{EBB792CC-8BA3-4B15-A971-331F8CB0B924}

Guy Nordenson and Associates
AISC 2010 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS

TUTORIAL OUTLINE
Overview of second order effects

Previous method prior to AISC 2005
Current methods per AISC 2010
Second order effects in SAP2000 and ETABS
Examples in SAP2000 and ETABS
OVERVIEW OF SECOND ORDER EFFECTS
P EFFECT
Amplification of bending moments (or secondary
moments) resulting from member deflection. This
effect occurs in braced and unbraced frames.
Generally only significant in long, slender columns.
P EFFECT
Amplification of bending moments (or secondary
moments) resulting from sway or relative deflection
of ends of a member. This effect occurs only in
unbraced frames.
PREVIOUS METHOD PRIOR TO AISC 2005

In earlier editions of AISC, second order effects on stability were typically
accounted for through the Effective Length Method with an Amplified FirstOrder Elastic Analysis. This method required only a linear (first order) analysis.
The following equation was used to amplify the moments resulting from a
linear analysis for use as the moment demands on a member for design (note:
no amplification of Pu was required):
where
Mu = B1 * Mnt + B2 * Mlt
B1 = amplification factor for moments within member when it is braced against sidesway (ie P- effects)
B2 = amplification factor for moments resulting from sidesway (ie P- effects)
Mnt = maximum moment assuming no sidesway occurs (ie moments caused by loads acting on structure when
it is braced against lateral translation. This is the only type of moment that exists in a braced frame. In a
moment frame, this is the moment when the frame is braced against sidesway through an artificial joint
Mlt = maximum moment caused by sidesway (ie lateral loads or asymmetrical gravity loads). This moment will
be zero for braced frames.

Mu = B1 * Mnt + B2 * Mlt
Moment amplification due to P- effects (B1)
Distinction between Mnt and Mlt (Example 1)
Moment amplification due to P- effects (B2)
Distinction between Mnt and Mlt (Example 2)

The method was referred to as the Effective Length Method because K factors
were used to represent the effective length of members based upon their
end conditions and whether they were braced or unbraced against sidesway.
K factors were used in several ways:
K factors used to calculate compressive capacity Pn (ie capacity
side of demand vs capacity equation)
K factors used to calculate B1 and B2 amplification factors (ie
demand side of demand vs capacity equation)
CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

AISC 2005 introduced a new method for accounting for secondary effects and
also made changes to the previous method, which is still permitted to be used
in certain circumstances. The methods are summarized as follows:
1
Direct Analysis Method

A
B
Effective Length Method

A
B
Amplified First Order Analysis

General Second Order Analysis

Limited First Order Analysis

1

A
B

A
B


New method per AISC

Chapter C (Appendix 7
in 2005)

1

A
B

A
B


Previous method but

with modifications per
AISC Appendix 7
(Section C2.1b in 2005)

1

A
B

A
B


Alternate method per AISC

Appendix 7 (limited application)

The primary differences between the Effective Length Method and the
Direct Analysis Method are:
The Effective Length Method requires calculation of K factors while
the Direct Analysis Method assumes all K factors = 1.0
The Effective Length Method uses nominal member stiffness (EA and
EI) while the Direct Analysis Method uses reduced member stiffness
(EA and EI)
BOTH methods require the following:
Use of notional loads
Nonlinear P-Delta analysis when using SAP2000 or ETABS (although
a first-order (linear) analysis is theoretically possible for both)

Notional Loads capture the effect of initial imperfections in the geometry of
the structure, usually caused by out-of-plumbness of the columns.
Apply to all gravity load cases at all levels
Use TOTAL weight of the level, including weight on leaning columns
When applied to lateral cases, capture worst case
Stiffness reductions account for material softening during inelastic

response. When materials other than steel contribute to the stability of the
structure, greater reduction factors may need to be used.

Type of Analysis
Limitation
General Details
1A: Direct Analysis Method /

(Variable Factor Stiffness) per AISC
Chapter C
No limitations
First order (linear) analysis

Reduce stiffness of members (EI and EA) with varying reductions depending on axial load
K = 1.0 for all members
If _2ndorder / _1storder > 1.5, notional loads required for all load combinations
If _2ndorder / _1storder <= 1.5, notional loads required only for gravity combinations (and
lateral combinations if notional load is larger than lateral load, in which case it replaces the lateral
load)
Notional loads equal to 0.002*Vertical Load applied independently in two directions
B1 and B2 factors used for amplification of moments and axial loads based upon K = 1.0
1B: Direct Analysis Method /

(Fixed Factor Stiffness) per AISC
Chapter C
No limitations
Same as above (1A) except:

- Reduction in stiffness is constant (tau = 1.0)
- Notional loads equal to 0.003* Vertical Load applied independently in two directions
2A: Direct Analysis Method / General

Second Order Analysis
(Variable Factor Stiffness) per AISC
Chapter C
No limitations
Second order analysis (ie geometric nonlinearity)

Reduce stiffness of members (EI and EA) with varying reductions depending on axial load
K = 1.0 for all members
If _2ndorder / _1storder > 1.5, notional loads required for all load combinations
If _2ndorder / _1storder <= 1.5, notional loads required only for gravity combinations (and
lateral combinations if notional load is larger than lateral load, in which case it replaces the lateral
load).0 for all members
Notional loads equal to 0.002*Vertical Load applied independently in two directions
No B1 and B2 factors required (automatically amplified in nonlinear analysis)
2B: Direct Analysis Method / General

Second Order Analysis
(Fixed Factor Stiffness) per AISC
Chapter C
No limitations
Same as above (2A) except:

- Reduction in stiffness is constant (tau = 1.0)
- Notional loads equal to 0.003* Vertical Load applied independently in two directions

Type of Analysis
Limitation
General Details
3: Effective Length Method /

Amplified First Order Analysis per
AISC Appendix 7
Permitted only if
2ndorder / 1storder <= 1.5

No reduction in stiffness of members
K factors must be calculated (note: if _2ndorder / _1storder <= 1.1, K factors may be
assigned as 1.0 even for moment frames)
Notional loads required only for gravity load combinations (and lateral combinations if notional
load is larger than lateral load, in which case it replaces the lateral load)
Notional loads equal to 0.002*Vertical Load
Notional loads applied separately in two orthogonal directions
B1 and B2 factors must be applied to amplify moments AND axial forces using K factors
Note: forces in connecting members (beams and connections) must also be amplified accordingly
4: Effective Length Method / General

Second Order Analysis per AISC
Appendix 7
Permitted only if
2ndorder / 1storder <= 1.5
Second order analysis (ie geometric nonlinearity)

K factors must be calculated (note: if _2ndorder / _1storder <= 1.1, K factors may be
assigned as 1.0 even for moment frames)
Notional loads required only for gravity load combinations (and lateral combinations if notional
load is larger than lateral load, in which case it replaces the lateral load)
Notional loads equal to 0.002*Vertical Load
B1 and B2 factors equal 1.0
Note: forces in connecting members (beams and connections) must also be amplified accordingly
5: Limited First Order Analysis per

AISC Appendix 7
Permitted only if
2ndorder / 1storder <= 1.5 and

K factors equal 1.0
B1 factor used to amplify total moments in members (ie no distinction btw M_nt and M_lt)
Notional loads required for all load combinations including lateral load combinations
Notional loads vary depending upon story drift (value is greater or equal to 0.0042*Vertical Load)
Pu <= 0.5 * Fy *A for all

members whose stiffness
contributes to lateral stability

Is 2ndorder / 1storder <= 1.5?
Yes
Limited First
Order Analysis
Yes / No
Is Pu <= 0.5 * Fy *A
for all columns?
All K factors are 1.0

No stiffness reduction

Stiffness reduction factors required
Linear
Analysis

K factors must be calculated
No stiffness reduction factors
Amplified First Order

Analysis
NL Analysis
General 2nd Order

Analysis
Linear Analysis
NL
Analysis
Amplified First
Order Analysis
General Second
Order Analysis
Variable factor
stiffness
reduction
(recommended)
Fixed factor
stiffness
reduction
Variable factor
stiffness
reduction
(recommended)
Fixed factor
stiffness
reduction
SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN SAP2000 AND ETABS

SAP2000 and ETABS have several ways of accounting for second order
effects:
Amplification of moments through Design Module (B1 & B2 factors)
Geometric nonlinearity through a nonlinear (or second order)
analysis which includes the following options:
P-Delta
P-Delta with Large Displacements
Geometric Nonlinearity, P-Delta Analysis

Both P- and P- effects can be captured in SAP2000
and ETABS P-Delta Analyses. These are also referred to
as Large Stress Analyses. In this type of analysis, the
program takes into account the axial force in each
member in the stiffness matrix.
A tensile force decreases bending moments, leading to
smaller deflections (ie the member is stiffer in shear and
bending).
A compressive force increases bending moments, leading
to larger deflections (ie the member is more flexible in
shear and bending).
Geometric Nonlinearity, P-Delta Analysis with Large

Displacements
This type of analysis captures P-Delta effects in addition to Large
Displacement effects. In this type of analysis, equilibrium equations
take into account the deformed shape of the structure.
This type of analysis is only required for structures which undergo
significant deflections and rotations such as cable structures. It is
rarely necessary to use a Large Displacements analysis for typical
building structures.
Note: If this type of analysis is used, it is necessary to subdivide
frame elements into smaller members to accurately capture the
large displacement effects. It is also necessary to check the
sensitivity to the number of steps.
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD IN SAP2000 AND ETABS

Stiffness reduction factors required
Linear Analysis
NL Analysis
Amplified First Order

Analysis
General 2nd Order

Analysis
Combination of Analyses
Variable factor
stiffness
reduction
(recommended)
Fixed factor
stiffness
reduction
Variable factor
stiffness
reduction
(recommended)
Fixed factor
stiffness
reduction
SAP and ETABS cannot automatically compute the B2 factor required for
the Amplified First Order Analysis and P- effects are not captured by
the General 2nd Order Analysis unless frame elements are subdivided.
Therefore the recommended procedure is to combine the two methods.
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD IN SAP2000 AND ETABS

Procedure:
Assign load cases including Notional Loads
Run a nonlinear P-Delta analysis (to capture P-)
In the design module select the AISC 360-05 Direct Analysis method
(all K factors = 1.0, stiffness reduction used)
Select Amplified first order analysis (to capture P-)
Rerun the analysis to implement the stiffness reduction
See the following examples for use in SAP and ETABS
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD IN SAP
Load Patterns
Auto Notional Load Case

or
Manually apply lateral loads
Load Cases
For LRFD Design:
Use factored loads
For ASD Design:
Multiple loads by 1.6
to run nonlinear
analysis then divide
results by 1.6 for reqd
strengths
Steel Frame Design Preferences

Select:
AISC 360-05
Direct Analysis
Amplified 1st Order
Tau-b Variable
Design Combinations
SAP can generate load
combinations automatically
or the designer may specify
combinations manually
Run the Model and the Steel Frame Design

The first time the model is run the stiffness reduction
factors will not be implemented.
Run the Steel Frame Design and then rerun the model
again. This will apply the stiffness reduction factors to
the analysis.
To remove the stiffness reduction factors, when
performing other calculations in the model select No
Modification from the Stiffness Reduction Method
dropdown and rerun the Steel Frame Design.
Review the Results Carefully
Check:
K = 1.0 and B2 = 1.0
B1
Tau_b

SAP can perform a General 2nd Order Analysis
Assign Automatic Frame Mesh

and SAP will internally divide the
member during analysis without
adding extra nodes to the frame
Meshing the frame into a minimum of 2 segments is normally

enough to capture P- effects adequately and should not slow the
model down significantly
DIRECT ANALYSIS METHOD IN ETABS
Static Load Cases
Auto Notional Load Case

or
Manually apply lateral loads
Static Nonlinear Case

For LRFD Design:
Use factored loads
For ASD Design:
Multiple loads by 1.6
to run nonlinear
analysis then divide
results by 1.6 for reqd
strengths
Steel Frame Design Preferences

Select:
AISC 360-05
Direct Analysis
Amplified 1st Order
Tau-b Variable
Design Combinations
ETABS can generate load
combinations automatically
or the designer may specify
combinations manually
Run the Model and the Steel Frame Design

Run the static model then run the static nonlinear
analysis.
Run the Steel Frame Design and then rerun the model
again. This will apply the stiffness reduction factors to
the analysis.
To remove the stiffness reduction factors, when
performing other calculations in the model select a
different analysis method (Effective Length or Limited
1st Order) from the Analysis Method dropdown and
rerun the Steel Frame Design.
Nonlinear Case
Review the Results
The default setting in ETABS is to automatically define end length

offsets based on connectivity.
Cm not taken conservatively as 1.0.

ETABS has limited automatic frame meshing options and is thus illsuited to perform a General 2nd Order Analysis.
SUMMARY
No K factor calculation required.
Consider all dead loads (including superimposed) for notional loads.
Perform a NONLINEAR analysis under factored load combinations.
Apply moment amplification factors to capture P- effects or
subdivide frames and perform General 2nd Order analysis.
A first order analysis may be run but the designer must manually
calculate B1 and B2 factors

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Guy Nordenson and Associates

AISC 2010 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS

Overview of second order effects

Guy Nordenson and Associates

OVERVIEW OF SECOND ORDER EFFECTS

Guy Nordenson and Associates

PREVIOUS METHOD PRIOR TO AISC 2005

Guy Nordenson and Associates

PREVIOUS METHOD PRIOR TO AISC 2005

Moment amplification due to P- effects (B1)

Distinction between Mnt and Mlt (Example 1)

Moment amplification due to P- effects (B2)

Distinction between Mnt and Mlt (Example 2)

Guy Nordenson and Associates

PREVIOUS METHOD PRIOR TO AISC 2005

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Direct Analysis Method

Effective Length Method

Amplified First Order Analysis

Amplified First Order Analysis

Limited First Order Analysis

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Direct Analysis Method

Effective Length Method

Amplified First Order Analysis

Amplified First Order Analysis

Limited First Order Analysis

New method per AISC

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Direct Analysis Method

Effective Length Method

Amplified First Order Analysis

Amplified First Order Analysis

Limited First Order Analysis

Previous method but

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Direct Analysis Method

Effective Length Method

Amplified First Order Analysis

Amplified First Order Analysis

Limited First Order Analysis

Alternate method per AISC

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

Stiffness reductions account for material softening during inelastic

Guy Nordenson and Associates

CURRENT METHODS PER AISC 2010

1A: Direct Analysis Method /

First order (linear) analysis

1B: Direct Analysis Method /

Same as above (1A) except:

2A: Direct Analysis Method / General

Second order analysis (ie geometric nonlinearity)

2B: Direct Analysis Method / General