Asymptotic Limits and Sum Rules For Gauge Field Propagators
Asymptotic Limits and Sum Rules For Gauge Field Propagators
Asymptotic Limits and Sum Rules For Gauge Field Propagators
Abstract
For gauge field propagators, the asymptotic behavior is obtained in all
directions of the complex k 2 -plane, and for general, linear, covariant gauges.
Asymptotically free theories are considered. Except for coefficients, the functional form of the leading asymptotic terms is gauge-independent. Exponents
are determined exactly by one-loop expressions. Sum rules are derived, which
generalize the superconvergence relations obtained in the Landau gauge.
Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Grant PHY 91-23780
dxeikx h0|T A
a (x)Ab (0)|0i =
(k k g k k g + k k g k k g )
(1)
an analytic function, which is regular in the cut k 2 plane, with a branch line
along the positive real axis. In contrast to the situation for higher Greens
functions [10] , explicite use of local commutativity is not required for the
two-point functions [1]. Using renormalization group methods, together with
analyticity, we obtain the asymptotic behavior for k 2 in all directions
of the complex plane. We present first the essential leading terms, leaving
derivation and details for later.
For the analytic structure function D(k 2 ), we find for k 2 in all
directions:
!
00
0
k2
k D(k , , g, )
+ CR (g 2 , ) 0 ln 2
+
0
!1
k2
+
+ C1 0 ln 2
0
(2)
The corresponding asymptotic terms for the discontinuity along the positive,
real k 2 axis are then given by
!
/ 1
00
0
00
k2
2
2
2
2
k (k , , g, )
CR (g , ) 0 ln 2
+
0
| |
!2
k2
+
+ C1 0 ln 2
0
| |
(3)
The parameters and their limitations are as follows: The function D is normalized at the real point k 2 = 2 < 0, where
k 2 D(k 2 , 2 , g, )|k2=2 = 1.
(4)
The essential asymptotic term in eqs.(2) and (3) is the one with the
coefficient CR (g 2 , ), which is not identically zero, although there may be
zero surfaces = 0 (g 2). In case CR should vanish, the C1 term becomes
relevant. Its coefficient is given by
00
1 (0 )
for 0 <
< 1,
0 00
0
00 + 0 11
00
=
for
< 0.
0 00
0
C1 =
C1
(5)
2 00 /0
CR (g , 0) = (g )
0 (x)
exp
g2
dx0 (x),
00
(x, 0)
.
(x)
0 x
(6)
Eq. (6) follows from the exact solution for = 0, with the normalization
2 D(2 , 2 , g, 0) = 1 [1, 2]. This solution can be written in the form
2
g2
g2
k D(k , , g, 0) =
!00 /0
exp
g2
g2
dx0 (x).
(7)
Here g2 = g2 (u, g), u = | k2 | is the effective gauge coupling, with the properties
ln u =
g2 (u,g)
g2
dx 1 (x),
g2(u, g) 1/(0 ln u) +
(8)
2 00 /0
CR (g , ) = (g )
exp
Z
g2
dx0 (x)
2 00 /0 Z 0
dxx00 /0 f (x, g 2 ) .
+ (g )
1
2
0 0
g
(9)
Here
f (x, g 2) = {0 (x) + 0 1 (x)}exp
g2
dy0 (y),
1 (x) = 1 (x)/(x) 01 /0 x,
(x, ) = 0 (x) +
1 (x) + O(2).
(10)
In eq. (9), the normalization for the full solution in the the linear approximation has been used in order to fix an otherwise undetermined coefficient
of CR . This approximation consists of replacing the general anomalous dimension (g 2 , ) by the -linear form 0 (g 2) +
1 (g 2). The corresponding
solution is given by
!
g2
0 (x)
k D(k , , g, ) = exp
dx
2
(x)
g
!)
(
Z x
Z g2
0(y)
1 (x)
, (11)
exp
dy
1+
dx
(x)
(y)
g2
g2
2
and k 2 (k 2 , 2 , g, )
k 2 D(k 2 , 2 , g, )
0
is their independence of the gauge parameter , except for the coefficient
CR (g 2 , ). In addition, the exponents of the logarithms in eqs. (2) and
(3) are completely and exactly determined by oneloop coefficients of the
anomalous dimension (g 2 , 0) and of the function.
In view of the asymptotic behavior of D(k 2 , 2 , g, ) as given in eq. (2),
which is valid for all directions in the k 2 plane, we can write the usual unsubstracted dispersion representation
2
D(k , , g, ) =
dk
, 2 , g, )
k 2 k 2
2 (k
(12)
D(k , , g, ) =
dk 2
(k 2 , 2 , g, )
,
(k 2 k 2 )2
(k , , g, ) =
k2
dk 2 (k 2 , 2 , g, ).
(13)
For = 0, the dipole representation has been discussed in refs. [5] and [6]
in connection with an approximately linear quarkantiquark potential.
Of particular interest is the situation for 0 < 00 /0 < 1, corresponding
to NF 9 in QCD. There, the function D + 0 k 2 vanishes faster than k 2
for k 2 , and hence we have the sum rule
dk 2 (k 2 , 2 , g, ) =
.
0
(14)
dk 2 (k 2 , 2 , g, 0) = 0,
which was obtained previously in the Landau gauge. The relation (14) expresses the fact that the coefficient of the asymptotic term proportional to k 2
in the representation (12) is given by /0 . It is not valid for 00 /0 < 0.
The distribution aspects of sum rules like eq. (14), and of the related dispersion representations, have been discussed in refs. [1, 2].
In order to derive the asymptotic properties of the structure function
D, we consider the renormalization group equation for the dimensionless
function R(k 2 /2 , g, ) k 2 D(k 2 , 2 , g, ). We obtain
k2
R 2 , g,
2
k2
= R
,
g,
R
, g,
,
2
2
!
(15)
.
(running) gauge coupling parameter, and
is given by
= R
2
R(
g 2 ; g 2 , )
= (
g2,
)R(
g 2 ; g 2, ),
g2
=
(
g 2 ; g 2 , ) R1 (
g 2; g 2 , ).
(16)
=
(
g2,
),
g2
(17)
with
as defined in eq. (16). From the general solution (7) of eq. (16) for
= 0, as well as the solution (11) for 6= 0 in the linear approximation,
we know that R and
have a branch point as a function of g2 at g2 = 0,
13
32 NF
2
.
which is of the form (
g 2 ) , 00 /0 . For QCD, we have = 11
2
N
3 F
We see that || = n/d is rational, with n and d being relative primes. It
is then convenient to uniformize the algebraic branch point by introducing
x = (
g 2)1/d as a uniformization variable.
We consider first the case 0 < < 1, corresponding to NF 9 for QCD.
Here it is convenient to use eq. (16). We define y(x) = (
0 )xn , and
obtain the differential equation
dy
n
= xn1 y 2 d xdn1 (0 + xn y)(xd, 0 + xn y),
dx
0
(18)
where
(g 2 , ) 0 ()
= 0 () + g 2 1 () +
(g 2)
0 g 2
1 () 1
2 0 (), etc.,
0 () =
0
0
(g 2, )
(19)
In an appropriate finite domain including g 2 = 0, and excluding possible, nontrivial fixed points corresponding to zeroes of (g 2), it is reasonable
to assume that (g 2, ) is continuously differentiable. As far as (g 2) and
(g 2 , ) are represented by power series expansions for g 2 +0, (g 2, ) is
also a power series in g 2 and . Under these circumstances, the r.h.s. of
eq. (18) satisfies the Lipschitz condition for x = 0, and we have exactly one
solution through every point x = 0, y = C. In as far as the r.h.s. of eq. (18)
is also a power series, we obtain the solution in the form of a series:
C2 n
+1
y(x) = C +
x +C
0 (0 ) 0 0 (0 ) xd +
0
1
0
0 (0 )xdn + ,
+
1
!
(20)
+ CR (
g 2 ) + CR 01 10 12 02 00 (
g 2)+1 +
R(
g ; g , )
0
0
1 (0 ) 1 2
+
g + ,
(21)
0 0 1
2
with CR = C/02 , and 0 < < 1. This formula is also valid for CR = 0.
The term proportional to C 2 in eq.(20) cancels in the inversion leading to
eq.(21).
For < 0, corresponding to 10 NF 16 for QCD, it is more convenient
to use eq. (16). With = nd , n and d being positive integers which are
relative primes, we uniformize the branch point at g2 = 0 by introducing
again a new variable x so that g2 = xd . Then we define z(x) = xn R(xd ; g 2, ),
and obtain the differential equation
dz
xn
= 0 nxn1 + d xd1 z(xd ,
)
dx
z
(22)
(23)
with CR 6= 0. In terms of R(
g 2 ; g 2, ), eq. (23) leads to the asymptotic
expansion for < 0 and g2 +0:
1
1
(10 00 )(
g 2)+1 +
0
0
(10 + 0 11 ) 2
+
g +
+
0 0 0 (1 )
R(
g 2 ; g 2, ) CR (
g 2 ) + C R
(24)
For CR = 0, we cannot use eq. (22), but obtain the asymptotic expression
directly from eqs. (20) and (21) :
R(
g 2 ; g 2, )
1 (0 ) 1
+
g2 + .
0 0 0 1 + ||
(25)
!
k2
, ).
2 , g, R(ei , g
(26)
+ O(g 4),
(27)
+ O(
g 4).
(28)
Eq. (26) expresses the asymptotic limit for k 2 in all directions in terms
of the limit along the negative real k 2 axis. With eqs. (26), (28), (21) and
(24), we finally obtain the limits given in eqs. (2) and (3).
8
A priori, the coefficients C or CR appearing in the solutions of the nonlinear, ordinary differential equations are undetermined constants. However,
because of the normalization condition R(g 2 ; g 2, ) = 1 or (g
2 ; g 2, ) = ,
2
the coefficients become functions of g and , satisfying partial differential
equations in these variables. For CR (g 2 , ), we find the equation
CR (g 2 , ) = R(g 2 ; g 2, )CR (g 2 , )
= R1 (g 2 ; g 2, ),
(29)
CR
CR
= (g 2, )
(g 2, )CR .
2
g
(30)
References
[1] R. Oehme and W. Zimmermann, Phys. Rev. D21 (1980) 475, 1661.
[2] R. Oehme, Phys. Lett. B252 (1990) 641.
[3] K. Nishijima, in Symmetry in Nature, Festschrift for Luigi A. Radiacati
di Brozolo (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, 1989) pp. 627655.
[4] R. Oehme, Phys. Rev. D42 (1990) 4209.
[5] R. Oehme, Phys. Lett. B232 (1989) 498.
[6] K. Nishijima, Prog. Theor. Phys. 77 (1987) 1035.
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