A Reliable Routing Technique For Wireless Sensor Networks

International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 4 Issue 7, 550 - 555, 2015, ISSN: 23198656
A Reliable Routing Technique for Wireless Sensor

Networks
Girija.G
Dept. of ECE
BIT, Bangalore, India
Veena H.S
Dept. of ECE
BIT, Bangalore, India
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of very large number of sensor nodes which are deployed close to the area which
is to be monitored so as to sense various environmental conditions. WSN is a data-driven network which produces large amount of data
and also sensor nodes are energy-limited devices and their energy consumption is mainly associated with data routing. Therefore it is
necessary to perform redundant data aggregation so as to save energy. In this work data aggregation is achieved with the help of two key
approaches namely Clustering approach and In-network data aggregation. These two approaches help to save energy and thereby
increasing the lifetime of the network. The proposed work has some key features like reliable cluster formation, high data aggregation
rate, priority of packets, minimized overhead, multiple routes, reduced energy consumption which enhance the network lifetime. The
performance evaluation of the proposed approach is carried out using Network Simulator- version 2.
Keywords: sensor network; data routing; ns-2; sleep mode nodes; clustering; alternate path.
1. INTRODUCTION
The WSN is made up of very enormous number of wireless
sensor nodes, which are deployed in space and capable of
sensing the physical and environmental factors like pressure,
vibration, temperature, heat content and sound close to the area
where they are deployed. Wireless Sensor Network has become
an important emerging area in wireless communication field. It
is a very popular area for research, because of their vast
usefulness in variety of applications[1].
Wireless sensor network (WSN) possess the ability of detecting
(sense) the data, processing it and communicating the
processed data, thereby enabling the connection of the physical
word with the environment and many other inaccessible areas.
The sensor nodes are placed close to the region, where the
information has to be sensed. Each of these nodes senses the
data which is required and forwards the data obtained after
processing (if required) to other nodes to form the network [2].
The protocols and algorithms designed for wireless Sensor
network must exhibit self-organizing capabilities which is one
of the main requirements. The other special feature of WSNS
is the co-operative operation exhibited by the sensor nodes.
These nodes do not send the raw information instead, makes
utilization of their dispensation abilities to perform simple
computations required nearby and merely the necessary,
important and moderately treated data will be transmitted to the
destination.
The major limitations in the scenario of WSNs are limited
capacity of the battery power source, physical size of the
device, limited storage capacity, cost constraints, limitation of
the processing capability of the sensors. Therefore the
algorithms designed for WSNs must consider these key
parameters as their main conception[3].
Figure 1: data routing in WSN

As presented in the above the nodes are placed close to area
which is to be sensed. The deployment can follow any network
topology as per the requirement. Here node named as a is the
source node as it senses the data in the first event. It processes
the data being sensed and performs certain additional
computations required. In the next step it stores the processed
information if it is necessary for future references.
Now the processed data is ready to be communicated with the
neighbor nodes. Source node finds the neighbor based on
certain criteria and then forwards the processed data. The same
procedure is continued unit the destination (sink node) is
reached. From the sink node data can be obtained for further
references [7].
Figure 1 shows the routing of data in WSN
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2. RELATED WORK
The algorithms developed for routing data in WSN are mainly
divided into three types. They are
Tree based algorithms

Structure less algorithms
Cluster based algorithms
Tree based algorithms is based on hierarchical organization of

the nodes in which a routing tree is build first and is used to
route the data and also to aggregate the packets at intermediate
nodes. The cluster-based approach is also similar but in this
nodes are divided into groups called clusters. A special node
called cluster-head is elected among the group members and
this node performs aggregation of data locally and forwards the
aggregated packet towards the sink node. Whereas in structureless approach a random path will be chosen to route the data
and here opportunistic aggregation of data occurs [3].
Few main approaches coming under the above algorithms are
explained below.
2.1 Directed Diffusion

It comes under tree based approach. The Directed Diffusion [7]
protocol is one of the most primitive characteristic based data
transmitting approach. In this case, information fusion occurs
opportunistically, that is only when the data packets meet at any
intermediate nodes of the routing tree path.
2.2 Shortest Path Tree (SPT) algorithm

It comes under tree based approach, [5] wherein every node that
detects an event reports its collected data by using a shortest
path towards the sink node. The data aggregation occurs
whenever routing paths overlap.
In tree based algorithm
If at any movement, whenever a data is not found at

a definite part of the routing path, say for example
because of the damages present in the channel, data
is vanished from the remaining whole part of the tree
as well.
A mechanism for fault tolerance is required for Treebased algorithms in order to forward the aggregated
information in a reliable manner.
2.3 Data-Aware Anycast (DAA) approach

It comes under the structure less algorithm [4]. This makes use
of any of the path in order to route the data to its neighbor nodes
which are at single hop from it and consists of data for
information fusion. The main notion of this approach is, in
place of developing a routing configuration in prior for fusion
of information that is not possible lacking the knowledge of the
topological configuration of the network, a self-governing
group between the source nodes is designed. These sensors in
the group play the lead as data fusion sockets.
The above algorithm is suitable only for event-based
applications and these do not assure the fusion of every data.
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2.4 LEACH algorithm

The important feature of Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol [2] is the inclusion of special
node called as cluster head to condense the power charge of
conveying data from normal sensing nodules to a monitoring
Station which is far away. In this protocol, the sensor nodes
themselves arrange into the group called as cluster.
Then any one of the members in the cluster becomes Cluster
Head (CH). The main function of the CH node is to carry out
aggregation of the data packets transmitted by members of the
cluster and to route the gathered data towards sink.
Leach algorithm ascertain that the destination is reachable by
just in single jump and which restricts the dimension of the
system and for large areas the protocol is not applicable.
The proposed algorithm is also a cluster based approach and it
overcomes the above disadvantages.
3 THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM

3.1 Objective
The main aim of the projected protocol is to establish a routing
path which is shortest and which links all the source sensors to
the destination sensor node, by using the shortest paths and also
to increase the rate of aggregation of sensed data.
3.2 Key techniques

The key techniques used in the protocol
Clustering process: sensor nodes which sense or

detect the same kind of event are divided into groups
and those groups are called as clusters. Each of these
clusters is managed and leaded by a special type of
node which is called by the name cluster head [3].
In-network information fusion: the sensors are those

devices with limited energy source and the most of
the energy that is spent is mainly associated with
data gathering process as well the data routing
process.
A possible technique in order to optimize the way of
performing the data forwarding job is in-network aggregation
of data. Here if the data packets from more than one sensor
node arrives at any intermediate node (which is a part of any
routing tree), then the data will be aggregated at the
intermediate node, after aggregation a single data packet will
be produced. This reduces the energy consumption and avoids
the redundant data if present in the network.
4. MODULES OF THE PROJECT

In the algorithm considered, the different roles of the nodes are
considered and they are
Collaborator (member of the cluster): A sensor

node which is present in the cluster and which finds
an event and informs about the collected information
to the lead or controller.
Coordinator (head of the cluster): A sensor node
which also detects an occasion and which is liable for
collecting all the processed information transferred
by collaborators, uniting them and forwarding the
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aggregated summarized outcome towards the

destination sensor or sink.
Relay (intermediate nodule): A node which
forwards received information packets on the way to
the destination node.
Sink node: it is one which involved in accepting data
from a clutch of collaborators and coordinator.
The projected algorithm is divided into five modules. They are:

Module 1: Constructing the hop distance from the sink: In
this module [3] the distance of each of the nodes from the
destination node is found in terms of hops. The phase is
initiated by the sink node. Algorithm for this module is given
below
Figure 3: route establishment
Module 4: Repairing of the failed routes: The failure of the
routes created may be caused due to less energy,
communication failures, faulty nodes and physical destruction.
To avoid such routes energy of the nodes will be checked
regularly during data forwarding, if there is any reduction in
energy or any other problem then the new nearest better node
will be chosen and except the failed node the rest path is same
as the previous route. This stage is presented in the figure 4 and
figure 5.
Module 2:cluster formation and lead selection:In this

module, the nodes sensing the same event are grouped into
cluster and the lead called as cluster head is selected. this is
shown in figure 2.
Figure 4. route failure
Figure 2: cluster formation
Figure 5. route repairing
Module 3: Route establishment: In this module route is

established from the cluster head to sink (BS-Base Station) via
the relay(intermediate node) and then data transmission occurs.
This module is shown in figure 3
Module 5: Scheduling the sleep and active duration and

creating the alternate path to route the urgent data
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Whenever any member of the cluster, sends the same data

repeatedly for particular duration of time, then that particular
node will be send to the sleep node for a while. This is done to
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conserve the energy and in doing so increasing the lifespan of

the sensor node.
4.1 The network animator outputs are shown

below.
In some emergency situation it is necessary to collect the data

as early as possible but the clustering and data gathering
process introduces certain delay so in order to ensure the fast
delivery of such urgent priority data packets a separate path will
be created to route these packets whenever necessary thereby
increasing the reliability. The alternate path is created in the
same way as the route establishment process of module 3. The
alternate route to route urgent data is shown below in figure 6.
The module 5 is done as the part of enhancement work of the
paper under consideration.
Figure 7: output of module 1(hop distance between every node

to the sink node)
Figure 6: alternate path for routing urgent packets
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

The performance evaluation of the approach under
consideration is done using the network simulation tool (NS-2)
and the results are compared with the basic communication
network of the sensor nodes, in which the source nodule senses
the information and route the processed data to the destination
node without performing any data aggregation or cluster
formation.
Figure 8: cluster formation and route building
The evaluation of the performance of the projected algorithm

is done under the following performance parameters:
Packet delivery ratio: It is defined as the ratio between

the numbers of data packets received by the sink to the total
number of data packets transmitted, in the overall simulation
scenario. It signifies the efficiency of the algorithm. This is
because lower the packet delivery ratio, higher will be the data
aggregation rate.
Total hop counts: It is the entire figure of hops required
for all the packets transmitted to go from source sensing
devices to the destination sensor.
Average delay: It is the total average time involved for all
Figure 9: active and sleep mode scheduling (sl-sleep)
the packets generated to move from source sensing devices to

the destination sensor. Also the number of transmitted data
packets and received data packets can be calculated.
In figure 8 the route established is
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In figure 9 sl indicates the sleep status of the node. ACT

indicates the active mode. In this scenario, the nodes 27, 8, 21,
17 form the cluster and 21 becomes CH. Here node number 27
is sending the same data for particular period, hence it is pushed
to sleep mode. As we can notice from the figure node 27 is
sending any data but the other members are sending data to CH.
4.2 Analysis of graphical results

effect of the size of the network
From the above graph, we can see that delay requirement is

lower for the approach under consideration than that the
approach without data aggregation.
Effect of the simulation time
In WSN scenarios in order to verify the working of the

approach under consideration, it is required to check the
behavior under various simulation conditions. In the next part,
we have considered the behavior with respect to simulation
time. Under this situation the approach is giving the desired
results as shown below.
From the below graph we can infer that the total number of hop
counts required increase as the number of nodes increases. This
is obvious but we can notice that in case of the proposed
algorithm the increase is very less when compared to the one
without data fusion. This parameter is directly related with the
energy, hence lesser number of hop counts indicates lesser
energy intake and enhanced life time of the network.
From the above graph we can notice that the packet delivery
ratio increases with increase in the number of node for both the
systems, but it is lesser for proposed system. This is because
lower the packet delivery ratio, higher will be aggregation
effect. Hence lower is the power intake.
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[4] A. Chandrakasan W.R. Heinzelman and H. Balakrishnan.

Energy-ecient communication protocol for wireless micro
sensor network. IEEE Proceedings of the Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, pages 110, January 2000.
[5] M. Lee and V.W.S. Wong. An energy-aware spanning tree
algorithm for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks.
IEEE PacRrim, August 2005.
[6] Aggregation efficiency aware Greedy Incremental Tree
routing for wireless sensor networks. Shiji Mikami, Takafumi
Aonshi, IEICE trans.commun, vol E89-B, October 2006.
[7] A survey on routing protocol for wireless sensor networks,
Kemal Akkaya, Mohamed Younis, available ELSEVIER,
November 2003.
[8] A reactive role assignment for data routing in event-based
wireless sensor networks Eduardo F.Nakamura, H.S Ramos,
L.A villas, D oleveira, A F loureiro, available at ELSEVIER,
march 2009.
5. CONCLUSION
The project presents a reliable and efficient approach for data
routing in WSNs. The projected work is simulated and
compared with the existing system with respect to different
performance parameters.
The various simulation scenarios such as number of events,
different simulation time and the different size of the network
are considered. The obtained consequences show that the
proposed work is performing better when compared the
approach without data aggregation in all the scenarios and
therefore this forms a reliable protocol to be used for WSNs.
[9] J. Al-Karaki and A. Kamal, Routing techniques in wireless

sensor networks: a survey, Wireless Communications, IEEE,
vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 628, Dec. 2004
[10] K.W. Fan, S. Liu, and P. Sinha, On the potential of
structure-free data aggregation in sensor networks, in
INFOCOM 2006. 25th IEEE International Conference on
Computer Communications. Proceedings, April 2006.
As future work, different schemes may be designed in order

to regulate the period of waiting of coordinator nodes on the
basis of spatial and semantics event correlation. Along with this
security can be included for the data that is being routed in the
network
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Our sincere thanks to everybody who have supported and
encouraged towards the work we have done.
7. REFERENCES
[1] B. Krishnamachari, D. Estrin, and S. B. Wicker, The
impact of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks, in
ICDCSW 02: Proceedings of the 22nd International
Conference on Distributed Computing Systems. Washington,
DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2002, pp. 575578.
[2] Rajesh Patel, Sunil Pariyani, Vijay Ukani, Energy and
Throughput Analysis of Hierarchical Routing Protocol
(LEACH) for Wireless Sensor Network IJCA (0975 8887)
Volume 20 No.4, April 2011.
[3] Leandro Aparecido Villas, Azzedine Boukerche, Heitor
Soares Ramos, Horacio A.B. Fernandes de Oliveira, Regina
Borges de Araujo, and Antonio Alfredo Ferreira Loureiro
DRINA: A Lightweight and Reliable Routing Approach for
In-Network Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks,IEEE
transaction on computers,April 2013.
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International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research

Volume 4 Issue 7, 550 - 555, 2015, ISSN: 23198656