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    Music and Emotions PDF

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    Eduardo
    This document provides an overview of the main theories concerning the relationship between music and emotions. It discusses both intrinsic factors within the music itself, such as musical elements and expectations, as well as extrinsic factors outside the music, like memories and associations. Regarding intrinsic factors, it describes theories that musical structures can induce emotions by creating and violating expectations. Extrinsic factors that can influence emotions include episodic memories and evaluative conditioning linked to the music. The document also notes there is no consensus on how these different factors interact to evoke emotions but that both should be considered.

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    Music and Emotions PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eduardo
    211 views30 pages
    This document provides an overview of the main theories concerning the relationship between music and emotions. It discusses both intrinsic factors within the music itself, such as musical elements and expectations, as well as extrinsic factors outside the music, like memories and associations. Regarding intrinsic factors, it describes theories that musical structures can induce emotions by creating and violating expectations. Extrinsic factors that can influence emotions include episodic memories and evaluative conditioning linked to the music. The document also notes there is no consensus on how these different factors interact to evoke emotions but that both should be considered.

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    This document provides an overview of the main theories concerning the relationship between music and emotions. It discusses both intrinsic factors within the music itself, such as musical elements and expectations, as well as extrinsic factors outside the music, like memories and associations. Regarding intrinsic factors, it describes theories that musical structures can induce emotions by creating and violating expectations. Extrinsic factors that can influence emotions include episodic memories and evaluative conditioning linked to the music. The document also notes there is no consensus on how these different factors interact to evoke emotions but that both should be considered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    211 views30 pages

    Music and Emotions PDF

    Uploaded by

    Eduardo
    This document provides an overview of the main theories concerning the relationship between music and emotions. It discusses both intrinsic factors within the music itself, such as musical elements and expectations, as well as extrinsic factors outside the music, like memories and associations. Regarding intrinsic factors, it describes theories that musical structures can induce emotions by creating and violating expectations. Extrinsic factors that can influence emotions include episodic memories and evaluative conditioning linked to the music. The document also notes there is no consensus on how these different factors interact to evoke emotions but that both should be considered.

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    Cara Featherstone

     Objective
     By the end of this session, you should be able to describe

    the main theories concerning music and emotions


     To do that, we will explore
     Associations and memory
     Extrinsic factors
     Intrinsic factors
     How these interact

     What is your favourite piece of music?


     Why?

     People value music primarily because of the emotions it

    evokes (J&V, 2008)

     How do sounds, which are, after all, just sounds, have the power

    to deeply move those involved with them? (Reimer, 2003)

     Much debate, several schools of thought, no consensus so far


     But consensus across cultures on what types of emotions can

    be evoked by music
     Krumhansl (2002)

     Different papers and methods exploring music and emotions

    from different angles

     Key concepts
     Instrumental music
     Not looking at effect of lyrics
     Emotions vs. mood
     Limited duration, focussed on object, involve autonomic responses
    (Cognitive appraisal?)
     Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
     Within / outwith the music itself
     Inducing emotions
     What the listener feels
     vs. Expressing emotions
     What the listener perceives the music is expressing
     Mutually exclusive?

     Methods
     How would you go about studying someones emotional

    response to music?
     Self-report
     Ratings
     Observe behaviour
     Galvanic Skin Response
     Heart rate
     Breathing
     Domapine

     Play it again, Sam


     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vThuwa5RZU&featu

    re=fvwrel

     Episodic memory as an important component in

    musical emotions (J&V, 2008)


     Theyre playing our song
     Musical associations from our past
     Generate emotions unrelated to the musical
    contents of the piece
     Musical associations with films
     Somewhere over the Rainbow
     Cocktail party effect?

     Evaluative conditioning
     An emotion is induced by a piece of music simply because

    this piece has been paired repeatedly with other positive or


    negative stimuli (J&V, 2008, p. 564)
     Classic trick of advertising
     Repeatedly or strongly
     e.g. flash-bulb memories with strong emotional events
     Not necessarily aware of the pairing

     Visual imagery
     The listener conjures up visual images while listening to the

    music. The emotions are the result of interaction between


    music and image.
     Imagery can enhance emotions to music (J&V, 2008)
     Characteristics of the music  characteristics of the visual

    image? Or other way round? Or both?

     Difficult to study
     Practically
     Ethically
     Idiosyncratic

     Studies looking into music and emotions often invite

    participants to select the music


     Control?
     More genuine?
     What can we conclude is causing the effects we observe?

     Recap
     Not really the music itself, just about the memories

    associated with it?


     May tell us more about memory than about music?
     A strong factor in emotions generated while listening to

    music, but due to music itself?

     Music mimics elements in the world that generate

    emotions

     Music mimics the real world


     Sloboda and Juslin (2001)
     High energy levels in music and high energy levels in events

    that generate emotions


     Uncertainty and surprise (storms)
     Music mimics speech
     Wymer et al. (2002) and Gabrielsson et al. (2001)
     Pitch and timing play strong role in conveying emotions
     Attribute emotions to changes in pitch and timing in music

    because of their significance in language?

     Music mimics emotions


     Music represents the form of feelings (Langer, 1953)
     Vitality affect (general physiological patterns which need

    more interpretation, Stern, 1975) accounts for ambivalence


    in emotional attributions
     Fear - excitement

     Correspondence of musical rhythm and the bodily

    processes involved in emotions (Budd, 1985)

     Unanswered questions
     How do we perceive musical elements as unexpected and

    surprising?
     How do we interpret tension as tension?
     Emotions are physiologically universal but cultural-

    specificity in what patterns induce what emotions?


     How do we end up feeling emotions that are expressed?
     Non specific automatic sound-processing emotion-producing
    module when recognises characteristics in stimuli (language,
    world around us, music)?

     Within the closed system

     Early attempt, Cookes (1959) Language of music


     Musical lexicon of emotional meaning of pitches and

    intervals within a tonal system


     Timing
     Has greater influence than articulation, tempo, loudness on

    emotions (Juslin and Madisson, 1999)


     Systematic review of tempo, loudness, pitch variation,

    intervals, tonality, rhythm, timbre


     The interaction of all the above (Gabrielsson and Lindstrm,

    2001)

     Music = sum of parts?


     Consider music as a whole

     Meyer (1956) Meaning and Emotion in Music


     Music is redundant
     Within culture (e.g. Western tonal harmony)
     Within piece (same pattern has different meaning in different
    piece)
     Redundancies create expectations
     Violations of expectancies generate emotions
     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2aOgJGJCio

     The link between expectancies and emotions


     Cognitive theory of emotions: when goals are blocked

     Link between goals and emotions in music?


     Making sense of the world by integrating different parts is a

    major goal of human cognition


     Lack of resolution / unexpected resolution interferes with
    goals / perceived goals
     Relies on Gestalt approach to music, on desire for order
    out of chaos (see Meyer, 1956 for detailed theoretical
    account)

     Musical expectancy violations


     Delay
     Unexpected consequents
     Ambiguous antecedents
     Relationships between musical elements
     Ease and unease
     Tension and relaxation
     Satisfaction and desire
     Pleasure and pain
     Budd (1985)

     Similar to cognitive theory of emotions


     Violation of expectations  emotions (Dowling & Harwood,

    1984)
     Similar effect in language?
     The smell of the pine trees chimed in her lungs
     The singer was so bad the crowd started to tomato her
     Featherstone et al. (in prep.)

     Unanswered questions
     How does the relationship between elements in one closed

    system generate emotions?

     Interaction of these two factors


     Not about a direct mapping
     Intrinsic elements create and violate expectancies
     This create tension and resolution between elements
     This tension and resolution maps to the physiology of

    emotions
     We seek to make sense of this and attribute emotions

     Recognise the emotion


     Because movement of piece maps onto movement of

    emotions (Langer, 1957)


     Emotional contagion
     An emotion is induced by a piece of music because the

    listener perceives the emotional expression of the music,


    and then mimics this expression internally which ()
    leads to an induction of the same emotion (J&V, 2008, P.
    565)
     Mechanical accounts of empathy

     The interaction of a stimulus with a perceiving mind


     Gaver & Mandler (1987)

     Explains
     How link between elements intrinsic to the music evokes

    emotions outside the musical system


     Why some musical emotions are culture-specific
     Expectancies vary from culture to culture

     http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3WSKCpfmYkU
     Explosions in the Sky
     Six Days at the bottom of the Ocean
     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_K-

    141_Kursk

     Hope you enjoyed the lectures


     Any questions? c.r.featherstone@leeds.ac.uk
     All the best with the assignments!

    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

    Budd, M. (1985) Music and the emotions: the philosophical theories. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
    Cooke, D. (1959) The language of music. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    Dowling, W. J. & Harwood, D. L. (1986). Music Cognition. New York: Academic Press.
    Gabrielsson, A. and Lindstrom, E. (2001). The Influence of Musical Structure on Emotional Expression. In J.
    Sloboda and P. Juslin (Eds.) Music and Emotion (pp. 223-248). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Gaver, W.W. and Mandler, G. (1987) Play it again, Sam: On liking music. Cognition & Emotion, 1 (3), 259-282.
    Juslin, P. and Madison, G. (1999) The role of timing patterns in recognition of emotional expression in
    musical performance. Music Perception, 17 (2), 197-221.
    Juslin, P. N., & Vastfjall, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying
    mechanisms. Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 31 , 559-621.
    Krumhansl, C.L. (2002) Music: A link between cognition and emotion. Current directions in psychological
    science, 11 (2), 45-50.
    Langer, S.K.K. (1953). Feeling and Form. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
    Meyer, L. B. (1956). Emotion and meaning in music. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    Sloboda, J. A. and Juslin, P. N. (2001). Psychological Perspectives on Music and Emotion. In J. Sloboda and P.
    Juslin (Eds.) Music and Emotion (pp. 71-104). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
    Wymer, J.H., Lindman, L.S. and Booksh, R.L. (2002) A neuropsychological perspective of aprosody: Features,
    function, assessment, and treatment. Applied Neuropsychology, 9 (1), 37-47.

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