DUP 1048 Business Ecosystems Come of Age MASTER FINAL

Business ecosystems
come of age
Part of the Business Trends series
Business ecosystems come of age
Contents
Contents
Preface|2
Introduction
Business ecosystems come of age|3
Blurring boundaries, uncharted frontiers|17

Wicked opportunities|31
Regulating ecosystems|43
Supply chains and value webs|55
The new calculus of corporate portfolios|67
The power of platforms|79
Minimum viable transformation|91
Beyond design thinking|103
About the authors|114
Acknowledgements|117
Preface
W
ELCOME to Deloittes latest Business Trends report.
The purpose of these reports is straightforward: to provide business leaders with fresh
and well-informed perspectives on important dynamics that are disrupting business as usual.
While change is nothing new, the speed, scale, and impact of a variety of fundamental shiftsin
globalization, technology, and societal expectationsare undeniably transforming the business
landscape today. We conduct and share this research as part of our commitment to serve as guides
and wayfinders to our clients as they navigate their new terrain and shape the future.
In periods of disruption, uncertainty and challenge are inevitable. However, these times often
also uncover new opportunities. Addressing both risks and potential rewards takes confidence, in
decisions and actions alike, and in the solid analysis that should precede them. Uncertainty should
not be denied or ignoredinstead, it should be mastered, and grounded in both a deep understanding of the changes afoot and their potential consequences.
In this report, we focus on a critically important transition that has considerable implications
for society, the economy, and businesses everywhere: the continued rise of business ecosystems.
Driven particularly by digitization, connectivity, and new modes of collaboration, important core
structures of the industrial economy are quickly and dramatically reshaping, as many long-standing
boundaries blur and dissolve. The art of the possible is expandingenabling new approaches to
serious societal challenges, and new, often platform-based, business models.
In Business ecosystems come of age we explore in detail what lies behind these changes, where
they might take us, the new optionsand threatsthey present to many incumbents, and the strategic and operational shifts they enable and demand. We sincerely hope that these perspectives are
helpful as you undertake your journey into a fast-changing future.
Mike Canning
National managing director
Strategy & Operations
Deloitte Consulting LLP
Eamonn Kelly
Chief marketing officer
Strategy & Operations
Deloitte Consulting LLP
Introduction
Introduction
By Eamonn Kelly
N September 2014, the Chinese online commerce company Alibaba Group conducted its
initial public offering (IPO)the largest ever
in history. This event attracted considerable
media attention, some of it naturally commenting on the changing balance of the global
economy and the growing impact of digitization.1 Largely overlooked in the commentary,
however, was another important signpost to
the future. In the prospectus it compiled to
describe its vision, philosophy, and growth
strategy, Alibaba used one word no fewer than
160 times: ecosystem.2
Were all familiar with ecosystems in the
natural world. The word was coined in the
1930s by British botanist Arthur Tansley to
refer to a localized community of living organisms interacting with each other and their particular environment of air, water, mineral soil,
world of commerce. As he wrote in a 1993

Harvard Business Review article:
Successful businesses are those that evolve
rapidly and effectively. Yet innovative businesses cant evolve in a vacuum. They must
attract resources of all sorts, drawing in
capital, partners, suppliers, and customers
to create cooperative networks. . . . I suggest that a company be viewed not as a
member of a single industry but as part of a
business ecosystem that crosses a variety of
industries. In a business ecosystem, companies co-evolve capabilities around a new
innovation: They work cooperatively and
competitively to support new products,
satisfy customer needs, and eventually
incorporate the next round of innovations.4
Moores insight was prescientjust on the

cusp of the Internet era, and 15 years before
the emergence of smartphones and the mobile
access revolution.
Initially his concept
of business ecosystems was embraced
primarily in the
community that was
itself creating the
transformative capabilities of connection
and collaboration that enabled themthe US
technology sector. It continues to be critically
important in that arena. Apple Inc. explicitly
conceived its products and services as an ecosystem that would provide customers with a
seamless experience; Facebook recognized the
emphasis it had to place on deliberately building its developer ecosystem; some analysts no
Some view the rise of ecosystems as an

opportunity for creating powerful new
competitive advantage.
and other elements. These organisms influence
each other, and their terrain; they compete and
collaborate, share and create resources, and coevolve; and they are inevitably subject to external disruptions, to which they adapt together.3
Noticing growing parallels, business strategist James Moore imported the concept to
the increasingly dynamic and interconnected
longer see technology and media competition

as simply between firms, but among ecosystems of firms operating in loose alliance.5
But the idea has now also taken root far
beyond the US technology sector. Over the last
few decades, driven largely by digital technologies and massively increased connectivity, the
economy has been moving beyond narrowly
defined industries built around large, vertically integrated, and mainly self-contained
corporations. New means of creating value
have been developing everywhere in the form
of ever-denser and richer networks of connection, collaboration, and interdependence.
Businesses around the world are responding. Some view the rise of ecosystems as
an opportunity for creating powerful new
competitive advantage. For example, in July
2014, the CEO of Japans Softbank described
its strategic intent as follows: By providing
all manner of services and content on (our)
platforms, we are aiming to create a comprehensive ecosystem that other companies will
never be able to rival.6 A few years earlier, the
CEO of Nokia similarly described a landscape
of ecosystems that each encompass an array of
players: The battle of devices has now become

a war of ecosystems . . . our competitors arent
taking our market share with devices; they
are taking our market share with an entire
ecosystem. This means were going to have to
decide how we either build, catalyze, or join an
ecosystem.7 Others take slightly different perspectives. South Africas SABMiller has made a
priority of strengthening business ecosystems
in which it participates, to the benefit of local
and regional economies where it operates.8
Some leaders have even welcomed competitors
to their ecosystems. Listen to MakerBots newly
appointed CEO, Jenny Lawton, responding to
the news that Autodesk planned a bigger push
into 3D printing: Autodesks work
and thinking is necessary to the overall
industry. . . So much of the success of the 3D
ecosystem and future of 3D printing can be
accelerated.9 And some strong ecosystems
emerge without individual powerful players:
For example, in China the term shanzhai formerly described copycat versions of electronic
goods, but is now commonly referred to as the
shanzhai ecosystemhighly collaborative
arrangements across hundreds of enterprises
Figure 1. Defining business ecosystems
Ecosystems are
dynamic and co-evolving
communities of
diverse actors
Ecosystems typically bring together multiple players of different types and

sizes in order to create, scale, and serve markets in ways that are beyond the
capacity of any single organizationor even any traditional industry. Their
diversityand their collective ability to learn, adapt, and, crucially, innovate
togetherare key determinants of their longer-term success.
who create and capture

new value
Enabled by greatly enhanced connectivity across specialized capabilities and

resources, ecosystems develop new, co-created solutions that address
fundamental human needs and desires and growing societal challenges.
While forging superior ways to create new value, ecosystems also increase
the importance of discovering new business models to capture that value in
a world of commoditization and de-monetization.
through both
collaboration and
competition
Source: Deloitte analysis.
Competition, while still essential, is certainly not the sole driver of sustained
success. Participants are additionally incentivized by shared interests, goals,
and values, as well as by the growing need to collaborate in order to meet
increasing customer demands, to invest in the long-term health of their
shared ecosystem, from which all can derive mutual benefit.
Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com
Introduction
that are accelerating entrepreneurial innovation in areas such as smartphones and the next
generation of smart watches.10
Especially given the diverse usage of the
term, it might be tempting to dismiss ecosystem as yet another management buzzword
in an increasingly jargon-congested business
lexicon. Certainly, the term has so far defied
a precise and universally agreed definition
(despite valiant efforts by many academics and
theorists).11 But the concepts rapid spread and
uptake points to a practical utility that should
not be underestimated.
At a bare minimum it has provided many
businesses with a powerful metaphor from the
natural world. Metaphors matter: They make
it easier to explore and understand abstract
concepts, and inform the decision-making
heuristics and mental models leaders use to
make confident choices and take timely action.
Our business metaphors have historically been
drawn largely from machinery and engineering, warfare and the military, and competitive
sports and games. These remain apt in many
waysbut in increasingly dynamic, collaborative, interdependent situations, they might
mislead just as much as they inform.
Ecosystems thinking provides a new frame
and mindset that captures a profound shift
in the economy and the business landscape.
The importance of relationships, partnerships, networks, alliances, and collaborations
is obviously not novelbut it is growing. As
it becomes increasingly possible for firms to
deploy and activate assets they neither own
nor control, to engage and mobilize larger and
larger numbers of participants, and to facilitate much more complex coordination of their
expertise and activities, the art of the possible
is expanding rapidly.
co-evolving communities of diverse actors

who create and capture new value through
increasingly sophisticated models of both collaboration and competition. This definition
allows for the fact that ecosystems come in a
broad array of shapes, sizes, and varietiesand
also captures three core characteristics that are
generally present. First, ecosystems enable and
encourage the participation of a diverse range
of (large and small) organizations, and often
individuals, who together can create, scale, and
serve markets beyond the capabilities of any
single organization. This provides the requisite
variety for a healthy system. Second, participating actors interact and co-create in increasingly sophisticated ways that would historically
have been hard to formally coordinate in a
top-down manner, by deploying technologies and tools of connectivity and collaboration
that are still proliferating and disseminating. This means that there is dynamism and
substantial latent potential for increasingly
productive ecosystem development in the years
ahead. Third, participantsoften including
customersare bonded by some combination of shared interests, purpose, and values
which incents them to collectively nurture,
sustain, and protect the ecosystem as a shared
commons. Everyone contributes, everyone
benefits. This enhances the longevity and durability of ecosystems.
Our definition here is broadly consistent
with the literature, and the thinking to date
among business leaders, advisors, and academics, which continues to evolve as ecosystems
become an increasingly critical unit of analysis. But there are further patterns and aspects
of ecosystems that are now also coming into
sharper focus as we consider the emerging
opportunities and challenges for enterprises.
Five ways to think

about ecosystems
Ecosystems create new ways

to address fundamental
human needs and desires
Having noted the varied definition and

broad application of the term ecosystem, it
makes sense to clarify how it is being used in
this document: Ecosystems are dynamic and
An economyfrom the most primitive to

the most advancedis essentially a system
organized to meet (and often shape) human
needs and desires. The major economies
5
that arose through the course of the last two

centuries developed around the best available
and most ingenious means of doing soour
long-familiar industries. In the United States,
these were first codified in the 1937 Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) system, which
captured well the economic and business
arrangements that transformed our lives for
much of the 20th century. But these structures
are, inevitably, changing.
themselves to your door). Many car- and rideshare businesses are already experimenting,
learning, and tapping into the different values
of the Millennial generation. For some cities,
according to former General Motors R&D
chief Lawrence Burns, about 80 percent fewer
shared, coordinated vehicles would be needed
than personally owned vehicles to provide the
same level of mobility, with less investment.13
While such dramatic change is certainly not
inevitable, it is
plausible that
new mobility ecosystems
might coalesce
around the automobile industry,
and include
city planners,
technology and
energy players,
public transportation providers,
regulators, infrastructure and construction
players, insurance companies, and peer-topeer networks14collaborating, adapting, and
responding to one anothers moves, and once
again transforming and improving our lives.
A distinctive characteristic of many ecosystems

is that they form to achieve something together
that lies beyond the effective scope and
capabilities of any individual actor (or even
group of broadly similar actors).
Humanity did not necessarily want physicians, hospitals, and pharmaceuticalswe
wanted wellness. We did not particularly crave
classrooms and textbooks and teacherswe
wanted to learn and achieve success. We did
not demand coal mines and oil and gas extractionwe wanted energy beyond the muscles
of humans and harnessed animals. In many
parts of the economy today, new cross-cutting
ecosystems are starting to forge new means to
meet our desired ends.
Looking forward, lets consider, for example, the automobile industry that has richly
enhanced so many lives around the world. It is
certainly possible to imagine the emergence of
a very different ecosystem to satisfy the desire
for fast, affordable, safe, and convenient personal mobility, but that might also significantly
reduce the appeal of privately owned cars.
Confidence could rise for autonomous vehicles or self-driving cars (with a technology
company, Google,12 perhaps helping lead the
way?). Carsharing might in turn become more
attractive (as cars gain the ability to deliver
Ecosystems drive new

collaborations to address
rising social and
environmental challenges
A distinctive characteristic of many ecosystems is that they form to achieve something
together that lies beyond the effective scope
and capabilities of any individual actor (or
even group of broadly similar actors). In some
instances, these relate to large societal problems that no individual organization is able, or
incented, to resolve. Examples where ecosystem approaches have been embraced include
water resource management, child poverty,
inner-city violence and gun crime, and food
safety. All are obviously critical andin some
areas at leastare sources of growing pressure
or threat.
Introduction
Take as an example the Global Food Safety

Initiative (GFSI), a non-profit organization
whose members include many of the worlds
largest food producers, distributors, and retailers. It helps coordinate a global, co-creative,
and collaborative approach to addressing the
growing challenge in a global food system of
ensuring safety for consumers and protecting the reputation of the industry. Some of its
members compete ferociously in their markets,
but also collaborate aggressively to ensure
the certification, shared standards, superior
monitoring, and shared learning and leading practices that together create a safer food
industry and boost consumer confidence. Here
is new ecosystem-oriented behavior in which
every participant benefits from their collective
investment in the shared commonsand
has acknowledged that, in the words of GFSI:
Food safety is not a competitive advantage.15
Ecosystems create and serve

communities, and harness their
creativity and intelligence
Multiple, and on the surface highly diverse,
disciplines that examine the human conditionfrom anthropological and archeological
studies of ancient wisdom cultures, through
theology and philosophy, to todays behavioral
economics and even neuroscienceconverge
around a few key fundamentals. People want
to belong, to understand and be understood,
to achieve acknowledged competence in their
chosen arena, and to make a positive difference
in their world. Historically, few people could
fully realize these desires beyond their own
immediate and tightly constrained physical
domains. Today, technology has transformed
the ways and levels in which such self-actualization can occurand many ecosystems are
now benefiting from this vital shift.
The most obvious illustrations are the many
business ecosystems that have been designed
specifically to enable us to find and connect
with our own tribesthose that surround
businesses like Facebook, Twitter, and Yelp.
Recognizing the importance of its top users
(the sites most prolific reviewer has written
more than 8,000 reviews),16 Yelp founded its

Elite program to recognize and reward its
community of regular reviewers with exclusive
parties and freebies.
But also consider three other exemplary
arenas. Online gaming is today a $20 billionand growingbusiness, and many of the
most successful games not only connect people
around the globe, but actively engage them
in the continuous development of the games
themselves.17 The open source movement,
which originally attracted extraordinaryand
often unpaidcontributions from hundreds
of thousands of highly skilled individuals in
the software environment, has been spreading
across the economy. Other examples can now
be found across diverse industries and sectors.
In media, Blenders free and open source 3D
computer graphics program has been used to
generate outputs as diverse as 3D models of
NASA space crafts and storyboards for SpiderMan 2.18 In education, the Massachusetts
Institute of Technologys OpenCourseWare
provides digital access to virtually all MIT
course content.19
And, for solving more specific (and sometimes also time-bound) problems, there has
been a substantial rise recently in crowdsourcing. Organizations like Kaggle host
competitions that invite participants to use
data science and algorithms to solve business problems. Others, like XPRIZE, organize grand challenges that encourage players
to collaborate to tackle complex social and
environmental issues. The results already speak
for themselvesexamples include a device
that skims oil off water three times faster than
previously existing technology,20 and software that is able to show trends in symptoms
of Parkinsons disease in individual patients
over time.21
Today, almost every business can find ways
to benefit from this growing and global opportunity to forge, serve, and grow alongsideand
with the help ofnew communities, which
will often include customers who were traditionally regarded as passive recipients rather
than active participants. The LEGO Group, for
7
instance, has found new ways to connect with

customers young and old with its LEGO Ideas
portal, on which fans have enthusiastically
submitted and supported ideas including the
Minecraft and Ghostbusters 30th Anniversary
toy sets. Companies that are able to tap into
the resourcefulness of their ecosystems will not
only discover new points of resonance with
their customers, but are also opening themselves to a universe of opportunity, just as The
LEGO Group did when it found inspiration for
its blockbuster The LEGO Movie from a collection of stop-motion films produced utilizing
LEGO bricks on YouTube.22
Ecosystems often exist on top of

powerful new business platforms
A platform is a powerful type of ecosystem, typically created and owned by a single
business or entity, but deliberately designed
to attract the active participation of large
numbers of other actors. According to scholar
Yochai Benkler, it is a technical and organizational context in which a community can
interact to achieve a specific purpose.23 Some
are designed primarily to create new markets
by enabling connections between previously
separated potential buyers and sellers; others
are more focused on the distributed development of new products, services, and solutions.
An early illustrative example combined both.
In 1968, Dee Hock worked in a local bank in
Washington State and spotted a problem and
an opportunity in the early days of consumer
credit cards.24 Many banks were attempting to
issue their own proprietary product, each of
them encountering the laborious burden of
signing up merchants to accept them, persuading customers of their utility and security,
reassuring regulators, and designing protocols
and features for the new product. By proposing
a shared platform to deal with all these arduous taskswhich became VISA in 1976he
enabled them to pool resources and to both
collaborate and compete within a much
simpler-to-develop, and hence much fastergrowing, financial market for credit.
VISA may have been an early example, but

it has since been joined by many other platforms, spurred by digitization and connective
technologies. eBay created a global auctionbased marketplace that now connects millions
of buyers and sellers. More recently, a variety
of new sharing economy platform businesses
have established entirely new ecosystems that
enable vast numbers of participants to share
access to their previously idle or under-utilized
assets, creating significant social and economic
value in the process. Some, such as Airbnb and
Uber, have disrupted incumbent industries
and more will likely do so in future, in additional domains of the economy.
Meanwhile, other platforms have emerged
to accelerate and distribute the development of
new products and services. An early example
was the success of open source models that
transformed the software sector by inviting
vast numbers of programmers to develop
products such as Linux. This established the
pathway to the explosive, widely distributed
development of new applications on enabling
platforms created by Apple, Facebook, Google,
Samsung, Salesforce, and others. In recent
years literally millions of apps have been created, producing new solutions and possibilities
for consumers and enterprises alike.25
The results have been spectacular for some
platform creators. One estimate suggests that
four of the top five most valuable global brands
are largely based on platform business models.26 With many of the worlds fastest-growing,
highest-profile new companies joining them,
there is no sign of the phenomenon slowing.27
Ecosystems accelerate
learning and innovation
Philosopher Eric Hoffer observed that,
In times of change learners inherit the earth,
while the learned find themselves beautifully
equipped to deal with a world that no longer
exists.28 The imperatives for businesses to
learn and to translate learning into innovation
have never been greater.29 And, as many corporate leaders have recognized, the smartest
Introduction
Figure 2. The platform-driven sharing economy

The sharing economy refers to growing markets, generally enabled by platforms, that aggregate underutilized and
otherwise unseen resources for others to borrow, usually for a fee. The resulting economic and social communities of
participantseach of them constituting a new ecosystemspan an increasingly wide variety of products and services.
$$$
3 out of 4
people believe they will increase their sharing of

physical objects and spaces in the next five years.
10 million
people around the world are Couchsurfers.
$26 billion
is the value of the consumer

peer-to-peer rental market.
$3 billion
was raised by crowdfunding in 2013,

double the $1.5 billion raised in 2011.
2.2 million
bike-sharing trips are taken each month.
70 to 1
is the ratio of riders served per vehicle

in US carsharing programs.
Sources (from top left, clockwise):

Latitude and Shareable magazine, The new sharing economy, http://files.latd.com.s3.amazonaws.com/New_Sharing_Economy-Report.pdf, accessed March 26, 2015.
Deloitte, Technology, Media & Telecommunications predictions 2013, 2013, http://www2.deloitte.com/global/en/pages/technology-media
-and-telecommunications/articles/tmt-predictions-2013-technology-media-telecommunications-report.html.
Danielle Sacks, The sharing economy, Fast Company, April 18, 2011, http://www.fastcompany.com/1747551/sharing-economy.
Innovative mobility carsharing outlook, UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Center, fall 2014, http://tsrc.berkeley.edu/sites/tsrc.berkeley.edu/files/Fall%202014%20Carsharing%20Outlook%20Final.pdf.
Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, Whats Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, (Harper Business, 2010).
Couchsurfing.com, About http://about.couchsurfing.com/about/, accessed March 26, 2015.
people cant all work for just one organization;

this means, importantly, that they dont all
work for yours.
Ecosystems provide businesses access to
sharp minds and smart resources, whether
they are located with suppliers, customers,
research organizations, or independently. For
example, users of InnoCentive connect with

an ecosystem of thousands of innovators and
problem-solvers around the world. A Telstra
executive once said he seeks out partners who
will push new thinking: When we look to
partner, we look for . . . innovation . . . what
youre looking for is someone whos going to
9
challenge you. I dont want you to tell me Im

good. I want you to tell me what I have to do
differently, how I can be different.30 Learning
is a largely social activity; innovation is very
often the result of integration and connection across different fields of expertise and
domains of knowledge; and both are therefore
accelerated in the fluid, exchange-oriented,
and co-creative communities that are forged
by ecosystems. Some observers, notably John
Hagel, have suggested that such ecosystems
will prove the most enduring and influential,
and provide the most sustained and important
benefits to those businesses that create, lead,
and participate in them.31
For example, the Mahindra Group, one of
Indias largest corporations with more than
200,000 employees globally and an enormous
supplier network, was recently celebrated for
linking suppliers and internal businesses alike
in jointly owned initiatives to accept no limits,
drive positive change, and promote alternative thinking. The resulting ecosystems of
collaboration have benefited Mahindra itself by

energizing and aligning learning and creativity
across the diversified group. Just as importantly, however, Mahindra credits efforts like
this as promoting widespread transformation
across entire geographies where Mahindras
operations are centered,32 like Maharashtra,
Indias second most populous state and its largest contributor to GDP by far.33 The dynamism
and productivity of such local hubs have given
rise around the world to a growing focus on
local and regional start-up ecosystems and
innovation ecosystemsa trend actively
encouraged in November 2014 by a number of
senior European business leaders in an open
letter to the European Union.34
The world is entering an era in which ideas
and insights come from everywhere, and
crowds, clouds, collaborators, competitions,
and co-creators can fundamentally help define
our shared future. The business environment is
being permanently altered as a result.
Figure 3: Business ecosystems trends

A changing world
Liberating
potentials
Blurring boundaries, uncharted frontiers
Wicked opportunities
Regulating ecosystems
Evolving
enterprise
strategies
Supply chains and value webs

The new calculus of corporate portfolios
The power of platforms
Critical
capabilities
Minimum viable transformation

Beyond design thinking
10
Introduction
Managing in a world of
business ecosystems
The rise of business ecosystems is fundamentally altering the key success factors for
leading organizations, forcing them to think
and act very differently regarding their strategies, business models, leadership, core capabilities, value creation and capture systems, and
organizational models. More will be learned
over time, as ecosystems continue to reveal
their secrets. This ongoing process is not surprising. After all, it was only in the late 1930s
that we created standardized classifications for
the distinct sectors of the industrial economy,
and then started to track their collective output
with a measure called GDP. It took almost
another 30 years to hammer out the detailed,
if still evolving, standards for many business
professions,35 and almost 20 years more for the
basic tools of strategy to be revealed.36
In this trends report, however, we will take a
deeper dive into what is already clearly discernible as business ecosystems come of ageand
can therefore be applied to business strategy and
operations today. Specifically, we will explore
the following trends and the associated ways in
which future-shaping leaders are:
Transcending historical constraints as multiple boundaries blur and dissolve simultaneously, to create new value and redefine
the art of the possible. (See page 17.)
Participating in evolving ecosystems that
forge alliances to address major pressing
societal challenges through new solutions,
generating both profits and social value at
the same time. (See page 31.)
Engaging with the domains of regulation

and policy to maintain an effective balance
between protecting the publics interest and
enabling the new markets and solutions
which fast-evolving ecosystems make possible. (See page 43.)
Reimagining existing supply chains as
value webs that enjoy greater autonomy
and trust, learn and innovate together, and
forge the sustainable models for success that
benefit all those involved. (See page 55.)
Reconfiguring assets for a more relationship- and collaboration-based economy in
which ownership and control matter less,
and activating the assets of others matter
more, altering M&A strategies in the process. (See page 67.)
Creating new enterprise platforms that
enable the entrepreneurship, and help
liberate and harness the talents, of countless
other participants. (See page 79.)
Learning to transform businesses and
organizations without destroying them, by
taking a lesson from the entrepreneurs use
of minimum viable products. (See page 91.)
Embracing new core competenciesespecially the skills embedded in the world of
designand reinventing their management
thinking and practices. (See page 103.)
11
Author
Eamonn Kelly is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP, chief marketing officer of the Strategy and
Operations practice, and a widely published author and business thought leader.
12
Introduction
Endnotes
1. Michael Moritz, Alibaba and the rise of
Chinas Internet giants, World Economic
Forum, https://agenda.weforum.org/2014/09/
alibaba-ipo-china-us-internet/, accessed April
2, 2015; Michael Schuman, 4 things Alibabas
IPO tells us about a changing world economy,
Time, http://time.com/3401924/china-alibabaipo-world-business-trade-internet-economy/,
accessed April 2, 2015.
8. Beth Jenkins, Richard Gilbert, and Piya Baptista,

Sustaining and scaling the impact of enterprise development programmes: SABMillers
approach to strengthening business ecosystems,
2014, http://api.ning.com/files/bdOTGlbNKtpXrwztlDnrPUiLaBZv-kj54t7gPGybvSP4fB6rHs2oMmFAb-GuKJRUxkA2397jwZfNwLMjSPdfTKVWK*Z0ehf/SABMillerEcosystem.pdf,
accessed March 17, 2015.
2. Alibaba Group, September 18, 2014 Form

424B4 (filed September 22, 2014), http://
hsprod.investis.com/shared/v2/irwizard/
sec_index_global.jsp?ipage=9812765&ir_epic_
id=alibaba, accessed March 17, 2015.
9. Brian Krasserstein, MakerBots new CEO Jenny

Lawton discusses the companys future as well as
the industry with 3DPrint.com, 3DPrint.com,
October 10, 2014, http://3dprint.com/18506/
jenny-lawton-makerbot/, accessed March 17,
2015.
3. Danone, Arthur Tansley: The founding

father of ecology was an honnte homme,
August 14, 2012, http://downtoearth.danone.
com/2012/08/14/arthur-tansley-the-foundingfather-of-ecology-was-an-honnete-homme/,
4. James F. Moore, Predators and prey: A new
ecology of competition, Harvard Business
Review, May 1993, https://hbr.org/1993/05/
predators-and-prey-a-new-ecology-of-competition/ar/1, accessed March 17, 2015.
5. Michael deAgonia, Preston Gralla, and JR Raphael, Battle of the media ecosystems: Amazon,
Apple, Google and Microsoft, ComputerWorld,
August 2, 2013, http://www.computerworld.
com/article/2483616/personal-technology/
battle-of-the-media-ecosystems--amazon-apple--google-and-microsoft.html, accessed
March 17, 2015; Business ecosystems come of age
is an independent publication and has not been
authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved
by Apple Inc.
6. Masayoshi Son (chairman and CEO, Softbank
Corp.), CEO message, July 2014, http://www.
softbank.jp/en/corp/irinfo/about/message/,
7. Charles Arthur, Nokias chief executive to
staff: We are standing on a burning platform,
Guardian, February 9, 2011, http://www.
theguardian.com/technology/blog/2011/feb/09/
nokia-burning-platform-memo-elop, accessed
March 30, 2015.
10. Silvia Lindtner, Anna Greenspan, and David

Li, Shanzhai: Chinas collaborative electronicsdesign ecosystem, Atlantic, May 18, 2014,
http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/
archive/2014/05/chinas-mass-productionsystem/370898/, accessed March 17, 2015.
11. Saku J. Makinen and Ozgur Dedehayir,
Business ecosystem evolution and strategic
considerations: A literature review, Engineering, Technology and Innovation (ICE), 2012
18th International ICE Conference (2012), DOI:
10.1109/ICE.2012.6297653.
12. Mike Murphy, Google could start shuttling
people around in its self-driving cars this year,
Quartz, March 4, 2015, http://qz.com/354434/
google-could-start-shuttling-people-around-inits-self-driving-cars-this-year/, accessed March
26, 2015.
13. Lawrence D. Burns, Sustainable mobility: A
vision of our transport future, Nature no. 497,
May 9, 2013, DOI: 10.1038/497181a.
14. Some ambitious cities are already working to
realize this vision. Helsinki has announced plans
to transform its existing public transportation
network into a comprehensive, point-to-point
mobility on demand system by 2025 that could
render car ownership unnecessary. See Adam
Greenfield, Helsinkis ambitious plan to make
car ownership pointless in 10 years, July 10,
2014, Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/
cities/2014/jul/10/helsinki-shared-public-transport-plan-car-ownership-pointless, accessed
March 11, 2015.
13
15. Bob Johansen and Karl Ronn, excerpt from The

reciprocity advantage: A new way to partner for
innovation and growth, September 24, 2014,
Stanford Social Innovation Review, http://
www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_reciprocity_advantage_a_new_way_to_partner_for_innovation_and_growth, accessed March 17, 2015.
16. Kristen V. Brown, Yelp elites: Prolific reviewers get perks, VIP treatment, SFGate, August
3, 2014, http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/
article/Yelp-Elites-Prolific-reviewers-get-perksVIP-5664932.php, accessed March 17, 2015.
17. Gartner, Gartner says worldwide video game
market to total $93 billion in 2013, October
29, 2013, http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/
id/2614915, accessed March 17, 2015.
18. Brian Kumanchik and Christian Lopez,
Cassini, April 1, 2012, http://nasa3d.arc.nasa.
gov/detail/jpl-vtad-cassini, accessed March 17,
2015; Anthony Zierhut (animator), Animatics,
anthonyzierhut.com, http://anthonyzierhut.com/
main/?p=1099, accessed March 17, 2015.
19. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, About
OCW, http://ocw.mit.edu/about/, accessed
March 17, 2015.
20. Rebecca Boyle and Clay Dillow, Winner of
million-dollar X Challenge cleans up oil spills
three times better than existing tech, Popular
Science, October 11, 2014, http://www.popsci.
com/technology/article/2011-10/x-prizechallenge-seeks-new-designs-and-inspirationclean-future-oil-spills, accessed March 17, 2015.
21. Nate Herpich, Winning data challenge entry
seeks to use machine learning approach to
improve the monitoring of Parkinsons disease,
Michael J. Fox Foundation Foxfeed Blog, April 24,
2013, https://www.michaeljfox.org/foundation/
news-detail.php?winning-data-challenge-entryseeks-to-use-machine-learning-approach-toimprove-the-monitoring-of, accessed March 17,
2015.
22. Zachary Sniderman, How The Lego Movie was
built, Esquire, February 6, 2014, http://www.
esquire.com/blogs/culture/how-lego-moviewas-made, accessed March 17, 2015.
23. Aspen Institute, Next-generation content:
User-generated content and social networks,
Forum on Communications and Society, 2007,
http://www.aspeninstitute.org/policy-work/
communications-society/programs-topic/
aspen-institute-forum-communications-so-/
focas-20-6, accessed March 17, 2015.
14
24. M. Mitchell Waldrop, The trillion-dollar vision

of Dee Hock, Fast Company, October/November 1996, http://www.fastcompany.com/27333/
trillion-dollar-vision-dee-hock, accessed March
17, 2015.
25. Research firm IDC estimates that there were
18.5 million professional software developers in
2014. See Steve Ranger, There are 18.5 million
software developers in the world but which
country has the most?, TechRepublic, December
18, 2013, http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/
european-technology/there-are-185-millionsoftware-developers-in-the-world-but-whichcountry-has-the-most/, accessed March 11,
2015.
26. Interbrand, Best global rankings, 2014, http://
bestglobalbrands.com/2014/ranking/, accessed
April 2, 2015.
27. Launchworks Ventures, How to ignite
hypergrowth: Platforms secrets, February
12, 2014, http://www.launchworksventures.
com/2014/02/12/how-to-ignite-hypergrowthplatforms-secrets/, accessed April 2, 2015.
28. Eric Hoffer, Reflections on the Human Condition
(New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
29. Jonathan Eighteen et al., Learning and development: Into the spotlight, Global Human Capital
Trends 2015, Deloitte University Press, February
27, 2015, http://dupress.com/articles/learningand-development-human-capital-trends-2015/,
30. Ericsson, Customer keynote MWC 2015,
March 3, 2015, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=9NcRj3w_cW8, accessed March 30,
2015.
31. John Hagel III et al., The heros journey through
the landscape of the future, Deloitte University
Press, July 24, 2014, accessed March 26, 2015.
32. Rica Bhattacharyya, Mahindra Rise wins
first prize at Best Change Interventions of
Asia Seminar, Economic Times, July 12, 2013,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.
com/2013-07-12/news/40536642_1_leadershipdevelopment-ruzbeh-irani-mahindra-mahindra,
33. Census India, Density of Population, 2011,
http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/
data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011chapter7.pdf,
Introduction
34. Ronan Dunne (CEO of Telefonica UK/O2)

et al., An open letter to support the scale-up
of the startup ecosystem in the EU, Startup
Europe Partnership, November 21, 2014, http://
startupeuropepartnership.eu/an-open-letter-tosupport-the-scale-up-of-the-startup-ecosystemin-the-eu/, accessed March 17, 2015.
35. For example, the 1950s marked the beginning of
the modern project management era; more standard tools and techniques began to be developed
and applied. See David I. Cleland and Roland
Gareis, Global Project Management Handbook
(McGraw-Hill Professional, 2006), p. 14.
36. Michael Porters seminal Harvard Business
Review article, How competitive forces shape
strategy, was published in 1979.
15
Blurring boundaries, uncharted

frontiers
By Eamonn Kelly
Overview
Ecosystems are dynamic

and co-evolving communities
of diverse actors who create
new value through
increasingly productive and
sophisticated models of
both collaboration
and competition.
Long-standing
boundaries and
constraints that have
traditionally determined
the evolution of business
are dissolving, allowing
new ecosystem
possibilities to flourish.
HE business environment
has never been static,
simple, or certain: Profound
change, sometimes abrupt,
sometimes gradual, has
been reshaping the world for
centuries. As recently as 1900,
Read more about our view of business
European empires straddled
ecosystems in the Introduction.
the globe, and the British
empire alone contained 400
million people25 percent
of the worlds population.1
Only a tiny minority had ever
millions around the United States in the first
stepped foot on foreign lands,
nickelodeons; the Wright brothers would
or even travelled more than 50 miles from
take flight at Kitty Hawk; Hubert Booth would
their place of birth. Well over 80 percent still
2
invent the first modern vacuum cleaner;
lived on farms or rural communities. In the
a young Japanese playing card company,
United States, already the worlds wealthiest
Nintendo, would start trading internationally;
country, life expectancy at birth was 47 years;
Henry Ford would incorporate his eponymous
about 7 percent of students completed high
automobile firm; John A. Fleming would create
school; 1 percent of citizens held investments
3
the first practical vacuum tubes; Rutherford
in public companies or mutual funds; only
4
and Soddy would introduce their general the19 percent of women worked for pay; just
ory of radioactivity; and the 26-year-old Albert
3 percent of households were lit by electric5
Einstein would propose his theory of relativity, and less than a third had running water.
ity and postulate the existence of photons. All
While scientific knowledge and technological
of theseand many more events in that one
capabilities had progressed greatly since the
brief historic windowwere either enablers or
Enlightenment, they remained almost primimanifestations of a rapidly expanding universe
tive by todays standards.
of new knowledge, capabilities, and potential.
But history was in motion. Between 1900
Disruptive change is hardly a new phenomand 1905, Kodak would launch the Brownie
enon: Preceding generations have enjoyed and
the first mass market camera; Marconi would
endured rapid shifts arguably even more transtransmit and receive transatlantic radio signals;
formative to their lives and work than those
the first narrative movie would be watched by
17
we experience today. And yet, it does appear

inevitable that change will continue to accelerate. Knowledge begets knowledge; todays
technologies fuel and catalyze each others
development; fast-spreading tertiary education
opportunities around the globe are creating
tens of millions of new actors in multiple fields
of expertise; and massively enhanced connectivity combines,
melds, and disseminates this increasingly rich mixture to
accelerate learning
and innovation.
The story of change
in our time, however,
is not only a story of
speed. Even more disruptively, long-standing boundaries and
constraints that have powerfully determined
the evolution of business, the economy, and
society are now blurring and even dissolving.
As a result, a new era of extraordinary possibility and potential is unfolding. Unprecedented
opportunities are inspiring entrepreneurs and
innovators. But these are also challenging
incumbent leaders and businesses to adapt
and act with confidence in order to thrive in
the future.
societal expectations and scrutiny of businesses

are reshaping the regulatory environment
and challenging the license to operate and
license to grow for multiple industries.
Fueling all of these, however, is rapid technological advancement. Few would dispute the
central importance of technology, especially
digital technology, as the key source of change
Few would dispute the central

importance of technology, especially
digital technology, as the key source of
change in recent decades.
Whats behind this trend?

Many factors are together driving the transformation of the business environment. The
global economy has changed beyond recognition. Newly powerful nations and organizations are growing, consuming, and helping to
set new rules. Sustainability challenges, demographic shifts, and the needs of a new global
middle class are increasingly important
sources of innovation. Social and cultural shifts
occur everywhere, empowered by an increasingly influential generation of entrepreneurial
and impact-oriented digital natives. New
ways of collaborating and interacting are creating new organizational forms, business models,
and approaches to talent engagement. Evolving
18
in recent decades. Nor would they deny that

it will continue to play an absolutely critical
role. As writer Stewart Brand has observed,
computing is not like previous technologiesit
is autocatalytic, or self-accelerating, as each
development allows the next one to come
about faster.6 Seymour Cray, when told that
Apple Inc. had bought one of his Cray supercomputers to help design the next Macintosh
computer, declared: I just bought a Mac to
help me design the next Cray!7 Computers
have also catalyzed rapid advances in other
fields, including engineering, materials science,
nanotechnology, and biotechnology.
Moores Lawwhich defines the remarkable exponential growth in computing power
and decline in costhas held for 50 years,
despite recurring concerns it would hit
technological limitations.8 It appears likely to
endure longer; yet even if the pace should slow,
the stage is already set for continuing digital
disruption. After all, the process is still relatively new. The Internet only started entering
the mainstream economy less than 20 years
ago. Broadband access only overtook far slower
dial-up modems about 10 years ago. Mobile
devices designed for a digital economynotably smartphones and tabletsarrived about
seven years ago, and cloud computing and

storage became truly effective shortly afterward. Even more recently we have witnessed
the growing reach and power of software
applications, already altering the worlds
of individuals and enterprises alike. Today
the Internet of Things (connecting objects
just as the Internet has connected people) is
poised for takeoff. And the ability to analyze
and interpret massive amounts of new data
will grow, as machine intelligence continues to
evolve, generating powerful new insights and
predictive capabilities.
Digitization of the economy has already
had tremendous impact, but we are only beginning to witness the sheer scale and scope of its
transformative power.
The trend
Increasingly, businesses operate in complex,
dynamic, and adaptive ecosystems. A variety
of phenomenaincluding feedback loops,
stocks and flows, scaling and network effects,
power laws, and so onmust be understood
to properly appreciate and anticipate how systems behave and might evolve. But one major
change is already underway. The fundamental
boundaries that have specified the relationships,
interactions, and possibilities of most businesses
are rapidly blurring and dissolving. Historically,
when boundaries have movedgeographic,
scientific, technological, institutional, or
culturalthe results have been momentous.
When multiple boundaries shift simultaneouslyas happened during the Enlightenment
and the Industrial Revolutiontruly extraordinary breakthroughs and great strides in
human progress occur, through the creation of
new connections, possibilities, and ideas.
Many long-standing boundaries have been
blurring in recent decades. Industries and
sectors have been converging, reducing the
clear lines of demarcation originally defined
and codified almost 80 years ago.9 Boundaries
between and within firms have been weakening. Old distinctions between products and
services are breaking down as businesses
traditionally specializing in one seek to integrate the other, to create fuller solutions and
more compelling experiences that serve customers growing expectations. The historically
profound gaps between the capabilities and
influence of large and small organizations are
steadily declining. For many individuals, the
boundary between paid work and passionate
pursuit of interests and hobbies is falling.
Even the respective roles and contributions of the private, civic, and public sectors
are blurring. Businesses were historically
driven by market values, and the civic sector
by moral and social values; governments set
the rules and provided public goods. Today,
they are merging and becoming increasingly
interdependent through new partnerships
and collaborationsoften in pursuit of shared
goals in light of another blurring, as externalities become internalized within market-based
solutions. The liberalization of trade policies
following the demise of the Soviet Union
has served both to soften borders between
countries, and also greatly diminish the vast
dividing line between the developed and
emerging economies. Cross-fertilization and
increasing collaboration across scientific and
technological domains are dissolving multiple
knowledge boundaries.
These are all crucial changes and are already
impacting every sector and almost every business today. But three key types of blurring are
poised to have growing and ubiquitous impact.
The human-machine boundary

From the advent of the most basic
tools, technologies have always replaced
and expanded upon human endeavor. The
Industrial Revolution brought widespread
mechanization of routine manual labora
process continued ever since through multiple manufacturing innovations. The advent
of office machines, especially computers,
expanded automation into the cognitive
domainagain, mainly in routine areas, as
software algorithms captured well-codified and
rule-based procedures and expertise, enabling
faster, cheaper, and more reliable business
19
operations. Meanwhile, since General Motors

introduced the first industrial robots in the
1960s, machinery has been steadily extending its reach into nonroutine manual work.10
Recently, for example, the US Navy tested a
prototype bipedal firefighting robot equipped
with multiple sensing and actuation capabilities.11 General Electric is designing robots
that can, for example, climb and maintain
wind turbines.12
There will be further machine encroachments into manual work and routine cognitive
fields, but the new and transformative blurring
boundary today is occurring in the nonroutine
cognitive domain, which has historically largely
defied automation. Artificial Intelligence
(AI), including machine learning, natural
language processing, knowledge representation, machine-to-machine communication,
and automated reasoning, is evolving fast.13
Investment here has exceeded $17 billion
since 2009, with private investment growing
around 62 percent a year.14 The extraordinary
consequences are already becoming manifest.
Apples Siri voice recognition software applies
natural language recognition to interpret and
act upon spoken words. Google Translate has
over 500 million active users every month,
and now features a conversation mode that
enables real-time bilingual conversations.15
Self-driving vehicles have been road tested
for millions of miles.16 Symantecs Clearwell
software, designed to address the explosion of e-discovery efforts in legal matters,
uses language analysis to review and sort
hundreds of thousands of documents in just
hours.17 IBMs Watson, having won Jeopardy!,
is now detecting and diagnosing medical
conditions and outlining patient-care plans.18
Financial services firms such as Betterment
and Wealthfront provide automated, customized investment advice. The Associated Press
(AP) is implementing a system to automate the
writing of corporate earnings reports, allowing
reporters to concentrate on tasks that require
more ingenuity and add more valuemore
journalism and less data processing in the
words of the APs Lou Ferrera.19
20
Looking ahead, the implications of increasingly autonomous non-human intelligence

are profound, though still uncertain. Many,
including scientist Stephen Hawking and
entrepreneur Elon Musk, have voiced serious,
perhaps existential, concerns regarding the
potential consequences.20 More immediately,
however, we need only look backward at the
transformative impacts of automation on
manual and routine cognitive workgrowth,
productivity, and prosperity, alongside challenging social disruptionsto get a sense of
the sheer scale of what likely lies just around
the corner.
The producer-consumer boundary

Another clearly drawn line quickly losing
resolution is the distinction between producers
and consumers. In the first half of the twentieth century, powerful producers forged and
dominated the new industrial era; consumers
were the passive recipients of their output, far
from active participants. In recent decades,
increased choice enhanced consumers power
in the marketplace, but they were engaged
rarely and weakly, through mechanisms
like focus groups. Persuasion prevailed over
participation. Even today, many businesses
declare themselves customer-centric, but still
strategize around value chains that relegate
consumers to the far end of increasingly complex production arrangements.
Such approaches are becoming increasingly
inadequate as the old boundaries between producers and consumers blur in a variety of ways.
Consider YouTube, where millions of users
create and share 300 hours of content every
minute.21 Today, we also see people contributing real value to many communities of shared
interests and needsrelated to, for example,
particular medical conditions or hobbiesand
to blogs, citizen journalism, and other knowledge- and opinion-sharing portals. Five of the
ten most popular web content sites worldwide
are primarily user-generated.22
But consumers have also become deeply
engaged in the production of physical products. In some cases, ecosystems of makers
empowered by newly accessible and affordable

technologies, are actually leading the evolution of productsfor example, drones.23 More
commonly, consumers help design, improve,
and prioritize within existing categories, on
powerful platforms established by many firms
explicitly for co-creation. UK-based startup
MakieLab, for example, allows customers to
create one-of-a-kind 3D-printed dolls using
its FabLab app. A similar concept underpins
the successful fashion company Threadless,
which gets all the graphics for its T-shirts as
submitted designs and allows visitors to its site
to vote for the ones Threadless should produce.
Such approaches
are being further
spread through the
increased deployment of prizes
and competitions,
and the growing
success of crowdsourcing businesses
such as Applause,
the worlds largest open community dedicated to professional
testers of software.24
More recently, peer-to-peer networks have
proliferated, enabling individuals to share
their assets, skills, and time. Businesses like
Airbnb, Uber, and SoMoLend, for example,
are creating radically different and fast-scaling
options in hospitality, mobility, and finance,
respectively. In some instances these are making previously idle assets productive, thereby
benefitting society; but as such networks
spread to other parts of the economy, they
will threaten the existing business models of
many incumbents.25
Consumers are also prolific producers
of arguably the most valuable commercial
resource todaymassive volumes of data.
Consider the data exhaust captured by Googles
aggregation and prioritization of our searches.
Or Amazons collaborative filtering which
captures our preferences to promote suggestions to like-minded people. And, as companies increasingly enable their customers to
customize their own products, services, and

experiences, they will accumulate ever more
prodigious amounts of individual and collective data. As more of our lives move into the
digital arena, almost every action and choice
will create and transmit dynamic data with
latent valueposing both new opportunities,
and new dilemmas.
The physical-digital boundary

Digitization began influencing the physical
economy 50 years ago, with information technology automating many business processes.
The advent of the Internet increased the pace,
scope, and scale
of that process,
with some commentators initially
distinguishing
between an old
physical and new
digital economy:
E-commerce
was different
from commerce,
bricks and mortar separate from online.26
That boundary, however, quickly blurred,
with terms such as clicks and mortar and
omni-channel emerging in retail, for example, to describe a much more blended and
integrated reality.
Now, the physical and digital worlds are
converging rapidly in the form of increasingly
smart objects. The Internet of Things (IoT) is
enabled by many factors, including increasing
capabilities and falling costs of sensors, actuating devices, and wireless connectivity, and the
massive expansion of the Internet Protocol
registration regime, IPv6. By connecting farflung devices, objects, and infrastructure, the
IoT enables not only remote real-time awareness, but autonomous adjustment and control
to optimize performance, while creating yet
more data. For example, the Nest Learning
Thermostat senses your presence or absence
at home, tracks your heating preferences over
time, and adjusts temperatures accordingly. By
aggregating what it learns from your and every
Now, the physical and digital

worlds are converging
rapidly in the form of
increasingly smart objects.
21
Figure 1. Fundamental boundaries are rapidly blurring in the business environment and economy
External and
internal costs
and benefits
Industries
and sectors
Humans and machines

While further penetrating manual and
routine cognitive work, new technological advances in artificial intelligence
(including machine learning, natural
language processing, and automated
reasoning) are now also transforming
machine capabilities in the nonroutine
cognitive domain
Between and
within firms
Developed
and emerging
economies
Physical and digital

The Internet of Things, 3D
printing, and other technologies
are driving a further blurring of
the physical and digital worlds.
Further transformations are likely
as lifelike digital worlds become
increasingly accessible through
virtual reality technology.
Large and small

Producers and consumers
organizations
Once passive recipients, consumers
are increasingly active participants.
Open source, peer-to-peer networks,
the sharing economy, the maker
movement, crowdsourcing, and
co-creation exemplify how consumers are becoming inseparable from
Products
producers of content, data, and
and services
even physical products.
Scientific and
technical
domains
Paid work
and passions
Public, private,
and civic sectors
Country
borders
other household, it continuously improves its

algorithms based on large-scale patterns.27
The IoT is spreading across the economy.
Gartner has estimated about 26 billion connected objects (excluding smartphones and
tablets) by 2020;28 Cisco predicts 50 billion;29
and Morgan Stanley 75 billion.30 Every sector, from health care to security, will be
altered. But this is not the only technology
blurring the boundaries of the physical and
digital worlds. 3D printing enables production of an expanding range of physical goods
from digital files, from OwnFones simple yet
customizable made-to-order mobile phones
to NASA-designed tools that can be printed
in space.31 With significant innovation broadening the array of printable materials, this
22
will only accelerate. For example, Organovo

is today printing scaled-down human livers,32
which it sells to pharmaceutical companies for
drug-testing purposes, while researchers in
Australia have figured out how to print stem
cells,33 a step toward lab-grown hearts and
brains. In another interesting twist, AutoDesk
has recently offered as a free public beta its
Memento software, which enables non-experts
to turn digital images (scans or photos) of
physical objects back into 3D models that can
then be physically printed!34
Looking ahead, there is perhaps an even
more profound blurring of the physical and
digital worlds, as advances in virtual reality
technology enable increasingly lifelike alternate digital worlds. While virtual reality is
today deployed primarily in the gaming space,

Facebooks recent $2 billion acquisition of
Oculus VR perhaps hints at a future of fully
immersive connections for maintaining social
relationships and sharing information, weaving
even more digital threads through the physical
fabric of our lives.
Implications
Boundaries typically produce constraints,
limiting choices and actions and reducing
efficiency. As they diminish, wonderful new
opportunities flourish. So, too, does upheaval.
The old boundaries and constraints were limiting, but also clarifying. They provided definition and focus, framed what was possible,
pointed clearly to sources of advantage, and
informed the key elements of business strategy
and operations for many decades. Therefore,
blurring boundaries are creating extraordinary
new potential for the economy and broader
society, and enabling remarkable innovation
and entrepreneurship; and at the same time,
they are also creating new challenges, especially for incumbents who have been masters
of the previous game. Successful leaders will
have to address increasingly urgent issues
regarding cybersecurity and the fair usage
of data; figure out optimal ways to organize
and to access talent; and adopt more dynamic
approaches to strategy with far greater builtin optionality.
Cybersecurity and data

The blurring boundary between the physical and digital worlds is a fundamental driver
of transformation, creating connections, data,
and capabilities that are reshaping almost
every part of our lives. But it also presents two
substantial and unresolved challenges. First,
maintaining a secure, global, open Internet;
and second, determining the appropriate use
of the mushrooming data we are all generating
every day in myriad ways.
Of the various threats to the Internet,
the greatest is arguably hackingfor fun,
for illegal profit, for access to confidential
information, for malicious disruption and

damage, and for various ideological reasons. The number of detected cyber-attacks
increased by nearly 50 percent in 2014 (reaching some 120,000 per day), while identity
theft (up 70 percent) and cybersecurity (up 61
percent) were the top two security concerns for
American citizens.35 President Obamas urgent
call in his 2015 State of the Union address for
more collaboration between government and
business on this front raises the prospect of
greater collective prioritizationand innovationfor years to come.36
Similar collaboration and innovation will
also be occurring in the domain of datatheir
capture, ownership, distribution, and monetization. An order of magnitude more data
will be produced in the years ahead, analytics will continue to get far smarter and more
predictive, and opportunities to create value
will proliferate. Yet critical issues regarding
privacy, ethical questions posed by the ability
of data to be used in discriminatory ways, and
tensions over ownership of and value extraction from data produced through the activities of citizens are all rising.37 There have been
substantial breaches of trust in the pastsome
occurring because data was not adequately
protected from theft or hacking and others
because the data was inappropriately exploited
by those stewarding itand there will be more
in the future. The resulting erosions in public
trust are becoming more costly and are rapidly
rising on the corporate agenda as businesses
increasingly view the data they are co-creating with customers as one of their more
valuable assets.
Evolving organization designs

and talent models
Few organizations today bear much resemblance to their counterparts of 30 years ago. As
the changing business environment has heightened the imperatives of innovation, agility, and
resilience, organization design has changed
dramatically. Multiple layers of command and
control hierarchies have been reduced. Many
isolated internal siloes have been connected
23
and integrated. Core competences have been

prioritized, the rest assigned to sophisticated
supply chains or otherwise outsourced or
virtualized. Key business processes have been
automated. Digital technology and connectivity have enabled these developments, which
have been transformative. But this journey is
far from over. As value creation across ecosystems continues to grow in importance,
organizations will continue to be further optimized for effective networking, collaboration,
and fluidity.38
Recently, talent models in particular
have evolved. Long-term employment has
been eroding while contracting talent only
as needed becomes more common. An
Intuit report estimates that over 60 million
Americans will be contingent workers by
2020;39 87 percent of executives leading global
human resource functions have altered or are
considering changes to their talent sourcing strategy;40 and 70 percent of Millennials
expect to spend part of their career working
independently.41 An enabling infrastructure of crowdsourcing and competitions
has been growing fast. Specific tasks
can increasingly be allocated through
TaskRabbit or Amazon Mechanical Turk;
entire projects can be planned and responsibilities distributed using, for example,
Elance and oDesk; invention ideas can be
crowdsourced, designed, and commercialized
through Quirky; and marketing needs can
be addressed by Tongals platforms of tens of
thousands of creatives. Talent models will be
changed further by increased automation of
some types of knowledge work. Companies
such as HCL Technologies and Wipro are
already talking about the hourglass structures that will replace existing pyramids as
artificial intelligence extends deeper into software testing and IT support functions.42
Dynamic strategy
More than anything, business leaders
will have to adopt new approaches to strategy. Successful business strategy will remain
anchored on setting clear aspirations, making
24
well-informed and integrated choices regarding where to play and how to win, and developing the essential capabilities to support
these ambitions. However as boundaries blur,
the universe of options for creating value is
increasing substantially; winning increasingly requires collaboration as well as competition with others; essential capabilities need not
necessarily be owned or directly controlled;
capturing value is becoming more challenging,
often requiring the creation of new business
models; and the need for enhanced agility
means our strategies must be increasingly
capable of rapid flex and adaptation.
Approaches to strategy are likely to evolve
as a consequence, in a variety of ways that are
already becoming evident. More emphasis will
be placed on designing and renewing business models that take fuller account of the
importance of relationships outside the firm.
More than anything,

business leaders will have
to adopt new approaches
to strategy.
New models for profit capture will proliferate
including, for example, subscription-based
pricing, freemium services, micropayments,
and other newly possible tools. Shared, crossfirm approaches to strategy formulation, often
built on opening up hitherto closely guarded
and proprietary data, is also increasingnotably between large retailers and their suppliers. The use of scenarios that paint alternative
futures, first pioneered 45 years ago by Royal
Dutch Shell, is likely to become increasingly
common. And the smart analysis of increasingly abundant data to detect early signals
of directional changes and enable dynamic
adjustment of strategies will only rise in
importance, with big data and analytics already
being the top investment priority among CIOs
given additional budget.43
Whats next?
The significant erosion of long-standing
boundaries will likely result in two very different outcomes: New possibilities will be
discovered and deployed that will have transformative impact; and some new boundaries
will surely also arise to present different challenges. Writer William Gibson has suggested
that The future is already hereits just not
evenly distributed yet. We have already seen
powerful cross-cutting ecosystems transform
the once-separate sectors of computing, telecommunications, and media. As digitization
spreads everywhere, we must expect similar
blending and dynamism across the economy.
Just as we have seen the growing phenomenon
of temporary pop-up restaurants and even
retail outlets, might the future hold pop-up
firms? After all, as writer Clay Shirky has
noted, it is becoming increasingly possible
to organize without organizations.44 Just as
automation has started to make serious inroads
into non-routine cognitive work domains,
might AI move next into the world of creativity? Software programs are, after all, already
producing distinctive gallery exhibited drawings and composing music.45
New boundaries are already visible as
well. Geopolitical tensions that were relieved
following the collapse of the Soviet Union

appear once more to be rising. Fundamentalist
belief systemsan obviously divisive force in
human affairsare proving tragically consequential. While the gap between rich and
poor globally is on some measures declining,
the divide between the extraordinary wealth of
those at the top (the 10 wealthiest individuals
own around half a trillion dollars)46and the
vast majority of the rest is of growing concern.
Our dynamic economy greatly rewards restless
entrepreneurship. Might new fault lines evolve
between those well equipped for such a world
and those more suited to a steadier and less
frenetic world of employment? Inevitably, as
old boundaries and frictions disappear, new
ones will appear.
Yet if we can figure out how to live together
on our shared planet, the future prize is
extraordinary. The new art of the possible
from far more effective deployment of assets
and resources to collaborative integration of
expertise and passioncan help smarten and
strengthen Adam Smiths invisible hand to
create a more sustainable, global, and prosperous civilization. Today, that prize is within
our reach, but not yetnot quitewithin our
grasp. That will perhaps be the greatest challenge ahead, shared by the leaders of today,
and tomorrow.
25
My take
By Paul Saffo
Paul Saffo is a technology forecaster based in Silicon Valley, where he teaches at
Stanford University and chairs the Future Studies and Forecasting track at Singularity
University. Saffos essays on the future of technology have been featured in publications
such as Harvard Business Review, the New York Times, Fortune, and Foreign Policy.
Lets consider the grand sweep of this story. Once

upon a time there was just the physical, analog
domain. We then started creating and linking digital machines. The resulting bubble of cyberspace
was initially small, but it has been growing rapidly
since. As it expands, it encroaches on the analog,
not in a science fiction kind of way, but in a very
real kind of way. Now, even the basic notion of
a boundary between digital and the analog is
increasingly pass. The world has become more
permeable, with much of the most interesting
innovation coming from economic edges rather
than from the historic centers.
Interfacing is what once happened through
screens, keyboards, and other operating panels
that separated humans and machines while still
allowing them to connect. Today, we no longer
interface with machinesso much as we interact
with them. The distinction is subtle, but important because todays more intimate humanmachine mingling allows for practically instantaneous and transparent two-way communication
enabled by sensors, monitoring, and environmental feedback. Leading firms today are often forced
to acknowledge that some of their most important employees are actually machines.
Increasingly, no hard border needs to be crossed
in order for insight to exchange hands from a
person to a thing. Planes, trains, and subways,
for example, may still have human operators,
but none of them could successfully complete
their assigned tasks without guidance, and even
fundamental coaching, from machines. The
drivers dont need to ask for advice, because the
supporting technology is smart enough to simply
reach in and offer it. These transactions can be
so seamless, and effective, that some organizations are now putting measures in place to guard
against human overreliance on technology. For
example, next-generation autopilot design now
26
includes machine-generated prompts reminding

pilots to remain engaged.
We tend to structure our organizations to reflect
our dominant communications systems. In the
age of telephony and mainframe computing,
organizations were more hierarchical and centralized. As networked communications have evolved,
we have increasingly drawn upon organizational
designs that are decentralized and even more
organic. If I could offer one piece of advice to todays leaders, it would be to read more broadly in
ecology and biology. Key ideas like symbiosis and
co-evolution are central in that literature and businesses will increasingly need to master them to
thrive. Many leaders can also borrow important
biological lessons about sharing resources and
cross-pollinating ideas in the intertidal zones
that increasingly link businesses and turn out to
be fantastically rich places to innovate.
Author
Endnotes
1. Christopher Daniell, A Travellers History of
England (4th edition) (New York: Interlink
Books, 1998).
2. The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World urbanization
prospects: The 2005 revision, 2005, http://
www.un.org/esa/population/publications/
WUP2005/2005wup.htm.
3. Steven Mintz and Sara McNeil, Twentieth
century revolutions, Digital History, http://
www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.
cfm?smtID=2&psid=3176, accessed March 10,
2015.
4. Donald Fisk, American labor in the 20th
century, Compensation and Working Conditions,
January 30, 2003, http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/
cwc/american-labor-in-the-20th-century.pdf,
5. Stanley Lebergott, Table 1.1: US living standards, 1900-1970, The American Economy:
Income, Wealth, and Want (Princeton Legacy
Library), 1976, p. 8.
6. Stewart Brand, Whole Earth Discipline: An
Ecopragmatist Manifesto (Viking, 2009).
7. Gordon Bell quoting Jim Gray, A Seymour
Cray perspective, Seymour Cray Lecture Series,
presented at the University of Minnesota,
November 10, 1997, http://research.microsoft.
com/en-us/um/people/gbell/craytalk/sld089.
htm. Macintosh is a trademark of Apple Inc.,

registered in the United States and other
countries. Business ecosystems come of age is
an independent publication and has not been
by Apple Inc.
8. Dean Evans, Moores Law: How long will it
last?, Tech Radar, February 22, 2014, http://
www.techradar.com/us/news/computing/
moore-s-law-how-long-will-it-last--1226772,
9. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC),
a system used by US government agencies to
classify industry areas, was first established in
1937 (it has since been supplanted by the North
American Industry Classification System).
See Farlex Financial Dictionary, Standard
Industrial Classification Code, 2012, http://
financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Stan
dard+Industrial+Classification+Code, accessed
March 10, 2015.
10. GM installed its first robot at a factory in 1961.
See Shimon Y. Nof, Handbook of Industrial
Robotics (Wiley, 1999), p. 33.
11. Peter Shadbolt, US Navy unveils robotic firefighter, CNN, February 12, 2015, http://www.
cnn.com/2015/02/12/tech/mci-saffir-robot/,
27
12. Staff, Robotic crawler climbs wind turbines,

inspects blades, Design Engineering, June 15,
2012, http://www.design-engineering.com/
general/robotic-crawler-climbs-wind-turbinesinspects-blades-67587/, accessed March 10,
2015.
21. Mark R. Roberston, 300+ hours of video are

uploaded to YouTube every minute, ReelSEO,
November 21, 2014, http://www.reelseo.com/
youtube-300-hours/, accessed March 12, 2015.
13. Deloitte, Technology Trends 2015, Deloitte University Press, January 29, 2015,
http://dupress.com/periodical/trends/
tech-trends-2015/?per=1076.
23. Chris Anderson, How I accidentally kickstarted

the domestic drone boom, Wired, June 22,
2012, http://www.wired.com/2012/06/ff_drones/
all/, accessed March 10, 2015.
14. Kevin Kelly, citing quantitative analysis firm

Quid, The three breakthroughs that have finally
unleashed AI on the world, Wired, October 27,
2014, http://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-ofartificial-intelligence/, accessed March 10, 2015.
15. Quentin Hardy, Language translation tech
starts to deliver on its promise, New York Times,
January 11, 2015, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.
com/2015/01/11/language-translation-techstarting-to-deliver-on-its-promise/?_r=0,
accessed March 10, 2015. Siri is a trademark of
Apple Inc., registered in the United States and
other countries. Business ecosystems come of age
by Apple Inc.
16. Mark Harris, Google lobbies to test self-driving
cars in Matrix-style virtual world, Guardian,
August 21, 2014, http://www.theguardian.
com/technology/2014/aug/21/google-test-selfdriving-cars-virtual-world-matrix, accessed
March 10, 2015.
17. Symantec, eDiscovery Platform powered by
Clearwell, 2015, http://www.symantec.com/
business/support/index?page=productlanding&
key=60705, accessed March 10, 2015.
18. Mary Shacklett, IBM Watsons impressive
healthcare analytics capabilities continue to
evolve, TechRepublic, March 3, 2014, http://
www.techrepublic.com/article/ibm-watsonsimpressive-healthcare-analytics-capabilitiescontinue-to-evolve/, accessed March 10, 2015.
19. Paul Colford, A leap forward in quarterly
earnings stories, Associated Press, June 30,
2014, http://blog.ap.org/2014/06/30/a-leapforwardin-quarterly-earnings-stories/, accessed
March 30, 2015; David Schtaksy and Jeff
Schwartz, Machines as talent: Collaboration,
not competition, Deloitte University Press,
Global Human Capital Trends 2015, February
27, 2015, http://dupress.com/periodical/trends/
human-capital-trends-2015/.
20. Stuart Russell et al., Research priorities for
robust and beneficial artificial intelligence: An
open letter, 2015, http://futureoflife.org/misc/
open_letter.
28
22. Alexa, Top sites, http://www.alexa.com/topsites, accessed March 10, 2015.
24. Applause was recently named one of the most

promising companies in the US by Forbes (Our
story, Applause, http://www.applause.com/ourstory, accessed March 10, 2015).
25. Rachel Botsman, Whats Mine is Yours: The
Rise of Collaborative Consumption (New York:
Harper Collins, 2010).
26. For example, see Jonathan Rauch, The new old
economy: Oil, computers, and the reinvention
of the earth, Atlantic, January 2001, http://www.
theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2001/01/rauch.
htm, accessed March 12, 2015.
27. Nest, 365 days with Nest, 2015, https://nest.
com/thermostat/life-with-nest-thermostat/,
28. Gartner, Gartner says the Internet of Things
will transform the data center, press release,
http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2684616,
29. Cisco, Seize new product and revenue opportunities with the Internet of Things, http://www.
cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/portfolio.
html, accessed March 10, 2015.
30. Tony Danova, Morgan Stanley: 75 billion
devices will be connected to the Internet of
Things by 2020, http://www.businessinsider.
com/75-billion-devices-will-be-connected-tothe-internet-by-2020-2013-10, accessed March
10, 2015.
31. Brian Krassenstein, OwnFone launches
PrintFone, the 3D printable ccustomizable
mobile phone, 3DPrint.com, February 6,
2015, http://3dprint.com/42814/ownfoneprintfone-3d-print/, accessed March 12, 2015;
NASA, Space Station 3-D printer builds ratchet
wrench to complete first phase of operations,
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/3Dratchet_wrench/#.VPtZvvnF9jc,
32. Organovo, exVive3D liver, tissue
performance, http://www.organovo.
com/tissues-services/exvive3d-humantissue-models-services-research/
exvive3d-liver-tissue-performance, accessed
March 10, 2015.
33. Tanya Lewis, 3D-printed human embryonic
stem cells created for first time, http://www.
livescience.com/26865-3d-printed-embryonicstem-cells.html, accessed March 10, 2015.
34. Daniel Terdiman, With Autodesks Memento,
anyone can create 3D models of buildings,
sculptures, or other physical objects, VentureBeat, March 3, 2015, http://venturebeat.
com/2015/03/03/with-autodesks-mementoanyone-can-create-3d-models-of-buildingssculptures-or-other-physical-objects/, accessed
March 12, 2015.
35. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Global State of
Information Security Survey: 2015 results by
industry, September 30, 2014, http://www.pwc.
com/gx/en/consulting-services/information-security-survey/index.jhtml; Harris Polls, Identity
theft, personal cybersecurity and terrorism top
the list of Americans security concerns, finds
University of Phoenix survey, University of
Phoenix News, http://www.phoenix.edu/news/
releases/2014/09/personal-cybersecurity-andterrorism-top-americans-security-concernsuopx-survey-finds.html, accessed March 12,
2015.
36. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary.
SECURING CYBERSPACE - President Obama
announces new cybersecurity legislative proposal and other cybersecurity efforts, http://www.
whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/13/
securing-cyberspace-president-obamaannounces-new-cybersecurity-legislat, accessed
March 10, 2015.
37. Some scholars have characterized the effort to
balance protection of privacy and the benefits
of big data as possibly the biggest public policy
challenge of our time. See Ira Rubinstein, Big
data: The end of privacy or new beginning?,
International Data Privacy Law no. 3, 2013,
DOI: 10.1093/idpl/ips036.
39. Intuit, Intuit 2020 report: Twenty trends

that will shape the next decade, http://httpdownload.intuit.com/http.intuit/CMO/intuit/
futureofsmallbusiness/intuit_2020_report.pdf,
40. Deloitte, Global Human Capital Trends, http://
dupress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/
GlobalHumanCapitalTrends_2014.pdf, accessed
March 10, 2015.
41. Deloitte, The Deloitte Millennial Survey, January
2014, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/
Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gxdttl-2014-millennial-survey-report.pdf, accessed
March 12, 2015.
42. Varun Sood, HCL Technologies to replace
employees doing simple software testing with
domain experienced staff, Economic Times,
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.
com/2015-01-23/news/58382554_1_hcltechnologies-software-exporter-automation.
43. Deloitte, The Deloitte CIO Survey 2014: CIOs
at the Tech-junction, 2014, https://www2.
deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/fi/Documents/technology/CIO%20Survey%202014.pdf,
44. Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power
of Organizing Without Organizations (Penguin
Books, 2009).
45. Richard Moss, Creative AI: The robots that
would be painters, gizmag, February 16, 2015,
http://www.gizmag.com/creative-ai-algorithmicart-painting-fool-aaron/36106/; David Cope,
Experiments in musical intelligence, http://
artsites.ucsc.edu/faculty/cope/experiments.htm,
46. Forbes,The worlds billionaires, 2015,
http://www.forbes.com/billionaires/
list/7/#version:static, accessed March 12, 2015.
38. For more information on the implication of this

fluidity on legacy supply chain management, see
Supply chains and value webs.
29
By William Eggers and Anna Muoio
Overview
S a killer disease, malaria is

the worlds third biggest, after
only HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. In
2013, an estimated 584,000 people
died of it90 percent of these deaths
in Africa, mostly among children
under five years of age.1 And because
3.2 billion peoplealmost half the
worlds populationlive in regions
where malaria spreads easily, it is
very hard to fight.2 Scores of organizations are embroiled in the complex
search for solutions, sometimes pursuing conflicting priorities, always
competing for scarce resources.
Despite the daunting challenges, heres how
Bill Gates, who has already spent more than
$2 billion of Gates Foundation money on the
problem, characterizes the situation: This is
one of the greatest opportunities the global
health world has ever had.3
Opportunity? Its a surprising word even for
an optimistic mega-philanthropist to describe
a scourge that people have been trying to
eliminate, unsuccessfully, for hundreds of
years. Its also, however, a fair statement about
what is possible in the 21st century. Were seeing a trend by which many kinds of wicked
problemscomplex, dynamic, and seemingly intractable social challengesare being
reframed and attacked with renewed vigor
through solution ecosystems. Unprecedented
networks of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social entrepreneurs, health
professionals, governments, and international

new value through
both collaboration
and competition.
Wicked problems
ranging from malaria
to dwindling water
suppliesare being
reframed as wicked
opportunities and tackled
by networks of nongovernmental organizations,
social entrepreneurs,
governments, and
big businesses.
development institutionsand yes, businessesare coalescing around them, and

recasting them as wicked opportunities.
Whats behind the trend?

Any attempt to reframe a problem as an
opportunity has to begin with an understanding of the nature of the problem itself. Since
the 1960s, weve had a term to describe public
health crises like malariaand also rising
crime, climate change, joblessness, and other
persistent ills. They are wicked problems.
Wickedness isnt a degree of sheer difficulty.
As originally used by urban planner Horst
Rittel, it means the problem springs from many
diverse sources, is emergent and shifting, and
will never have one right answer.4 (Contrast
this with a tame problem, which might be
very hard but can be absolutely solved with
31
Figure 1. The ecosystem surrounding water as a wicked problem
Tech
Transfer
Offices
Education
Research
Academic
Institutions
Bilateral
partnerships
Global
Institutional
investors
Regional
PublicGovernments
private
partnerships
Academic
Partnerships
Investorled NGOs
Local
Investors
Water solution
ecosystem
Global
NGOs
NGOs
Multistakeholder
institutions
NGO-led
VC,
SRI funds,
and angel
investors
Local
NGOs
Regional
NGOs
Financial
institutions
Private
Global
National
Water tech
incubators,
hubs, and prize
competitions
Food
Energy
Local
National
Global
Source: Will Sarni, Deloitte Consulting LLP
straightforward techniques given enough

time.) Consider the very wicked problem of
access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene
(WASH). Huge parts of the world either lack
access to safe water altogether (much of rural
Africa and India) or are facing water scarcity (large parts of the West). Awareness of
the problem of water has risen to the point
that, in 2015, the World Economic Forum
named looming water crises the No. 1 risk
facing the globe in terms of its potential for
negative impact.5
32
Multinationals
Beverage
Automotive
Consumer
product
With problems as sprawling and complex

as these, progress depends on having some
capabilities that are themselves challenging to
put in place. Problem-solvers need to be able to
comprehend the dynamics of the system, coordinate their responses, and commit the necessary resources. Fortunately the story of the past
decade has been positive on all these fronts.
Technology has surged ahead, supporting
greater dissemination of information about
causes and how they compound one anothers
effects. Greater comprehension of wicked
problems is the result. Mobile phones, social

media, cloud computing, and data analytics
and, increasingly, the Internet of Thingsare
making it possible to capture, monitor, and
make sense of phenomena from food waste to
human trafficking. Powerful new collaboration
tools allow ordinary individuals, in communication with peer networks, to conduct citizen
science.
Many of the same technologies also assist in
coordinating responses. Jay Bradner, a medical doctor at a Harvard-sponsored cancer lab,
used cloud computing to disseminate a breakthrough in cancer treatment. After his lab created a molecule to target a specific cancer, the
researchers consulted a cloud-based network
to share the molecule with at least 70 laboratories, swiftly achieving a decades worth of
research in many directions, and enabling the
labs to use the molecule to identify promising
treatments in mice for several types of cancer.6
Meanwhile, the commitment of resources to
fight wicked problems has had a major boost in
recent decades, thanks to the business sectors
embrace of social, environmental, and economic responsibilities. As late as the 1970s and
1980s, private enterprise leaders for the most
part were content to leave societal issues to
government and the growing ranks of NGOs.
They subscribed to Milton Friedmans philosophy that corporate profits should go purely to
shareholders who, as citizens, could support
the causes they choserather than go to pet
charities personally chosen by hired managers.
(Hence: The social responsibility of business is
to increase its profits.7) Its a philosophy with
many fewer adherents today. Survey results
from Net Impact, the nonprofit that aims to
help businesses promote sustainability, show
that 83 percent of MBA candidates are willing
to take a 15 percent salary cut for a job that
makes a social or environmental difference in
the world.8
In the battle to eradicate malaria, for
example, we find many corporations pitching in. This is not pure philanthropy; it goes
toward sustaining the ecosystem in which
commerce can thrive. Take Newmont Mining,

which received the Best in the Workplace
award from the Global Business Coalition on
HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2011
for its continued partnership with Ghanas
Health Service to reduce the incidence of
malaria among its employees, contractors, and
local residents. Operating in a region where
the prevalence of malaria is high, Newmont
has an undeniable business interest in
finding solutions.9
Business is even more involved in the quest
to solve WASHbecause it is essential to
their employees, customers, and communities in which they operate along with other
stakeholders. We see this happening across the
globe: from Nestl capturing rainwater from
warehouse roofs, reducing sanitize flushes in
cleaning circuits, and reducing the blowdown
rate on cooling towers in its manufacturing
facilities in the Murray-Darling river basin in
Australia, to The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC)
investing in a wide range of water projects (its
global Replenish water stewardship strategy),
to Unilever providing water purifiers to villages
in India through its Waterworks program.10
Many multinationals now believe that they
must be visibly part of the solutions to wicked
social and environmental problems to maintain their social license to operate and earn
their license to grow.11
We like to call these social-minded companies multirational multinationals. They are
thinking about the returns they generate along
social and environmental, not only financial,
lines. As a result, they are finding virtually
unprecedented ways to apply their particular
capabilities and expertise to challenges that
governments and nonprofit organizations have
struggled with for decades.
We dont mean to imply that corporations
are the only reason that resources now exist to
tackle wicked problems. Private philanthropy
to international NGOs now surpasses the monetary contributions of all governments combined.12 But the transformation (as leaders at
Danone have described it) of many businesses
33
into entities that integrate social objectives into

their profit-seeking operations has been transformative for wicked problems, as well.13
The trend
The same kind of ecosystem thinking
that informs modern business strategies, as
managers look beyond the walls of their own
organizations and traditional supply chains, is
also being brought to bear on societys wicked
opportunities. In fact, because complex phenomena like malaria and water scarcity are so
broadly challenging and the need for solutions
so universally acknowledged, the ecosystems
responding to them are even more collaborative, more energetic, and more open.
All this makes wicked opportunity ecosystems fascinating to study for anyone seeking
patterns of success. Weve observed and been
engaged in dozens of multisector solution ecosystems tackling complex, entrenched societal
problems. As a result weve been able to identify five common elements in the ecosystems
making the most progress.
A broad range of wavemakers

Pursuing wicked opportunities demands
the talents and resources of all kinds of playersinvestors, conveners, multinational
companies, innovators, governments, and
citizen change-makers. For the businesses
involved, where executives are accustomed
to making decisions and driving outcomes
within spheres they formally control, the level
of consensus-building required can seem
extreme. But when all these wavemakers
converge on a shared objective, the effects can
be truly transformative.
Take The Coca-Cola Companys involvement in water stewardship through its Africa
Foundations Replenish Africa Initiative
(RAIN). Its goalto improve access to safe
drinking water for 2 million African people
by 201514demands cross-sector collaboration. The more than 100 partners in the fight
include NGOs such as World Vision and major
34
international aid organizations such as USAID.

Its challenging for one businesseven one
industryto make a material difference on
its own, explains Muhtar Kent, Coca-Colas
chairman and CEO. Instead, we must rely on
partnerships that connect across what I call the
Golden Triangle of business, government, and
civil society.15 The program replenishes more
than 2 billion liters of water to nature and
communities annually.16 The hope is that these
kinds of innovative collaborations coupled
with technology innovation can close the 40
percent shortfall in water supply projected
by 2030.17
An ecosystem integrator
So how do you get disparate organizations
to work together toward a common goal?
Its vital to have central organizers capable of
holding the whole and creating the space
for aligned action by others. In the fight
against malaria, MDG Health Alliance and
The Roll Back Malaria Partnership are two
such organizations.
Another entrepreneurial-spirited organization at the heart of a problem-solving ecosystem is The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
As the largest health philanthropy in the
United States, with more than $9.5 billion in
assets, the foundation is working to create a
culture of health in the United States, with
especially large investments in reducing childhood obesity. In the words of its vice president
of policy, David Colby, We know partnering
with providers, payers, clinicians, consumers,
the public health community, policy makers,
and others is the only way to effect change at
both the macro and micro levels.18
Or consider what the Global Alliance for
Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI) has
done to increase immunizations in the worlds
poorest countries. In 2000, there were plenty
of new technologies and medicines coming out
or already available for children in the West,
but in a textbook example of market failure,
they werent finding their way to these areas of
desperate need. That year, the World Health
Figure 2. A broad range of wavemakers is required to capture wicked opportunities.
Multirational
multinationals
Innovators
Steady suppliers
Citizen
changemakers
Investors and
conveners
Source: William D. Eggers and Paul Macmillan, The Solution Revolution: How Business, Government, and Social Enterprises Are Solving Societys Toughest
Problems (Harvard Business Review Press: Boston, 2013).
Organization (WHO), UNICEF, academics, pharmaceutical companies, and various

funders, all converged at the World Economic
Forum in Davos and agreed it would be useful to have one roof under which everyone
interested in reshaping the vaccine market
could confer. GAVI is that single solution
space, and its achievements are the sum of
its partners. Our market-shaping goal is to
maintain supply security and strive to achieve
the lowest price for currently available products, explains Dr. Seth Berkley, the CEO of
the GAVI Alliance.19 By pooling demand from
developing countries for vaccines and matching it with reliable, long-term financing, GAVI
has enabled 500 million additional children to
be immunized, preventing an estimated 7 million future deaths.20
A portfolio of interventions
Working in concert on wicked opportunities doesnt have to mean converging on one
best solution. More than moon shots, this is
about buckshot. A full portfolio of strategic
interventions has the best chance of hitting

the goal.
RE-AMP is just that: a buckshot approach
to one of the most pressing problems we
face todayclimate change. Under its banner, 160 nonprofits and foundations across
eight Midwestern states have signed on to
one goalreducing greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide by 80 percent by 2050.21
But thats a target with many bulls-eyes. So
RE-AMP created a portfolio of interventions:
prevent the building of new coal-fired power
plants, shut down existing plants, make renewable power a viable alternative, and reduce
energy consumption through significant efficiency measures. The group knew that unless
they coordinated to work on those four levers
simultaneously, they wouldnt make progress,
states Ruth Rominger, an expert on social networks and complexity theory.22
Likewise, in the fight to eradicate malaria, a
bevy of strategies and interventions are being
deployed simultaneously. Vouchers are giving
even the poorest of the poor in Africa access
35
to life-saving mosquito nets and medicine.

Partnerships with the informal retail sector
help get the malaria medicines to villages in
rural areas. And social marketing campaigns
are mounted to boost the uptake of these lifesaving products.
An innovation engine
Heres another part of the wicked opportunity to end malaria: a new low-cost health tool
called the RDT (rapid diagnostic test). It allows
health workers to detect the disease in a patient
within minutes at 99 percent accuracy and
for just 50 cents a test.23 It points to another
hallmark of the best solution ecosystems: their
strengths as innovation engines.
Innovation, almost by definition, requires
an eagerness to upend the status quoand
build compressed-earth bricks and special roof

tiles, two microenterprise projects that could
employ villagers while it created housing for
them. Prizes and challenges are just one way to
generate breakthroughs for societal problems.
In recent years, close to a hundred pay-forsuccess arrangements have connected buyers
of social outcomesincluding governments,
foundations, and philanthropistswith solvers
of problems around the world.
Market development
Perhaps more common than any other
element in the pursuit of wicked opportunities is the belief in well-functioning markets as
the key to solution sustainability. Again with
reference to malaria, breakthroughs came as
viable markets were established for mosquito
nets, medical treatments, and
diagnostic devices.
Market development is,
of course, a strength of great
firmsas well demonstrated
over the decades in the sales
of hygiene products. So it
is perhaps no surprise that
Unilever would spot the missing
market responsible for the deaths of some 1.5
million children a year by severe and chronic
diarrhea.25 The prevention, of courseknown
for centuries nowis hand-washing. HUL,
Unilevers subsidiary in India, knew it had a
product capable of saving lives. The problem
was that even simple bars of soap were unaffordable to families earning less than a dollar
a day.26
The solution was to engage an entire ecosystem. Once the NGOs, banks, and schools
concerned with keeping Indias poor healthy
agreed on the health benefits of cleansing
products, they collectively created the market for themwhile also lifting women from
poverty with microloans and jobs, improving
public health and sanitation, enhancing public
health awareness through educational campaigns, and more. For Unilever, making more
soap-buying possible is a marketing program
Working together, the wicked problems

of the world are now within our power
to solve.
an ability to rapidly market-test products or
services with the potential to do that. Often, it
requires thinking out of the boxand sometimes quite literally. Consider the problem of
providing extremely low-cost housing for the
more than a billion poor people worldwide
living at the base of the pyramid. When two
professors at Dartmouths Tuck School of
Business, Vijay Govindarajan and Christian
Sarkar, announced a contest to design a $300
house, one entrant (ultimately a winner) didnt
stop at designing that box. We realized that by
analyzing just one house, we were never going
to achieve the goal of $300, says Eric Ho from
the Architecture Commons team. Because
of the cost of labor, its just not possible. So to
circumvent it, we had to create a community.24
In their model, a hundred families together
would apply for $30,000 of microfinance loans.
Thus a village would invest in machines to
36
with social benefits, says executive HarpreetSingh Tibb. The company now has over 50,000
women selling its products in more than
635,000 villages, making rural India a $100
million-plus market for Unilever.27
Implications
In a 2013 interview, Unilever CEO Paul
Polman responded to a question about food
security in a way that reframed wicked problem into wicked opportunity:
The problem is, you talk food security and
you hear many different solutions. Some
say: How can you have food security if girls
cannot go to school? While others say: if I
dont have energy, I cant have food security. Or, we need to have water because otherwise we dont have food.
Then a CEO goes, oh my gosh, how do I
participate in this? So what you need is
leaders who are able to take this complexity
and distill it in simplicity, and are actually
able to drive that to action. Thats a skill that
you have to learn. Im not good at it either,
to be honest, but now we have created
some ecosystems, the global Consumer
Goods Forum, the World Business Council
for Sustainable Development, and WEF,
which are able to turn that into a positive
flywheel that creates momentum.28
Working together, the wicked problems

of the world are now within our power to
solve. But it will take business leaders who are
committed to social goals and able to work
effectively with external partners. It will take
foundation donors and impact investors who
are open to taking the broadest view of challenges, and willing to convene the whole of
the community seeking to overcome them.
And it will take government leaders who see
the potential of prizes and challenges, socialimpact bonds, and pay-for-success approaches
to spur innovation, and the power of using
large-scale procurement budgets to create
markets for them.
Whats next?
Today, attitudes about how to attack social
problems have changed dramatically. Citizens,
businesses, entrepreneurs, and foundations
often turn to each other rather than relying
solely on the public sector to coordinate solutions. Tomorrow, we may see more blurring of
the sectors as the coordination of their efforts
continues. Decades-old divisions of public
and private sector responsibilities are likely to
become less useful and less justified.
As part of this blurring, expect to see leaders and talent more frequently cross sector
lines. And expect the leaders who rise in business to have more encompassing visions and
more passionate points of view on the biggest
social problems of their era. Whereas in the
past, the top business school talent jumped on
the express train to high-paying fields such as
finance or consulting, in the future more hardcharging achievers are expected to seek ways
to marry their business acumen with social
impact. Indeed, this is already happening
and leading universities are responding with
more courses in social entrepreneurship, social
impact investment, social enterprise management, and social innovation.27 These programs
are helping to create a new hybrid talent pool
that can operate in both the business and
social-sector realms.
Leaders in the coming decades will be
tri-sector athletes, capable of engaging, collaborating, and driving outcomes across all
realms, and (to use management guru Peter
Senges term) system leaders who can catalyze change across networks where they lack
formal control.28
And for all of us, seeing wicked problems
as wicked opportunities will require seeing
beyond how we currently do things. How
many of the old ways of doing businessoperating in isolation, ignoring entire classes and
groups of people, shrugging off ruinous externalities of the marketwill we willingly let go?
If we are smart, quite a lot.
37
My take
By Risa Lavizzo-Mourey
Risa Lavizzo-Mourey is president and CEO of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and
one of the 100 most powerful women in the world, according to Forbes magazine.*
Under her leadership, the foundation has directed a $10 billion endowment to build a
culture of health and the ecosystem to support it.
The way we think about healthboth how

healthy we presently are as individuals and also
how healthy we might become if we adopted a
national vision supporting a culture of health
has evolved dramatically over the last few
decades. Many folks now realize that the interconnected web driving well-being has important
threads in education, employment, the homes we
inhabit, and the cities we design. Whether an elderly person thrives depends on having caretakers
both at home and in the hospital. Their ability to
recover depends on other factors in the community. Are they able to get out? Is there space to be
active? Can they get involved in communities?
we start to align across those linkages we can

kick off virtuous cycles of investment and beneficial results. People reduce stress. Blood pressure
falls. Heart function improves. Chronic disease
rates drop. Communities change. Fresh resources
are drawn toward the bright spots.
For instance, in Spokane, Washington, we work
closely with local leaders on improving high
school graduation rates. Why? Because both they
and we know that secondary school education is
an essential driver of other healthy choices and
opportunities. So as graduation rates moved from
60 percent in 2006 to well above 90 percent we
watched the rippling benefits cascade into better
choices about diet, physical activity, and even
when to start families.
Over the years, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has tended to lead from the back. We
focus our resources and expertise on spotting the
best innovations, piquing the interest of nimble
thinkers, and bringing collaborators together in
aligned action. We believe in setting a goal that
excites people, a true north, and then providing
assistance as stakeholders do their own path finding. The customized approaches that evolvebecause what works in New York City will not likely
work in Oklahomaare essential to success.
The key to making a difference in such a diverse

and complex ecosystem is to reframe the task at
hand, not as an unsolvable set of wicked problems, but as interconnected opportunities. When
Earlier this year, at the World Economic Forum

in Davos, I was tremendously impressed by the
shared appreciation emerging for ecosystem approaches to wicked opportunity; approaches that
engage communities and reimagine government,
while tapping market forces for scaling up. Building something as big as a culture of health requires it. When we succeed, and we will succeed,
it will have become obvious that we now live in
a world, and probably always have, where health
has as much to do with work, family, community,
and the connected world at large, as it does with
hospitals and clinics.
*Forbes, The worlds 100 most powerful women, 2014 rankings, http://www.forbes.com/power-women/.
38
Authors
William D. Eggers is a director with Deloitte Services LP and is responsible for research and
thought leadership for Deloittes Public Sector industry practice.
Anna Muoio is a specialist leader with Monitor Institute, part of Deloitte Consulting LLPs Social
Impact service line.
39
Endnotes
1. World Health Organization, 10 facts on
malaria, December 2014, http://www.who.int/
features/factfiles/malaria/en/, accessed April 3,
2015.
2. The World Health Organization, Malaria, December 2014, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/
factsheets/fs094/en/, accessed March 12, 2015.
3. Bill Gates, We can eradicate malariawithin
a generation, Gates Notes, November 2, 2014,
http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/EradicatingMalaria-in-a-Generation, accessed March 12,
2015.
4. Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber, Dilemmas in
a general theory of planning, Policy Sciences
2, No. 2 (1973): p. 155-169, DOI: 10.1007/
BF01405730.
5. World Economic Forum, Global Risks 2015,
2015, http:/www.weforum.org/risks.
6. William D. Eggers and Paul Macmillan, The
Solution Revolution: How Business, Government,
and Social Enterprises Are Teaming Up to Solve
Societys Toughest Problems (Harvard Business
Review Press, 2013), p. 70.
7. Milton Friedman, The social responsibility
of business is to increase its profits, New York
Times Magazine, September 13, 1970, http://
www.colorado.edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business.html,
8. Net Impact, 2014 Business as Unusual Report,
2014, https://netimpact.org/sites/default/files/
documents/business-as-unusual-2014.pdf,
9. Newmont, Combatting the spread of malaria
in Ghana, Our Voice, February 9, 2015, http://
www.newmont.com/our-voice-blog/2015/
Combatting-the-Spread-of-Malaria-in-Ghana/
default.aspx?view=details&item=Combatti
ng-the-Spread-of-Malaria-in-Ghana, accessed
March 12, 2015.
10. Jose Lopez and Will Sarni, Water as a shared
challenge: From societal expectations to
collective action, Deloitte Review 16, Deloitte
University Press, January 26, 2015, http://
dupress.com/articles/water-stewardshipcollective-business-action/, accessed March
12, 2015; The Coca Cola Company, The water
40
stewardship and replenish report, January

2011, http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/
c3/12/a180fc734609878f85f9bbdd5593/replenish_2011.pdf; Hindustan Unilever Limited,
Waterworks pilot gives 75,000 access to clean
water, 2013, http://www.hul.co.in/mediacentre/
newsandfeatures/2013/waterworks-pilot-gives75000-access-to-clean-water.aspx, accessed
March 12, 2015.
11. Will Sarni, Fueling growth: You cant always
buy what you need, Deloitte Review 15, Deloitte
University Press, July 28, 2014, http://dupress.
com/articles/water-stewardship-growthstrategies/, accessed March 12, 2015.
12. The Bellagio Initiative, Philanthropy: Current context and future outlook, July 2011,
http://www.bellagioinitiative.org/wp-content/
uploads/2011/09/Philanthropy_ResourceAlliance_2011.pdf, p. 19
13. NextBillion, An interview with Jean-Christophe
Laugee, November 20, 2013, https://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=iqgD_uWFcYo.
14. The Coca-Cola Company, RAIN: The Replenish Africa Initiative, 2014, http://www.cocacolacompany.com/rain-the-replenish-africainitiative, accessed March 12, 2015.
15. The Coca-Cola Company, Public Policy Engagement, http://www.coca-colacompany.com/
investors/public-policy-engagement, accessed
March 12, 2015.
16. The Coca-Cola Company, RAIN: The Replenish Africa Initiative.
17. World Economic Forum, The Water Resources
GroupBackground, impact and the way
forward, Annual Meeting 2012, Davos-Klosters,
Switzerland, January 26, 2012, http://www.
weforum.org/reports/water-resources-groupbackground-impact-and-way-forward.
18. David C. Colby, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation: Creating partnerships to build a culture
of health, GrantWatch Blog, September 11,
2014, http://healthaffairs.org/blog/2014/09/11/
the-robert-wood-johnson-foundationcreating-partnerships-to-build-a-culture-ofhealth/?cat=grantwatch, accessed March 12,
2015.
19. GAVI, Quotes, 2012, http://gaviprogressreport.

org/2012/quotes, accessed March 12, 2015.
20. GAVI, Facts and figures, 2015, http://www.
gavi.org/About/Mission/Facts-and-figures/,
21. Heather McLeod Grant, Transformer: How to
build a network to change a system, Monitor
Institute, 2010, http://reamp.org/content/
uploads/2014/01/Monitor-Institute-RE-AMPCase-Study.pdf.
22. Media Impact Funders, RE-AMP & Midwest
Energy News: Communications strategies
that fast track policy change, June 2014,
http://mediaimpactfunders.org/wp-content/
uploads/2014/06/TCE_casestudy_REAMP_
FNL_Funder_Fixed.pdf.
23. Chansuda Wongsrichanalai et al., A review of
malaria diagnostic tools: Microscopy and Rapid
Diagnostic Test (RDT), Defining and Defeating
the Intolerable Burden of Malaria III: Progress
and Perspectives: Supplement to Volume 77(6)
of American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
Hygiene, (Northbrook, IL: American Society of
Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2007), available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK1695/.
24. William D. Eggers and Paul Macmillan, The
Solution Revolution.
26. Unilever, Lifebuoy promotes handwashing,

http://www.unilever.com/images/es_Lifebuoy_promotes_handwashing_tcm13-387428.
pdf, accessed March 13, 2015.
27. IBS Center for Management Research, Lifebuoy
Swasthya Chetna: Unilevers social marketing
campaign, 2006, http://www.icmrindia.org/
casestudies/catalogue/Marketing/Lifebuoy%20
Swasthya%20Chetna-Unilever%20Social%20
Marketing%20Campaign.htm, accessed March
13, 2015.
28. Jo Confino, Interview of Unilevers Paul Polman
on diversity, purpose and profits, Guardian,
October 2, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/
sustainable-business/unilver-ceo-paul-polmanpurpose-profits, accessed March 13, 2015.
29. Katie Smith Milway and Christine Driscoll
Goulay, The rise of social entrepreneurship
in B-Schools in three charts, Harvard Business Review, February 28, 2013, https://hbr.
org/2013/02/the-rise-of-social-entrepreneu,
30. Peter Senge, Hal Hamilton, and John Kania,
The dawn of system leadership, Stanford Social
Innovation Review, winter 2015, http://www.
ssireview.org/articles/entry/the_dawn_of_system_leadership, accessed March 13, 2015.
25. World Health Organization, Diarrhoeal

disease, August 2009, http://www.who.int/
mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/index.html
41
By Bruce Chew, Don Derosby, Eamonn Kelly, and Bill Miracky
Overview
N 2008, Travis Kalanick and Garrett

Camp, the founders of Red Swoosh and
StumbleUpon, respectively, were attending
a European tech conference when inspiration for their next venture struck. Standing
outside the venue, they couldnt hail a cab.
Why, they wondered, wasnt it possible to
serve the demand (of two millionaires) on
a cold night with the excess supply they saw
all around themin the form of numerous,
mostly empty cars going their way? The duo
envisioned a solution, and soon after found
themselves designing an algorithm to match
ride-seekers with drivers willing to offer a lift.
Uber, the ride-sharing service now available in over 200 cities across 50 countries,
was born.1
The rise of the business was meteorica
recent $1.2 billion round of financing valued
Uber at over $40 billion,2 more than Avis
and Hertz combined.3 And the pain was felt
immediately by the medallion taxi companies
and rental car services that were subject to the
disruption. But Uber caused headaches for
another group, as well: the regulators tasked
with setting and enforcing the rules of business
to protect the publics interest. The new transportation solution wasnt exactly a common
carrier like a taxi service. Should it be treated
as one under the law?
Similar confusion is spreading across
the business landscape today, as once-clear
industries dissolve into complex ecosystems
full of unfamiliar entities and innovative offerings. Regulators, whose job has always been to
protect the public from danger, exploitation,
or insufficient competition in reasonably stable

new value through
both collaboration
and competition.
As ecosystems enable
more rapid, cross-cutting
innovation, regulators are
challenged to create
policies and solutions that
protect the publics
interests and are also
dynamic enough to keep
pace with innovation.
markets, now face another danger: that their

own application of old rules to new realities
might suppress innovations of tremendous
potential value to the public. In a gathering
trend, some are adopting new philosophies and
tactics, and finding effective ways to strike the
right balance.

Regulation of markets is always contentious to some degree, but in relatively slowmoving industries, the historical intent and
enforcement of the rules can be understood
well enough by all involved. Matters become
less clear when the boundaries of traditional
industries start to blur, when products blend
43
with services to create customer-delighting

solutions, and when knowledge assets take
on as much importance as physical assets
in the creation of value. Today, we are fast
becoming an economy characterized by
ecosystemsdynamic and co-evolving communities of diverse actors who create and
capture new value through both collaboration
and competition.
Take, for example, the health care industry.
For many decades it connected familiar kinds
of institutions, professionals, and patients.
Today, it is being complicated by any number
of innovations and newly connected nodes.
Monitoring devices, for example, which were
once present only in hospitals are now being
made for consumer use. (A 15-year-old in
New York just won a prestigious Scientific
American Award for one designed to monitor Alzheimers patients.)4 People who used to
rely wholly on their physicians for information
and guidance now rampantly access information online (like the 50 percent of all patients
who google their symptoms before going to
the doctor).5 A broad-based movement toward
integrated wellness attracts resources and
approaches associated with diet, exercise,
and mental health into efforts to prevent and
treat disease.
Constant, high-impact innovation is a
prominent new feature in businesses that
used to advance only incrementallyand it
takes place at all levels. Some of todays most
popular products, like the smartphone and
tablet, didnt exist even eight years ago. Apple
Inc. estimated in 2011 that over 60 percent
of its revenue came from products that were
less than three years old.6 Business models are
being reinvented to take advantage of technological change, for example enabling peer-topeer transactions, asset sharing, and social
collaboration. And the nature of work itself
is in flux. Sites like TaskRabbit allow anyone
to outsource small jobs to people with extra
time, and the creative economy continues to
expand.7 By one reckoning, half of todays jobs
are in occupations that didnt exist 25 years
ago.8 Researchers at Oxford University estimate
44
that up to 45 percent of American jobs are at

a high risk of disappearing within the next
two decades.9
In fast-changing environments like this, as
the US Office of Management and Budget has
observed, regulations have enormous potential for both good and harm. The challenge is
to exercise due caution on behalf of the public
while minimizing any adverse effects on
flexibility and innovation.10 The case of Uber
shows how tricky this balance is to achieve.
As of January 2015, the company was engaged
in no fewer than 40 concurrent regulatory
conflicts around the world.11 Ordinary citizens
may love having an alternative to taxis, but
their governments arent giving the service a
free ride.
The trend
Weve been describing one major trend
hereregulatory frameworks being challenged
by a new world of ecosystems and constant
innovationbut its useful to break that down
into distinct components. There are at least
four, beginning with the increasing pace
of innovation.
Change comes faster

Effective regulation depends upon the
regulators understanding of the solutions
being offered by businesses, their efficacy, and
their possible unintended consequences. But
constant innovation makes that very hard. We
often hear about the drag this lagging knowledge creates for innovators eager to bring
new things to market. Take, for example, the
Okanagan Specialty Fruits apples, which are
genetically modified not to brown after being
sliced. Regulatory approval by the USDA took
nearly five years. The threat of such delays can
scare off investors, even if inventors are willing
to endure them. Morgan Reed, who heads a
professional association for application developers, believes this problem is worst in the
health care space. Its not as though there are
no good ideas out there, he says, but health
care is often where good ideas go to die.12
Today, policymakers are also confronted

with big data, the exponential expansion of
digital information assets. The flood of data
combined with ever-sharper analytics allow
the discovery of previously unseen patterns
and behaviors: Police agencies can predict
when and where crime will happen, medical
researchers can sift through health records to
identify useful correlations, and businesses can
personalize marketing to better engage consumers.13 But these advancements increasingly
raise privacy concerns. When does personalization become too personal? When does
routine data collection become surveillance?
of people. Fortunes February 2015 cover story

The age of unicorns celebrates 83 startups
whose pre-IPO valuations have reached $1
billionformerly a rare if not mythical
occurrence.16 The dilemma for regulators is
clear: Find a way to strike a balance. Create
policies and solutions that protect the publics
interests and are dynamic enough to keep pace
with innovation.
Innovators find back doors

The word hacking once summoned up a
vivid image of advancing through some dense
jungle armed only with a machete. These days
it usually refers to
a computer programmer trying to
break into a wellprotected system.
To Chris Dixon,
a general partner
at venture capital
firm Andreessen
Horowitz, it also
applies to those
entrepreneurs
whose innovative ideas run smack into a thicket of dense
regulationsand who then have to find
especially clever ways to break through to their
intended markets.17
As new players are not always well positioned to lobby policymakers, they sometimes
instead look for legal back doors by which
to let themselves inat least long enough to
prove the value of their innovation. For Dixon,
Nextel in the late 1980s and early 1990s found
smart, legal ways to succeed despite regulation that had forced a duopoly in every city.
He also notes some more recentand highprofile examplesincluding Uber. Positioning
itself primarily as a technology business as
opposed to a transportation provider, Uber has
attempted to find legitimate ways around regulatory hurdles which have governed taxis and
liveries for ages, including stringent controls
over taxi medallions and the licensing fees dictating their ownership and transfer.18 Uber is a
While innovation has always challenged

regulatory authorities, its influence on
society has historically spread more
gradually, giving regulators more time
to learn and adapt.
Traditional means of protecting privacy were
not designed for an automated, digital world
where much is seen and monitored without
explicit consent. In the United States, there
is no comprehensive set of laws regulating
personal data.14 And at the same time, big data
only gets bigger, and the observable patterns
more detailed. The amount of data produced
has grown such that 90 percent of the data
that exists in the world today did not exist two
years ago.15 Regulators are challenged to find
the right balance between protecting individuals privacy while also releasing the transformative rewards big data offers.
While innovation has always challenged
regulatory authorities, its influence on society
has historically spread more gradually, giving
regulators more time to learn and adapt. Today,
startups are more quickly reaching significant
scale and impact, in some cases serving millions of customers and employing thousands
45
system that helps people access transportation,

affordably, fast, and reliably. It is about making
life easier for potentially millions of people,
and regulation has to be rethought to ensure
that it is consumer-safe and socially beneficial,
rather than to preserve the status quo.
Once a successful backdoor innovation
has been launched, pushback often begins
when incumbents, sometimes powerful and
entrenched, feel growing pressure on transaction volume, revenues, or both. Tax coffers have also sometimes felt the pinch; taxi
licensing, for example, nets over $1 million per
medallion in New York City alone.19
Similar dynamics are at play, for example,
in the regulatory battles being waged over
Airbnba highly-publicized, influential test
case. New York State Attorney General Eric
Schneiderman said of Airbnb: We must
ensure that, as online marketplaces revolutionize the way we live, laws designed to promote
safety and quality of life are not forsaken under
the pretext of innovation.20
Ecosystems are full of

unlike players
As ecosystems evolve and new and clever
business models proliferate, the sheer diversity
of competitors and competitive modes is yet
another complicating factor for regulators. In
a market-based economy, a major objective of
regulation is preserving an even playing field
for competitive businesses, and thus landmark
pieces of regulation have included the Sherman
Act of 1890, decisions like Standard Oil versus
United States, and modern moves to limit the
power of various tech giants.
Regulation has also traditionally attempted
to prevent the little guy from being trampled
by players of larger scale. But as industries
consolidated over time, much of the competition they worked to preserve was the evenly
matched tussle of titans, operating in essentially the same way at the same scale. In todays
business ecosystems, the players are not always
so evenly matchedindeed, they are not
always clearly competitorsand in some cases
the traditional advantages of scale have been
46
diminishing. Google executive Eric Schmidt

has pointed out that the threat to technology giants is not just other giantsit is the
next generation of innovators who will solve
problems in fundamentally different ways, just
as todays giants did in their small beginnings.
In a recent speech, he said that . . . someone,
somewhere in a garage is gunning for us. I
know, because not long ago we were in that
garage. Change comes from where you least
expect it . . . The next Google wont do what
Google does.21
As in natural ecosystems, species of very
different types and sizes compete for resources,
and the question of who thrives comes down
to complex interactions, not simple battles. Yet
regulators must set the terms of engagement
that will keep these non-comparable entities
working in ways that benefit society.
Innovations cross lines

of jurisdiction
In business ecosystems, the edges of
thingsincluding product definitions, market
boundaries, the distinction between digital and
physical goodstend to blur. These blurring
lines complicate one of the biggest questions that comes up in regulatory situations:
Which agency or authority has jurisdiction?
For example, who owns oversight of the new
ecosystem created by an Uber or an Airbnb?
Which federal agency owns the things of the
Internet of Things? Are drones the domain of
the FAA, local law enforcement, or neither?
How should regulators address new mobility solutions like driverless cars or carsharing
programs, and new currency paradigms like
peer-to-peer lending or Bitcoin?
Broadly speaking, federal regulators were
called into existence early on to protect the
public from anti-competitive practices and
poor working conditions within well-defined
industries and markets; later agencies were
created to ensure that resources were protected
and products were safe. This led to discrete
domains for each regulatory body. A factorys
worker safety was the domain of OSHA, its
effluent the responsibility of the EPA, its trade

practices overseen by the FTC, and so on.
As todays innovators construct novel
solutions, they often cross the boundaries of
regulatory frameworks built for traditional
domains, raising questions as to which framework has the capability or mandate to respond.
Sometimes, in fact, the confusion arises
because the lines of jurisdiction have been
defined too tightly. The financial sector provides a vivid example. The 1930s saw a wave
of new federal regulation of financial services.
Separate rules and institutions were developed
to deal with banks, saving and loan associations, and investment houses. At the time, that
seemed to cover the sector admirably. But over
the years, consumer financial products offered
by entities outside these groups proliferated.
The market for mobile payments, for example,
is expected to be $142 billion by 2019, but is
beyond the reach of any one federal regulator.
According to the FDIC, to date, no federal
laws or regulations specifically govern mobile
payments.22
Implications
The chairman of the Federal
Communications Commission, Tom Wheeler,
had this to say in a 2014 speech to the
American Enterprise Institute:
We cannot hope to keep up if we adopt a
prescriptive regulatory approach. We must
harness the dynamism and innovation of
competitive markets to fulfill our policy
and develop solutions. This new paradigm
needs to be more dynamic than rules,
andthis is a key pointit needs to be
more demonstrably effective than blindly
trusting the market.23
Those few phrases capture a number of

ways in which regulatory bodies might adjust
their approaches to fit the new realities of
business ecosystems. Those who serve their
citizens best will take full advantage of an
ecosystems self-regulating dynamics, increase
their own agility, focus on ends rather than
means, and emphasize regulatory interplay

over primary jurisdiction.
Activate self-regulation
Federal Trade Commissioner Maureen
Ohlhausen has defined self-regulation simply
as any attempt by an industry to moderate its conduct with the intent of improving
marketplace behavior for the ultimate benefit
of consumers.24 Examples include the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board, a private-sector, non-profit corporation created by
the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 to oversee the
auditors of public companies; the American
Medical Association, a national organization of
doctors which publishes the Code of Medical
Ethics dictating professional conduct for practicing physicians; and the National Association
of Realtors, one of the worlds largest trade
associations, which sets the rules for multiple
listing services and how brokers use them.
As business leaders think and act more with
an ecosystems perspective, such self-policing
may become more commonand more readily encouraged. There is a greater sense within
ecosystems of the interdependence of entities
and of the fact that any weak link threatens the
success of them all. New levels of transparency
and new tools for establishing and checking
reputations are also helping to keep behavior
in line. For example, the mutual buyer-seller
rating system that many consumers have come
to know through eBay transactions has its
analogs at all levels of the economy. In a world
where social media spreads the news of any
corporate misbehavior in minutes, businesses
and their ecosystem partners are less likely to
do anything that could be construed as bad for
the public. In Deloittes 2014 survey on reputational risk, 87 percent of responding executives rated reputation risk as more important
or much more important than other strategic
risks they face.25 Regulators might consider
how to activate and support these self-regulating tendencies instead of or as well as applying
more coercive external rules.
47
Increase agility
To respond to innovationand also to
enable itregulatory bodies must find ways to
act with greater agility, historically a difficult
feat for bureaucracies. Finding the answer has
never been more important because the world
isnt getting faster, it is faster. But regulation
and regulators can indeed move decisively
and in careful consultation with a wide range
of interested parties, as the FCC has recently
shown in adjudicating net neutrality. After
opening their preliminary opinion on the issue
to the public on February 19, 2014, the FCC
received almost 4 million comments in a matter of months.26 This exchange across interested parties illustrates perhaps the leading
principle of agility: Stay agile by staying open.
By February 2015, the FCC had picked its way
through that enormous array of opinions, testimonials, and evidence to announce a broad
and historic decision, even as the cross-stakeholder discussion and ongoing interpretation
of net neutrality principles are sure to continue
in perpetuity.
Another recent illustration of success

through agility and openness can be seen in
the just-completed auction of broadband spectrum which the FCC closed in January of this
year. In a boon to taxpayers, the sale of increasingly scarce mid-range bandwidth licenses
attracted a record $44.9 billion in expected
fees, far exceeding even the most optimistic
analysts estimates. Multiple biddersover
70 were pre-qualified by the FCC to participatecompeted aggressively for the coveted
licenses in markets as large as New York and
as small as American Samoa.27 The breadth of
bidder participation and the structure of the
auctions have been praised for inclusiveness,
with the applause coming in almost equal
parts from regulators, the public, and industry
leadership alike.
Focus on ends versus means

Innovation is best preserved when regulators focus on outcomes (Has this novel
solution resulted in any harm, or any greater
benefit?) rather than on process (Did this
Figure 1. Regulatory challenges and solutions for evolving ecosystems
Challenges in
ecosystem regulation
Emerging solutions
Speed
Stay agile by staying open
Pace of innovation and

shortening regulation life cycles
Promote self-regulation where appropriate

Consider sunset provisions to time-cap new regulation
Solicit real-time feedback allowing constant recalibration
Blurring edges
Seek to learn from edge-pushing business models
New business models at the edges

of existing regulation
Scan regulatory edges as areas prone to business model innovation

Monitor new business models as indicators of current regulatory gaps
Diversity
Harmonize diverse players through co-creation
New interactive dynamics as new

players emerge and jurisdictions
intersect
Regulate to common ends, not means

Focus on root causes across stakeholders
Embrace contrasting perspectives as sources of insight
Build the regulatory ecosystem to promote

cross-boundary innovation at the speed of business
48
business strictly comply with the steps specified for operating in this business area?). This
has been well established since at least the
1990s.28 The EPAs cap and trade regulations, for example, were designed to deliver
results with a mandatory cap on emissions
while providing sources flexibility in how they
comply.29 In a new era of businesses collaborating in changing ecosystems, the advantage
of this approach, perhaps even the necessity of
this approach, becomes clear. Regulations that
stipulate both ends and means are simply not
capable of accounting for the mushrooming
variety of means that ecosystems enable and
that diverse ecosystem participants generate.
Perform as a regulatory ecosystem

The rise of business ecosystems also suggests that regulators must move past their
traditional fixation on the question of primary
jurisdiction. By seeing regulatory bodies as
residing within an ecosystem of their own,
with all the dynamism and dependency
characterizing market ecosystems, they can
acknowledge the inevitability of overlaps and
find ways to achieve their goals more surely.
Steven Liew of the Asia Internet Coalition (see
his accompanying My take commentary)
refers to this as regulatory harmonization
through co-creation. Shared and co-owned,
multistakeholder jurisdiction is increasingly
the norm.
If you have any doubt of the need for such
cross-regulator collaboration, consider the
regulatory matrix surrounding something as
mundane as a checking account. Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau director Richard
Condray recently pointed to the specialty
consumer reporting agencies, individual financial institutions practices, heavily regulated
protocols around data sharing and account
management, individual bank policies related
to risk tolerance, and the types of accounts and
account features that banking institutions offer,
as all being subject to different levels and kinds
of regulatory scrutiny.30 FCC chairman Tom
Wheeler calls for this new regulatory ecosystem when he proclaims, We cannot address
these threats in one-sector or one-agency silos.
Particularly among regulatory agencies, we
must coordinate our activities and our engagement with our sector stakeholders.31
Whats next?
Statesman Edmund Burke wrote at the
end of the 18th century: The public interest
requires doing today those things that men
of intelligent goodwill would wish, five or
ten years hence, had been done.32 As regulators go about their work today, they recognize that future citizens will wish for a past
decade of important innovation as well as
scrupulous policing.
As industries blur into ecosystems, regulators are seeking new ways to strike this
balance. The regulatory challenges described
here will continue and new challenges will
follow. For example, how should a regulatory
regime handle intellectual property rights in a
world driven as much by passion as paid work,
and where innovation often occurs in open,
distributed forums? As ecosystems promote
collaboration and co-creation, when does
collaboration become collusion? As ecosystems build broad bridges across national and
regional boundaries, how do we account for
and honor the local preferences which are
themselves a major contributor to ecosystem
diversity and health?
Surely the regulatory mindsetthe basic
rules of thumb followed by policy makers
will need to evolve as innovation, dynamism,
and flexibility come to matter to our society
just as much as, if not more than, its desires
for stability, control, and compliance. What
new skills and capabilities will become more
common on regulatory teams? How will
cross-border regulation evolve as productive
regulatory pollination flows across economic
ecosystems that have no natural awareness of
the state and national borders they traverse?
Finally: What will it take to reshape the regulatory environment into a smart, dynamic, and
highly integrated ecosystem of its own?
49
My take
By Steven Liew
Steven Liew has helped shape regulation in China, Japan, Korea, India, Singapore, and
in the United States at eBay, where he was associate general counsel and head of government relations for Asia-Pacific. He is also a co-founder and past chairman of the
Asia Internet Coalition, which improves Internet regulation by finding common ground
between members including eBay, LinkedIn, Facebook, Google, Salesforce.com, Apple,
and Yahoo!.
Its almost too obvious to suggest that the business world is fundamentally different than it was
even 20 years agowhich poses the question:
Has the world of regulation kept up with these
seismic shifts? Or, in other words, are regulations
and the regulated well paired and in harmony
with the business ecosystems evolving below
their feet?
While my answer to the question is definitely
mixedin some instances they are and in others
less soits easy to cite noteworthy cases where
regulators were caught out by insufficient or outdated laws. In 2007, for example, the truck-sized
holes in the rubric of global financial standards
remained largely unknown or, at least, rarely
acknowledged. By 2009, the global financial crisis
had revealed in stark detail how big some of
those gaps were.
Other regulatory mismatches have been revealed
not by system shocks, but by individual entrepreneurs promoting irreverent innovations. Most
of these folksincluding eBay, Uber, Bitcoin, and
mobile payments companiesdont set out to
prove that regulation is flawed. They set out to
solve a problem or to build a market or to serve
unmet customer needs. But those services can
inadvertently ignite extensive regulator review as
incumbents cry foul and push for scrutiny of the
regulatory seams which have proven such fertile
ground for new businesses.
Amidst the challenges, I also see terrific examples
of progress and collaboration. One that stands
out is the growing adoption of co-creative
regulatory processes, approaches that convene
stakeholders from across jurisdictions, perspectives, and interests to find common ground. Ive
been especially surprised to see these collaborative models taking off in China, Taiwan, and
Singapore, places that traditionally prefer more
top-down controls.
50
In my time at eBay, I also saw how close collaboration with regulators just had a way of productively tuning the regulatory web overall. In our
meetings with government officials across AsiaPacific, we were often hardly out the door with
one regulatory body when they would pick up the
phone to share insights with other members of
their regulatory network, perhaps down the hall,
across town, or halfway around the world.
In the end, regulations will change because they
must. The biggest question may be whether
those changes are proactive or reactive. If proactive, regulators could find themselves in unusually
good times where many political and economic
guidelines can be fruitfully recast. If reactive, regulators may be stuck playing catch up, and acting
more like referees than co-creative enablers.
Authors
Bruce Chew is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service line Monitor
Deloitte, where he focuses on strategy development, implementation, and the building of
organizational capabilities.
Don Derosby is a specialist master with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service line
Monitor Deloitte.
Bill Miracky is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service line
Monitor Deloitte.
51
Endnotes
1. Kara Swisher, Man and Uber Man, Vanity Fair,
December 2014, http://www.vanityfair.com/
news/2014/12/uber-travis-kalanick-controversy,
2. Macmillan, Schechner, and Fleisher, Uber
snags $41 billion valuation, Wall Street Journal,
December 5, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/
articles/ubers-new-funding-values-it-at-over41-billion-1417715938.
3. Will Oremus, Silicon Valley Uber Alles, Slate
Technology, June 6, 2014, http://www.slate.
com/articles/technology/technology/2014/06/
uber_17_billion_valuation_it_s_now_worth_
nearly_as_much_as_hertz_and_avis.html,
4. Inquisitr, Teen invents sock device that could
save Alzheimers patients lives, October 6,
2014, http://www.inquisitr.com/1523417/
teen-invents-sock-device-that-could-savealzheimers-patients-lives/, accessed March 24,
2015.
5. McCann, The truth about wellness, http://
mccann.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/
wellness_Truth-Central_book-layout_individualpages.pdf, accessed March 24, 2015.
6. Jim Carroll, Dont wait to innovate, Chartered
Professional Accountants Canada, JanuaryFebruary 2011, https://www.jimcarroll.
com/2011/01/apple-60-of-revenue-from-products-less-than-4-years-old/#.VND0AZ2UeSp,
accessed March 24, 2015. Business ecosystems
come of age is an independent publication and
has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Apple Inc.
7. Richard Florida, The Great Reset: How the PostCrash Economy Will Change the Way We Live
and Work (New York: HarperBusiness, 2011).
8. Forbes, Can we fix the skills gap?, October
2, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/groupthink/2013/08/02/can-we-fix-the-skills-gap/,
9. Aviva Hope Rutkin, Report suggests nearly
half of U.S. jobs are vulnerable to computerization, MIT Technology Review, http://www.
technologyreview.com/view/519241/reportsuggests-nearly-half-of-us-jobs-are-vulnerableto-computerization/, accessed March 24, 2015.
52
10. Office of Management and Budget, Report to

Congress on the costs and benefits of federal
regulations, Chapter 1.3, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/inforeg_chap1#bpabc, accessed
March 24, 2015.
11. Silk, A world of Uber troubles, http://ubertroubles.silk.co/, accessed March 24, 2015.
12. David Raths, Digital health dilemma: Regulators struggle to keep pace with health-care
technology innovation, Government Technology,
January 13, 2015, http://www.govtech.com/
health/Digital-Health-Dilemma-RegulatorsStruggle-to-Keep-Pace-with-Health-CareTechnology-Innovation.html, accessed March
24, 2015.
13. Jonathan Shaw, Why big data is a big deal,
Harvard Magazine, MarchApril 2014, http://
harvardmagazine.com/2014/03/why-big-datais-a-big-deal, accessed March 24, 2014.
14. Taylor Wessing, Regulation of big data in the
United States, July 2014, http://www.taylorwessing.com/globaldatahub/article_big_data_us_
regs.html accessed March 24, 2014.
15. Charles Arthur, Tech giants may be huge,
but nothing matches big data, The Guardian,
August 23, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2013/aug/23/tech-giants-data,
16. Erin Griffith and Dan Primack, The age of
unicorns, Fortune, January 22, 2015, http://
fortune.com/2015/01/22/the-age-of-unicorns/,
17. Chris Dixon, Regulatory hacks, October 10,
2012, http://cdixon.org/2012/10/10/regulatoryhacks/, accessed March 24, 2015.
18. Liz Gannes, Why is Uber fighting a regulatory
battle that it already won?, All Things D, October 24, 2013, http://allthingsd.com/20131024/
why-is-uber-fighting-a-regulatory-battle-that-italready-won/, accessed March 24, 2015.
19. New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission,
2014 Taxicab Factbook, http://www.nyc.gov/
html/tlc/downloads/pdf/2014_taxicab_fact_
book.pdf, accessed March 24, 2015.
20. The Office of New York State Attorney General

Eric T. Schneiderman, Airbnb in the city, October 2014, http://www.ag.ny.gov/pdfs/Airbnb%20
report.pdf, accessed March 24, 2015.
21. Eric Schmidt, The New Grndergeist, speech
at Native Instruments in Berlin, October 13,
2014, http://googlepolicyeurope.blogspot.
com/2014/10/the-new-grundergeist.html.
22. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Mobile
payments: An evolving landscape, winter 2012,
https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/
supervisory/insights/siwin12/mobile.html,
23. Federal Communications Commission,
Remarks of FCC chairman Tom Wheeler,
American Enterprise Institute, Washington,
DC, June 12, 2014, http://www.fcc.gov/document/chairman-wheeler-american-enterpriseinstitute-washington-dc, accessed March 24,
2015.
24. Federal Trade Commission commissioner
Maureen K. Ohlhausen, Success in selfregulation: Strategies to bring to the mobile
and global era, June 24, 2014, http://www.
ftc.gov/system/files/documents/public_
statements/410391/140624bbbself-regulation.
pdf, accessed March 24, 2015.
25. Deloitte, 2014 global survey on reputation risk,
Report@Risk, October 2014, http://www2.
deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/
Documents/Governance-Risk-Compliance/
gx_grc_Reputation@Risk%20survey%20report_FINAL.pdf, p. 4, accessed March 24, 2015.
26. Elise Hu, 3.7 million comments later,

heres where net neutrality stands, National Public Radio, September 17, 2014,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsider
ed/2014/09/17/349243335/3-7-million-comments-later-heres-where-net-neutrality-stands,
27. Thomas Gryta and Gautham Nagesh, FCC
raises $44.9 billion in U.S. wireless spectrum
sale, The Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2015,
http://www.wsj.com/articles/fcc-raises-44-9-billion-in-u-s-wireless-spectrum-sale-1422548474,
28. Office of Management and Budget, Report to
Congress on the costs and benefits of federal
regulations.
29. United State Environmental Protection Agency,
Cap and trade, October 5, 2012, http://www.
epa.gov/captrade/, accessed March 24, 2015.
30. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau,
Prepared remarks of CFPB director Richard
Cordray at the Bank One 2.0 Conference,
November 6, 2014, http://www.consumerfinance.gov/newsroom/prepared-remarks-ofcfpb-director-richard-cordray-at-the-bank-on2-0-conference/, accessed March 24, 2015.
31. Federal Communications Commission, Remarks of FCC chairman Tom Wheeler, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC.
32. William H. Calvin, How Brains Think: Evolving
Intelligence, Then and Now (Science Masters
Series, 1997).
53

By Eamonn Kelly and Kelly Marchese
Overview

VER the last few decades,
supply chain professionof diverse actors who create
als have helped transform the
new value through
business environment. They
have contributed to accelerated
Supply chains are increasingly
becoming value webs that
globalization by directly conboth collaboration
span and connect whole
and competition.
necting actors in emergent and
ecosystems of suppliers and
developed economies. They
collaborators; properly
have enabled many major corecosystems in the Introduction.
activated, they can play a
porations to become nimbler
critical role in reshaping
and leaner by focusing on what
business strategy and
delivering superior results.
they themselves do best, while
carefully constructing external arrangements for the rest. Supply chain professionals
have helped reduce costs, improve efficiency,
and substantially enhance operational performance. And they have altered the basis of
competitionas one scholar has suggested,
increasingly today, Companies dont comneeds of customers. Todays supply chains con1
petesupply chains do.
tain growing varieties of players interacting in
interdependent and often indirect ways.3
By mastering the management of assets
that exist outside the traditional boundaries
In fact, many supply chains appear to be
of the firm, the supply chain profession has
evolving into value webs, which span and
also helped forge the dynamic, collaborative,
connect whole ecosystems of suppliers and
industry-transcending world of ecosystems
collaborators. Properly activated, these value
described throughout this report. As the
webs can be more effective on multiple dimenera of the vertically integrated corporation
sionsreducing costs, improving service
has waned, new and more fluid alternatives
levels, mitigating risks of disruption, and delivhave proliferated. But to date these arrangeering feedback-fueled learning and innovation.
ments have typically replaced ownership with
This is likely to accelerate as new technologies
control.2 In ecosystems, influence will need
generate more data, provide greater transparency, and enable enhanced connectivity with
to be achieved across increasingly complex
even tiny suppliers and partners. The shift can
networksthrough relationships, collaboracreate new challenges for the supply chain
tion, and co-creation. Many traditional supply
professionbut also extraordinary opportunichains are becoming increasingly agile, adapties to play an even more central strategic role
tive, and resilient, and are supporting faster
in shaping the future of enterprise.
and more flexible responses to the changing
55

A set of powerful developments have
worked together to help transform the business
environment, changing how supply chains are
configured, further heightening their strategic
significance for many firms, and creating new
leadership imperatives for the years ahead.
First, advancing information and communications technologies drastically reduced
the transaction costs of dealing with outside
entities, so that in short order, many assets that
had made sense to own and activities traditionally performed in-house were now often
better sourced from external suppliers. The
general loosening of corporate dependence
on ownership of key assets contributed to the
activation of many new external resources and
capabilitiesand an explosion of new actors
ready and able to contribute.
This technological enablement of inter-firm
coordination has coincided with a long-term
political movement: trade liberalization by
many nations around the world. Together,
the two forces enabled the offshoring, global
outsourcing, and foreign market entries that
helped create the new global economy. The
leading firms of mature economies moved
rapidly to globalize their operations, many
of them with an eye to a future when all
the growth of the worlds populationthe
next billion peoplewould be in emerging economies.4 Meanwhile, many businesses in less mature economies gained the
opportunity to grow and join the global
economic mainstream.
Leading firms everywhere soon realized there was a sweet spot to be found by
effectively marrying globalization to localization. Nestl, for example, declares that food
is a local matter, and operates its networks
according to a basic principle: Centralize what
you must, but decentralize what you can.5 The
Coca-Cola Company works to strike a similar
balance. One commentator describes its strategy as mingling global and local utilizing
local suppliers and local bottlers, employing
local people, and addressing local culture and
56
taste.6 For many operations managers, such

goals call for complex, multifaceted enhancements of activities taking place at multiple
locational levels.
Today, new waves of technology are
accelerating these already established shifts.
Continuous innovation and global dissemination of new technologies and tools are directly
enabling new connectivity, collaboration, and
co-creation across multiple businesses. The
rise of the Internet of Thingswhich connects increasingly smart productsis greatly
enhancing the creation of and access to data,
and producing ever-increasing transparency.
Substantial technological changes unfolding
today in manufacturing, including 3D printing
and new robotics, are set to transform many
production processes and may significantly
disrupt todays distribution models.
The speed and scale of these changes are
creating new opportunities for many supply chain professionalsand also putting
increased pressure on them to adapt. Their role
is expanding far beyond enhancing performance by getting essentially the same things
done, but differently and elsewhere. Their focus
is extending beyond continuous improvement
of existing operations. Instead, these professionals are being positioned as increasingly
strategic leaders discovering fundamentally
different ways of creating new value, driving
continuous innovation and learning, and sustaining enterprise growth.
The trend
Having helped transform the operating and
performance models of most major enterprises over the last few decades, many supply
chains are now playing an even more central
strategic role. They are helping lead their businesses into the dynamic, hyper-connected, and
collaborative world of ecosystems. In doing
so, many are now creating and leading more
complex systems perhaps better characterized as value webs. The word chain has a
powerful metaphoric logic that captures well
Figure 1: Supply chains evolve into value webs

Linear supply chains are evolving into
complex, dynamic, and connected value webs

COMPETITION
COMPETITION
Suppliers
CO-CREATION AND COLLABORATION
Manufacturers
GOODS
Distributors
Consumers
Value is based on the production of

goods and services
a series of discrete links by which goods are

bought, have value added to them, and are
sold to the next value-adderup until an end
buyer consumes them. This remains of critical importance. However, increasingly, value
is being created not only within firms, but in
the rich interactions between them. Linear
sequences of procurement are increasingly
supplemented by more iterative and innovation-oriented collaborations.
To be sure, in a world of value webs, the
essential goals of traditional supply chain management do not go away. But they are often
augmented by new imperativeslike learning, agility, and renewal. Collaboration is an
addition to, not a replacement of, traditionally
more closed, contractual arrangements. Clear
commitments to meet rigorously monitored
standards and service-level agreements will
remain critical. But to claim the benefits of an
Value is based on knowledge exchange that

drives proactive production of goods and services
increasingly fluid and interdependent value

web, leaders should surround their contracts
with trust; build on transactions and one-time
deals to cultivate long-term relationships and
mutual learning; combine the power of control
with the potential of co-creation; make sure
that defined, fixed standards do not create barriers to valuable innovation and co-evolution;
and not only leverage leading practices, but
also aim to create next practices.
Some leading companies have explicitly adopted hybrid approaches to embrace
such dualities. In one frequently quoted
example, Chinese motorcycle manufacturer
Dachangjiang deliberately pursued both value
web and supply chain arrangements by breaking its design into multiple modules, awarding
several suppliers responsibility and substantial latitude for each, and actively encouraging collaboration between them to promote
57
Figure 2. Supply chain leaders vs. followers: Use of technical capabilities and new technologies
Question:
For each of the supply chain capabilities below, please indicate whether it is currently in use at your company.
Integrated business planning
46%
Optimization tools
54%
Supplier collaboration
and risk analytics
GPS and/or RFID*
57%
35%
In-memory computing
53%
36%
Control tower analytics

and visualization
53%
25%
3D printing**
50%
22%
Real-time shipment tracking*
36%
Wearable technology**
40%
15%
24%
10%
48%
45%
21%
Advanced robotics
in manufacturing**
Advanced delivery systems*
70%
63%
52%
63%
44%
Demand forecasting
Artificial intelligence
70%
Supply chain followers

* Manufacturing and retail respondents only
** Manufacturing respondents only
Based on a survey of 400 executives. Leaders
were identified as companies rated by their
executives as much above average compared
with other firms in their industry on inventory
turnover and percentage of on-time and in-full
deliveries. The remaining companies were
identified as followers.
40%
30%
Source: 2015 Deloitte Supply Chain Leadership Survey.
innovation, while also imposing aggressive

performance targets regarding pricing, quality,
and timing of production.7
Just as most businesses have already
learned how to activate and deploy assets they
dont own, they are now becoming increasingly adept at doing so with assets they dont
control, either. The 2015 Deloitte Supply Chain
Leadership Survey confirms the value of
gaining skills that promote influence. It finds
that leaders distinguish themselves from
followers in several areas. They are much
more aggressive at using technical capabilities
and powerful new technologies, like supplier
collaboration and risk analytics, which can be
critical in complex, dispersed networks (see
figure 2). Leaders also tend to support diversity
and inclusion and manage global and virtual
teams significantly better than their peers
(see figure 3). They are usually more adept at
working with others: 80 percent of surveyed
58
Supply chain leaders
leaders rate their ability to negotiate and collaborate with partners highly, compared to less
than half of followers.8 These greater abilities
and attitudes reflect in the bottom line: 73
percent of surveyed leaders reported financial
performance significantly above their industry
average, in contrast to less than 15 percent
of followers.9
Implications
Value webs are characterized by complex,
connected, and interdependent relationships,
where knowledge flows, learning, and collaboration are almost as important as more familiar
product flows, controls, and coordination.
To lead and secure advantage in this increasingly organic and networked environment,
leaders will likely have to focus on three core
developmental priorities.
Engagement with more,

often smaller, players
The emergence of value webs is enabling
the conditions for small, highly focused suppliers to proliferate in global supply chains.
Important and complex capabilities increasingly involve deep specialization that often
flourishes in smaller, tightly niched firms.
Barriers to entry are generally declining.
Young, nimble, and entrepreneurial firms frequently have innovation advantages. Many of
the best and brightest of the Millennial generation are showing themselves to value autonomy
and independence, gravitating toward smaller
businesses and more
flexible employment
arrangements. No
surprise, then, that
according to startup
tracker Crunchbase,
the average startup in
a supply chain today
is smaller by almost a
third than those that
participated in the
decade 20002010.10
Indeed, some suppliers are so tiny that
their connections
with large firms can appear more like talent
sourcing than procurement.
For many corporations, these connections
can bring many advantages, but also invite
greater complexity. For the most part, supply
chain functions of large businesses werent set
up to deal with a world of thousands of partners. Now they must adjust. So, for example,
we see firms establishing or relying on new
platforms to facilitate greater levels of connectivity, collaboration, and co-creation with
other businesses. (As a familiar example of
a platform, picture Amazon Services, which
provides its customers with an e-commerce
infrastructure for order-taking and fulfillment,
allowing them to focus on their offerings.)
In China, Alibaba allows small businesses
to build their own supply chains, acting as a
facilitator of relationships between firms that

otherwise would not or could not cooperate.
In the United States, IBM launched Supplier
Connection, a platform-based network
that helps large firms manage their connections with smaller businesses.11 Across many
industries we see the rise of value networks
that use cloud computing and social network
platforms to enable many-to-many supplier
connections. For example, Real Time Value
Network has over 30,000 trading partners,
allowing supply chain managers to more easily
find the small players that can bring ideas and
flexibility to their arrangements.12
New software
tools can also provide
broader perspective
and deeper insight
into expanding value
webs. Amgen, for
example, which offers
treatment for serious illnesses such as
cancer and kidney
disease, has seen its
network expand substantially. Originally
most of our suppliers were closer to
home, observes executive director of supply
chain Patricia Turney. More and more, were
finding that we are sourcing materials from
really remote locations. So Turney has put
tools in place to map the whole ecosystem, and
a process to create a war room when disruptions threaten supply lines. A few months into
implementation, she reports, We already have
some new insights into our tier 2 suppliers
and where theyre located that we didnt have
before.13
For the most part, supply

chain functions of large
businesses werent set up
to deal with a world of
thousands of partners.
Now they must adjust.
Reducing risk, raising

resilience, deploying data
Patricia Turneys comments also serve
to highlight the ways in which risk can be
reduced in increasingly complex value webs.
It seems to be working well for Amgen: As
59
Turney also observed, We have a phrase . . .

every patient, every time. Weve never shorted
the market, never had a patient go without
life-saving medicine. . . . [We have] 24/7
oversight.14
Since their inception, supply chains have
generally been tightly associated with risk
management and business continuity planning.
Globally extended production and distribution
arrangements are often subject to risk factors
beyond anyones controlfrom geo-political
events to natural disasters. Dependency on
the capabilities and integrity of others outside
your organization, even if tightly contractually
controlled, can create certain vulnerabilities.
And, if it was ever possible to lay the blame
for product deficiencies on suppliers, that is
not likely to remain a credible excuse. For
example, in 2013, millions of food products
advertised as containing beef were withdrawn
from shelves in Europe after they were found
to contain horsemeat. The scandal highlighted
deficiencies in the traceability of the food supply network, and dealt a blow to the finances
and reputations of affected brands, retailers,
and restaurants.15 It is simply expected today
that firms have clear visibility into the activitiesand the integrityof their vendors.
Increasingly complex, highly distributed
networks can generate some new risks, but
there is a paradox here. Many also have high
levels of resilience and can be, in writer Nassim
Talebs phrase, anti-fragiledisplaying
self-organizing, flexible qualities surprisingly
capable of reconfiguring to overcome shocks
and disruptions.16 These qualities are usually
stronger when underpinned by strong, enduring relationships. Consider the experience of
Renesas, a Japanese producer of microcontrollers, when the 2011 earthquake severely
damaged its main production facility. After
a swarm of workers from its suppliers and
customers voluntarily showed up in sub-zero
temperatures and got the plant up and running
again, their value web was in many respects
stronger for the experience.17
60
Designing resilience into supply chains and

value webs will likely rise in importance, and
be supported by new capabilities. For example,
3D printing technologies already enable some
supply chains to reduce dependency on farflung production arrangements. When British
fighter jets flew for the first time with components made using 3D printing technology
in early 2014, Mike Murray, head of airframe
integration at BAE Systems, described a newfound freedom afforded by the technology.
You are suddenly not fixed in terms of where
you have to manufacture these things, said
Murray. You can manufacture the products
at whatever base you want, providing you can
get a machine there.18 Data is also likely to
play an increasingly critical role, especially as
the Internet of Things enables vast amounts
to be collected and analyzed to create greater
transparency and discover opportunities, efficiencies, and problems. However, in Deloittes
2015 supply chain survey, only 46 percent of
respondents rated their analytics competencies as currently very good, while 67 percent
expected them to become more important in
the next five years.
Attracting and developing

next-generation talent
Talent considerations are also on the rise.
Value webs can be an increasingly important
source of hard-to-access talent, especially
as new and more open models proliferate.
Development of the talent of partners is also
rising in importance for many firms such as
Nike, which are placing increased emphasis on
providing shared training programs for suppliers employees.19
The supply chain profession itself is also
clearly evolving, and will require important
new skills and capabilities: design of resilient
networks; management of reciprocity-based
relationships; adoption of technologies such
as 3D printing; and analytics. No wonder
the US Bureau of Labor Statistics has calculated that the number of logistics-related
Figure 3. Skills requiring future investment as supply chains evolve

Based on Deloittes 2015 Supply Chain Leadership Survey of supply chain executives
74%
believe that strategic thinking and

problem solving will become more
important,i with only 43% rating their
current competency as high.ii
65%
believe that managing global and

virtual teams will become more
important, with only 43% rating their
current competency as high.
i
ii
71%
believe that recruiting senior supply

chain leaders is difficult, with 66%
saying that leading and developing
others will become more important.
65%
believe that persuading and communicating effectively will become more

important, with only 42% rating their
current competency as high.
68%
believe that collaborating across

functions will become more important,
with only 47% rating their current
competency as high.
64%
believe that negotiating and

collaborating with value chain
partners will become more important,
with only 51% rating their current
competency as high.
Respondents were asked if these competencies will become more or less important to their companys supply chain organization over the next five years.
Respondents were asked to rate their companies on these competencies; high includes ratings of very good or excellent.
Source: 2015 Deloitte Supply Chain Leadership Survey.
jobs will increase by 22 percent between 2012

and 2022.20
Recruiting for these positions may need
to be creative. In Deloittes 2015 supply chain
survey, 70 percent of top-performing supply
chain functions expect to use non-traditional
recruitment methods in the coming years.
In their training efforts, too, they will benefit
from preparing veteran managers for deeper
collaboration with other business functions
and leadership and more central participation
in the evolution of strategy.
The most effective supply chain leadership
is already at a premium. In the Deloitte 2015
supply chain survey, 71 percent of executives
claimed that it was difficult to recruit senior
supply chain leaders,21 and only 43 percent
felt that their supply chain strategic thinking
and problem solving was very good. With 74

percent surveyed also saying that such strategic
thinking and problem solving will increase in
importance, it seems there is no time to lose
(see figure 3).
Whats next?
As the business landscape increasingly
configures around dynamic, highly interactive
ecosystems, supply chains will likely evolve
substantially. Many larger firms will invest
in their own supplier ecosystems, recognizing that feeding and nurturing them will help
generate demand, innovation, and support in
a variety of ways that cannot always be predicted. New mindsets are likely to take hold
as the profession embraces more networked
61
and web-like arrangements. New leadership capabilities will be increasingly valued,

as relationships based on reciprocity, mutual
trust, and shared interests become increasingly
vital and effective. Listen, for example to Kurt
James, a supply chain leader at McDonalds
supply chain:
When hiring, we look for people with character traits uniquely suited to our supply
chainnamely, an innate sense of fairness
and an ability to consistently empathize
with the challenges suppliers face in meeting our often aggressive deadlines, standards, and evolving needs.22
New mindsets are likely

to take hold as the
profession embraces more
networked and web-like
arrangements.
Substantial experimentation will likely
occur, driven particularly by the increasing prevalence and predictive qualities of
data. In the realm of social data, for example,
Nowcasting is a growing field of social
listening-enabled forecasting. A recent study
analyzed Twitter posts to estimate influenza
62
infection in New York City and proved far

more accurate than traditional seasonal
flu trend estimates.23 When real-time data
sources from across massive webs are brought
together, new insights can emerge that enable,
for example, far more accurate and localized
demand forecasting. New value webs will form
as 3D printing transforms multiple aspects of
todays global supply chains, enabling operations to atomize in ways few can even imagine
today. Amazon, for example, filed for patents
in February 2015 for installing printers in
delivery truckstaking the concept of realtime to a new level.24
Many supply chain professionals will
become more closely connected to colleagues
who are creating on-demand talent models, or designing new, more open innovation
systems. Consider major corporations such as
Ford, AutoDesk, Intel, and Fujitsu that have
forged partnerships with TechShop, a growing
chain of makerspaces, enabling them to connect with the fast-growing Maker Movement.25
All this will compel the supply chain profession that helped shape todays economy to
adapt in turn to its new demands. As ecosystems become increasingly central to business
strategy, the core value of the profession will
lie less and less in getting the same things done
ever more efficiently, and more and more in
the strategic pursuit of creating new value,
achieving breakthrough performance, sustaining growth, andonce againchanging
the world.
My take
By Frank Crespo
Frank Crespo is vice president and chief procurement officer for Caterpillar Inc., where he
leads the companys procurement and logistics functions for products, parts, and services
delivered across the $55 billion business.
As supply networks have gone global, complex

organizations like Caterpillar find themselves coordinating the activities of thousands of suppliers,
globally scattered, each with its own operating
subtleties. By volume and variety, we have one of
the largest, most complex supply networks in the
world, with two-thirds of our suppliers tapped
into complex chains of their own. Thats why we
made the conscious effort to stop referring to our
supply network as a supply chain. More than
a name change, for us it was about getting our
teams and suppliers to realize that everything has
interdependencies. To be world class, especially
with the ever-increasing clock speed of business,
there must be synchronization.
The complexity and lack of linearity in a global
supply network makes it essential to understand
the signals and flows between network nodes.
The flow of information is just as important and
potentially disruptive as the physical flow of
materials. But seeing the data is just the first step.
We must also understand what the facts mean

and be able to quickly make the right business decisions based on those facts. Failure to do so can
lead to actions based on assumptions, which then
creates a firefighting mentality versus a proactive,
preventive environment.
What Caterpillar is really driving toward is a lean,
responsive, and resilient global supply network.
While the work of getting there is never fully finished, our suppliers are not alone on that journey.
Caterpillar places a great emphasis on collaboration across the network and we can point to
the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan for
evidence of our shared progress. Many organizations took more than four months to recover from
the disruptions. Caterpillars supply network took
fewer than 45 days.
To make it all work seamlessly, you must have
complete buy-in. We spend a great deal of time
internally reinforcing our vision at Caterpillar. We
also spent a good portion of last year meeting
with hundreds of suppliers around the world
communicating that vision. One of the first things
I told my team the day I arrived at Caterpillar is
that its all about visibility. No matter how good
your talent is, without all stakeholders seeing
and hearing the same things, youre not going
to make the best decisionswhether about resources, prioritizations, or trade-offs.
The globalization of business brings a level of
complexity that leaders today have likely never
experienced. The way we tackle it, though, is
simple. Start with the facts. Know whats going
on in your facilities and whats flowing between
them. Organize the supply network well, clarify
the definitions of success, facilitate the movement
of information, and a healthy supply network will
follow. We have to know how to lead and coordinate a vast and decentralized web of interconnected suppliers, or risk being hostage to it.
63
Authors
Kelly Marchese is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP and leader of the Supply Chain
Strategy practice.
Endnotes
1. Victoria Taylor, Supply chain management:
The next big thing? Bloomberg Businessweek,
September 12, 2011, http://www.businessweek.
com/business-schools/supply-chain-management-the-next-big-thing-09122011.html,
accessed February 28, 2015. William Verdini is
a professor and chairman of the Supply Chain
Management Department at Arizona State
Universitys Carey School of Business.
2. Gabriel Bitran, Suri Gurumurthi, and Shiou
Lin Sam, Emerging trends in supply chain
governance, June 2006, http://digital.mit.edu/
research/papers/227_Sam_Emerging_Tends_
Supply_Chain_Goverance.pdf, accessed March
19, 2015.
3. IBM, The smarter supply chain of the future:
Global chief supply chain officer study, 2009,
http://www-935.ibm.com/services/uk/gbs/pdf/
gbe03167-usen-02.pdf, accessed April 3, 2015.
4. Glenn Goldman and Eamonn Kelly, Another
billion, Deloitte University Press, http://dupress.
com/articles/bus-trends-2014-another-billion/.
5. Nestl, The world of Nestl, 2006, http://www.
nestle.it/asset-library/documents/pdf_nostri_report/12_theworldofnestle.pdf, accessed April 3,
2015.
6. Lisa Lupo, Coca Cola: Keeping the
real thing local across the globe, Quality Assurance Magazine, April 9, 2013,
http://www.qualityassurancemag.com/
64
qa0413-coca-cola-company-profile.aspx,
accessed February 27, 2015.
7. John Hagel III and John Seely Brown, The Only
Sustainable Edge: Why Business Strategy Depends
on Productive Friction and Dynamic Specialization (Harvard Business Press, 2005).
8. Deloitte LLP, 2015 Deloitte Supply Chain
Leadership Survey, publication pending. Survey
participants were asked: How would you rate
the employees in your companys supply chain
organization on each of the leadership and
professional competencies below?
9. Ibid. Survey participants were asked: How do
you think the performance of your companys
supply chain compares to that of other firms
in its industry? and How do you think your
companys financial performance compares to
that of other firms in its industry?
10. CrunchBase, CrunchBase dataset, accessed
February 27, 2015.
11. IBM, Supplier Connection, http://www-03.
ibm.com/procurement/proweb.nsf/contentdocsbytitle/United+States~Supplier+connection,
accessed February 27, 2015.
12. One Network Enterprises, What is the real
time value network?, http://www.onenetwork.
com/supply-chain-management-solutions/realtime-value-network-rtvn/, accessed February
27, 2015.
13. SupplyChainBrain, Amgen bolsters resiliency:

A case study, (interview with Patricia Turney),
May 2014, http://www.supplychainbrain.com/
content/nc/videos/2014-videos/gartner-2014/
amgen-bolsters-supply-chain-resiliency-a-casestudy/, accessed February 27, 2015.
21. Deloitte LLP, 2015 Deloitte Supply Chain

Leadership Survey, publication pending. Survey
participants were asked: How easy or difficult is
it for your companys supply chain organization
to recruit and retain high-quality employees of
each of the following types?
14. Ibid.
22. Kelly Marchese & Bill Lam, Anticipatory supply

chains, Business Trends 2014, Deloitte University Press, March 31, 2014, http://dupress.com/
articles/bus-trends-2014-anticipatory-supplychains/, accessed March 9, 2015.
15. David Linich, The path to supply chain

transparency, Deloitte University Press July 18,
2014, http://dupress.com/articles/supply-chaintransparency/, accessed March 9, 2015.
16. Nassim Taleb, Antifragile: Things that Gain from
Disorder (New York: Random House, 2012).
17. Yasuyuki Todo, Kentaro Nakajima, and Petr Matous, How do supply chain networks affect the
resilience of firms to natural disasters? Evidence
from the Great East Japan Earthquake, Journal
of Regional Science 55 (2015): 209-229, DOI:
10.1111/jors.12119.
18. Guardian, Fighter jet flies with 3D printed
parts, http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/06/fighter-jet-flies-with-3dprinted-parts, accessed March 9, 2015.
19. Nike, FY 2012/2013 sustainable business
performance summary, 2013, http://www.
nikeresponsibility.com/report/uploads/files/
FY12-13_NIKE_Inc_CR_Report.pdf, accessed
February 27, 2015.
20. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment by
detailed occupation, December 19, 2013, http://
www.bls.gov/emp/ep_table_102.htm, accessed
February 27, 2015.
23. David A. Brontiatowski, Michael J. Paul, and

Mark Dredze, National and local influenza
surveillance through Twitter: An analysis of the
2012-2013 influenza epidemic, PLoS ONE 8,
no. 12, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0083672.
24. Greg Bensinger, When drones arent enough,
Amazon envisions trucks with 3D printers,
The Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2015,
http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/02/26/whendrones-arent-enough-amazon-envisions-truckswith-3d-printers/, accessed March 9, 2015.
25. TechShop, TechShop and Ford celebrate one
year of innovation in Metro Detroit, TechShop and Autodesk collaborate on innovative
autodesk inventor training program, TechShop
announces Intel sponsorship and plans for
Intel technology workshops, TechShop and
Fujitsu partner to empower maker movement,
20132014, all accessible at http://www.techshop.ws/press_releases.html, accessed February
27, 2015.
65
The new calculus of corporate

portfolios
By Mike Armstrong, Will Engelbrecht, and Eamonn Kelly
Overview
N 2014, a Forbes report on the

pending merger of AT&T and
DirecTV started with an observation: A few years ago, the idea of a
satellite TV provider merging with a
phone company might have seemed
weird. It went on to quote Charlie
Ergen, the Dish Network chairman
who wanted to buy Sprint just a
year earlier:1
We saw the world changing six
years ago into several different
technologies, right? We had the home covered on a nationwide basis, but there were
things such as broadband. There was something called OTT (over-the-top, or TV via
Internet Protocol) that was starting to be
used around the world, and then there was
mobile. And all those things have to come
together, and they come together in the
ecosystem of communications.
In Ergens rationale, there is a key word

one that simultaneously underscores and
dispels the weirdness. Its the word ecosystem.
That is a term were seeing more and more to
explain the logic of mergers, acquisitions, and
divestitures. From Xeroxs Ursula Burns to
Facebooks Mark Zuckerberg, many enterprise
leaders are strategically reconfiguring their
asset portfolios with an eye to the fast-evolving
business ecosystems in which their firms are
situated. This isnt just a language change as a
trendy metaphor enters the management lexicon. Ecosystem thinking is making strategists

new value through
both collaboration
and competition.
The rise of business

ecosystems is
compelling strategists
to value assets
according to an
additional calculus,
often generating
different conclusions
about what should
be owned.

value assets differently, and think differently

about whether those assets need to be owned.

Firms have always used mergers and
acquisitions to accelerate their entry into new
businesses and markets and to build their
competitive strengths. Smart management
teams approach the question of what to buy
and sell as a portfolio exercise in building positions, hedging risks, and looking to maximize
capital efficiency. Their rationale for strategic
transactions has generally focused on some key
goalsquests for synergy, market share, crossselling, economies of scale, tax advantages,
geographical expansion, diversification, and
vertical integration.
Firms have also always sold assets.
Traditionally, the rationale for selling has
67
often been as simple as the need to raise cash

or remove the earnings-dilutive effects of a
chronically underperforming business.
In the modern era, however, deliberations
about both M&A and divestiture have become
much more complex. Largely due to fastevolving technologies enabling information
flow and communications, the options have
proliferated for firms to make productive use
of assets with or without owning them. Those
options are further energized by enablers like
standardization, market transparency, and
IP protection which allow ecosystems to take
shape, often reconfiguring entire industries
as they do. The transaction costs that once
made it uneconomical to buy many components of ones offering from outside suppliers
have also dropped dramatically. The effect, to
use John Hagels memorable phrase, has been
a long-term trend toward unbundling the
corporation.2
Today, a management team can decide to
produce a specific solution for a specific kind
of customer, and then cobble it together with
elements procured from specialist firms, with
very little capital investment required on their
own firms part. But by the same token, some
management teams find themselves in a newly
defensive posturehaving to defend why, in
that case, they have invested their capital in the
assets they have. How do those assets fit with
their purported areas of strategic focus? Of all
possible owners of a particular part of the business, are they really the owner in whose hands
it produces most value?
To the extent that management teams do
not naturally engage with such questions, they
now have a rising chorus of activist investors
compelling them to do so. Such investors, who
first came on the scene in the 1980s (see the
sidebar Optimizers at the gate) have a dispassionate view of business units and their owners, and have no reservations about pressuring
CEOs to think harder about the cards they
hold in their hands, and how to play them.
Activists are good at spotting what does not
fitthose assets that would likely be more productive in others hands. By applying pressure
68
Figure 1: Building momentum in global

M&A volume
Deal value, $ billions
$4,000
$3,000
$2,000
$1,000
$0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
The value of M&A totaled $3.5 trillion in 2014,

the strongest year since 2007, and 47% higher
than 2013.
95 deals with value greater than $5 billion
were announced, more than double the
number of large-cap deals announced in 2013.
Thomson Reuters, Mergers & acquisitions review, financial advisors:
Full year 2014, 2014, http://dmi.thomsonreuters.com/Content/Files/4Q2014_Global_MandA_Financial_Advisory_Review.pdf.
to the disaggregation process, they help keep

ecosystems reforming fluidly.
And now, into these high-stakes considerations of what core businesses, complementary
businesses, and other assets firms should hold,
a new way of thinking about the commercial
environment has been introduced. Many
managers have begun to see their competitive
environsand the strategic options available to themas dynamic and diversely
populated ecosystems.
Talk of ecosystemsand deals that only
made sense in those termsshowed up first
in the high-tech clusters of Silicon Valley and
Route 128 outside Boston. But this new basis
for planning mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures is now seeping into other sectors from
health care to industrial manufacturing.
The trend
In the years of weak economic recovery
after the 200809 financial crisis, corporations
OPTIMIZERS AT THE GATE

As the logic of ecosystems begins to guide more strategic transactions, the rising prominence of activist investors is
an accelerant.
Certainly we are seeing pressure from activist investors. Recent data suggests that the success of activism
campaigns has more than doubled over the last decade, to the point that more than 70 percent of such campaigns
now prompt change.3 Moreover, nearly every senior corporate executive and activist hedge fund manager surveyed
in 2014 by the law firm Schulte Roth & Zabel and the data provider Mergermarket stated a belief that activism
would rise over the next 12 months. More than half said the increase would be substantial.4
Activist investors came on the scene in the 1980s, portrayed mostly as Barbarians at the Gate corporate
raiders with an interest in a quick financial return, and little interest in the creation of long-lasting value. This often
meant breaking up corporations and selling off the constituent parts. This remains the characterization of activist
investors by much of the mainstream media. However, today, there are many more activists claiming a willingness
to consider value-creation stories that take time to play out. Jeffrey Ubben of the hedge fund ValueAct Capital
Management claims that he and his partners are patient investors, and would like to see activism mature into
an asset class, like private equity, providing long-term value to companies rather than just giving a quick jolt to
activists returns.5
A recent survey found that only 16 percent of activist investments were held for less than six months, while 36
percent were held for more than a year.6 In recent months, we see that activist investors have worked in concert
with pension funds, which clearly have long-term value as their primary consideration. The California Public
Employees Retirement System (Calpers) has dabbled in being an active partner with funds,7 while California State
Teachers Retirement System urged PepsiCo to put activist investor Nelson Peltz on the board.8
In this sense, it is revealing to think of activist investors as a criticaland naturalelement of an ecosystemfocused deal environment. They are interested parties who are willing to think broadlyand sometimes radically
and painfullyabout the position and assets held by a corporation. They approach opportunities in bigger and
more fluid terms than corporate executives because they have a single role: to spot opportunities where shifting
an asset from one place to another will deliver greater value. They are facilitators of movement within and
between ecosystems.
were reluctant to invest in major strategic

transactions.9 The result was that corporations
came to hold substantial piles of cash on balance sheets. By 2014, capital was abundant and
inexpensive; and a buoyant US equity market
supported the growing sense of confidence
among consumers, investors, and executives.
Meanwhile, some market worries of previous
yearsspikes in the euro crisis, concerns over
the US debt ceilingbecame less prominent.
All this set the stage for a return to heated
merger activity. The 2014 worldwide deal
count, led by activity in technology, media,
health care, and energy, was up by 6 percent,
and the value of those deals had increased by
47 percent.10
But something else was happening at the
same time, at a deeper level. Now that deal
activity has picked up, its possible to see new
and different patterns in the transactions.

Many are no longer only about financial
engineering, cost-cutting, or straightforward
growth, where corporations would stitch new
parts on to their organizations to reap the
benefits of scale.
More deals appear to be done with the dispassionate perspective of the activist inside.
Again, activist investors are the enforcers in
the current M&A landscape and, as much as
anything, they use the quantitative logic of
capital efficiency to motivate portfolio moves.
Their attention, or even just the threat of
it, focuses many executives minds on how
their firms create value as the business landscape changes around them. Indeed, a CEO
today who isnt hyper-focused on where the
firms value is created (and where it may be
destroyed) may quickly find activist investors
69
making the argument for them about what

ought to be owned and what ought to be disposed of. So, many leaders tend to cast a keen
and constant eye on this equation and make
the argument themselvesessentially bringing the activist in-house. Take, for example,
Time Inc. chairman Joe Ripp describing his
teams deliberations:
We are in the process of looking at everything that we have today and trying to figure out, are there ways to make them more
valuable than they are today? And if not,
does selling them or enhancing them or
investing in them or partnering them with
other people make them more valuable to
our shareholders. While were not commenting on any one particular asset, were
willing to sell those things that make no
sense for the portfolio and invest in those
that do.11
New options for growth

As this newly disciplined thinking spreads,
we see firms migrating toward a new calculus
for sizing up the available options. Increasingly
they are thinking in terms of ecosystem plays.
When a leadership team has a different philosophy guiding its portfolio of assets, it makes
different choices than it might otherwise have
made. Much of the M&A activity today is
being guided by business leaders points of
view on how ecosystems are evolving.
Importantly, a management team attuned to
the dynamics of ecosystems also sees that some
deals dont have to be done at all. The assets
they need are often present in the ecosystem,
able to be readily leveraged. Thus, the world
of ecosystems is creating a third pathway
to growth: using strategic alliances in place
of transactions or organic growth initiatives.
This third pathway allows firms to pursue
leveraged growththat is, to secure the use
of others owned assets to support their own
expansion. Pharmaceutical companies, for
example, have many years of experience in
constructing global strategic alliances12
collaborations to help ensure that they get
the benefits of growth without the burdens
of ownership.
70
More strategic divestitures

One result of increased activist pressure
and ecosystems perspective-taking is a more
deliberate and strategic focus on divestitures.
Certainly we are seeing strategic separations
show up more in the mix of corporate transactions. In 2014, 63 US companies completed or
initiated pending spin-offs,13 up from just 31
in 2013.14 That makes 2014 the busiest year for
corporate spin-offs since 1998, the first year for
which full data is available. The higher numbers reflect higher-level thinking. Divestitures
are becoming more strategic, as executives
take a common question of activist investors
seriously: Are we really the best owner of this
asset? If a part of the business would be more
valuable in someone elses hands, it may make
sense to participate in that higher value by selling itespecially if, thanks to easy transactions
within the ecosystem, it can be sold without
any real risk to the companys ability to deliver
its offerings.
One might well ask, in a business ecosystem
where it is possible to own or not own nearly
any asset required to produce a customer offering, what should be the rationale for owning
some things and not others? What, to use the
economists terminology, is the theory of the
firm? In response to this fundamental strategic
question, we see managers increasingly citing
a new or shifting focus as the key driver of
their strategic transactions. Take HewlettPackard, which recently took the bold step
of announcing its intention to separate into
two companies, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard
Enterprise. In its statement to the business
press about the move, HPs management used
the word focus and its variants no fewer than
a dozen times.15 Media giant Gannett did the
same when it announced that it would spin
off the business that was its genesispublishing regional daily newspapersto allow it to
focus on the broadcast and digital media businesses it sees as its future.16 In a recent Deloitte
survey, top executives were asked to name the
most important reasons behind their recent
divestitures. The importance of pruning their
business of non-core assets landed in the top
Figure 2: Corporate spin-offs have spiked

Number of spin-offs
70
63
60
50
40
33
32
31
30
25
20
17
17
19
10
10
4
0
21
19
11
20
14
14
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
(By announcement date; includes deals that are completed or pending as of February 2015)
Source: FactSet Mergers, https://www.factsetmergers.com/marequest;jsessionid=B1ED1AA49474CAAB92F7EC3DB6FF7661?an=dt.pr&pg=sh&sub_app=MergerStat&rnd=70.

two reasons for 81 percent of executives, up

from 68 percent when the same question was
posed in 2010.17
In recent years, GE has broadly moved
away from owning assets in clearly defined
industries. By divesting NBC, GE Capital, and
GE Appliances, it has reset its focus to succeed
in one of the largest of all ecosystem plays.
As CEO Jeff Immelt states it, We will lead as
the industrial and analytical worlds collide.
We believe that every industrial company will
become a software company. We call this the
Industrial Internet.18 Similarly, in life sciences,
Bayer divested its plastics business in order to
better apply its skills in human, animal, and
plant health. It is now focused on working in
solution ecosystem spaces, like food security,
population, and access to health care.19
Bungee divestitures
In an ecosystem world, a divestiture is also
sometimes seen as the way to free a business
unit to pursue different opportunities within
new ecosystems, or to enhance its positioning within ecosystems that are evolving. This
is a recognized trend in the technology space,
where firms now prepare more actively for
divestitures, with more deliberate operational,
financial, and structural planning. And more
of these are what we might call bungee divestitures. These occur when firms must resolve
competing pressureson the one hand to
divest themselves of any assets of which they
are not the best owner, and on the other hand
to provide more integrated total solutions
to customers. Many managers are discovering that one resolution is to do divestures
with strings attached. The separation also
includes an agreement that ensures an ongoing
privileged relationship between the formerly
joined companies.
Seen in this light, eBays decision to spin off
PayPal as a free-standing business is more than
simply an effort to capitalize on PayPals standalone market valuation. PayPals high valuation
reflects a faith in the position it will come to
71
occupy as a full and unencumbered player in

the newly dynamic payments and payments
processing ecosystem. As PayPal CEO John
Donahoe puts it: PayPal is in a position to
really be the link between the technology
ecosystem and the payment industry.20 But
while PayPal pursues independent growth in
the payments ecosystem, it will also continue
to serve as a critical part of the eBay-centered
auction ecosystem.21
Similarly, AMD divested GlobalFoundries
to allow the manufacturer to focus on providing high-quality semiconductor fabrication
services to any customer. Subsequently, AMD
has become one of GFs largest customers.22 In
Going forward, corporations

will increasingly use strategic
transactions to stake out
and adjust their positions in
dynamic business ecosystems.
a world characterized by interconnected ecosystems, expect to see more strategic separations attended by continued ties of this sort.
Implications
Ecosystems are far less stable than industries. They are resilient and enduring, but
internally they are characterized by constant
flux. There are simultaneous pressures for
fragmentation and consolidation.23 Some
businesses (especially in media, software, and
retail) break up and get smaller, driven by
demand for customization and lower barriers to entry. Other industries (think technology infrastructure) move toward fewer, more
dominant players, as these large firms provide
resources, information, and platforms for
fragmented players.
72
One clear implication is that doing M&A

and divestitures based on an ecosystem
strategy will mean revisiting the portfolio on
a more continuous basis. For corporations
participating in fast-moving ecosystems, this
means that all parts of the business are subject
to constant reappraisal. Are they still suitable
parts of the portfolio? Ecosystem dynamics can
be complex. The roles of different players in an
ecosystem can change, sometimes quickly. If
this happens, then the logic of holding on to
an asset can shift. Besides, coordinating across
an ecosystem of several firms is a complex
endeavor. For this reason, corporations will
sometimes take a minority share in a collaborating business, as this becomes a way to align
incentives and interests around an ecosystem.
Minority shares also have the value of providing optionswhich may be vital in a world
where ecosystem dynamics can be complex
and unpredictable. A minority stake can be
sold, and the position readily reversed, if the
logic of collaboration weakens.
One thing that likely wont change is the
desire to buy into high-growth businesses born
of innovation. But veteran dealmakers used to
monitoring the lifecycles of industries might
find that ecosystems evolve in different ways.
When Mark Zuckerberg oversaw Facebooks
2014 purchase of virtual reality company
Oculus, he cast it as a long-term bet on the
future of computing.24 It is one of Facebooks
efforts to explore the next big platform after
mobile. The acquisition might be a ten-year
play, but Zuckerberg is already clear about
the critical steps: Its building the first set of
devices and building the audience and the ecosystem around that, until it eventually becomes
a business.25
Similarly, in the fast-evolving space of additive manufacturing (or 3D printing), we see
deals being done in line with a vision of how
the ecosystem will take shape. When Stratasys
(a leader in 3D printing) recently acquired
GrabCad (a leading cloud-based CAD collaboration platform and community site),26 David
Reis, CEO of Stratasys, explained the strategic
logic of the deal: Future success with our

industry will go beyond simply providing the
market with best hardware and material solutions. We believe we must develop a leading
3D printing ecosystem.27
Thus, we should also expect due-diligence
reviews of proposed acquisitions to take
on new kinds of questions and risks. Now,
transactions need to be assessed in terms
of more complex ecosystem consequences.
Traditionally, a straightforward acquisition has
involved a detailed review of the performance
of the target business, coupled with an assessment of the future cash flow benefits. But any
corporation pursuing an ecosystem strategy
may need to conduct more sophisticated
assessments, exploring how a new acquisition
(or divestment) might affect the health and
productivity of an ecosystem and the firms
position in it.
For all these reasons, deliberations about
strategic transactions are becoming a more
prominent and constant item on top management teams strategy agendas. Rather than
experience them as occasional, highly distracting, and disruptive events, they must build a
competence in managing their asset portfolios
fluidly on an ongoing basis. Deal-making itself
will perhaps be held just as close to the vest
of the CEO. But the strategic scanning of the
ecosystem and discussion of where things are
going will be a conversation best informed by
many perspectives.
Whats next?
Going forward, corporations will increasingly use strategic transactions to stake out
and adjust their positions in dynamic business ecosystems. Sometimes they will explore
acquisitions to build the platforms that create
foundational capabilities for other participants in the ecosystem. Sometimes they will
divest assets and focus more tightly on the
capabilities they need to succeed in highly

focused roles, engaging with other firms
via someone elses platform. To make these
decisions effectively, dealmakers will more
explicitly study the evolution of ecosystems, especially looking for new ecosystems
taking shape.
As firm behavior changes around M&A
and strategic separations, there will be implications for those outsiders whose business it is
to assess or assist with the transactions. The
analytic tools to assess ecosystems will likely
proliferate and improve. We might well see
ecosystem analysts arrive on the scene to
provide more sophisticated commentary than
traditional industry analysts can. Investment
experts will value assets differently in light of
emerging concepts of ecosystem value.
Given the flux inherent in todays business
ecosystems, the frequency of strategic transactions might increase, too. Ecosystem thinking
might drive not only a more constant review
but also a more frequent reconfiguration of
assets and relationships. Many firms will find
this stepped-up pace and volume tough to
manage. Mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures are expensive and complicated propositionsnot least because they generally require
some melding together of different corporate
cultures and infrastructures.
Finally, we expect to see todays talk of
focus in the communications around strategic transactions to become more sophisticated
as well. In a world where ownership of many
assets is less critical, management will be very
aware of the signaling power of any acquisitions and sales they make. What does the
transaction say about the firms point of view
on the evolution of the ecosystem? Where
does it indicate they will carve out their place?
Over time, we may see managers change their
attitude toward transactions to believe they are
as much about signaling as synergy or scale.
73
My take
By Peter Shea
Peter Shea has been analyzing asset portfolios for over 30 years as operating partner
at Snow Phipps, past president of Icahn Enterprises, and former managing director in
Europe for H. J. Heinz Company.
I havent heard people in private equity use the

term ecosystem a whole lot, but that doesnt
mean they dont act on the concepts behind
the term. As industry lines blur and as economic
sectors evolve, the value of assets are constantly
shifting. You dont have to call the emerging opportunity spaces ecosystems to know that they
trigger the need to rethink what you own and
whether you really should own it.
Accepting and acting on the consequences of an
evolving business environmentor ecosystem as
you may saycan be truly difficult for individual
executives. No one wants to be the leader who
admits that something once considered a winner
has evolved to become a real financial burden. Its
also hard to be caught in the drivers seat when
an integration effort is labeled a lost cause. These
facts can be hard to swallow and sometimes go
ignored or denied for long periods, even when
the evidence is overwhelming that something no
longer fits or perhaps never really did.
Leaders have to constantly be asking the hard
questions. Do the businesses I presently operate
still make sense in relation to the competitive
environment now taking shape? What really is our
core business and do the various pieces we have
strung together, perhaps over years of building
the company, still complement one another in
light of todays market circumstances?
Id like to hope that we are seeing executives
show a growing willingness to engage with those
74
tough questions. Maybe the uptick in corporate

spin-offs going on right now is evidence of that.
But I still think you see far too many cases of
assets being owned and operated by firms which
possibly arent the best homes for them. Activist investors have been pushing for higher levels
of portfolio scrutiny for a long while. They will
certainly continue that push as new sectors take
shape, industry boundaries blur, and the need to
move assets into and out of portfolios shifts with
surprising speed.
Authors
Mike Armstrong is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service line
Monitor Deloitte.
Will Engelbrecht is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP and leads its M&A Strategy and
Strategic Diligence practice.
75
Endnotes
1. Jeff Bercovici, AT&T-DirecTV merger shows
telecom and television are now the same business, Forbes, May 18, 2014, http://www.forbes.
com/sites/jeffbercovici/2014/05/18/att-directvmerger-shows-telecom-and-television-are-nowthe-same-business/, accessed March 19, 2015.
2. John Hagel III and Marc Singer, Unbundling
the corporation, Harvard Business Review,
March 1999, https://hbr.org/1999/03/unbundling-the-corporation/ar/1, accessed March 19,
2015.
3. Michael J. De la Merced, Investor activism,
already robust, expected to rise in next year,
The New York Times, October 29, 2014, http://
dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/10/29/investoractivism-already-robust-expected-to-rise-innext-year/?_r=1, accessed March 19, 2015.
4. Ibid.
5. Beth Jinks, Inversion pioneer Ubben delivers
17% as quiet activist, Bloomberg, September
10, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2014-09-10/inversion-pioneer-ubbendelivers-17-as-quiet-activist, accessed March 19,
2015.
6. Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP, Shareholder activist
insight, 2014, http://www.srz.com/files/upload/
Publications/SRZ%202014_Shareholder_Activism_Insight_Report_HR.pdf, p. 14, accessed
March 19, 2015.
7. Ronald Orol, Teaming up with CalSTRS helps
activist funds get their way, The Deal, August
4, 2014, http://www.thedeal.com/content/
consumer-retail/teaming-up-with-calstrshelps-activist-funds-get-their-way.php, accessed
March 19, 2015.
8. Alexandra Stevenson, Nelson Peltzs efforts to
shake up Pepsi get backing of CalSTRS, The
New York Times, July 23, 2014, http://dealbook.
nytimes.com/2014/07/23/peltzs-efforts-toshake-up-pepsi-gets-backing-of-big-pensionfund/, accessed March 19, 2015.
9. Zachary Mider, Matthew Campbell, and Cathy
Chan, M&A slumps to lowest level since
financial crisiss nadir, Bloomberg, September
12, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2012-09-27/m-a-slumps-to-lowest-levelsince-financial-crisis-s-nadir, accessed March
19, 2015.
76
10. Thomson Reuters, Mergers & acquisition

reviewfull year, January 9, 2015, http://
blog.thomsonreuters.com/index.php/
mergers-acquisition-review-full-year/
11. Max Willens, Time Inc. willing to sell assets
that make no sense, Advertising Age, November
4, 2014, http://adage.com/article/media/timesell-assets-make-sense/295717/, accessed March
19, 2015.
12. In 2014, for example, Pfizer and Merck agreed
on a global strategic alliance to commercialize
a promising immuno-oncology asset. Pfizer
CEO Ian Read explained that, in the absence
of this deal, Pfizer would probably have
looked to complete acquisitions. The presence
of an ecosystem relationship gave Pfizer a
different option. See: Seeking Alpha, Pfizer
CEO Ian Read on Q4 2014 resultsEarnings call transcript, January 27, 2015, http://
seekingalpha.com/article/2855956-pfizers-pfeceo-ian-read-on-q4-2014-results-earnings-calltranscript?part=single, accessed March 19, 2015.
13. FactSet defines spin-off as a transaction that
involves the creation of a new publicly traded
company through the distribution of new shares
of a subsidiary to the existing shareholders of
the publicly traded parent company.
14. FactSet, FactSet mergers, 2015, accessed March
1, 2015.
15. Thomson Reuters, Edited transcript: HPQ
Hewlett-Packard Co conference call to discuss
its plans to separate into two new industryleading public companies, http://h30261.www3.
hp.com/~/media/Files/H/HP-IR/documents/
events/hpq-transcript-2014-10-06t12-00.pdf,
16. Maureen Farrell, The script for corporate
splits via H-P, EBay and Gannett, The Wall
Street Journal, October 6, 2014, http://blogs.
wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/10/06/the-script-forcorporate-splits-via-h-p-ebay-and-gannett/,
17. Deloitte, Divestiture survey report 2013:
Sharpening your strategy, January 2013, http://
www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/
us/Documents/mergers-acqisitions/us-madivestiture-survey-report-2013.pdf, accessed
March 19, 2015.
18. General Electric, GE Works: 2013 Annual

Report, 2013, http://www.ge.com/ar2013/pdf/
GE_AR13.pdf, p. 6, accessed March 19, 2015.
19. Krystle Vermes, Bayer AG (BAYZF) will spin
off plastics to focus on life sciences, BioSpace,
September 18, 2014, http://www.biospace.com/
News/bayer-ag-will-spin-off-plastics-to-focuson-life/346922, accessed March 19, 2015.
20. Steven Bertoni, Ebay CEO John Donahoe talks
about the PayPal split and future of two companies, Forbes, September 30, 2014, http://www.
forbes.com/sites/stevenbertoni/2014/09/30/
ebay-ceo-john-donahoe-talks-about-the-paypalsplit-and-future-of-two-companies/, accessed
March 19, 2015.
23. Deloitte, The heros journey through the landscape

of the future, Deloitte University Press, July 24,
2014, http://dupress.php.islsandbox.com/articles/heros-journey-landscape-future/, accessed
March 19, 2015.
24. Jessica Guynn, Facebook buys Oculus VR
in major bet on virtual reality, Los Angeles
Times, March 25, 2014, http://articles.latimes.
com/2014/mar/25/business/la-fi-facebookoculus-20140326, accessed March 19, 2015.
25. Stuart Dredge, Oculus Rift: Mark Zuckerberg
targets 50m-100m headset sales in 10 years, The
Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/oct/29/facebook-mark-zuckerbergoculus-vr-sales, accessed March 19, 2015.
21. PayPal, eBay Inc. to separate eBay and PayPal

into independent publicly traded companies
in 2015, September 30, 2014, https://www.
paypal-community.com/t5/PayPal-Forward/
eBay-Inc-to-Separate-eBay-and-PayPal-intoIndependent-Publicly/ba-p/886871, accessed
March 19, 2015.
26. Ingrid Lunden, 3D printing company Stratasys

is buying GrabCAD for around $100M, beating
out Autodesk, Adobe, TechCrunch, September
16, 2014, http://techcrunch.com/2014/09/16/3dprinting-company-stratasys-is-buyinggrabcad-for-around-100m/, accessed March 19,
2015.
22. Seeking Alpha, Advanced Micros (AMD)

management presents at Credit Suisse Technology Conference (transcript), December 3,
2014, http://seekingalpha.com/article/2728865advanced-micros-amd-management-presentsat-credit-suisse-technology-conferencetranscript?page=1, accessed March 19, 2015.
27. Beth McKenna, 4 things Stratasys management

wants you to know, The Motley Fool, November
7, 2014, http://www.fool.com/investing/
general/2014/11/07/4-things-stratasys-management-wants-you-to-know.aspx, accessed March
19, 2015.
77

By John Hagel
Overview
HEN Marc Merrill and his partner

designed the online game League of
Legends and founded a company, Riot Games,
in 2009 to bring it to market, they didnt only
have in mind to create a new product for the
gaming world. Their strategy was to build a
platform. Already, that platform has become
a very valuable one. Start with the game itself:
67 million people play it each month,1 generating some $1 billion dollars in annual revenue
for the company.2 These gamers, who may be
sitting alone in their dorm rooms but who,
online, join up as teams to do battle, all play
for free; Riot Games makes its money when,
having drawn everyone into its designed
environment, it finds other ways to capitalize
on their presence. More recently, the company
extended its platform to the offline world,
creating live events in which League of Legend
teams compete in tournaments in front of live
spectators. It doing so, it launched what is now
the fastest-growing part of the sports industry:
e-sports.
Riot Games still evolving strategy is just
one example of a trend we see all around us
today, and not only among companies that
were born digital. Everyone, it seems, is
thinking in terms of platforms. That is, they
are recognizing that, no matter the market,
there is money to be made in providing layers of capabilities and standards that other
players in that market can tap into and use to
interact more efficiently. Popular platformsa
classic example being the iTunes application
programallow the participants on them to
create and capture value for themselves, while
also (thanks to network effects) yielding strong

new value through
both collaboration
and competition.
Properly designed
business platforms can
help create and capture
new economic value
and scale the potential
for learning across
entire ecosystems.
returns for the platform builder.3 Every participant must abide by the rules of the platform
but is otherwise not answerable to any other
player in it, including the platform originator.
The trend well describe below, however, is
likely more nuanced than the simple observation that many more firms are devising
platform strategies. Managers familiarity and
experience with platforms have reached the
stage that they are increasingly designing them,
or taking advantage of their existence, for particular kinds of gains. As well discuss in more
detail, many firms are employing noticeably
different tactics depending on whether they see
79
a platform as a way to improve performance

(by focusing on what they do best), grow their
footprint (by leveraging capabilities that in the
past they would have had to own), innovate
(drawing on that vast majority of smart people
who arent strictly in their employ), or capture
more value. Looking ahead, we anticipate that
smart managers will refocus their platform
strategies againon the deliberate pursuit of
the learning advantages that platform participation uniquely affords.

In one sense, platforms are nothing new. If
we define them as layers of infrastructure that
impose standards on a system in which many
separate entities can operate for their own
gains, then clearly any nations railway system,
once it standardizes on track gauge, counts as
a platform. Likewise, its phone system, and its
shipping system, having converged on global
standards for pallets and shipping containers.
But platforms have grabbed unprecedented
attention in the digital era.4 This is thanks
partly to a gold rush mentality, since the
advent of that ultimate platform of our age,
the Internet, spawned opportunities for new,
electronic platforms to be built in every realm
of commerce.
The deeper reason that platforms have lately

captured so many business leaders imaginations is that they enable the pull-based
approaches which have long been seen as the
future of serving customers profitably.5 In the
past, sellers have been limited by the economics of production and distribution to pushbased approaches, meaning that they simply
made an efficient batch size of what they sold
and foisted it onto the marketplace. This of
course meant investing effort into anticipating what the customer demand might be,
using that to create a sales forecast, and then
procuring the right resources and people to
produce the appropriate quantity of goods.
A push-based approach is very efficient if the
forecast is accurateand can at least be profitable if, failing that, the marketer is able to alter
demand with its pricing and advertising. But in
todays world, those have become much bigger
ifs.
Two fundamental, long-term trends, which
have been transforming the business landscape
for the past few decades and still have far to
go, are essentially eliminating the conditions
in which push-based approaches can work.
These two forces are the deployment of digital
technology infrastructures, and the long-term
public policy trend globally toward economic
liberalization. The cost of three core digital
WHATS A PLATFORM?
Platforms help to make resources and participants more accessible to each other on an as-needed basis. Properly
designed, they can become powerful catalysts for rich ecosystems of resources and participants. A couple of key
elements come together to support a well-functioning platform:
A governance structure, including a set of protocols that determines who can participate, what roles they might
play, how they might interact, and how disputes get resolved.
An additional set of protocols or standards is typically designed to facilitate connection, coordination,
and collaboration.
Platforms are increasingly supported by global digital technology infrastructures that help to scale participation
and collaboration, but this is an enabler, rather than a prerequisite, for a platform. In the early development of Li &
Fungs platform for the apparel industry, for example, it relied on very limited technology, largely the telephone and
fax machine, and instead focused on defining the protocols and standards that made it possible to deploy a loosely
coupled, modular approach to business process design.11
80
technology capabilitiescomputing power,

data storage, and bandwidthrelative to their
performance has been decreasing exponentially and at a faster rate than that of previous
technological advances such as electricity and
telephones.6 At the same time, global trade
has increased at about 7 percent per annum
on averageor twice the growth rate of global
GDPfor almost three decades.7 Together,
digitization, for shorthand, and globalization
produce what researchers at Deloittes Center
for the Edge call The Big Shift.8 Its a period
of time in which the foundations that everything is built upon are reshaped, and thus
everything changes.
As the Big Shift plays out, it is becoming newly possibleand therefore newly
imperativefor sellers to move to pull-based
approaches. These reorient operations such
that nothing happens until actual demand
signals are received from real buyers. Students
of lean manufacturing and pull-based inventory systems know the theory and have seen
the advantages that can be gained from this

reorientation.9 But most of the potential of
pull-based systems has yet to be realized,
because these early efforts have been applied
only to small numbers of companies within
well-defined supply chains. Market-spanning
platforms offer ways to take these pull-based
approaches to scale.
The trend
We have now reached the point where most
well-read business leaders know the language
of platforms. They can recognize them where
they exist and understand the value they
create, both for the platform creator and the
participants. They have also seen the tremendous power of the platforms that have proved
most scalable. Some platforms already encompass thousands and, in many cases, millions
of independent participants, who benefit as a
result from enhanced leverage, specialization,
and flexibility.
Figure 1. Platforms expand when the means of creating them become more affordable and the need for them
becomes more global.
Falling cost of digital
Computing
Growing reach of globalization
1992
2012
$222
$0.06
per million transistors
$20,000,000 Growth in world merchandise exports

(millions of dollars)
$18,000,000
$16,000,000
$14,000,000
Digital Storage
1992
2012
$12,000,000
$569
$0.03
$10,000,000
per gigabyte
7% CAGR
$8,000,000
$6,000,000
Bandwidth
1999
2012
$1,245
$23
per 1,000 Mbps
$4,000,000
$2,000,000
$0
1980 84
88
92
96
00
04
08
13
Source: John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, Tamara Samoylova, and Michael Lui, "From exponential technologies to exponential innovation," Deloitte University
Press, October 4, 2013, http://dupress.com/articles/from-exponential-technologies-to-exponential-innovation/; The World Trade Organization, "B. Trends in
international trade," World Trade Report 2013, https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/wtr13-2b_e.pdf, accessed April 8, 2015.
81
Examples of platforms are all around us.

Take InnoCentive, the open innovation company that allows seekers of specific engineering, science, and other kinds of solutions to
connect with expert solvers. Its a pull platform
that allows companies to get answers to their
most pressing research problems, often from
unexpected sources. Li & Fung provides yet
another example of a pull platform in business.
the transactions are brokered by the platform

owner and organizer. Within this category
there are three sub-categories. First, there are
data or information aggregation platforms like
stock performance databases for investors or
scientific databases. Second, there are marketplace and broker platforms like eBay, Etsy, and
the App Store online store,12 which has facilitated 85 billion app downloads as of October
2014.13 These provide an environment for vendors to connect more
effectively with relevant customers
wherever they might reside. In a
growing number of cases, these
platforms draw out resources that
were previously not available to
others. For example Airbnb has
created a platform that has grown
more than tenfold, from 50,000 to
550,000 listings, in less than four
years,14 by encouraging people
to make spare rooms or parts of
their home available to travelers
and thus creating a market for
these resources. And third, there are contest
platforms like InnoCentive or Kaggle where
someone can post a problem or challenge and
offer a reward or payment to the participant
who comes up with the best solution.
Social platforms are similar to aggregation platforms in the sense of aggregating a
lot of peoplethink of all the broad-based
social platforms weve come to know and love:
Facebook and Twitter are leading examples.
They differ from aggregation platforms on
some key dimensions. First, they end up
building and reinforcing long-term relationships across participants on the platformits
not just about doing a transaction or a task
but getting to know people around areas of
common interest. The pull of these platforms is
irresistible to manywitness the fact that US
adult users spend an average of 42.1 minutes
per day on Facebook and 17.1 minutes on
Twitter.15 Second, they tend to foster mesh
networks of relationships rather than huband-spoke interactionspeople connect with
Enough platforms have been

deliberately designed at this point that
it is useful to categorize them into
types. The three common types in
existence today help their participants
do three different things well.
The company orchestrates complex supply networks for apparel designers, relying on a global
pull platform to draw out over 15,000 business
partners when needed and where needed to
ensure rapid and effective response to the rapid
and unexpected shifts in demand for items of
apparel.10 All these platforms are wonderfully
scalable; rather than becoming unwieldy with
greater numbers of participants, they become
only more capable and valuable.
Enough platforms have been deliberately
designed at this point that it is useful to categorize them into types. The three common types
in existence today help their participants do
three different things well.
Aggregation platforms bring together a
broad array of relevant resources and help
users of the platform to connect with the most
appropriate resources. These platforms tend
to be very transaction- or task-focusedthe
key is to express a need, get a response, do the
deal, and move on. They also tend to operate on a hub-and-spoke model. That is, all
82
each other over time in more diverse ways that

usually do not involve the platform organizer
or owner.
Mobilization platforms take common
interests to the level of action. These platforms
are not just about conversations and interests;
they focus on moving people to act together
to accomplish something beyond the capabilities of any individual participant. Because of
the need for collaborative action over time,
these platforms tend to foster longer-term
relationships rather than focusing on isolated
and short-term transactions or tasks. But a key
focus here is to connect with, and mobilize, a
given set of people and resources to achieve a
shared goal. The participants are often viewed
as static resourcesthey have a given set of
individual capabilities and the challenge is to
mobilize these fixed capabilities to achieve the
longer-term goal. There are many different
forms of mobilization platforms. In a business context, the most common form of these
platforms are process network platforms
that bring together participants in extended

business processes like supply networks or
distribution operations that help to select and
orchestrate participants who need to collaborate in flexible ways over time. Li & Fung, the
global sourcing company mentioned earlier,
offers a prime example of this kind of platform
although there are many other examples spanning a broad range of industries, including
motorcycles, financial services, diesel motors,
and consumer electronics. A little further
afield (because they are not profit-making
enterprises) would be open source software
platforms like Linux or Apache. Even further
afield would be mobilization platforms that
support social movements, such as in the Arab
Spring movement.
Implications
An implication for management teams of
the rise of platforms is that, in their work to
devise strategies for future success, they should
1 23
Figure 2. Three common platform types that facilitate transactions, interactions, and mobilization
Aggregation platforms
Social platforms
Mobilization platforms
Facilitate transactions
Connect users to resources
Tend to operate on a
hub-and-spoke model
Facilitate social interactions

Connect individuals to
communities
Tend to foster mesh
relationship networks
Facilitate mobilization
Move people to act together
Tend to foster longer-term
relationships to achieve
shared goals
83
explicitly consider what their platform plays

will be. Some will identify useful platforms that
have yet to be established, and choose whether
to create those unilaterally or by forming consortia. All should survey the platforms arising
in their markets and consider the degree to
which they will be active participants in them.
As we see management teams addressing
such questions today, the strategic choices
they make are based on the four major kinds
of benefits they expect to gain from platforms.
Depending on the relative emphasis they
place on performance improvement, leveraged
growth, distributed innovation, and shaping
strategies, they gravitate toward some platform
opportunities more than others.
Performance improvement
For some, the most attractive platform is
one that allows its participants to focus on the
activities that they do exceptionally well and
to shed other activities to others to whom they
connect through the platform. As an example,
many small, focused product vendors and merchants now rely on Amazons selling platform
to handle a variety of complex and scaleintensive tasks, including website management
and fulfillment operations. The beauty of such
platforms is that the partners who pick up others non-core work are entities who themselves
have chosen to specialize in those activities,
and are likely to perform them better. The
net result of every activity being handled by a
player focused tightly on it is overall performance improvement for all participants.
Leveraged growth
Firms hoping to expand the footprint of
their businesses have traditionally opted for
either organic growth or growth by acquisition.
Some platforms open up a third path. They
allow participants to connect with the capabilities of others and make them available to their
customers in ways that create significant value
for the platform participants and the customers. Li & Fung has grown into a $20 billion
global company in the supply network business
84
even though its sourcing business does none of

the actual production itself.16
Distributed innovation
Some companies are focusing on the use
of platforms to tap into creative new ideas and
problem-solving from a broad and diverse
range of third parties through the use of contests that provide rewards for coming up with
the best approaches to major challenges or
opportunities. XPrize has helped spur innovation in a broad range of arenas, including space
travel, automobiles, and oil spill removal. With
a belief that no one nation, gender, age group,
or profession has a monopoly on creativity or
intelligence, XPrizes ongoing Google Lunar
XPrize challenge drew talented teams from
more than 15 different countries as diverse as
Israel and Japan.17
Shaping strategies
For the most strategically ambitious of
firms, an exciting potential associated with
some platforms is the ability to change how
an entire marketplace operatesand capture
more value by doing so. Think back, for example, to the dawn of the credit card business,
when Dee Hock founded Visa. By persuading
banks to rely on a shared utility for the backoffice processing of credit card transactions
a platformhe managed to restructure an
entire industry. For the banks, the platform
helped turn a money-losing new product into a
profitable business. Today, there are a growing number of opportunities to restructure
entire markets and industries by designing new
platforms and offering powerful incentives to
motivate third parties to participate on them.
These are very effective because they mobilize
investment by a broad range of other participants rather than requiring the shaper to put
all its own money on the table.
All of these are excellent reasons to participate in platforms, and most firms will be able
to pursue more than one of these goals simultaneously. However, a clear sense of which are
the priority goalsperhaps gained in a focused
discussion during a strategic offsite meeting

can point to the best platform plays for any
specific firm.
Whats next?
We discussed above three common kinds
of platforms already in existence, based on
what the participants in them are trying to do.
Some want only to transact business, and use
aggregation platforms to do that; others want
to socialize, or to mobilize, and there are platforms well designed for them, as well.
But in a world of mounting performance
pressure, we should also expect a fourth form
of platform to become prominent. Dynamic
and demanding environments favor those
who are able to learn best and fastest. Business
leaders who understand this will likely increasingly seek out platforms that not only make
work lighter for their participants, but also
grow their knowledge, accelerate performance
improvement, and hone their capabilities in
the process.
Very few examples of learning platforms

exist in business yet, but we can find very
large-scale learning platforms in arenas as
diverse as online war games (for example,
World of Warcraft) and online platforms
to help musicians develop and refine their
remixing skills (for example, ccMixter). They
have also emerged in a broad array of extreme
sports arenas, including big-wave surfing and
extreme skiing.18
Enough examples exist to see that these
platforms have a distinctive configuration
known as creation spaces. Their primary
unit of organization is a small team or work
group that takes on particular performance
challenges. The participants in these groups
work closely together over time to come up
with creative new ways to address evolving
performance challenges. The emphasis on
small teams or work groups is essential because
the focus is on a powerful form of learning that involves accessing tacit knowledge.
This in turn requires the formation of deep,
trust-based relationships. These relationships
Figure 3. Dynamic environments favor learning platforms that accelerate improvement for all participants.
Aggregation platforms
1
Social platforms
Learning platforms
Facilitate learning
Bring participants together to share insights over time
Tend to foster deep, trust-based relationships, as
participants have the opportunity to realize more
potential by working together
Mobilization platforms
3
85
evolve quickly in small teams or workgroups

but are very challenging to scale. The second
key element of these platforms is that they
provide participants with ways to connect
with each other beyond the individual team
or workgroup to ask questions, share experiences, and get advice. In other words, they
scale the potential for learning far beyond the
individual group.
As with social platforms and mobilization
platforms, learning platforms critically depend
on the ability to build long-term relationships
rather than simply focusing on short-term
transactions or tasks. Unlike the other platforms, though, learning platforms do not view
participants as static resources. On the contrary, they start with the presumption that all
participants have the opportunity to draw out
more and more of their potential by working
together in the right environment.
The good news is that any of the three
current forms of platformsaggregation,
social, and mobilizationhave the potential to
evolve into learning platforms. The companies
that find ways to design and deploy learning
platforms will likely be in the best position
to create and capture economic value in an
increasingly challenging and rapidly evolving
business environment.
YOUR BEST PLATFORM STRATEGY: OCCUPY AN INFLUENCE POINT

Platforms can be effective vehicles to create new value. The risk is that they might also undermine the ability
of individual companies to capture their fair share of the value being created, especially if they do not own the
platform. By creating far more visibility into options and facilitating the ability of participants to switch from one
resource or provider to another, platforms can commoditize business and squeeze the margins of participants.
The greatest opportunities for value capture on platforms require an understanding of influence points that
can create and sustain sources of advantage and make it feasible to capture a disproportionate share of the
value created on the platform.19 Influence points tend to emerge whenever and wherever relationships begin to
concentrate on platforms. By having privileged access to a larger and more diverse array of knowledge flows, the
company occupying an influence point has an opportunity to anticipate whats going to happen by seeing signals
before anyone else does. That company is also better positioned to shape these flows in ways that can strengthen
its position and provide greater leverage. When youre in the center of flows, small moves, smartly made, can
indeed set very big things into motion.
Where would these influence points tend to emerge on platforms? These points often provide significant and
sustainable functionality to the broader platform or ecosystemfor example, the broker position in a market
platform. Its even better if the functionality of these influence points evolves rapidly over time because it creates
incentives for other participants to stay in close contact with the occupier of the influence point.
86
My take
By Peter Schwartz
Peter Schwartz is senior vice president for strategic planning at Salesforce.com, author of
The Art of the Long View, and a frequently sought commentator on forces shaping the
future of business.
Platforms today power learning and innovation

at the speed of business by providing collaborative and sometimes exponentially productive
spaces for value creation. At Salesforce, we take
this model seriously, not just by building our own
platform and apps but by opening our platform
to millions of partners, developers, and customers,
allowing them to customize and layer on top of
our core.
the customers functionality. Or, increasingly, we

look to invest in some of the more exciting prospects, thus building an R&D investment portfolio
without the failure rates so common when you
incubate from scratch.
In fact, one way to think about the latest release

of Salesforce 1, our flagship product, is as a set
of apps that provides our customers with a way
to write their own apps. All of that must be
enabled by some pretty sophisticated code as the
underlying glue. But most of our users are never
going to touch that inner wiring. What they will
touchand what we want them to own and
build on as their ownis a set of extensions upon
the centerpiece we provide. When customers
are given the tools, we are often amazed at the
breakthroughs.
For example, I like to tell the story of a major
food logistics company building a Salesforce
extension that transforms the jobs of truck drivers,
who are now a critical point of connection, stringing delivery, sales, and relationship management
functions from the final customer all the way
back to the source. When we enable that kind
of transparency, we are changing the nature of
jobs. We now have a customer that not only loves
Salesforce, but also owns and operates a deeply
personalized version of Salesforce 1 that allows
it to see things previously hidden in the most
distant pockets of its value web.
And when a client writes a super-interesting
extension of the core Salesforce platform, we
might look for new ways to complement it by
adding, say, robustness, or lightness, or ease-ofuse. In other instances we might seek to license
In a world of business ecosystems, loyalty may

be the final and most important of the currencies
exchanged. For Salesforce, a vibrant platform ecosystem of customer developers, apps, and support
services, one that has loyalty and mutual commitment as its life blood, is our engine of growth. A
lot of the value that is created on the Salesforce
platform is directly owned by our partners and
customers, and thats exactly as it should be.
We think of the shared value that is collectively
created as the adhesive that binds the Salesforce
platform to the broader ecosystem in which the
client, now co-evolving with Salesforce, competes
and generates economic returns.
87
Author
John Hagel is a director with Deloitte Services LP and co-chairman for Deloitte LLPs
Center for the Edge.
Endnotes
1. Paul Tassi, Riots League of Legends reveals
astonishing 27 million daily players, 67 million
monthly, Forbes, January 27, 2014, http://
www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2014/01/27/
riots-league-of-legends-reveals-astonishing27-million-daily-players-67-million-monthly/,
2. Andy Chalk, League of Legends has made
almost $1 billion in microtransactions, PC
Gamer, October 23, 2014, http://www.pcgamer.
com/league-of-legends-has-made-almost1-billion-in-microtransactions/, accessed March
12, 2015.
3. iTunes is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in
the United States and other countries; Business
ecosystems come of age is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored,
or otherwise approved by Apple Inc.
4. Sangeet Paul Choudary, Geoffrey Parket, and
Marshall Van Alstyne, What Twitter knows
that Blackberry didnt, MarketWatch, October
10, 2013, http://www.marketwatch.com/
story/what-twitter-knows-that-blackberrydidnt-2013-10-10, accessed March 12, 2015.
5. John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Lang
Davison, A brief history of the power of pull,
April 9, 2010, Harvard Business Review, https://
hbr.org/2010/04/a-brief-history-of-the-power-o.
88
6. John Hagel III et al., From exponential

technologies to exponential innovation,
2013 Shift Index, Deloitte University Press,
October 4, 2013, http://dupress.com/articles/
from-exponential-technologies-to-exponentialinnovation/, accessed March 12, 2015.
7. The World Trade Organization, B. Trends in
international trade, World Trade Report 2013,
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/
wtr13-2b_e.pdf, accessed April 8, 2015.
8. John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, and Tamara
Samoylova, The 2013 Shift Index, Deloitte
University Press, September 17, 2013, http://
dupress.com/articles/success-or-struggle-roa-asa-true-measure-of-business-performance/.
9. Zenjiro Imaoka, Understand supply chain management through 100 words, Push-pull manufacturing, Lean-Manufacturing-Japan, 2008,
http://www.lean-manufacturing-japan.com/
scm-terminology/push-pull-manufacturing.
10. John Hagel III and John Seely Brown, Institutional innovation, Perspectives on innovation,
Deloitte University Press, March 12, 2013, http://
dupress.com/articles/institutional-innovation/.
11. John Hagel III, Scott Durchslag, and John
Seely Brown, Orchestrating loosely coupled
business processes: The secret to successful
collaboration, 2002, http://www.johnhagel.com/
paper_orchestratingcollaboration.pdf.
12. App Store is a trademark of Apple Inc; Business

ecosystems come of age is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored,
or otherwise approved by Apple Inc.
13. Statista, Cumulative number of apps downloaded from the Apple App Store from July
2008 to October 2014 (in billions), 2014, http://
www.statista.com/statistics/263794/numberof-downloads-from-the-apple-app-store/,
accessed March 12, 2015; Business Trends 2015
by Apple Inc.
14. Gregory Ferenstein, Uber and Airbnbs incredible growth in 4 charts, VentureBeat, June 19,
2014, http://venturebeat.com/2014/06/19/uberand-airbnbs-incredible-growth-in-4-charts/,
15. Shea Bennett, This is how much time we
spend on social networks every day, AdWeek,
November 18, 2014, http://www.adweek.com/
socialtimes/social-media-minutes-day/503160,
16. Li & Fung, Financial highlights, 2013 turnover,

http://www.lifung.com/investors/financialhighlights/, accessed March 12, 2015.
17. XPrize, Meet the teams, Google Lunar XPrize,
2015, http://lunar.xprize.org/teams, accessed
March 12, 2015.
18. John Hagel III and John Seely Brown, Innovating on the edge of big waves, Bloomberg
Businessweek, January 30, 2008, http://www.
bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2008-01-30/innovating-on-the-edge-of-big-wavesbusinessweekbusiness-news-stock-market-and-financialadvice, accessed March 12, 2015.
19. John Hagel, The Big Shift in business
strategy,Edge Perspectives from John Hagel,
http://edgeperspectives.typepad.com/edge_perspectives/2014/02/the-big-shift-in-businessstrategy.html
89

By Jacob Bruun-Jensen and John Hagel
Overview
Y now, top management

teams have almost universally
embraced the notion that their
new value through
Leaders are taking
firms must innovate not only at
lessons from the startup
the level of products and services
playbook on
but at the level of business models.
both collaboration
minimum viable products
Rethinking the fundamentals
and competition.
to launch minimum viable
of how a business creates and
transformationslightweight
and readily adaptable
captures value wasnt a priority in
versions of potential new
an era of slow change and stable
business models.
industries, but during a time of
rapid convergence of enabling
technologies, customer desires, and business ecosystems, it now must be. As early as
a decade ago, an Economist Intelligence Unit
survey found a clear majority of executives
designed to test key risks. Tomorrows
saying that business model innovation would
most impactful business model changes
be more important to their companies success
are starting their lives now as minimum
than product or service innovation.1 Today, it
viable transformations.
seems the exception to find a strategy session
that does not include challenges toand ideas
for reinventingexisting business models.
Businesses now need to change more
Yet the dramatic shift toward understanding
frequently and in more fundamental ways.
that business model transformation must be
As documented in the Deloitte Center for
done hasnt been matched by an understanding
the Edges Shift Index, they are experiencing
of how to get it done. Excellent scholarship has
intensifying competition, an accelerating pace
defined what business models are and created a
of change, and growing uncertainty stemming
rich case file of innovative ones. But especially
from the increasing frequency of unanticipated
for established companies, the path to a new
extreme events.2 All this adds up to mountand different business model is far from clear.
ing performance pressures. For evidence, look
This is why a trend we now see emerging
at economy-wide firm topple rates, growing
is important to track. An analog to a proven
stock price volatility, and serious erosion in
approach in launching successful offerings
the return on assets generated by US pubthe use of minimum viable productsit
lic companiesa 75 percent decline since
has companies pulling together the essen1965.3 Across the past 50 years, a half-century
tial elements of new business models into
of enormous technological advances, firm
barely working prototype models, specifically
91
Figure 1: Declining return on assets for the US economy (1965-2012)

6%
5%
Annual return on assets
Linear extrapolation
4%
3%
4.1%
2%
1%
0%
0.9%
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: John Hagel III, John Seely Brown, Tamara Samoylova, and Matt Frost, The burdens of the past, Deloitte University Press, November 11, 2013,
http://dupress.com/articles/the-burdens-of-the-past/; Compustat; Deloitte analysis.
performance has been deteriorating, and the

economy has become less predictable.4
But fast, large-scale change is enormously
risky. Looking around for reassuring precedents of business model transformation at
scale, we find precious few examples. On the
contrary, we often hear the oppositestories
of audacious initiatives which flew too close
to the sun and fell flat, at enormous expense.
One often-referenced study concludes that
over 70 percent of all major transformation
initiatives fail.5
Some rays of hope, however, come from
the growing understanding of what works in
entrepreneurial settings. For example, serial
entrepreneur (and now educator) Steve Blank
has gathered important lessons and principles
over the years into books like The Startup
Owners Manual. His advice contains such
valuable truths as No business plan survives
first contact with the customer.6 Likewise,
Eric Ries made important contributions with
the work behind The Lean Startup. The praise
accorded it by tech entrepreneur and investor
Marc Andreessenthat it creates a science
where previously there was only art7 applies
broadly to the many thinkers now working to
clarify the mysteries of new business creation.
One concept explored by both these authors
has been embraced with particular enthusiasm:
the idea of cobbling together a minimum
viable product. What does that phrase mean?
92
Telling the story of a successful venture he was

part of, Ries paints a vivid picture. He recalls
a time when he and his partners were out to
launch a game-changing new product, and
they broke all the rules:
Instead of spending years perfecting our
technology, we build a minimum viable
product, an early product that is terrible,
full of bugs, and crash-your-computeryes-really stability problems. Then we ship
it to customers way before its ready. And
we charge money for it. After securing
initial customers, we change the product
constantlymuch too fast by traditional
standardsshipping a new version of our
product dozens of times every single day.8
Minimal viable products, he makes clear,

are like prototypes except that they are not
simply passed around and tinkered with
internally. They are immediately thrown at the
market and subjected to trial by fire. The real
revelation comes with his explanation of why
a company would do such a thing. The minimum viable product, he explains, is all about
identifying flaws and working to improve
them as rapidly as possible. It must be specifically designed, not as a proof of concept,
but to test hypotheses and gain knowledge
about the biggest unknowns that could sink
the new offering. The light bulb for management teams seeking to reinvent not only their
products but their business models was that
Figure 2. Business model elements and questions for validated learning

Minimum viable transformation is, at its core, a strategy for gathering validated learning about individual business
model elements, and how they interact and combine to form one cohesive strategy.
BUSINESS SYSTEM
GO-TO-MARKET
(create)
(deliver)
Operations
How do we use superior
activities to create our
offerings?
Product development
How do we create distinguishing features and
functionality?
Service
What support and
enhancements do we offer
to our target customers?
Customer engagement
How do we foster
compelling interactions
with our target
customers?
Management systems
How do we best
manage our business?
Supply chain
What unique supply chain
resources and assets can
we leverage?
Channels
Where and how do we
make our offerings
available to our target
customers and users?
Distribution
How do we get our
products and services
delivered to our
target customers?
$$$
Revenue streams
How will we make money and
sustain revenue over time?
Cost structures
What are the most
important costs incurred?
PROFIT MODEL
(capture)
similar unknowns in business model constructionfrom minute changes to the operations

elements to global restructuring of the go-tomarket delivery strategy (see figure 2)could
be better understood by a similar process of
iterative discovery. This discovery process must
also be done with full disclosure to customers,
who often prove surprisingly willing to join the
journey of learning.
The trend
When Intuit began its transformation from
a traditional, desktop software business to a
new, software-as-a-service business model, it
was certainly looking at some risks. As a market leader in the financial software space, Intuit
didnt have the advantages that a smaller player

mightit was less nimble and arguably less
amenable to changing market conditions. But
it is succeeding: As of this writing, more than
half of its customers are now using its software
online, and Intuit is posting all-time-high
revenue numbers ($4.5 billion, up 8 percent
from 2013).9 Intuits management believes the
company can continue its momentum to hit
$6 billion with $5 EPS by FY 2017.10 What was
the secret to the successful transformation?
According to co-founder and chairman Scott
Cook, the answer is simple: By acting small,
and applying the principles of minimum viable
product thinking to big business.11
True, Intuits fundamental strategy didnt
change. Its revenues come from the same
93
customer segments paying for the same

essential solutions, leaving much of its value
proposition intact. But Intuits journey from
shrink-wrapped desktop products to softwareas-a-service required change and reconfiguration of many business model elements, from
how it created value through a new hosting
platform and new application technologies, to
how it delivered value through new distribution channels and marketing messaging, and
how it captured value through a subscription
pricing model. Just as with the product itself,
the innovation team had to understand where
the transformation might go off the rails due to
unforeseen problems, and find ways to reduce
those uncertainties with early, minimally constructed versions of the change.
Business model transformations are not
unprecedented in the history of commerce
they have always happened. Few people who
read National Geographic today know that it
was originally the journal of an explorers club
whose operations were funded by member
dues.12 Today, the enterprise (still a nonprofit)
has revenue streams from advertising, books,
video production, merchandise licensing,
exotic tours, and cable-TV dealswhich collectively dwarf the contributions of members
who receive its iconic print magazine.13 State
Street Bank, founded in 1792, began operations as a full-service financial institution.
Today, it has long since abandoned those oncecore banking operations, and earns its money
providing back-office transaction processing
for other institutions.14
It is not even new that business model
transformations must consider the evolution
of a companys broader ecosystem. Consider
the case of Charles Schwab about 20 years ago,
when it transformed itself from a phone-based
discount brokerage to a full-service financial
institution by leveraging its ecosystem. This
entailed integrating a broad array of thirdparty analytic tools and investment databases
into its online platform and building a network
of third-party advisors, allowing the firm to
provide anytime, anywhere services while
also benefiting others in its ecosystem.
94
What is new today is that such transformations must be considered and accomplished
routinelynot as storm-of-the-century events.
As management teams look for past practices
to make part of their regular toolkit, they are
reaching most for the ones that increase the
speed and reduce the risk of large-scale change.
The concept of the minimum viable transformation is bound to be refined further, and
to spread.
Implications
Clearly, there is an implication here. As
management teams increasingly pursue business model innovation, they should instruct
and empower their strategy teams to launch,
and learn from, minimum viable transformations. To put a slightly finer point on things,
they should consider the five principles
outlined below.
1. Learn how to learn. The central idea
behind a minimum viable transformation is
to learn from a true field experiment what
has to be fixed or put in place before the
envisioned business model can succeed at
scale. Remember Intuits transformation
to software-as-a-service. The Intuit transformation team reasoned that by failing
small, and in a controlled way, it might
gain tremendously useful information
from the market before choosing which
capabilities to scale. The in-flight learning
continues through subsequent iterations
and trials, allowing the business to keep
adapting as the broader ecosystem in which
it is situated responds and reacts to its new
business model. As Chuck Schwab said in
2013, If you are an innovator, you have to
make mistakes. But if your clients dont like
it, you withdraw it quickly.15
In other contexts, this data gathering and
analytic approach has been called doubleloop learning, a term coined by business
theorist Chris Argyris.16 Rather than just
detecting error against a pre-defined plan,
double-loop learning allows the underlying
plan (or the transformative strategy behind

capability building) itself to be called
into question.
2. Pick up speed. Theres a reason things
have to be kept minimal. Its because the
learning has to happen fast. All the more so
because, as soon as a company has created
any instantiation of the idea it is pursuing,
it has shown its hand to competitors
who are then in a position to learn from
the markets reception to it, too. Business
literature is full of examples of companies
who observed changing dynamics, understood pretty well how their ecosystems
were evolving, and committed to major
transformationsbut simply allowed
too much time to pass in planning
all the details before actually making
concrete moves.
Conversely, Capital One Labs has found
success experimenting with different
service and product prototypes. Today,
the company performs over 80,000
experiments a year with a focus on
gathering big data from such diverse
sources as advertising, product, market,
and, indeed, business model differentiation.17 In their own words, Capital One
Labs is looking to push the envelope to
explore The Art of the Possible. Capital
One understands the speed of modern
business, and has been recognized for their
insistence on pushing the pace of their
own transformation.18
3. Embrace constraints. There is a rich literature concerning the counterintuitive effect
of constraints on creativity. Much evidence
suggests they dont foil it; they fuel it.
Perhaps most recent has been the celebrated
concept of jugaad in emerging markets.19
A Hindi word, it essentially means overcoming harsh constraints by improvising an
effective solution using limited resources.
While no one would advocate putting an
innovation team on a starvation diet, its
worth noting that the very constraints weve

been talking about hereminimal bells and
whistles, and scarce timecan be the key
to forcing extreme creativity. At the very
least, they compel a focus on the goalthe
need to learn and reduce risk around some
key pointand force designers to weed out
nonessential elements.
Many multinational organizations are finding success in resource constraints as they
expand to emerging economies. Such constraints force companies to rethink their
business models to not provide less for
less but to retain the benefits while reduc-
Business model transformations

are not unprecedented in the
history of commercethey have
always happened.
ing resource intensity. Such corporations
have certainly struggled, but as the Harvard
Business Review reports:
. . . the opportunities of the future on a
street corner in Bangalore, in a small city in
central India, in a village in Kenya dont
require companies to forgo profits. On the
surface, nothing could be more prosaic: a
laundry, a compact fridge, a money-transfer service. But look closely at the businesses behind these offerings and you will
find the frontiers of business model innovation. These novel ventures reveal a way
to help companies escape stagnant demand
at home, create new and profitable revenue
streams, and find competitive advantage.20
In the realm of business model transformation, there is an even greater benefit of

harsh constraints. They give the design
team a reason, right up front, to seek collaboration and cooperation from others
who will be part of a new business models
95
Figure 3: Alternative business transformation pathways

Path one:
Big bang
More linear, focused
on executional
excellence and
detailed planning
Transformation
planning
Blueprint
operating
model
Implementation
Build
Test
Go Live
Value
realization
Ambitions
Path two:
Minimum viable
transformation
More iterative,
focused on
in-process learning
and refinement
Commit
Business
model
redefinition
ou
Test
Rapid
prototyping
Validated
capability
scaling
Learn
b le
-loop learning c
e
y cl
Allows management to adjust business model

assumptions as prototyping generates insights
ecosystem. Ideally, these constraints can

also give incentive for leaders to harness
additional support from ecosystems of
third-party participants who can provide
complementary capabilities. It limits the
number of in-house capabilities necessary
for transformation and helps the company
to mobilize innovation and experimentation from third parties seeking to participate in an emerging and evolving business
model. Promoting ecosystem development
from the earliest stages of business model
transformation can help build collaborative, future-oriented logic into the very
center of the new business; we expect that
the most successful business models of
the future will likely be those that have a
significant ecosystem component.
4. Have a hypothesis. All transformation
initiatives need a clear and simple articulation of both the need for change and the
broad direction of change. This statement
96
of direction helps leaders to identify key

assumptions driving the change effort
(assumptions that need to be tested and
refined each step of the way) and to develop
metrics that will help the participants in the
initiative to measure progress in the short
term and to learn in real time.
To accomplish such learning, minimum
viable transformation efforts must have
feedback loops in place for the collection
and analysis of market-validated learnings.
Such analysis is only possible, however,
with an initial hypothesis already in mind.
In other words, fully defined assumptions, strategies, and tactics are necessary
to know what is being tested in the first
place. Transformation leaders should be
particularly invested in the initial stages of
transformation where those conjectures are
laid out, before the data begins to flow in
and confirming (or disconfirming) analysis
begins to mount.
5. Start at the edge. Earlier we related the

story of State Street. One thing it teaches
is that beginning transformation at the
edges of a business is a more reliable strategy for change than attempting to directly
transform the core.21 Any attempt to impose
a fundamentally new business model in
the existing core of the company is likely
to invite resistance from existing power
structures in the firmoften resembling
antibodies rushing to oust an intruding
virusto come out in force. The core is
where the bulk of the current revenue and
profits are generatedwho would want to
take the risk of messing with the business
model that supports the existing business?
Far better to find an edge of the current
businessa promising new business arena
that could provide a platform for showcasing the potential of a fundamentally
different business model and that has the
potential to scale rapidly. Crucially, the best
edges will have the potential to become
a new core, as the back-office capabilities
eventually became for State Street Bank.
Edges give the transformation team far
more degrees of freedom to test and experiment with new approaches to evolving a
fundamentally different business model.
Using these five key principles of minimum
viable transformation thinking, companies
may be able to bypass traditional barriers to
transformation, ultimately allowing them
to more effectively respond to mounting
performance pressures.
Whats next?
Success is a powerful thing, said Intuits
Scott Cook. It tends to make companies
stupid, and they become less and less innovative.22 The big problem is that its a form of stupidity that, in the moment, can feel very smart.
High-flying companies with so much to lose
become cautious, their every move carefully
considered. Indeed, a multiyear study of 526
public companies eligible for the Forbes Most
Innovative Companies List determined that
fewer than 50 companies had made significant
jumps in their innovation premium scores
between 2006 and 2013.23
The cure for too much risk aversion cant be
reckless abandon. The search for better knowledge of what worksof how to de-risk opportunities to the extent possible while increasing
speedwill continue, because the imperative
to transform will continue. Performance pressures will only continue to mount, and with
them the need for more frequent and fundamental change by enterprises.
Translating the practice of using minimum
viable products to the higher level of testing
transformation ideas is part of this, but we
dont expect it will be the only part. Expect
more scaling up of the approaches proving valuable to innovators in entrepreneurial
settings and at the level of product and service
innovation. The core principles of the minimum viable productvalidated learning, rapid
prototyping, frugal creativitycan help organizations limit the shortcomings of traditional
transformation programs. Minimum viable
transformations can reduce risk and increase
speed, better enabling business model transformation at scale.
97
My take
By Rosalie van Ruler Thaker
Rosalie van Ruler Thaker is one of six global specialists responsible for business transformation challenges from the outside in for Philips Lighting, the worlds largest manufacturer of industrial, commercial, and consumer lighting. Based in Malaysia, Rosalie
coordinates multi-disciplinary teams driving end-to-end transformation initiatives in Asia,
Africa, and the Middle East.
In the end, business transformation is about unlocking trapped value. In a place like Philips Lighting, which operates in a fast-changing industry,
we need to be pinpoint focused to do that well.
Where can we direct energy to start the kind of
snow-balling change that naturally gathers momentum once kick-started?
We always start a change effort from an outsidein perspective, conducting detailed customer
interviews, and then working our way back into
the propositions and capabilities that will meet
our customers needs. The best opportunities can
be anywhere in our value chain and can involve
partners from throughout the dynamic ecosystem
of digital lighting. My job is to find the handful of
critical levers that will drive a solution end to end,
from the source of the blockage all the way back
down to customer satisfaction.
We launch transformation efforts with an intervention design, a hypothesis about the few lead
dominoes most in need of a push. If our diagnostic work has been done well, getting those to
tip in the right direction can often set off chain
reactions of positive results. We seek to be opportunistic and view ourselves as catalysts. We
also emphasize learning, to make sure that the
organization can carry through the transformation after we leave and can initiate a new one
whenever new challenges or opportunities arise.
In effect, we send a pulse through the system and
carefully monitor what happens. If I cant see the
cascade beginning, I stop and rethink initial assumptions. Hypothesize. Test. Learn. Adjust. And
transform.
The required diagnostic work happens up and

down the organization. Im doing it deep inside
of Philips Lighting pretty much constantly, and it
is simultaneously happening at higher levels as
well. This top-to-bottom dynamic allows us to
identify the right priorities for business transformation at Philips as part of a company-wide effort, initiated by our CEO Frans van Houten, called
Accelerate!
98
Ultimately, transformation isnt something you

do once, its a continuous journey. It means
identifying impactful opportunities, and having
the foresight to know when small initiatives can
become big. Its about providing that something
extra to help Philips enhance shorter-term hitthe-numbers thinking with a vision of fast-evolving business environments. Im always thinking
about the butterfly effects of something that
may look small today, but tomorrow, turns out to
represent the future.
Authors
Jacob Bruun-Jensen is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service line,
Monitor Deloitte, where he works with clients to help make sense of the converging forces of customer desires, technologies, and business ecosystems.
John Hagel is a director with Deloitte Services LP and co-chairman for Deloitte LLPs Center for
the Edge.
99
Endnotes
1. Economist Intelligence Unit, Business 2010:
Embracing the challenge of the future, http://
graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/Business%20
2010_Global_FINAL.pdf, accessed March 25,
2015.
2. John Hagel, John Seely Brown, Tamara Samoylova, and Matt Frost, The burdens of the past,
Deloitte University Press, November 11, 2013,
http://dupress.com/articles/the-burdens-of-thepast/, accessed March 25, 2015.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Beer, Michael, and Nitin Nohria, Cracking the
code of change, Harvard Business Review, 78.3
(2000): 133-141, February 16, 2015.
6. Steve Blank, No business plan survives first
contact with a customerThe 5.2 billion dollar
mistake, November 1, 2010, http://steveblank.
com/2010/11/01/no-business-plan-survivesfirst-contact-with-a-customer-%E2%80%93-the5-2-billion-dollar-mistake/, accessed March 25,
2015.
7. Eric Reis, The Lean Startup: How Todays
Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to
Create Radically Successful Businesses (New York:
Crown Business, 2011).
8. Ibid.
9. Intuit, 10-K Filing, 2014, p. 33, accessed March
25, 2015.
10. Heather Clancy, Intuits three-year plan for
cloud success, Fortune, October 7, 2014, http://
fortune.com/2014/10/07/intuit-plan-cloud/,
11. Max Nisen, Intuit founder: Success makes
companies stupid, Business Insider, February
25, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/
intuit-founder-sucess-makes-big-companiesstupid-2013-2, accessed March 25, 2015.
12. Anna Dynan, National Geographic Magazine,
2014, http://press.nationalgeographic.com/
files/2015/01/NGM-overview-1-15.pdf, accessed
March 25, 2015.
100
13. National Geographic, 2013 annual report: Financial report, http://www.nationalgeographic.

com/explorers/support/annualreport13/finance.
14. John Hagel, John Seely Brown, and Tamara Samoylova, Lessons from the edge: What companies
can learn from a tribe in the Amazon, Deloitte
University Press, March 27, 2014, http://dupress.
com/articles/lessons_from_the_edge/, accessed
March 25, 2015.
15. Kathleen Pender, Charles Schwab reflects on 40
years, SFGate, May 12, 2013, http://www.sfgate.
com/business/networth/article/Charles-Schwabreflects-on-40-years-4508426.php, accessed
March 25, 2015.
16. Chris Argyris, Teaching smart people how to
learn, Harvard Business Review, MayJune,
1991, https://hbr.org/1991/05/teaching-smartpeople-how-to-learn/ar/1, accessed March 25,
2015.
17. Bloem, van Doorn, Duivestein, van Manen,
van Ommeren, and Sachdeva, Your big data
potential: The art of the possible, Sogeti, 2013,
https://www.sogeti.nl/sites/default/files/SogetiVINT-bigdata-en-web.pdf, accessed March 25,
2015.
18. Ibid.
19. Ashoka, Jugaad: The art of converting adversity
into opportunity, Forbes, March 23, 2014, http://
www.forbes.com/sites/ashoka/2014/03/23/
jugaad-the-art-of-converting-adversity-intoopportunity/, accessed March 25, 2015.
20. Eyring, Johnson, and Nair, New business
models in emerging markets, Harvard Business
Review, January 2011, https://hbr.org/2011/01/
new-business-models-in-emerging-markets,
21. John Hagel, John Seely Brown, and Duleesha
Kulasooriya, Scaling edges: A pragmatic pathway
to broad internal change, Deloitte University
Press, http://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/
center-for-the-edge/articles/scaling-edgesmethodology-to-create-growth.html, accessed
March 25, 2015.
22. Max Nisen, Intuit founder: Success makes

companies stupid.
23. Nathan Furr and Jeff Dyer, How being a good
manager can make you a bad innovator, Forbes,
August 20, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/
innovatorsdna/2014/08/20/why-being-a-goodmanager-can-make-you-a-bad-innovator/,
101

By Larry Keeley
Overview
OW that many business schools and large

corporations have grown enamored of
design thinking perhaps its an important
moment to examine this trend critically.1 In
this brief trend report the goal is to describe
why design is in ascendance, with an emphasis
on how to make it as powerful, effective, and
transformational as it deserves to be.
In popular constructs, design thinking
approaches a problem to be solved from the
opposite direction typically taken by analysts.
It begins by imagining a solution that does
not yet exist, and outlines a pathway to realize
itinstead of beginning with an assessment
of todays problems and seeking corrections
to them. At its heart, design thinking seems
self-evidently useful. Generate ideas. Build
prototypes. Try many things. Build narratives
about them. Test everything. Do more of what
works. Show a bias for action. Shoot for the
moon. Or maybe even Mars. At that level, who
could possibly disagree?
But often proponents of design thinking
take it further. They make it a panacea. They
think it fixes the dry, overly rational planning
approaches that firms use to optimize their
offerings around predetermined and deeply
analyzed market segments. In this assertion,
the fans of design thinking are half right:
Conventional approaches to planning are overdue for reinvention. Its the other half where
their enthusiasm can be overdone. In the way
design thinking is popularly described and
delivered, it is too superficial to truly deliver on
such grandiose expectations.
Design thinking without deep

analysis and synthesis can be
reckless. Leading companies
are seeking to do both
recursively and in integrated
new ways to manage
complexity, derive insights,
and catalyze innovation in
fast-changing ecosystems.
new value through
both collaboration
and competition.
Whats behind this trend

Last year the Design Management Institute
rigorously selected 15 design-centric publicly
traded companies. Those that made the cut
include Apple Inc., Coca-Cola, Ford, IBM,
Intuit, Procter & Gamble, Starbucks, Nike, and
others. These companies, which use design
strategically and integrate it through their
business processes, tend to grow faster and
have higher margins than their competitors
the identified companies returns were 2.28
times larger than the S&Ps returns over the
previous decade.2
103
THE TREND IN A NUTSHELL

Design thinking has been increasingly embraced by the world of business and business education over the last
decade. During a time of intense change, this is a positive development. It helps firms develop the courage and
use tradecraft that moves beyond analysis to embrace synthesis as well. This is part of what it takes to help firms
commit to building something bold and newsworthy, instead of only seeking the tactics needed to better sell what
is already known.
What many people are missing
Too often advocates of design overreach, regarding it as an elixir that can somehow transform conservative
companies into creative ones. In the most egregious cases, advocates suggest design thinking can somehow
replace nearly all other forms of analysis, planning, and strategy.
What great leaders should know and do now
The power of design is real and increasingly important. It can help firms build breakthroughs and change industries,
but it has to be balanced and integrated with other skills and capabilities. This is especially true now because there
is a parallel revolution in how to get new insights from analytic techniquesand no one should ever jump right
into innovating without first producing some set of profound insights first that can be the basis for an innovation
team to do the hard work of building a breakthrough.
Put simply, analysis without synthesis is predictable and commonplace. Design thinking without deep analysis is
reckless. The savvy leader now seeks to do both, recursively, in integrated, even dazzling new ways.
Of course, any good academic would note

that these companies are likely to be good at
many things besides design, so this correlation
is not causation. A deeper piece of research
was led by my colleague Brian Quinn as a part
of our work to author Ten Types of Innovation,
where he was able to definitively establish
that among 138 publicly traded companies
generally agreed by analysts to get a stock
premium for innovation, there is a very strong
correlation between the number of types of
innovation they use in their most valuable
platforms and their stock performance above
the S&P.3 We conclude that more sophisticated
design goals, when executed effectively, yield
bigger payoffs.
Used effectively, design and designers truly
do have the power to transform nearly everything: concepts, brands, categories, markets,
technologies, materials, logistics systems,
experiences, industries, even governments.
There are structural reasons why design is
now enjoying a new and deserved renaissance.
Stripped to the bedrock, here are the specific
skills shared by great designers and good
design teams.
104
Designers:
Conceive and make stuff
Make things, places, and
messages distinctive
Empathize with people in situations
Stand in the future and prototype a
better world
Imagine ideal usage experiences
Sense and value what is new
Grapple with ambiguity more comfortably
than most
Systematically test and iterate concepts
until they get them right
Simplify and clarify information
Dramatically affect preference and value
Scan this list carefully. You may discover
that each of these qualities is rare, valuable,
and particularly relevant when change is in the
works or in the wind. Next, add the possibility
that we humans now live in the greatest time
of change in the history of our species and you
immediately can sense why the value of design
and designers is ascendant.
Notice that none of the rationale so far

resorts to market arguments. The argument is
not that you simply must design your smartphone, insurance plan, office chair, coffee
machine, or hotel well for it to have a chance
to be appealing to customers who have many
choices in modern, heavily contested markets.
That should be obvious. The point here is actually more important and subtler: In the world
right now we are changing the rate of change.
So its incredibly valuable to have the skill to
imagine a better world,
make it tangible, build
narratives about it, and
then work through the
dozens of obstacles
that anything new faces
throughout its development. And all the more
so in a world where
connectivity, collaboration, interdependence,
and user engagement all
converge to build modern integrated ecosystems where we formerly
thought of industries.
So with all the change in the wind it would
be great to simply pile on the popular trend
and say that all companies would be better
off if they used more design thinking. Sadly
though, in the simple ways these ideas are
now routinely described and taught, design
thinking tends to both over-promise and
under-deliver.
Great designers have the skill to build gossamer cathedrals: beautiful visions made of
nothing but art techniques, but with the power
to help those of us with little or no imagination to vividly experience a world that doesnt
exist yet. When this is done to reimagine
something valuable, often a single simple story
and a prototype can take the place of hundreds
of PowerPoint charts and slides, filled with
complex arguments. Like a great poker hand,
this can be a lay down: Share it with a senior
executive team and it immediately gets people
to respond to a concrete idea. They may love it,
hate it, or want more information, but since it

is clear and tangible, they do not have to waste
any time trying to imagine it.
But is this design thinking? Well lets take
it apart:
First, this specific part, the prototype
development where much of the magic lies,
is less about thinking than great tradecraft
and hand-skills. Well-trained designers
and innovators may now have to master as
many as 60 such methods.
Used effectively, design and designers

truly do have the power to transform
nearly everything: concepts, brands,
categories, markets, technologies, materials,
logistics systems, experiences, industries,
even governments.
Second, it should be done inside a team
that integrates many forms of thought and
actionexplicitly using advanced forms of
both analysis and synthesis.
Third, it may take weeks of climbing a
confusion curve before the team has even a
small chance of coming down the other side
to craft something simple and compelling.
Fourth, the individuals on a team with the
power to do this kind of work are almost
never all designers, but instead have many
diverse backgrounds and specialized skills.
So its painful when this incredibly valuable skill is represented as if designers do all
this stuff routinely and reliably. Thats unfair
to both designers and to the other professionals who have learned to love and leverage the unique skills of design and designers.
The real story is far more important than this
superficial label.
105
The trend
Standing in the future: Seeing
the world that is coming
To get a glimpse of at least one way this
future world will play out, lets leave the
abstract and go to the specific. Late in 2014
a firm located in Los Angeles made waves
by declaring that they have built an entirely
new way to improve how fans watch, or how
professionals coach and play sports. Second
Spectrum has only been around for a little
over a year at this writing, but their young
team of 30 people collectively has decades of
experience in sports, sports analytics, big data,
design, computer science, and management.4
They also really get the world of data visualization. Their leaders have won multiple awards
at the MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference
and they have conceived of some of the newest advances in sabermetrics, the abstruse
world first popularized in Michael Lewiss book
Moneyball, later made into a popular movie.5
To understand how they do this, look at this
photo of one of their products, taken from the
Second Spectrum website:
Figure 1. A Second Spectrum game
his odds of getting the resulting two points

are about 45 percent. Alternatively, he could
pass the ball across the court (and over three
defenders!) to his colleague Matt Barnes for a
three-point shot, but this would have a lower
chance of success, only 35 percent. Or, he
could pass it to Blake Griffin on his left, with
the worst odds of successfully making the
bucket. Highlighted in green is his best
option: tossing the ball to the right, where
J. J. Redick has a 43 percent chance of making a three-point shot, which is equivalent in
terms of point value to a 65 percent chance
two-pointer. Notice that the software immediately highlights that best option in green, the
other three are yellow. In subsequent frames,
the software also shows how these options, and
their corresponding expected values, change as
the play progresses.
In general, the Second Spectrum capability
distills six distinct capabilities, including an
amazing ability to dynamically model largescale spatiotemporal data into software tools
that transform how we can better understand a
complex, fast-moving game.6 As represented by
the icons in figure 2, what they have learned to
integrate is:
Massive data sets, so that they can find patterns from past actions
Analytic models, so they know what to pay
attention to and what to track
Real-time visualization, so that they are
able to pick the moments that matter
Close examination of details, so stuff that
matters is in color and stuff that doesnt
is grey
Source: Second Spectrum. Reprinted with permission.
What you are seeing here is their realtime

ability to illustrate how a coach might improve
the playing skills of Chris Paul, the player
shown with the ball, highlighted by their
software in bright red. The software shows that
Chris could shoot the ball from his current
position, and using big data, they calculate that
106
Graphics overlays that highlight in color

and layer data that is critical in the moment
Storytelling methods that help coaches
coach, players play, and fans be
smarter viewers
The team at Second Spectrum developed
these capabilities in large part because they
loved the ideas and saw them as intellectually
compelling. Their plan was to develop them
fully over the next five to ten years. Of course
Figure 2. Second Spectrums six distinct capabilities
Massive
data sets
Analytic
models
Real-time
visualization
Close
examination
Graphics
overlay
Storytelling
Source: Second Spectrum.
they could not have anticipated the fascinating series of events that transpired when Steve
Ballmer bought the LA Clippers for a reported
$2 billion in cashnearly four times the prior
highest price paid to buy an NBA team.7 Then
Ballmer dropped by to visit their LA lab. The
Second Spectrum team showed their wares
and described their five-year plan. Steve,
seeing the value in the capabilities, immediately urged them to apply all their capabilities to the Clippers and accelerated their
developmental timetable.8
This is what happens when you get innovation right: It transforms entire fields, often
much faster than anyone anticipated. Think of
the speed with which smartphones changed
telephony, Uber changed the urban taxi market, Airbnb changed the hospitality market,
and Twitter changed the ability of repressive
regimes to control how their populations communicated with one another.
To fully appreciate what Second Spectrum
has shown us we have to imagine it as the lead
edge of a large plow. Imagine a world where we
dont just use such elegant computational firepower for sports. After all, none of us should
be surprised when some of the most advanced
process innovations are first applied by billionaires, spending their own money, on their
hobbiestypically they can do so very easily
and with no approval committee!
But the rest of us should imagine something
similar will be used to help medical teams treat
complex patient conditions with integrated
care strategies. Or imagine seeing your personal or family finances this wayincluding
simplified visual suggestions for the simplest
changes that would make the biggest impact

in helping achieve family goals. Or perhaps
we use a similar capability to fully understand
changing climate conditions with less ambiguity, more clarity, and absolutely no political
spin. Capabilities like this should, by all rights,
transform nearly every field, from agriculture
to education, transportation and logistics,
investments and financial operations, weather
prediction, travel and hospitality, political
campaigns, or even warfare, whether real or
cybereven those wars declared against
poverty, drugs, extremism, or terror.
Implications
Integrated analysis and
synthesis: The new frontier
So is this design thinking? Not really, though
you sure couldnt have 10 percent of this
impact without effectively using design, especially data visualization methods. An effective
way to understand what Second Spectrum has
pulled off is that they are harnessing many specialized skills, all with elegant integration, so
that their genius ideas fall into the background
and they help us regular folks make it easy to
do hard things. At a larger level, this illustrates
a critical principle of 21st century innovation:
Effective innovations today are far more about
elegant integration of the known than about the
primary invention of the new.
Take a look around and youll see evidence of this new integration everywhere.
Consider the game phenomenon from King
called Candy Crush. Perhaps some of you
107
have invested more hours in this particular

game than you care to admit. Have you ever
asked why?
Its because the design team has used the
behavioral finance discoveries typical of the
best Vegas casinos, plus beguiling design qualities, clever animations, and great ways to tease
and engage players and get them to obsess
about rising through ever more demanding
skill levelsall delivered in the smartphones
we now have in our pockets. All that seems
innocent enough: just another time wasting
game, no?
Sorry, you may be missing the point. This
is the first game to be rated No. 1 globally and
simultaneously on Android, Facebook, and
iOS platforms.10 It was played over 151 billion
times in the first year since it was launched on
smartphones!11 There are well over 97 million
daily users,12 fully 30 percent of whom say
they are addicted.13 The game makes money
through in-game sales: Youre stuck on a level,
youre about to die, at which point the game
will prevent you from playing for a couple
hours or, for about 80 cents, you can get five
more moves, crush those candies and advance
to the next level.
A shockingly large number of people go
ahead and spend the 80 cents. So Candy Crush
takes in $1,005,806 per day according to
analysts,14 while another popular smartphone
game, Angry Birds, the most downloaded
game of all time, takes in only an estimated
$10,661 daily.15 Gee, no wonder those birds are
mad . . .
And dont assume that this integrated
approach to industry transformation is only
occurring in the United States. Chinese retail
firm Alibababest imagined as a mashup
of eBay, Amazon, United Parcel Service, and
Facebookaims to cater to the evolving needs
of Chinas massive and growing middle class.
In 2009 they created a holiday, Singles Day,
kind of a Valentines Day culturally adapted
for China on November 11 (11-11 = lots of
singles, get it?). On that day people who were
single gave each other gifts through Alibaba,
108
which used advanced technology to help

people give their nice gift to their single friend
at either 11:11 a.m. or 11:11 p.m. on the dot.
In 2013, Alibaba became the first firm in history to sell and deliver $6 billion in goods and
services on a single day.16 This included over
70,000 room vacuum cleaners, though why
that is somehow a romantic gift remains a mystery.17 Less mysterious, though, is that Alibaba
is taking many well-known global advances
in e-commerce ecosystems, and using both
analysis and synthesis to cater explicitly for life
in modern China.
All of these examples share one property:
They fuse together insights that come from
sophisticated analytics, with experiences that
are brilliantly designed to be easy, smart, convenient, and entirely understandable.
Whats next
The road ahead: Whats next for
firms that want to lead their fields
So what do todays leaders need to take
away from the steady, welcome, and important
ascendance of the design field? Remember
that the dumbest way to simplify anything is
to throw out all the hard parts. Three explicit
principles are news you can use and ideas you
can adapt:
1. A key today is to use information deftly to
manage complexity, and you inherently do
that with many specialized skills working
effectively together.
2. Great design is a critical catalyst and
accelerant to the overall advance you seek,
and this stems largely from designers doing
a good job of integrating complexity into an
elegant and even delightful experience.
3. But you should avoid labeling this design
thinking, because such a label will obscure
the deeper truth: What works today is deep,
informed analysis seamlessly synthesized
into coherent, beautiful solutions.
You will likely get to breakthroughs sooner

if you do not assume that design thinking
is, somehow, the one mystery ingredient you
are missing. We make progress when we break
things down into amazing insights and then
build them up in unanticipated and insightful
ways. This means that if your teams are too
driven by analysis, you almost certainly need
to get past that set of tools alone so that you
also cherish and leverage synthesis. Still, in all
probability your issue is not only that you need
more and better synthesis, you almost certainly
need more and better analysis too!
One surprising fact may help snap this
into focus. Take all the data that exists in the
world right now, and arbitrarily label that 100
percent. Shockingly, 90 percent of that vast

data archive did not exist only two years ago.18
This helps explain why nearly all the innovations we love, from Google, to Wikipedia,
to GPS systems, smartphones, Amazon, or
Uber are derived, in part, from or are utterly
dependent on new forms of analytic tools. Add
liberal amounts of design on top of these skills
and you will get your products to be platforms,
your offerings to become deep solutions, and
your industry to evolve into an ecosystem.
Thats when youve done enough innovation to
change the world.
When you get all the parts right, it will be
the hardest work you ever loved.
109
My take
By Nicholas LaRusso
Nicholas LaRusso, MD, physician scientist and practicing liver specialist, is the founding
medical director of the Mayo Clinic Center for Innovationthe first academic medical
center to hire designers as full-time integrated members of the practice.
When I became chair of the Department of

Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in 1999, innovation
was a board-level buzzword, and not much more.
In the 16 years since, we have elevated innovation to become a central tenet of Mayos broader
vision, right alongside excellence, respect, and
teamwork.
The drive to innovate is nothing new for Mayo. In
the late 1800s, the Mayo brothers were the first
to see the value of coordinating teams of specialists to deliver integrated patient care. Inspired
by this vision of synergy, I assembled a similarly
diverse set of doctors, designers, and project
managers to drive our innovation efforts in the
Department of Medicine. We called it SPARC
(see-plan-act-refine-communicate), and adopted
the goal of transforming the experience and delivery of health care by combining the insights of
this interdisciplinary group. This was our first true
lab where we could test hypotheses, observe interactions of patients and providers, and develop
insights to find new ways to provide care.
Why designers? Because they saw old problems in
new ways, often forcing us to place the immediate needs of our patientsthe humans whose
lives we were attempting to improveat the
heart of the innovation challenge. This humancentered perspective on organizational transformation remains crucial to our day-to-day operations.
Importantly, however, our model never relied on
designers as a cure-all: We prioritized co-creation
and integration across the many areas, and many
experts, of Mayo. Two particular steps proved
especially central to establishing the Center for Innovation (CFI) at Mayo as the hub of our ongoing
innovation efforts.
First, we designed a state-of-the-art, downright
cool home base at the heart of Mayos outpatient
facility to serve as a physical magnet for innovative energy. We have always kept our doors wide
open, proving to the rest of Mayo that we were
the Center for Innovation, not the Center of Innovation. Innovation was happening everywhere;
110
it was our job to help provide structure and direct

energy.
We also launched the Connect-Design-Enable
(CoDE) program, an internal grant competition
open to all employees with ideas for improving
Mayo. The program provides grant winners
with both dollars and CFI personnel to implement ideas using human-centered design. This
program has integrated the CFI with the rest of
the practice, while driving advances in patient experience, situational awareness, and even medical
technology.
Innovation at Mayo takes people who arent
comfortable with the status quo, who can live
with ambiguity, and who enjoy defining problems
and coming up with solutions. We integrate them
with other internal and external partners and give
them the tools required to co-create the future.
We know that these people can be designers,
doctors, or even experts outside of the clinics
walls. With the right mindset and support, these
diverse and carefully curated groups of innovators
are transforming all aspects of the design
and delivery of health care, right down to its
human core.
Author
Larry Keeley is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP and co-founder of Doblin, the innovation
practice of the US Strategy service line Monitor Deloitte.
111
Endnotes
1. Many companies, such as Procter & Gamble,
Coca Cola, and Nike, have successfully deployed
design thinking to innovate products and
services. See: Jeneanne Rae, Design can drive
exceptional returns for shareholders, Harvard
Business Review, April 4, 2014, https://hbr.
org/2014/04/design-can-drive-exceptionalreturns-for-shareholders, accessed March 2,
2015.
Those looking for a general introduction to the
topic may refer to Tim Browns book Change by
Design or the more recent and deeply researched
work by Jeanne Lietka, Andrew King, and Kevin
Bennett, Solving Problems with Design Thinking.
Meanwhile, to meet demand for design thinkers,
business and design schools have established
integrated business and design programs.
Many have been inspired by the success of the
Stanford Hasso Plattner Institute of Design,
also known as the d.school, which enrolled
100 students in 2005, its inaugural year, and
now enrolls 700 students a year. See: Venessa
Wong, Worlds best design schools, Bloomberg,
September 2009, http://www.bloomberg.com/
ss/09/09/0930_worlds_best_design_schools/1.
htm, accessed March 2, 2015, and Melissa
Silverman and Rachel Emma, Forget B-school,
D-school is hot, The Wall Street Journal, June 7,
2012, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240
52702303506404577446832178537716, accessed
March 2, 2015.
It should be noted that the author teaches at a
similar program at Northwestern University
that combines Kellogg Graduate School of
Management, McCormick School of Engineering, and the Segal Design Institute. Students
have to be separately admitted to the business
and engineering schools and get both degrees.
Keeleys course on Innovation Frontiers is a
required course in this program.
2. Rae, Design can drive exceptional returns for
shareholders.
3. Larry Keeley, Helen Walters, Ryan Pikkel, and
Brian Quinn, Ten Types of Innovation: The
Discipline of Building Breakthroughs (Hoboken,
NJ: Wiley, 2013).
4. Ben Bolch, Steve Ballmers clippers will use
technology to let fans call shots, Los Angeles
Times, October 28, 2014, http://www.latimes.
112
com/sports/clippers/la-sp-clippers-technology20141029-story.html, accessed March 2, 2015;

Business ecosystems come of age is an independent publication and has not been authorized,
sponsored, or otherwise approved by Second
Spectrum.
5. 2014, MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference,
http://www.sloansportsconference.com/?page_
id=14117, 2014, accessed March 9, 2015.
6. Home, Second Spectrum, http://www.secondspectrum.com/, accessed March 2, 2015.
7. Ballmer, clippers sign $2 billion sale agreement, ESPN.com, May 30, 2014, http://espn.
go.com/los-angeles/nba/story/_/id/11003237/
former-microsoft-executive-steve-ballmersubmits-winning-bid-buy-clippers-accordingsources, accessed March 2, 2015.
8. New players in the NBA: Big data, usercontrolled jumbotrons, National Public Radio,
November 2, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/
alltechconsidered/2014/11/02/360943860/newplayers-in-the-nba-big-data-user-controlledjumbotrons, accessed March 2, 2015.
9. Dana Smith, This is what Candy Crush Saga
does to your brain, The Guardian, April 1, 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2014/
apr/01/candy-crush-saga-app-brain, accessed
March 2, 2015.
10. IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of
Cisco in the United States and other countries
and is used under license; Business ecosystems
come of age is an independent publication and
has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Apple Inc.
11. Eliana Dockterman, Candy Crush Saga: The
science behind our addiction, Time, November
15, 2013, http://business.time.com/2013/11/15/
candy-crush-saga-the-science-behind-ouraddiction/, March 2, 2015.
12. Michael H. de la Merced and Nick Wingfield,
Maker of Candy Crush puts value at $7.6
billion, The New York Times, March 12, 2014,
http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/03/12/
king-maker-of-candy-crush-game-seeks-up-to532-8-million-in-i-p-o/, accessed March 2, 2015.
13. Doctkerman, Candy Crush Saga: The science
behind our addiction.
14. This makes Candy Crush No. 3 among

all top grossing apps. See: Think Gaming,
Candy Crush Saga,, as of March 9, 2015,
https://thinkgaming.com/app-sales-data/2/
candy-crush-saga/.
15. Think Gaming, Angry Birds, as of
March 9, 2015, https://thinkgaming.com/
app-sales-data/88/angry-birds/.
16. Lulu Yilun Chen and Liza Lin, Alibaba goes
global, single day sales top $5.9 billion,
Bloomberg, November 10, 2014, http://www.
bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-11-10/
alibaba-adds-brands-to-drive-promotion-thatdwarfs-cyber, accessed March 2, 2015.

17. Frank Tobe, Over 70,000 robotic vacuum cleaners sold on a single day, Robohub, November
20, 2014, http://robohub.org/over-70000-robotic-vacuum-cleaners-sold-on-a-single-day/,
18. Charles Arthur, Tech giants may be huge,
but nothing matches big data, The Guardian,
August 23, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/
technology/2013/aug/23/tech-giants-data,
113
About the authors

Mike Armstrong | mikearmstrong@deloitte.com
Mike Armstrong is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service
line Monitor Deloitte. Prior to joining the firm, he was a partner in the Monitor
Group and chief executive of Monitors M&A Advisory practice. He has worked on a
variety of corporate strategy projects and inorganic growth mandates across a range of
industries including heavy industry, specialty chemicals, life sciences, and consumer
durables. Armstrong had previous careers as a lawyer and investment banker. As
a banker he worked on a variety of M&A mandates including acquisitions, hostile
takeovers, private company divestitures, portfolio analysis, and private placements.
Client industries ranged from mining to consumer goods to high-tech. He began
his career as a corporate attorney with a large national law firm, focusing on M&A,
securities law and financial restructurings. He received his BA and law degree (JD)
from the University of Toronto and an MBA from INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France.
Jacob Bruun-Jensen | jbruunjensen@deloitte.com
Jacob Bruun-Jensen is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy

service line, Monitor Deloitte, with a focus on strategy and innovation. He works with
leading companies in the Consumer Product and Retail sectors to make sense of the
converging forces of customer desires, technologies, and business ecosystems to
rethink business models and innovation. Bruun-Jensen is currently completing his
PhD in Business Model Innovation at Rotman School of Management in Toronto,
and holds two masters degrees in management from Henley Business School
and ESCP Europe Business School.
Bruce Chew | brchew@deloitte.com
Bruce Chew is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US Strategy service
line Monitor Deloitte. For more than 20 years, his work has focused on strategy
development, implementation, and the building of organizational capabilities. Chew
has worked with the federal government, universities, and companies across a
broad range of industries. He holds an MBA from Harvard Business School and a
PhD from Harvard University after graduating from the University of Michigan.
114
About the authors
Don Derosby | dderosby@deloitte.com
Don Derosby is a specialist master with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US strategy
service line Monitor Deloitte. Derosby has nearly 20 years of experience in
strategy, scenario planning, risk assessment, problem framing, system dynamics, and
in the creation of learning laboratories for executives. His work has been equally
distributed between the corporate and public sectors with an emphasis on health and
wellness, information security, globalization, innovation, and economic development.
William D. Eggers | weggers@deloitte.com
William D. Eggers is responsible for research and thought leadership for Deloittes
Public Sector industry practice and has advised governments around the world. He
is an internationally recognized authority on government reform, a columnist, and
author of eight books. His books have won numerous awards and his commentary
has appeared in dozens of major media outlets including the New York Times,
Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Guardian, and the Chicago Tribune.
William Engelbrecht | wiengelbrecht@deloitte.com
Will Engelbrecht is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP and leads its M&A
Strategy and Strategic Diligence practice. He has more than 15 years of experience
serving clients, with a focus on creating value through M&A, and assists clients across
the deal life cycle from strategy development to post-merger integration. Engelbrecht
serves both strategic and private equity clients on the buy and sell side across a variety
of deal structures including foreign inbound, MOEs, LBOs, carve-out, and
multinational transactions.
John Hagel | jhagel@deloitte.com
John Hagel is co-chairman for Deloitte LLPs Center for the Edge and has nearly 30
years of experience as a management consultant, author, speaker, and entrepreneur.
He has served as senior vice president of strategy at Atari, Inc., and is the founder of
two Silicon Valley startups. Author of The Power of Pull, Net Gain, Net Worth, Out of
the Box, and The Only Sustainable Edge, Hagel holds a BA from Wesleyan University,
a B.Phil from Oxford University, and a JD and MBA from Harvard University.
Larry Keeley | lkeeley@deloitte.com
Larry Keeley has worked for over three decades to develop more effective innovation
methods. He is co-founder of innovation firm Doblin, which is now a unit of
Deloitte Consulting LLP, where he serves as a director. Keeley has been identified
by BusinessWeek as one of seven leading global innovation gurus, and separately
as one of 27 leading global designers. He teaches innovation at both IITs Institute
of Design, where he is also a board member, and at the Kellogg Graduate School
of Management, where he has been recently appointed as a senior fellow.
115
Eamonn Kelly | eakelly@deloitte.com
Eamonn Kelly is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP and chief marketing
officer (CMO) of the Strategy and Operations practice. He has, for more than
two decades, advised senior leadership at leading corporations across multiple
industry sectors, key global and national public agencies, and major philanthropic
foundations. Prior to joining Deloitte, Kelly held a wide range of leadership
positions. He was a Monitor Group partner and, as CMO, a member of its global
executive team responsible for marketing, thought leadership, network strategy, and
client experience. He also served as CEO of Global Business Network (GBN), the
pioneering scenario planning consultancy and futures think tank, where he led GBNs
thought leadership about the future, writing two books and numerous articles and
delivering insights and new methodologies for mastering change and uncertainty.
Kelly Marchese | kmarchese@deloitte.com
Kelly Marchese is a principal with Deloitte Consulting LLP and leader of the Supply
Chain Strategy practice. She has over 20 years of experience leading projects in
complex manufacturing industry sectors. Marchese also leads the Global Supply
Chain Risk service offering. She is a master black belt in Lean/Six Sigma and is
a thought leader in supply chain innovation and engineering effectiveness.
Bill Miracky | wmiracky@deloitte.com
Bill Miracky is a director with Deloitte Consulting LLP in the US strategy service
line Monitor Deloitte. He advises senior government officials and corporate
executives on a range of strategic and operational issues associated with institutional
performance, competitiveness, economic development, and security. His client
engagements have addressed a number of management issues, including corporate
portfolio strategy, business unit strategy, cost management, and organization
strategy and transformation. Prior to joining Deloitte, Bill was a partner at Monitor
Group where he managed the firms National Economic Development and Security
practice and co-founded its High-Performance Bureaucracy practice. He began
his career in government at the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C.
Anna Muoio | amuoio@deloitte.com
Anna is a specialist leader with Monitor Institute, part of Deloitte Consulting

LLPs Social Impact service line. Anna has worked at the intersection of business,
innovation, and social change for the past 15 years. She believes deeply in
the power of cross-sector collaborations to move the needle on tough social
problems. She focuses her practice on how to drive large-scale social change
through galvanizing networks around a shared agenda. She has led Aligned
Action efforts for organizations such as New Profit, Skoll Foundation, and
Venture Philanthropy Partnersdesigning network strategies and launching
large-scale coalitions that work to drive new solutions to old problems.
116
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
Many people collaborated in the creation of this report. The authors of each chapter, and the truly remarkable My take contributors, have already been named.
Many other Deloitte colleagues were generous with their time, energy, and insightincluding Andrew
Blau, Kyle Freebairn, Andrew Harris, Steve Jennings, Duleesha Kulasooriya, Tamara Samoylova, and
Jeffery Weirens. From the Federal Strategy & Operations practiceJitinder Kohli, Jessica Kosmowski, John
Manahan, and Edward Van Buren. From the Social Impact practiceKatherine Fulton, Amy Silverstein,
Jerry ODwyer, Will Sarni, Sally Stansfield, Tony Siesfeld, John Mennel, and Kurt Dassel. And from the
Supply Chain and Manufacturing Operations practiceRafa Calderon, Joe Fitzgerald, Ryan Flynn, Doug
Gish, Jim Harms, Matthew Humphreys, Tom Phillips, Stavros Stefanis, and Brian Umbenhauer.
Externally, Steve Weber, Michael Schrage, Peter Schwartz, James Moore, and James Surowiecki all
helped immensely, each in his own inimitableand greatly appreciatedway. Nicholas Davis, Brent Lonteen,
Marjorie Paloma, Matt Rodrigue, Emmett Thomas, Michelle Toth, and Lai-Ki Wong also provided significant and important assistance.
Deloittes Strategy and Operations marketing and public relations teamHenna Verburg, Ryan Nangle,
and Jessica Heineprovided, as always, indispensable support and guidance throughout. Their dedication,
professionalism, and enthusiasm are truly inspiring. Matt Lennert, Junko Kaji, and Sonya Vasilieff once again
demonstrated the outstanding qualities of creativity and editorial experience that have helped establish Deloitte
University Press as a powerful communication platform in recent years.
And in every ambitious endeavor there is invariably a core team that, day in and day out, carries the weight,
holds the dream, and goes above and beyond the call of duty. Here, that team was Deloittes Strategy and
Operations Eminence Center. Don Derosby, Debbie Chou, Jonathan Star, Julia Kirby, Christian Keil, Yiting
Zhang, and Lisa Lithank you! You were, individually and collectively, magnificent and unwavering over
many months of research, writing, editing, interviewing, designing, combining, reframing, and iterating . . . and
iterating . . . and iterating! This report is a testament to your passion and your talent. I hope it helps serve as a
springboard for your ongoing success, as you each make your own important impact on the world.
As used in this document, Deloitte means Deloitte Consulting LLP, a subsidiary of Deloitte LLP. Please see www.deloitte.com/us/about for a
detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte LLP and its subsidiaries. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the
rules and regulations of public accounting.
117
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Business ecosystems

Part of the Business Trends series

Business ecosystems come of age

Blurring boundaries, uncharted frontiers|17

Business ecosystems come of age

ELCOME to Deloittes latest Business Trends report.

world of commerce. As he wrote in a 1993

Moores insight was prescientjust on the

Some view the rise of ecosystems as an

Business ecosystems come of age

longer see technology and media competition

players: The battle of devices has now become

Figure 1. Defining business ecosystems

Ecosystems typically bring together multiple players of different types and

who create and capture

Enabled by greatly enhanced connectivity across specialized capabilities and

co-evolving communities of diverse actors

Five ways to think

Ecosystems create new ways

Having noted the varied definition and

An economyfrom the most primitive to

Business ecosystems come of age

that arose through the course of the last two

A distinctive characteristic of many ecosystems

Ecosystems drive new

Take as an example the Global Food Safety

Ecosystems create and serve

more than 8,000 reviews),16 Yelp founded its

Business ecosystems come of age

instance, has found new ways to connect with

Ecosystems often exist on top of

VISA may have been an early example, but

Figure 2. The platform-driven sharing economy

people believe they will increase their sharing of

people around the world are Couchsurfers.

is the value of the consumer

was raised by crowdfunding in 2013,

bike-sharing trips are taken each month.

is the ratio of riders served per vehicle

Sources (from top left, clockwise):

people cant all work for just one organization;

example, users of InnoCentive connect with

Business ecosystems come of age

challenge you. I dont want you to tell me Im

collaboration have benefited Mahindra itself by

Figure 3: Business ecosystems trends

Business ecosystems come of age

Blurring boundaries, uncharted frontiers

Supply chains and value webs

Minimum viable transformation

Source: Deloitte analysis.

Graphic: Deloitte University Press | DUPress.com

Engaging with the domains of regulation

Business ecosystems come of age

8. Beth Jenkins, Richard Gilbert, and Piya Baptista,

2. Alibaba Group, September 18, 2014 Form

9. Brian Krasserstein, MakerBots new CEO Jenny

3. Danone, Arthur Tansley: The founding

10. Silvia Lindtner, Anna Greenspan, and David