by readers and NO GUARANTEES WHATSOEVER are made by the publisher. The implementation of
any answer printed in this column may require varying degrees of technical experience and should only be attempted by qualified individuals.
Always use common sense and good judgement!
All questions and answers should

be sent by email to forum@nuts
volts.com All diagrams should be
computer generated and sent with your
submission as an attachment.
QUESTIONS
To be considered, all questions should relate
to one or more of the following:
Circuit Design
Electronic Theory
Problem Solving
Other Similar Topics
Be brief but include all pertinent information. If no one knows what you're asking, you
won't get any response (and we probably
won't print it either).
Include your Name, Address, Phone Number, and email. Only your Name, City, and
State will be published with the question,
but we may need to contact you.
No questions will be accepted that offer
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ANSWERS
Include in the subject line of your email,
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Comments regarding answers printed in
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Feedback section if space allows.
>>> QUESTIONS
I would like to know if I can hook
up a Velleman K4003 amplifier to my
speakers directly to increase volume
and what does the circuit wiring entail.
#4071
Paul Kozlowski
Schertz,TX
I'm looking to build a battery
charger that can continuously charge a
battery under load such as you
would find in an online UPS.
I'm not sure how this would differ
from a regular continuous maintenance
charger (i.e., a charger that supplies
a trickle charge, as well as periodic
higher power plate cleaning charges).
Any guidance would be appreciated.
#4072
Don Stahl
via email
I am in the process of restoring an
older Chevrolet truck (1957) and would
like to put in high intensity discharge
(HID) headlights like some of the
high-end automobiles now have. Im
looking for schematics, pointers, and
any other information on the
ballast/control circuit to drive them.
#4073
John Blankenagel
Hillsboro, OR
I've got an older computer (Plll at
500 MHz) and would like to add a
larger hard drive (250 GB @ ATA133 or
a 200 GB @ ATA100). I have been told

by some that the computer won't be
able to access the new drive's
entire capacity and won't be supported
by the micro-ATX motherboard
(GT440ZX). Presently, its 'primary' hard
drive is a 27.2GB U-DMA ATA-66
which is now full (OS=WIN98SE). I
would like to copy all the files on it and
replace it with the larger drive.
If I install the 250 GB, will I be able
to access the entire capacity and
will it be supported by my existing
motherboard or will I have problems?
Also, I need a recommendation for
software which will allow me to copy
("mirror") and move all my files from
one drive to the other.
#4074
Michael Williams
via email
I have a project that requires two
power amplifiers capable of driving
very low impedance AC motors. The
specs for the motors are 120 VAC at
4A. The motors will have the armature
removed as I am using only the field
assemblies in a magnetic amplifier. The
drive for the motors is two sine waves
and the output of the magnetic amplifier needs to be the sine wave sum of the
inputs.
I will use a dual channel Direct
Digital Synthesizer from Nuts & Volts
Nov 06, page 48. I will drive the
motors from near 0 Hz to about 50
kHz with the two inputs separated by
April 2007
93
TechForum.qxd
3/8/2007
1:35 PM
Page 94
> > > R E A D E R - TO - R E A D E R

various frequencies.
#4075
Orval Hollingsworth
Rocklin, CA
buzzholl@starstream.net
Can anyone recommend a decent
electronics glossary of terms or
dictionary?
#4076
Paul Kozlowski
Schertz,TX
>>> ANSWERS
I am new to programming and
need some advice on which assembly
code is better to start out on. What
book (or books) should I get?
#1 If youre new to programming,
there are two types of programming
to choose from. The first is procedural
(which includes assembly); the
second is object orientated. Object
Orientated Programming (OOP) can
easily be learned by downloading
Express Editions of Visual Studio (for
free) from Microsoft; along with
numerous code samples and support
information (from MSDN, also free);
there are a lot of beginning programming books available for this platform.
OOP has the advantage that it is the
standard for corporate development.
Q U E S T I O N S
The primary reason to learn

assembly is for speed and absolute
access to the physical hardware. If you
dont need both of these, learning a
language like C might work out better
for you. C is almost as fast as assembly
and has the advantage that you
can use it across various platforms.
There are a lot of very good books for
beginners for it, as well.
If youre still set on learning
assembly; the first thing you need to
pick is your processor. Unless you
already have a platform in mind, I
would suggest picking one of these
three: Microchip PIC microcontrollers;
Atmel ARM microcontrollers; and TI
MSP microcontrollers.
My personal recommendation is
the TI product; the development environment is only $20, which includes a
USB programmer, Flash-based processor board, and all the development
software. In addition, the assembly
language itself is very robust and easy
to understand, and the kit includes a
wealth of code examples. Once
youve learned one assembly
language, learning a second is much
easier since you only have to learn
how the mnemonics are different.
If this is just for fun, then I would
suggest getting an Apple II+ emulator
[#1073 - January 2007]
I have an antique tractor that has a 6 VDC electrical system. Because this tractor is not used like the daily workhorse
it once was, I have to charge the battery every month or so.
I can find 12 VDC float chargers; and, in fact, use these $15
gems to maintain most of my lead-acid batteries. Can you
provide me a circuit that will maintain the voltage of 6 VDC
lead-acid batteries? The circuit would stay plugged into the
110 VAC mains and monitor the battery voltage.
#1 I have an Enerwatt 612-900 that would do what you
ask. It looks like a larger-than-normal wall-wart, and comes
with clamps and ring terminals.
It charges 6 or 12 volt lead-acid batteries with three
stage charging and is designed to be left on the battery
indefinitely.
I paid about $35 (Canadian) for it, and its available
from Prairie Battery (www.prairiebattery.ca).
Andy Fenstad
Winnipeg, Manitoba
#2 I have not built this, but I carefully checked the
ratings. The fuse is 5 X 20 mm and is to be mounted on perf
board using two fuse clips. I chose 315 mA because it is a
size used in meters and is readily available. The transformer
94
April 2007
A N D
A N S W E R S
off the Internet (like AppleWin) and a

6502 assembly language tutor book
from Amazon. These books are very
education focused, plus, you can play
classic Apple games while learning.
Joe OBrien
Ladera Ranch, CA
#2 You didn't mention which particular processor or microcontroller
for which you would like to learn
assembly. I will assume that you would
be interested in the PIC microcontrollers manufactured by Microchip.
The first resource you will want to
consider is the manufacturer's website, www.microchip.com. Here, you
will find a wealth of knowledge in the
form of reference manuals, device
datasheets, and application notes.
Also, be sure to download the MPLAB
Integrated Development Environment.
This free software package includes a
simulator which allows you to singlestep through each line of code and
examine the results. This can be a very
valuable tool in understanding how a
particular microcontroller works.
Myke Predko has written an indepth book (nearly 1,200 pages) entitled "Programming and Customizing
PICmicro Microcontrollers." This book
starts with the basics and provides
has wire leads and can be bolted to the chassis or perf

board. The parts were chosen to be able to be mounted on
perf board or a RadioShack project board. The red LED is
just to show that power is on.
The circuit in Figure 1 operates this way: R2 and D1,
D2 limit the current through the TIP41 to about one amp.
It would take a week to charge a dead battery with this
circuit, so it is not a fast charger, but when the battery is
charged, it will maintain it. When the battery voltage rises
to 6.8 volts, the PN2222 is turned on, which lights the
green LED and shuts down the TIP41. The circuit will
Figure 1
PARTS LIST
QTY PART
2
FUSE HOLDER
1
FUSE 5x20 MM
1
XFMR
1
BRIDGE
1
R6 1/4W
1
R1 1/2W
1
TIP41
1
R2 1/2W
2
D1, D2
MOUSER PART #
441-EPD203P
504-GDB-315MA
41FG010
627-S1VB20-7000
291-470-RC
293-56-RC
511-TIP41CN
293-0.5-RC
78-1N4148
QTY
1
1
1
1
1
1
PART
PN2222
GRN LED
RED LED
R3 1/4W
R4 1/4W
100 OHM POT
MOUSER PART #
512-PN2222TA
604-WP7104SGD
604-WP63SRD
291-270-RC
291-240-RC
652-3352E-1-101LF
TechForum.qxd
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> > > R E A D E R - TO - R E A D E R

many examples. After the manufacturer's published literature, some people
consider this book to be the definitive
resource.
And finally, if you get stuck, there
are a variety of online resources for
you to ask specific questions.
Microchip has their own online
forums and you should also check out
the MIT PICList email list at
www.piclist.com.
Aaron Garber
Arcanum, OH
#3 Start with a simple microcomputer like the PIC with only 33 instructions to learn.
You might start out with a
microcomputer simulator. It is a piece
of software that runs on your PC and
looks like a micro. There is a window
where you write code; move A,B
and other windows where you see the
number move from B to A or A to B,
as you will soon know. Microchip
MPLAB is free; a number of
companies give away their development software.
If you want to go straight to hardware, search for the BASIC Stamp (as
there are many competitors). You
write in Basic (some allow assembly),
but you have a tiny computer up and
Q U E S T I O N S
working in minutes. There are

hundreds of examples of working
code and good help forums.
Go to any microcomputer
website. MicroChip, TI, Zilog, Silicon
Labs, Atmel, etc., and look for
development boards. You need a
board with a microcomputer, LEDs,
buttons, and places to add more parts.
I have SiLabs C8051F005 development kit that comes with a good
simulator/compiler. SiLabs and TI have
boards as small as your thumb.
Mikroe.com has beautiful large
boards. Good luck!
Ron Simpson
Loveland, CO
#4 Programming is a large topic, so
the answer will be a bit general. Here
is a quick run-down of the basics and
places to look.
The most important thing to know
is that learning a language is only
a small part of programming.
Understanding algorithms, data structures (how to store and access data),
and overall design are extremely
important when writing programs with
more than a few hundred lines of
code. I'd recommend getting a book
on data structures and another on
software engineering (that's the fancy
supply only enough current to maintain the voltage at 6.8

volts. Using an LED as the voltage reference provides some
temperature compensation. To adjust the pot, connect a
fully charged battery and adjust for 6.8 volts at the battery.
If the battery is not fully charged, set the pot at its lowest
(toward R4) and check periodically until the voltage rises
above 6.8, then back off to 6.8 volts.
The TIP41 will get hot charging a dead battery, so a
heatsink is advised. Mouser part number 532-6237B will
probably work. TIP41A, B, and C are also okay to use.
Mouser has no minimum order (www.mouser.com).
Russell Kincaid
Milford, NH
#3 A simple solution would be to use a handful of rectifing diodes, capable of handling the current of the battery
charger. Connect the diodes in series to get a 5.5 to 6 volt
drop and connect them in series with the six volt battery.
Lance Corey
Fullerton, CA
#4 A battery maintance or float charger just replaces the
charge lost due to internal leakage. A resistor can be placed
in series with the output of a 12V maintenance charger for
use on a 6V battery. If the battery is rated at 24 amp-hours
A N D
A N S W E R S
term for planning and managing

program development).
As for the actual languages to
learn, programming for computers is
rarely done in assembler these days,
unless you are working on device
drivers or performance-critical applications. In general, high-level languages
such as C, C++, C#, Java, and Visual
Basic are much more prevalent. There
are numerous books dedicated to
each of these languages and they
cover them in lots of detail. There is
still a lot of value in learning assembler, however, as it gives you a better
understanding of how the computer
really works. One of the best books on
computer assembly programming is
"The Art of Assembly Language
Programming" by Randall Hyde. It covers the Intel x86 assembly language
and covers many of the underlying
concepts needed for successfully
writing programs in assembler.
If you are more interested in
programming microcontrollers, there
are fewer languages to learn. Many
microcontrollers can be programmed
using high-level languages such as C
or BASIC. This makes programming
these devices much easier and also
makes the source code much easier to
understand after the program has
and is dead in 30 days (720 hours), it must be losing charge

at a 33 milliamp rate. To drop 6V at 33 mA, use a 180 ohm,
1/2 watt resistor. The resistor value may have to be adjusted to match the actual discharge rate of your battery. If the
discharge rate is much higher than 33 mA, look for a sneak
discharge path in the tractor electrical system. Another
approach is to use an LM117 regulator to drop the maintenace charger output. Set its output to about seven volts.
Joseph D'Airo
West Islip, NY
#5 Here are two sites where six volt chargers are
available: www.atbatt.com/product/6840.asp and www.
batterystuff.com/battery-chargers/6-volt/UPG6.html
If you want to
build your own float
Figure 2
charger, refer to
Figure 2. A 12 volt
DC wall wart such
as stock #16770
from www.mpja.
com can be used
with the circuit.
Ed Schick
Harrison, NY
April 2007
95
TechForum.qxd
3/8/2007
1:46 PM
Page 96
> > > R E A D E R - TO - R E A D E R
Q U E S T I O N S
been written. The same books on C and BASIC for

computers will apply to microcontrollers with some
exceptions. If you want to dive into assembly programming
for microcontrollers, there are few places to learn it other
than online tutorials and the assembler reference from the
manufacturer. Nearly every microcontroller has its own
assembly language, each with its own syntax (what you
type to tell the device what to do). For PIC microcontrollers,
there is an excellent beginners guide to PIC programming
at
www.covingtoninnovations.com/noppp/picassem
2004.pdf. Similar guides for other microcontrollers can be
found by searching the Internet.
Rick Altherr
Los Gatos, CA
[#1072 - January 2007]
I'm looking for a phone call screener that would allow

me to enter phone numbers of acceptable callers that would
ring the phone, but give all other calls a greeting and an
option to leave voice mail.
Does anyone know of a commercial product, kit, or
design article?
#1 A product that can do exactly that is the "Person-toPerson" from www.interceptorid.com. It has a few other
features, too. The user manual is available online so you can
check it out in more depth.
Colin O'Flynn
Hamilton, Ontario
A N D
A N S W E R S
#2 There are several commercial products: www.digi

tone.com/Call%20Screener.htm and www.buyreliant.com
/tele/f250.htm
Here is a link to a project that could be easily adapted
to your needs: www.jandspromotions.com/philips2005
/Winners/AR1762.htm
There is a link to download the entire project including
source code.
Daryl Rictor
via email
#3 I put together two versions of a PIC and a Caller ID
receiver chip to make almost what you are looking for.
My first circuit has your line and answering machine on
the input and the 'protected' phones on the output. Over
200 numbers can be programmed in the "allowed" list.
When the line rings, the phones are disconnected and
CID data is collected at the end of the ring. Date, time,
name, and number data is collected. The name and number
data is printed on a 2x16 display and the number is
compared to the stored data. If a match is found, the relay
connects the phones and the line 'rings' the phones. If there
was no match, the relay keeps the phones disconnected
and lets your answering machine take the call.
My second version has four relays. The first, "relay 0,"
handles unknown and unprogrammed calls. The other three
are activated by the 11th digit entered while programing the
"allowed" numbers. You could connect one machine for the
teens, one for your spouse, and one for you. Each could
retrieve their own messages without hearing messages
directed to others.
More machines could be added by changing the
PIC16F876 to a PIC16F877 28 pins vs. 40 pins and
adding the needed code in the program.
If you are interested, I can be reached at dhewett
@computingplus.biz.
Dennis Hewett
via email
#4 You should look at the Globalinx personal communicator manager. If you go to www.digitone.com/ you will
see some options. I bought one and I am demanding more
of it than you. For you, it should do the trick nicely. You can
program in individual numbers, or partial numbers, to allow
or hang up on. You can tell it to store the last number that
called in as an accepted number. You can record a greeting
on the device that only those not accepted will hear, and
then they can be sent to the phone machine (that you must
provide). The ones that are accepted are allowed to ring on
the house phones without the message.
Depending on how you set it up, you may need a
second answering machine for those people (although I use
a two-line adapter so both types of calls go to a single
machine). If you want Caller ID, you have to put up with the
phones ringing two times, to allow the CID data to reach all
your phones. This is also programmable. To do more
research, try an Internet search on call managers.
Joe Heck
Wrentham, MA
96
April 2007
IndexApr07.qxd
3/8/2007
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10:26 PM
Page 97
SEARCH FOR
FIND
Find your favorite advertisers here!

1-WIRE
Hobby Boards ......................................31
Trace Systems, Inc. .............................46

XGameStation ......................................60
AMATEUR
RADIO AND TV
CYBERCRIME TOOLS
AND SOFTWARE
BATTERIES/
CHARGERS
DESIGN/
ENGINEERING/
REPAIR SERVICES
PolarisUSA Video, Inc. .........................11

Ramsey Electronics, Inc. ................16-17
A & A Engineering ................................60

Cunard Associates ...............................60
Ocean Server Technology, Inc. ...........60
BUSINESS
OPPORTUNITIES
EZ PCB ................................................91
BUYING ELECTRONIC
SURPLUS
Earth Computer Technologies .............61

Jaycar Electronics ................................69
CCD CAMERAS/
VIDEO
Circuit Specialists, Inc. ....................98-99

Matco, Inc. ...........................................60
PCB Fab Express ................................47
CIRCUIT BOARDS
AP Circuits ...........................................61
Blink Manufacturing .............................61
Cunard Associates ...............................60
Dimension Engineering ........................47
ExpressPCB .........................................29
EZ PCB ................................................91
IMET Corporation .................................87
Maxstream ...........................................31
PCB Cart ..............................................68
PCB Fab Express ................................47
PCB Pool .............................................44
Pulsar, Inc. ...........................................60
R4Systems, Inc. ...................................91
Schmart Board .....................................60
COMMMUNICATION
Avcom Tec, LLC ...................................26
COMPONENTS
Front Panel Express LLC .....................45

Jameco ................................................25
Lemos International Co., Inc. ...............96
Linx Technologies ................................65
Matrix Orbital ........................................87
Maxstream ...........................................31
Pulsar, Inc. ...........................................60
Super Bright LEDs ...............................45
COMPUTER
Hardware
ActiveWire, Inc. ....................................60
Halted Specialties Co. ..........................88
Microcontrollers / I/O Boards
Abacom Technologies ..........................15
Avcom Tec, LLC ...................................26
Conitec DataSystems ...........................46
EMAC, Inc. ...........................................68
HobbyLab .............................................60
microEngineering Labs ........................24
Net Media ...............................................2
Parallax, Inc. ..........................Back Cover
Pololu Robotics & Electronics ..............30
R4Systems, Inc. ...................................91
Scott Edwards Electronics, Inc. ...........68
The Clone Store ...................................61
Blink Manufacturing .............................61

ExpressPCB .........................................29
EZ PCB ................................................91
IMET Corporation .................................87
PCB Cart ..............................................68
PCB Pool .............................................44
Pulsar, Inc. ...........................................60
R4Systems, Inc. ...................................91
DIGITAL EVIDENCE
The Clone Store ...................................61
EDUCATION
Avcom Tec, LLC ...................................26

Command Productions ........................43
EMAC, Inc. ...........................................68
Hobby Engineering ..............................14
Schmart Board .....................................60
XGameStation ......................................60
EMBEDDED TOOLS
NetBurner................................................7
ENCLOSURES
Integrated Ideas & Technologies, Inc. ....71
EVENTS
ROBO Business....................................18
HARDDRIVE DATA
RECOVERY
The Clone Store ...................................61
IP HOME
AUTOMATION
MicroAutomata......................................44
KEYBOARD
EMULATORS
Hagstrom Electronics ...........................61
KITS & PLANS
DesignNotes.com, Inc. .........................87

Electronics123 .....................................60
EMAC, Inc. ...........................................68
Hobby Boards ......................................31
Information Unlimited ...........................46
MicroAutomata......................................44
NetBurner................................................7
QKITS ...................................................60
RABBIT Semiconductor ..........................3
Scott Edwards Electronics, Inc. ...........68
XGameStation ......................................60
LASERS
AD INDEX
Halted Specialties Co. ..........................88

MCM ....................................................10
MOTORS
Abacom Technologies ...............15

ActiveWire, Inc. .........................60
All Electronics Corp. ..................77
Jameco ................................................25
AP Circuits ................................61
OPTICS
Avcom Tec, LLC ........................26
Madell Technology ...............................24

Matrix Orbital ........................................87
Blink Manufacturing ...................61
PROGRAMMERS
Command Productions ..............43

Electronics123 .....................................60
microEngineering Labs ........................24
PUBLICATIONS
Mouser Electronics ..............................23
RF TRANSMITTERS/
RECEIVERS
Abacom Technologies ..........................15

Matco, Inc. ...........................................60
ROBOTICS
CrustCrawler ........................................24
HobbyLab .............................................60
Jameco ................................................25
LabJack ................................................26
Lynxmotion, Inc. ...................................15
Net Media ...............................................2
Pololu Robotics & Electronics ..............30
ROBO Business....................................18
Robot Power .........................................15
SATELLITE
SECURITY

Matco, Inc. ...........................................60
TEST EQUIPMENT
Circuit Specialists, Inc. ....................98-99

Dimension Engineering ........................47
Electronic Design Specialists ...............76
HobbyLab .............................................60
LabJack ................................................26
Link Instruments .....................................5
Pico Technology Ltd. UK .....................26
TOOLS

NetBurner................................................7
WEATHER
MONITORING
Hobby Boards ......................................31
WIRE, CABLE
AND CONNECTORS
LSI (micon)

Jameco ................................................25
MISC./SURPLUS
WIRELESS
PRODUCTS
Renesas Technology Corp. .................27
All Electronics Corp. .............................77

A & A Engineering .....................60
MicroAutomata......................................44
Circuit Specialists, Inc. .........98-99

Conitec DataSystems ................46
CrustCrawler .............................24
Cunard Associates ....................60
DesignNotes.com, Inc. ...............87
Dimension Engineering ..............47
Earth Computer Technologies ...61
Electronic Design Specialists ....76
Electronics123 ...........................60
EMAC, Inc. ................................68
ExpressPCB ..............................29
EZ PCB .....................................91
Front Panel Express LLC ...........45
Hagstrom Electronics ................61
Halted Specialties Co. ...............88
Hobby Boards ...........................31
Hobby Engineering ....................14
HobbyLab ..................................60
IMET Corporation ......................87
Information Unlimited ................46
Integrated Ideas & Tech. ...........71
Jameco.......................................25
Jaycar Electronics ......................69
LabJack......................................26
Lemos International Co., Inc. ....96
Link Instruments ..........................5
Linx Technologies .....................65
Lynxmotion, Inc. ........................15
Madell Technology ....................24
Matco, Inc. .................................60
Matrix Orbital .............................87
Maxstream ................................31
MCM ..........................................10
MicroAutomata ...........................44
microEngineering Labs ..............24
Mouser Electronics ....................23
NetBurner ....................................7
Net Media ....................................2
Ocean Server Technology, Inc. ..60
Parallax, Inc. ...............Back Cover
PCB Cart ...................................68
PCB Fab Express ......................47
PCB Pool ...................................44
Pico Technology Ltd. UK ...........26
PolarisUSA Video, Inc................11
Pololu Robotics & Electronics ...30
Pulsar, Inc. ................................60
QKITS ........................................60
R4Systems, Inc. .........................91
RABBIT Semiconductor ...............3
Ramsey Electronics, Inc. .....16-17
Renesas Technology Corp. .......27
ROBO Business ........................18
Robot Power .............................15
Schmart Board ..........................60
Scott Edwards Electronics, Inc. ..68
Super Bright LEDs ....................45
The Clone Store ........................61
Trace Systems, Inc. ..................46
XGameStation ...........................60
April 2007
97
Full Page.qxd
3/6/2007
4:31 PM
Page 98
PowerSupply1 Switching Power Supplies

Power Supply Blowout!
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Choose between various PS1 40, 60, 100 &

PS1 40W Series
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tected with overAvailable in
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PS1 100W Series
Also included is a
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Details at Web Site > Power Supplies > PowerSupply1 Single Output Switching Power Supplies
The CSI 3600 Series

Programmable DC Power
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C(200 to 489)
3-prong grounded power cord/static safe tip
Seperate heavy duty iron stand
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Extra tips etc. shown at web site Item#
In Business
CSI-STA
CSI-STATION1A
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2A,
0-36V
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Programmable DC Electronic
Electronic Loads
The CSI 3700 series electronic
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CSI3710A
0-360V DC
CSI3711A
0-360V DC
Input Current
Input Power
0-30A DC
0-150W
0-30A DC
0-300W
Since 1971
Item#
CSITWZ-STA
CSITWZ-STATION
> Soldering Equipment & Supplies > Soldering Stations
100,000 Count Programmable

Programmable Data Logging DMM
A power house DMM with 100,000 count accuracy and a
built-in data logger that will help you find intermittant problems and monitor equipment while you are busy working on
other jobs. The D620 can record and store in it's own internal
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Special
True RMS measurements for AC
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Item# PROTEK D620
Details at Web Site > Test Equipment > DIGITAL MULTIMETERS
Dual Output DC Bench Power Supplies
Stability, Speed and

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High Performance: 2000
readings/sec
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Item# M3500A
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> Test Equipment > Digital Multimeters
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*All 3 Models have a 1A/5VDC Fixed Output on the rear panel*
CSI3003X-5:
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CSI-STA
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0-18V
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CSI3710A: $349.00
Also Available w/Digital Display SMD Hot Tweezer

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ocessor Controller
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Source Effect: 5x10-4=2mV
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Stepped Current: 30mA +/- 1mA
Input Voltage: 110VAC
CSI3003X3:
CSI3003X3 0-30VDCx2 @3A $188.00 5+: $183.00
CSI3005XIII:
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Details at Web Site > Test Equipment > Power Supplies
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CoverInside.qxd
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2:16 PM
Page 2
ESD Safe CPU Controlled

Controlled SMD Hot Air Rework Station
Station
The heater and air control system are
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Stepper Motors
Part #:
42BYGH404
57BYGH207
57BYGH303
57BYGH405
85BYGH350B-03
85BYGH350C-03
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Item# CSI825A++
CPU Controlled
$149.00!
Built-in Vacuum System
Temperature Range:100C to 480C / 212F to 896F
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Details at Web Site > Soldering Equipment & Supplies
Br eadboard / Power Supply /

MultiFunction DMM Bundle
Provides the user with a quick and efficient
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Comes with three built-in regulated power
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Digital Storage Oscilloscope Module

Convert any PC with USB interface to a high
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Comes with two probes.
Details & Software
Download at Web Site
Price
Breakthrough!
3290N
Frequency Range : 100KHz ~ 2900MHz

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New
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Rev.
Rev. Now
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Details at Web Site
> Test Equipment > RF Test Equipment
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> Test Equipment > Oscilloscopes/Outstanding Prices

PC based Digital Storage Oscilloscope,
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Item# 200DSO Only$819.00

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Outdoor Color Speed Dome Camera

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Item# VC-EX861
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Up to 80 preset points
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Vertical rotation: 0-100
RS485 control interface
Min. Illumination: 0.1Lux (color) / 0.001Lux (B&W)
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SONY Super HAD

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Min. Illumination: 1Lux/F1.2
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3/8/2007
1:27 PM
Page 108
Vol. 28 No. 4
NUTS & VOLTS
Part #
Pins
SX20AC/SS-G
20
SX28AC/DP-G 28
SX28AC/SS-G
28
SX48BD-G
48
I/O
12
20
20
36
EE/Flash
2K bytes
2K bytes
2K bytes
4k x 12 words
RAM
137 bytes
136 bytes
136 bytes
262 bytes
Qty. 1
$2.79
$2.79
$2.79
$2.79
Qty. 5
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
$2.51
Qty. 100
$2.23
$2.23
$2.23
$2.23
Qty. 1000
$1.89
$1.89
$1.89
$1.89
If you have not yet tried programming with an SX, this is the time to get started. Parallax offers free
development software, including SX/B, a BASIC language compiler for the SX microcontroller. The SX/B
compiler speeds the programming of SX chips by providing a simple, yet robust high-level language
familiar to Parallax customers designed to help the transition from high-level programming (ie. BASIC
Stamp) to low-level programming (assembly language). For beginners we recommend the SX Tech Tool
Kit PLUS (#45181; $99.95) and a 7.5 VDC 1 Amp power supply (#750-00009; $10.95).
Order Parallax SX microcontrollers online

at www.parallax.com or call the Parallax Sales
Department toll-free 888-512-1024 (Mon-Fri,
7am-5pm, PT).
April 2007
Parallax, and the Parallax logo are trademarks of Parallax, Inc. BASIC Stamp
is a registered trademark of Parallax Inc.
MAGIC BOX PULSE SPEED TIMER USB FOR PROJECTS IC CIRCUITS
We have lowered our quantity pricing on SX chips. Now you can continue to use SX microcontrollers
in your production projects and enjoy even better pricing. Parallax SX microcontrollers are RoHS
Compliant, RISC architecture, high-speed microcontrollers with flash program memory, insystem programming and debugging capability.
U.S.
$5.50
CANADA
74470 89295
$7.00
0 4>

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Order Parallax SX microcontrollers online

MAGIC BOX PULSE SPEED TIMER USB FOR PROJECTS IC CIRCUITS

ESD Safe CPU Controlled

Stepper Motor Contr ollers

Details at Web Site > Soldering Equipment & Supplies

Br eadboard / Power Supply /

1(200), 1/2(400), 1/4(800),

1(200), 1/2(400), 1/4(800),

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Item#: PBB272-DMM: $69.99!

Digital Storage Oscilloscope Module

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Outdoor Color Speed Dome Camera

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PROJECTS and FEATURES

39 PULSE SPEED TIMER

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GETTING STARTED WITH

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THE DESIGN CYCLE

LA5240 (200MHz, 40CH)

Link Instruments (973) 808-8990

(d) Kenton specifically mentions a trace

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Copyright 2007 by T & L Publications, Inc.

EVENTS, ADVANCES, AND NEWS

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he notoriously bad handwriting of physicians has been a

PHOTO COURTESY OF PC GUARDIAN.

This USB lock is designed to provide

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