MICROHYDRO DESIGN AIDS 2004 for Micros

Small Hydropower Promotion Project (SHP

Mini-Grid Support Programme (AEPC

Worksheets

Conductivity
Hydrology
Side Intake
Bottom Intake
Headrace Canal
Headrace Pipe
Settling basin
Penstock & Power
Turbine
Electrical
Transmission Line
Costing & Financial Analyses
Utilities
List of Reference

Version 1.0

CROHYDRO DESIGN AIDS 2004 for Microsoft Excel XP

Small Hydropower Promotion Project (SHPP)/GTZ
Mini-Grid Support Programme (AEPC)
Micro Hydropower Project Model

SH

AE

energy@aepc.wlink.com.np
www.aepcnepal.org

Pushpa Chitra

pushpa.chitrakar@gtz.org

Small Hydropower Promotion Project 2004

Kathmandu,

Excel XP

GTZ

Collaboration Partmers
SHPP

shp@gtz.org.np
www.shpp.org.np
AEPC

energy@aepc.wlink.com.np
www.aepcnepal.org
Feedback
Pushpa Chitrakar
pushpa.chitrakar@gtz.org.np

Help

Online Manual
Drawings

Kathmandu, Nepal

Discharge Measurement by Conductivity Meter

Project

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Meter
Salt

HANNA Instruments (HI 933000)

Iyoo Noon

Water temp:
Given k

11 deg C Date:
1.8 Time intervals

Salt Const. (k)

Wt. of Salt
Nr of data
Baseline conductivity
Sum of readings
Effective Area
Discharge

400 gm
70
25
2062
1560
462 l/s

1.8000
1580 gm
1795 gm
91
106
24
24
3433
3997
6245
7265
455 l/s
445 l/s
Average Discharve

Conductivity mS

Discharge Measurement by Conductivity Meter: Banchugad MHP Project, Kaliko

80
70

Column B

Column C

60

Column D

Column E

50
40
30
20
10
0

Time(sec)
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

eter

16-Apr-08
5 sec

0 gm
0
0
0
0
0 l/s
454 l/s

MHP Project, Kalikot

HYDROLOGICAL CALCULATIONS FOR UNGAUGED MHP RIVERS

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Project:
INPUT

River name :
Location :
Measured flow for MIP method l/s:
Month and day of flow measurement:
MIP region (1 -7) :
Area of basin below 3000m elevation A3000 km2 :

Banchugad Khola
Chilkhaya VDC 9, Kalikot
454
April
22
1
1.5
206
10%
10%

Turbine discharge Qd l/s:

Water losses due to evaporation/flushing/seepage % :
Downstream water release due to environmental reasons % :

OUTPUT
MIP monthly average discharge
Month
@ river
To plant
January
793.40
261.95
February
595.05
261.95
March
429.76
261.95
April
330.58
261.95
May
859.51
261.95
June
1983.50
261.95
July
4793.45
261.95
August
8264.56
261.95
September
5454.61
261.95
October
2644.66
261.95
November
1355.39
261.95

Hydest Flood Flows

Return Period (yrs)

December
Annual av

Q exceedence (month)

1024.81
2377.439

Q as per MGSP =206 l/s with 12-month

Flood Discharge (m3/s)
Daily
Instantaneous
1.952
4.197
5.747
16.334
8.987
28.669

2
20
100
Discharge (l/s)
Qturbine
Q diverted
Q losses
Q release
Q required @ river

261.95
261.947

Designed
206.000
228.889
22.889
33.058
261.947

As per MGSP
206.000
228.889
22.889
33.058
261.947

12

12

Long Term Average Annual Hydrograph of Banchugad Khola river, Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Discharge (l/s)

9000.00
8000.00
MIP Flows

7000.00

Q design =206 l/s with 12-month exc eedenc e

Q as per MGSP =206 l/s with 12-month exc eedenc e

6000.00
5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun
Jul
MONTH

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

A1:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
GUIDELINES/STANDARDS
*15 years as the economic life span of the project.
*Q design = Minimum of
Q available - environmental release (~10%)- conveyance losses(~5%)
85% of Q available
*Minimum probability of exceedence of Q available at river should be 11months.
*At least one spot Q measurement in dry season for all projects.
*Q monthly flow using MIP with interpolations. Alternatively, Hydest method may be used if the catchment area is relatively larger (=> 100 square km).
*Q flood flow of 20 year return period using Hydest if Qd>100 lps .
*Qmeasurement preferable during November to May or else it has to be verified later.
*Q measurement methods
Bucket collection < Weir >Salt dilution
10lps
<
Q
>30lps
+- 10% tolerance on Qd at power verification*

A2:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
BLUE cells are mandatory inputs

A6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Q measurement methods
Bucket collection < Weir >Salt dilution
10lps
<
Q
>30lps

A9:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
A3000 should be zero if the flood calculation is not needed.

A11:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Q available = Qdesign + 10% environmental release/weir losses +5% conveyance losses.

E26:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The design discharge for structures from penstock inlet to tailrace (penstock, turbine, tailrace, valves).
This discharge should be =< 85% of Q available durig 11 months.

E27:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The design discharge for structures from intake to forebay (intake, headrace, gravel trap, settling basin).

E30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The discharge that should be available in the river. This discharge is also used for Q exceedence calculations.

G26:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
MGSP requires that Q turbine =< 85% of Q11

Side Intake with orifice Design

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Design
Flood Level

Weir Crest

Coarse Trashrack

Min 100 thick & 1000 wide

walkway Rcc slab

Normal
river level
3

h rf

Orifice (H*B)

1
hr

River bed

h sub

h cf

Gravel Flushing Gate

hbot

hc

Canal

Gravel trap (if needed)

1:30
Compacted earth/200mm stone soling

Trashrack calculations

Broad; sharp edg

Input

Output
Trashrack coeffieient kt 2.4
2.4
Bar thickness t mm
4.00
Clear spacing of bars b mm
25.00
Approach velocity Vo m/s
0.50
Angle of inclination from horizontaldeg
60.00
Flow deviation deg
20.00
Design Discharge Qd cumec
0.077
Height of trashrack bottom from river bed ht
0.20

Headloss due to friction hf m

Headloss due to bends hb m
Headloss coeff K
Total headloss ht m
Surface area A surface m2
Vertical height h m
Trashrack width B m

Broad; round edg

round over
0.0023
0.0044
0.5226
0.0067
0.3750
0.4539
0.72

Orifice Calculations for (B = 2H or provided) rectangular canal downstream of orifice

Input
Orifice

River
Velocity coeff of orifice c 0.6
0.6
Velocity through orifice Vo m/s

1.2

Crest length L m
Provided Q flood m3/s
3
Q flood m /s (Q20 for MHP with Qd>100)

5.000
10.000

Manning's coeff of roughness 0.017

16.334
0.017
Downstream submergence depth hsub m
0.050
Used Q flood
10.000
Orifice height H m
0.200 Canal & Spillway
Height of orifice from canal bed h bot m
0.200
Spillway crest height above NWL m
0.050
Provided water depth in the river hr (m)
0.000
Spillway discharge coeff 1.6
1.6
Provided canal width (m)
0.500
Provided Freeboard h fb1 m
0.300

Output
Normal Condition
Canal witdth d/s of orifice
1/Slope of canal immediately d/s of orifice
Depth of water in canal hc m
Free board in canal h fb m
Area of orifice A m2
Width of orifice B m
Actual velocity through orifice Vo act m/s
Canal width Wc m
Water level difference dh m
Water depth in the river hr = hc + dh m
Height of weir (hw = hr+0.1) m
Spillway overtopping height h overtop m

Flood
0.500
Critical depth of water at crest yc m
2582
Flood head at river hf r = hw+yc m
0.450
Head difference dhf
0.300
Velocity through orifice Vof m/s
0.064
Q intake Qf cumec
0.321
Depth of water at canal (hc f) m
1.200
0.500 Spillway
0.204
Ls for Qf m (d/s Obs & 100% hot -50)
0.654
Length of spillway Ls1 for Qf m (d/s Obs)
0.754
Length of spillway Ls2 for Qf-Qd m
0.125
Designed spillway length Ls m

0.742
1.495
1.045
2.716
0.174
0.451

1.218
2.465
2.752
2.752

A1:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
BLUE cells are mandatory inputs.

A2:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Input blank or Different Projects

A28:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Trashrack coefficients of 2.4 (flat bars) or 1.8 (round bars) are mostly used.

A29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
MHP GL: 5*40 to 5*75 at =<75mm

A30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
MHP GL: =< 75mm

A31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Trashrack approach velocity Vo
General 0.5 - 0.75 m/s
max 1 m/s
MHP GL: 0.2m/s for forebay

A32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Trashrack inclination:
Hydraulically and racking of trash, 3V:1H is the bext. However, intake trashrack is very much governed by the site
conditions.
MHP GL: 60 - 80.

A33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Flow deviation wrt to the normal to the trashrack area.
0 if the flow is perpendicular to trashrack surface.

A35:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ht of trashrack bottom from the river bed is generally 0.2m to 0.3 in MHP.

A40:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Velocity coefficient
0.6 sharp edged/roughly finished concrete/ masonry
0.8 carefully finished aperture

A41:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
1.0 w/o trashrack to avoid bedload. 1.5 max

A42:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Typical values of Mannings n.
Type of Orifice
Mannings n
Artificially lined channels
Steel, smooth
0.012
Cast iron
0.013
Concrete, well finished 0.012
Concrete, unfinished
0.014
Planed wood
0.012
Brickwork
0.015
Rubble masonry
0.025
Stonemasonry
0.020
Plastered Stone masnry 0.017

A43:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Minimum of 50mm is required for the orifice flow

A47:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Provide zero for optimun width.

A51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Wc = provided Wc or 2*hc

A52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
1/S = provided 1/S if canal width d/s of orifice is not defined ?.
Or else 1/S = 1/{Q * n * P^2/3 /A^5/3 }^2
This is EGL. The bottom slope can vary if a control structure is present d/s.

A53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hc = h sub + H orifice +h bot

A54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
If the provided freeboard is more than the calculated, FB = FB provided Or =IF(Q<=0.2,0.2,IF(Q<=0.5,0.3,0.4))

A55:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
A = Q/V

A56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
if A/H<bc provided-0.1, B = A/H, else bc provided-0.1

A57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Check actual velociy to be within (1.0 and 1.5).
If not change the geometry and try again.

A58:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
If not provided, orifice width+0.1

A59:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
dh = hr-hc = (V/C)^2 / 2g

A62:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h overtop = 50% ( FB -spillway crest height above NWL)

C29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hf = kt * (t/b)^(4/3) * (Vo^2/2/g) * sin

C30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hb = Vo^2 /2/g * sin

C31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K = (hf + hb)/(Vo^2/2g)

C32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
H = hf + hb

C33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
S = 1/K1 * (t+b)/b * Q/Vo * 1/sin
K1 = 0.8 for autometic mechanical cleaning
K1 = 0.3 for manual cleaning
K1 = 0.55 is used as a mean value

C34:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h = hr -ht
Submerged depth of the trashrack

C35:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
B = S/(h/sin)

C51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Critical depth is used even the actual water level near the intake is higher.
yc = (Q^2/L^2/g)^(1/3).
Ywater = CLH^1.5, C=1.7-2.1

C53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Circular references are present:
dh = hr -hc
Q = A * C * (2*g*dh)^0.5
hc = (Q*n/2^(1/3)/SQRT(1/S))^(3/8)

C54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Vof =c*SQRT(2*g*dhf)

C55:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qf =Ao*c*SQRT(2*g*dhf)

C59:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ls =Qf/C/(2*h overtop-.05)^1.5
This is only applicable if total d/s obstruction is present (provision of stoplog or gate).

C60:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ls1 =Qf/C/h overtop^1.5

C61:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ls2 =2*(Qf-Qd)/C/h overtop^1.5
This length is used if there is not any obstruction d/s of the spillway so that the h overtop is varying.

D56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Press F2 and enter if value error occurs.

Bottom/Drop Intake
Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Critical Depth Not Considered

##
##
##
##
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

Input

River Width flood (Brf) m =

ho flood m =
vo flood m/s =
Design Discharge (Qd), m3/s =
Trashrack witdth/diameter (t) mm =
Trashrack clearance (a) mm =

20
3.000
4
2.7
60
30

Area of intake (A=L' *b) m2 =

Qo u/s of intake (m3/s) normal =
Qu d/s of intake (m3/s) normal =
h flood =
Qof u/s of intake = Br * hof * vof (m 3/s) =
Q in flood m3/s =
Quf d/s of intake (m3/s) =

21.522
2.700
0.000
1.906
325.497
10.855
314.641

River Width (Br) m =

8
Head/Critical Depth of u/s water (ho)m =
0.226
Upstream water velocity (vo) m/s =
1.494
River gradient (i) degrees =
9.462
Trashrack gradient () deg =
36
Contraction coeff () =
0.85
Aspect ratio (Length across the river/Breadth along the river) = 3.5464682

Output
c/c distance of trash rack bars d mm =
Total head (he) m =
kappa () =
velocity head (h) m =
Correction factor ( c) =
Length of intake (L) m =
Factored length (L' = 120% of L) m =
Intake length across the river (b) m =

90
0.340
0.749
0.170
0.146
2.249
2.699
7.975

A1:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
BLUE cells are mandatory inputs.

A27:

Critical Depth

A31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Section & Trashrack contraction coeff ()
Flat front
0.62-0.65
Round frontal flat 0.75-0.85
Round
0.80-0.90
Tipped
0.90-0.95

A35:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
d=t+a

A36:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
he = ho + vo^2/2g

A37:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
X = =0.00008*^2 - 0.0097* + 0.9992

A38:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h =2/3**he=3/4*Yc(if Yc considered)

A39:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
c =0.6*a/d*(COS)^1.5

A40:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
L =SQRT(3*Q/(2*c**L/B ratio*SQRT(2*9.81*h)))

A42:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
b = L/B ratio * L

A46:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
L' hor = L'*cosB

A47:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The depth calculated is for uniform flow.

A48:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
FB min = 0.25*h

C24:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
At the entrance of the rack
Critical depth (steeper rack).
Sub-critical flow (flatter rack)

C26:

Critical Depth

C36:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qo u/s = Br * ho * vo
=SQRT(9.81*ho^3*Br^2) if yc considered

C37:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qu u/s = Qo u/s - Qdesign

C38:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h flood = 2/3**(ho flood+vo flood^2/2g)

C40:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Q in flood = 2/3*c**b*L'*SQRT(2*9.81*h flood)

C46:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Peter Meyer
v min >sqrt(32*a(h/a)^(1/3))

Canal Design: Proposed design and optimum canal sections

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot
Stone masonry canal

Input
Type and Name

Intake Canal

Flow (m /s)

Tailrace

0.185

Main2
0.145

Main3
0.145

0.145

Roughness coefficient (n)

0.02
0.02

0.017
0.017

0.02
0.02

0.02
0.02

Sectional Profile

Rectangular

Trapezoidal

Semicircular

Triangular

Side slope N (1V:NHorizontal)

00

00

0.5
0.5

Length of the canal (m)

0.5
0.5
20

40

150

120

1/Canal slope (s)

Channel Depth/diameter D (m)

77
0.300

200
0.525

30
0.300

72
0.300

Freeboard FB (m)

0.300

0.250

0.150

0.150

Channel Width (B) m

0.500

1.000

0.400

0.400

Channel Drops di m

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Channel Drops Horizontal length hi m

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

Desired velocity Vo (m/s)

1.000

1.500

1.500

1.500

Output
Side slope d (degrees)

0.000

63.435

0.000

63.435

0.01299

0.00500

0.03333

0.01389

0.600

0.775

0.450

0.450

20.000

60.000

210.000

330.000

Area A m2

0.150

0.663

0.035

0.060

Top Width T (m)

0.500

1.525

0.400

0.400

Wetted Perimeter P (m)

1.100

2.174

0.471

0.671

Hydraulic Radius r (m)

0.136

0.305

0.075

0.089

0.226 high
ok
1.233
1.72 Ok
0.260
0.260
19.481

1.249 high
low
0.219
2.06 Ok
0.200
0.460
16.769

0.057 low
ok
4.103
0.93 Not Ok
5.000
5.460
27.500

0.071 low
ok
2.417
1.21 Not Ok
1.667
7.126
13.665

0.1850
0.6022
1.74 Ok
0.1505
0.301
0.150
0.451
0.602
0.0050
0.100
0.100
8.271

0.0967
0.7636
1.11 Not Ok
0.1180
0.236
0.263
0.498
0.528
0.0112
0.449
0.549
14.584

0.0967
0.9949
0.98 Not Ok
0.1244
0.497
0.150
0.647
0.995
0.0145
2.175
2.724
19.834

0.0967
0.4867
1.4 Not Ok
0.1088
0.218
0.150
0.368
0.487
0.0173
2.079
4.803
20.736

Canal slope S
Total depth H (m)
Chainage L (m)

Present canal

Calculated flow (m /s) & remarks

Comment on freeboard
Velocity V m/s
Critical Velocity Vc m/s & Remarks
Headloss hl (m)
Total headloss Hl(m)
Critical dia of sediment d crit (mm)
3

Optimum canal
Area Ao m2
Top Width T (m)
Critical Velocity Vc m/s & Remarks
Hydraulic Radius ro (m)
Channel Depth/diameter Do (m)
Freeboard Fbo (m)
Total depth Ho (m)
Channel Width Bo (m)
Canal Slope
Headloss hlo (m)
Total headloss Hlo(m)
Critical dia of sediment d crito (mm)

A3:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Input blank or Different Projects

A9:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Typical values of Mannings n.
Type of Channel Mannings n
Excavated earth channels
Clean 0.022
Gravelly 0.025
Weedy 0.03
Stony, cobbles (or natural streams)
Artificially lined channels
Brass 0.011
Steel, smooth 0.012
Steel, painted 0.014
Cast iron 0.013
Concrete, well finished 0.012
Concrete, unfinished 0.014
Planed wood 0.012
Clay tile 0.014
Brickwork 0.015
Asphalt 0.016
Corrugated metal 0.022
Rubble masonry 0.025
Stonemasonry 0.020
Plastered stone masonry 0.017

0.035

A10:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Sectional Profiles
Semicircular
Rectangular
Triangular
Trapezoidal

A11:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Lined canal = vertical
Unlined canal
* For cuts in fissured rock, more or less disintegrated rock, or tough hardpen 1:0.5
* For cuts in cemented gravel, stiff clay soils. Or ordinary hardpan 1:0.75
* For cuts in firm, gravelyl, clay soilds, or for side hill cross section in average loam 1:1
* For cuts or fills in average loam or gravelly loam 1:1.5
* For cuts or fills in loose sandy loam 1:2
* For cuts or fills in very sandy soil 1:3

A19:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Permissible erosionfree velocities:
Fine sand =0.3-0.4
Sandy loam =0.4-0.6
Clayey loam=0.6-0.8
Clay
=0.8-2.0
Stone masonry =0.8-2.0
Concrete = 1.0-3.0
Vd =r0^(2/3)*SQRT(S)/n

A23:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
"TRAPEZOIDAL",DEGREES(ATAN(1/N))

A24:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
S = 1/(1/S)

A25:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total Depth = water depth/diameter + freeboard

A26:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Chainage for "DIFFERENT PROJECTS",L + hi
For a single project = previous chainage+L + hi

A29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Flow area For sectional profile
"SEMICIRCULAR" = PI()* Dr^2/4/2
"TRAPEZOIDAL" = (B+N*D)*D
"RECTANGULAR" = D*B
"TRIANGULAR"
= D*B/2

A30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Top Width T = B+2HN

A31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Perimeter for sectional profile
"SEMICIRCULAR" = PI()* D/2
"TRAPEZOIDAL" = B+2*D*sqrt(1+N^2)
"RECTANGULAR" =2* D+B
"TRIAGULAR"
= 2*D*sqrt(1+N^2)

A32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Hydraulic radius r = A/P

A33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Calculated flow
Qc = A*r^(2/3)*S^0.5/n

A34:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
FB cal <= FB provided

A35:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Velocity V = Q/A

A36:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
To ensure stable and uniform flow in a long canal, the velocity should be less than 80% of the Vc = sqrt(A*g/T)

A37:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Headloss hl =S*L+di

A38:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total headloss Hl =hl previous + hl

A39:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Critical dimeter d crit =11000*ro*S

A43:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ao = Qd /Vo

A46:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Hydraulic radius (ro) for optimum canal
"SEMICIRCULAR" = 0.4*SQRT(A)
"TRAPEZOIDAL",0.5*SQRT(SIN(PI()*N/180)*A/(2-COS(PI()*N/180)))
"RECTANGULAR/TRAINAGULAR" = 0.35*SQRT(A)))

A47:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Depth (D)
"SEMICIRCULAR" = 4*ro
"TRAINGULAR" = 2.8*ro
"RECTANGULAR/TRAPEZOIDAL = 2*RO

A48:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qd
FB
<=0.2 0.2
<=0.5 0.3
>0.5 0.4
MHP: MIN(0.5*water depth, 0.3)

A49:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total depth Ho = Do + FBo

A50:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Channel width Bo
"SEMICIRCULAR" = 2*Do
"RECTANGULAR" = 4*ro
"TRAINGULAR" = 5.7*ro
"TRAPEZOIDAL" = 4*ro/SIN(PI()*N/180)

A52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Headloss hl =S*L+di

A53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total headloss Hl =hl previous + hl

A54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Critical dimeter d crit =11000*ro*S

HEADRACE PIPE CALCULATIONS

INPUT
General:

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Project:
Location:

Chilkhaya VDC 9, Kalikot

Hydraulics:
Diversion flow Qd (m3/s)
Flow in each pipe Qi (m3/s)
Gross headHg (m)

Headrace pipe
Pipe Material
Welded / Flat rolled if steel
Rolled if steel
Type if steel
Burried or exposed
Type of valve

Provided pipe diameter d(mm)

Min pipe thickness t (mm)
Provided pipe thickness t (mm)
Pipe Length L (m)

15

0.160
0.160

U/S Invert Level (m)

% head available or headloss hlt (m)

1950.00
95.00%

20.000

Entrance Type
Bending radius (r/d)

HDPE
Welded

Exit (Yes/No)
No of pipes

Rolled
IS
Burried
0
0

Bending angle 01
Bending angle 02
Bending angle 03
Bending angle 04
Bending angle 05

282
260
NA

Bending angle 06
Bending angle 07
Bending angle 08

3.0
140.000

Bending angle 09
Bending angle 10

Non standard ultimate tensile strength (UTS) N/mm2

Estimated pipe diameter d(mm)

Economic life (years)

0.5

0.5
0.3

0.3

Yes
1.00

Trashrack
t
5.00

b
20.00

Vo
1.00

71.56

0.00

Q
0.160

H
0.60

Tmax (deg)

T installation

Tmin

1st Pipe length(m)

2nd Pipe L (m)

3rd Pipe L (m)

4th Pipe L (m)

5th Pipe L (m)

40

20

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

hf
0.0183

hb
0.0000

H coeff
0.3586

H
0.0183

S
0.7027

B
1.11

2.40

2.40

Expansion Joints

OUTPUT
Trashrack
Min Submergence

1.39

CGL=1.5v^2/2g

0.69

Turbulent loss coefficients

K inlet
K bend 01
K bend 02
K bend 03
K bend 04

0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

K bend 05
K bend 06
K bend 07
K bend 08
K bend 09

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

K bend 10
K valve
K exit
K others
K Total

0.00
0.00
1.00
1.50

Hydraulics
Pipe Area A (m2)
Hydraulic Radius R (m)
Velocity V (m/s)
Pipe Roughness ks (mm)
Relative Roughness ks/d
Reynolds Number Re = d V /Vk
Type of Flow
Friction Factor f

0.053
0.07
3.01
0.06
0.00023
687032
Turbulent
0.0153

U/S Invert Level (mAOD)

D/S Invert Level (mAOD)
Is HL tot < HL available
Friction Losses hf (m)
Fitting Losses hfit (m)
Trashracks and intake loss (m)
Total Head Loss htot individual (m)
% of H.Loss of individual pipe

Expansion Joints (mm)

0.0E+00

EJ number

dL theoretical

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

dL recommended
dL for expansion
dL for contraction

1950.000
1930.000
OKAY
3.82
0.69
0.02
4.53
22.66% Ok

A20:

K valves
Sperical
0
Gate
0.1
Butterfly (t/d = 0.2) 0.3

A21:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Enter zero for standard UTS or input non standard UTS value.
Type
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) UTS
IS steel
410
Ungraged steel 320
PVC
45
HDPE
27

A24:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
tmin by ASME
tmin = (2.5*dm+1.2)mm

A33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Tentative temperatures for Nepalese conditins:
Tmax = 40
T min =4 or zero
T installation = 20

A44:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K bend=FORECAST(B28,{0.5,0.75,1},{20,45,90}) *Bending Coeff
r/d
Bending Coeff
1
0.6
2
0.5
3
0.4
5
0.3
1.5 0.45
At 45deg 0.75 of 90deg and at 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

A50:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Pipe area A = d^2*22/28

A51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
R = d/4

A52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
V = Q/A

A53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Relative roughness = ks/d
ks steel = 0.1 (1 for old)
ks others = 0.01 (.1-0.06 for welded)

A54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Relative roughness = ks/d
ks steel = 0.1 (1 for old)
ks others = 0.01 (.1-0.06 for old)

A55:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Re =V*d/Vk
Vk of water at 15 deg = 1.14*E-6 m2/s

A56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Re
Flow type
<2000
laminar
2000-4000
Transitional
>4000
Turbulent

A57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
f Laminar= 64/Re
f non laminar = iteration of a=sqrt(1/f) =
-2*LOG(B84/3.7+2.51/B85*B147)
On Error, go to L65 and press F2 and enter

A58:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
After installing penstocks from the d/s anchor block, the expansion joints at:
d/s of anchor block #, which is structurally combined with forebay wall.
d/s of all anchor blocks except the lowest one.
d/s of burried to exposed section with a supporting structure
NOT d/s of the lowest anchor block to transfer forces from valves and turbines to the lowest anchor block and NOT to the turbine foundation.

A60:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
dL th = a*(Tmax-Tmin)*L
dL rec = 2*dL th
dl exp = a*(Tmax-Tinst)*L
dl con = a*(Tinst-Tmin)*L

G11:

Entrance no &K losses

1 hooded = 1.0
2 Inward projecting pipe = 0.8
3 Sharp cornered = 0.5
4 Slightly rounded = 0.2
5 Bell mouth = 0.04

G12:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K bend
90 deg &
r/d(K) 1(0.75), 2(0.5), 3(0.3), 5(0.3) 1.5(0.45 Mitred)
45deg 0.75 of 90deg and 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

G17:

K bend
90 deg &
r/d(K) 1(0.75), 2(0.5), 3(0.3), 5(0.3) 1.5(0.45 Mitred)
45deg 0.75 of 90deg and 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

G44:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Valve
K valve
BUTTERFLY 0.3
GATE
0.1
SPHERICAL
0.0

G45:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K exit = 1.0 for exit loss.

G47:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K total = sum of all Ks.

G51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
D/S invert level = u/s inert level - htot

G53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hf = (f*L*V^2)/(8*9.81*R)

G54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h fit = (K*V^2)/(2*9.81)

G56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h tot = hf+hfit+h trashrack

G57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
% h loss = htot/Gross head <=0.05

Settling Basin Design

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot
Q flood
Manning's number M (m1/3/s) 1/n=
Design discharge Qdesign (m3/s) =

0.000
50.000
0.421

Sediment depth Hs (m) = V/Asi

0.63

Flushing discharge Qflush (m3/s) =

0.034

Inlet approach conveyance Canal/Pipe =

Canal

Total discharge Qbasins (m3/s) =

0.455
0.300
85%
15
0.037
2
8
24.000
0.241
2600

1/Bottom slope of SB Sf (1:50 to 1:20) =

Outlet approach conveyance Canal/Pipe =
Water level at inlet NWL (m) =
h flush below the base slab (L<6m)
Number of basins N
Spillway crest height above NWL m
Spillway discharge coeff
Provided Freeboard h fb1 m
Discharge coeff for pipe as orifice (2.76 if L <6 m)
Drawdown discharge % of design discharge

50.00
Pipe
1950.00
1.70
1.00
0.05
1.60
0.30
2.76
1.00

Max section width for hydraulic flushing B (m) =

Width used B (m) =
Inlet canal width /canal diameter Bc1 (m) =

0.455
3.258
2.500
1.000

Water depth of inlet canal hc1 (m) =

Outlet canal width /canal diameter Bc2 (m) =
Water depth of outlet canal hc2 (m) =
Provided Length of the basin Lact (m)=

0.50
0.50
0.30
0.00

Length of basin L (m) (Idel L = 9.6) =

Aspect ratio (4<=AR<=10)
Min. water depth Hi (m) =
X-sectional area / basin Ai (m2) =
Wetted perimeter / basin Pi (m) =
Hydraulic radius Ri (m) =
Normal WL @ basin h b m =
Straight inlet transition length at 1:5 (m) =
Straight approach canal length (m) =

10.000
4.000
0.755
1.888
4.010
0.471
1.385
3.750
10.000

Particles to settle d (mm) =

Trapping efficiency n (%) =
water temperature t (oC) =
Fall velocity w at 15 deg C (m/s) =
Sediment concentration Cmax (kg/m3) =
Flushing Frequency FI (hours) =
Surface area / basin Asi (m2) 85 % =
Basin transit velocity Vt (m/s) =
Bulk Sed density G (kg/m3) =
Discharge per basin Qbasin (m3/s) =

Sediment swelling factor S =

Volume of sediment storage V (m3) =

1.50
15.12

Pipe does not need a straight approach! ***

Head over outlet weir h overtop (m) =
0.23
Approach inlet velocity vi1 (m/s) =
0.91
Approach outlet velocity vi2 (m/s) =
3.03
1/Energy gradient during operation So =
15763.86
d 50 during operation (mm) =
0.33
Depth of water during flushing yfi (m) =
#VALUE!
d 50f during flushing (mm) =
#VALUE!
Length of an Ideal Basin (m) =
10.00

Spilling of excess water

Vertical Flushing pipe
Diameter for flood d1 m =

0.000

Freeboard m
Spillway overtopping height h overtop m
Spillway length for Qf (flood and non operational)

0.300
0.125
0.000

Combination of vertical flushing pipe and spillway

Vertical flushing pipe diameter d1 m
No of vertical flushing pipe
Spillway length used (m)

0.30
1.00
1.00

Flood and Under Operation (Qf- Qd)

H overtopping
Discharge passing through vertical pipe
Discharge passing over spillway

0.00
0.00
0.00

Diameter for load rejection (u/s flood bypass) d1 m = 2 x 0.43

Spillway
Spillway length for Qd (under operation)
Spillway length for Qd (load rejection & u/s flood bypass)
Spillway length for Qd (d/s obstruction & full hovertop-50)

6.43
6.43
3.18

Flood and non operational (Qf)

Flood discharge passing through vertical pipe
Spillway length for the remaining discharge m

0.000
1.00

Load Rejection (Qd)

H overtopping
Discharge passing through vertical pipe
Discharge passing over spillway

0.262
0.240
0.215

Calculate Gate Rating Curves

Flushing of water and sediment

Flushing pipe and orifice diameter
d for incoming flow and draw down m
d for incoming flow only (empty state) m
d for incoming flow only (empty state & with y flushing) m

Gate
Opening
Hg
0.000
0.033
0.067
0.100
0.133
0.167
0.200
0.233
0.267
0.300
0.333
0.367
0.400
0.433
0.467
0.500

0.35
0.40
#VALUE!

Gate
Buoyance weight of the gate W kgf
Gate Opening B, (m)
Gate Opening H (m)
Submerged area of th gate A m2
Water surface to cg of submerged area h m
Coeff of static friction mu
Lifting force F kgf
H. of water (H1)

300.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
1.14
0.90
810.84
1.39

Relative
Gate Openinig
Hg/H1
0.000
0.024
0.048
0.072
0.096
0.120
0.144
0.168
0.193
0.217
0.241
0.265
0.289
0.313
0.337
0.361

Discharge
One basin
Q
0.000
0.128
0.251
0.369
0.484
0.597
0.707
0.816
0.922
1.027
1.129
1.230
1.328
1.423
1.516
1.606

Forebay cum settling basin (for one basin only)

Penstock diameter m
Penstock velocity m/s
Submergence depth of penstock pipe m
Height of pipe above the base slab m
Min. pond depth m
Effective thickness of penstock mm
FS for air vent (5 burried, 10 exposed)
Young's modulus of elasticity E N/mm2
Penstock inlet gate (Yes/No)
Air vent diameter mm
Gradual Expansion of 1:5

0.41
3.45
0.91
0.30
1.62
3
10
200000
No
Nominal

half of Gr expansion

0.500
1.000

2.5

Flushing cone/spillway O

L =10

Gradual Expansion 1 in 10 (1:2 for MHP)

Spillway

0.500

Water depth 0.76

Sediment depth 0.63

Slope 1:50

0.300

A2:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
BLUE cells are mandatory inputs and RED cells are optional inputs.

A36:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Discharge coeff is taken as 1.6 because it is sharp crested weir type.
The top level of the pipe is fixed at 0.05m above the normal water to save undesired spilling.

A61:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Sluice gate is expensive.
It is rarely used in MHP with P< 50kW.

D9:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total discharge =(Design discharge+flushing)/number of basins

D12:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Standard Particle Fall velocity w (m/s) @ 10, 15 & 20deg
size d (mm)
(Fig: 2.2, SE p: 25)
0.10
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.15
0.015
0.015
0.016
0.20
0.020
0.022
0.025
0.25
0.030
0.031
0.033
0.30
0.035
0.037
0.040
0.40
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.50
0.067
0.071
0.075

D16:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Surface area / basin =-(Qtotal)/w*LN(1-neff)

D17:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
v = a sqrt(d), where
a = 0.44 for 0.1<d<1mm
a = 0.36 for d>1mm

D20:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Design discharge per basin =(Design discharge+flushing)/number of basins

D21:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Bmax =4.83*Qi^0.5

D25:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Maximum of
L=FI/B/N &
L =4xB

D26:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Gravel trap 1: 1.5 to 2
Aspect ratio should be within 4 to 10.
AR=L/B

D27:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Hmin=Qi/B/Vt

D28:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ai =Hmin*B

D29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Pi =2*Hi+B

D30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Ri = Ai/Pi

D31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
NWL @ basin=Hs+Hi (sediment + water)

D32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Inlet trasient length is kept at 1:10.
Ltr1 =5*(Bi-Bc1)
For MHP it is 1:5 is recommended.

D33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Straight approach is only needed for canals and is equal to 10*canal width
Lstraight =10*Bc1

D37:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Flushing pipe diameter for (sharp weir) flood d1= Qf/N/(1.9*PI()*hflood^1.5
di is limited to 2 numbers of 500mm dia or else an error message is generated. Hflood is taken as FB cal - h crest above NWL.

D41:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Freeboard
FB cal > FB provided

D42:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Spillway h overtopping =50%*FB-h crest above NWL

D43:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Spillway L Qf =Qf/N/Cd/hovertop^1.5

D51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
H overtop Qf-Qd =(Qf/N/(1.9*PI()*n1*d1+Cd*L Qf_Qpipe))^(2/3)

D52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Q pipe =1.9*PI()*n1*d1*hovertop^1.5

D53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qspillway =Cd*Ls*hovertop^1.5

D57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Flushing diameter =(Qflushing%*4*Qi/(PI()*Cd*SQRT(h NWL+h flush)))^0.5
For other section Qflushing%*Qi=Cd*A*SQRT(h NWL+h flush)

D58:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
flushing diameter empty =(4*Qi/(PI()*Cd*SQRT(h flush)))^0.5
For other section Qi = Cd*A*SQRT(h flush)
Depth of water during flushing yfi may be added to h flush for more accurate resulst. This is considered as a safety factor in this case

D65:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
A gate = B*H

D66:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h cg gate =NWL-Hgate/2

D67:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Coeff of static friction (1.5*mu for metal on metal)
Steel on bronze
0.45
Steel on steel
0.60
Wood on metal
1.00
Wood on wood
1.10
Rubber on wood 1.10

D68:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Lifting force F =Wgate+1000*mu*A*hcg

F79:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h sub = 1.5*V^2/2/g

F80:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h pipe = greater of penstock dia of 300mm

F81:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
If bell mouth is provided, increase the opening as required (bell mouth dia -pipe dia).

F86:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
d air vent =SQRT(Qtotal*1000*SQRT(FS/E*(dpenstock*1000/te)^3))
Provide moninal (e.g. 25 to 50mm dia) if gate/valve is not provided.

H74:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Enter the gate height H and press the Calculate Gate Rating Curves

I6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
V = Q FI (sec) C max
assuming 100% trap efficiency (conservative side)
V=(Qtotal)*(FI*3600)*Cmax/G*S

I8:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The inlet length and straight canal length=5(B-Bc)+10Bc.
The inlet length for pipe does not need the conduit to be straight.
Hence, pipe is recommended if space constraint is a limit.

I23:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
This length should be more than the spillway length if provided. Input 0 for automatic calculation.

I25:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Straight outlet transition is only needed for canals.
Lstraight 2=5*(Bi-Bc2)/2
For MHP 1:2.5 is recommended

I26:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Head over outlet weir
h overtop =(Qi/1.65/B)^(2/3)
1.65 is the discharge coeff

I27:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Approach inlet velocity
vi1 =Qi/(hc1*Bc1)

I28:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Approach outlet velocity
vi2 =Qi/(hc2*Bc2)

I29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
1/EGL during operation
1/So =1/(Vt/M/Ri^(2/3))^2

I30:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
d50 =11*Ri*So*1000

I31:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
A function that do goal seek =YDEPTH(Qi,M,1/S,B)

I32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
d50f =11*(yfi*B/(2*yfi+B))^(2/3)*1/Sb*1000

I33:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Length of an Ideal Basin
Maximum of
L=4xB
L=Q/B/w

I37:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Flushing pipe diameter for (sharp weir)
load rejection d2= Qi/(1.9*PI()*hflood^1.5
di is limited to 2 numbers of 500mm dia or else an error message is generated. Hflooc is taken as FB cal-.05-h crest avobe NWL

I41:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Spillway L Qf-Qd=Abs(Qf/N-Qi)/Cd/hovertop^1.5

I42:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Spillway L Qi = Qi/Cd/hovertop^1.5

I43:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Spillway L Qf-Qd=Abs(Qf/N-Qi)/Cd/(2*hovertop-.05)^1.5

I46:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qf pipe =n1*d1*1.9*PI()*(FB cal-NWL crest-0.05)^1.5

I47:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
L spillway with pipe =(Qf/N-Qf pipe)/Cd/h overtop^1.5

I51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h overtop =(Q1/(1.9*PI()*n1*d1+Cd*Ls))^(2/3)

I52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Q d1 =1.9*PI()*n1*d1*hovertop^1.5

I53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Qs =Cd*Ls*hovertop^1.5

J18:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Generally 150% of Qd

J58:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Refer to Norwegian Rules and Regulations of Dam Construction.
Q is free flow the gate opening is two third of the water depth behind the gate.
Q otherwise is a pressure flow.

PENSTOCK AND POWER CALCULATIONS

INPUT
General:
Project:
Location:
Hydraulics:
Diversion flow Qd (m3/s)
Flow in each pipe Qi (m3/s)
Gross head (from forebay) Hg (m)
Power:
Turbine type (CROSSFLOW/PELTON)

Jogmai I
Ilam

No of total jets (nj)

0.167
0.167
61.30

WL @ forebay or U/S Invert Level (m)

% head headloss hlt (m)
Cumulative knowm efficiency (g,t,tr,others)

1213.90
5.00%
84.48%

Pelton
2

Valves (Sperical/Gate/Butterfly)
Taper (Yes/No)

0.3

0.3
No

No

Exit (Yes/No)

No

Non standard ult. tensile strength (UTS) N/mm2

Steel
Welded
Rolled
IS

Safety factor for lower pipes (0 for default)

Entrance Type
Entrance with gate and air-vent (Yes/No)
Bending radius (r/d) (1/2/3/5/1.5)

Exposed

Bending angle 05

Number of units
Penstock pipe:
Pipe Material (STEEL/HDPE/PVC)
Welded / Flat rolled if steel
Rolled if steel
Type if steel (UNGRAGED/IS)

1.00
27.00
11.00
4.00
11.00
300 Pipe thickness t=>t min, t act (mm)
Roughness coefficient (ks)

Bending angle 01(degrees)

Bending angle 02
Bending angle 03
Bending angle 04
Penstock diameter d=>d estd, d act (mm)
Pipe Length L (m)
Trashrack
k
2.40
2.40
Expansion Joints

15

60.00
1

Direct Coupling (Yes/No)

Closure time T sec

Burried or exposed
No of pipes

Economic life (years)

287
181.000

0.2
0.45

Bending angle 06
Bending angle 07
Bending angle 08
Bending angle 09
Bending angle 10
3.0

3.5
0.2
No
0.45

5.0
0.060

t
6.00

b
20.00

Vo
1.00

71.56

0.00

Q
0.167

H
0.70

Tmax (deg)

T installation

Tmin

1st Pipe length(m)

2nd Pipe L (m)

3rd Pipe L (m)

4th Pipe L (m)

5th Pipe L (m)

40

20

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

hf
0.0233

hb
0.0000

H coeff
0.4572

H
0.0233

S
0.7628

B
1.03

OUTPUT
Trashrack

Turbulent loss coefficients

K Total

K inlet
K bend 01
K bend 02
K bend 03
K bend 04

Min Submergence

1.25

CGL=1.5v^2/2g

0.43

1.37
0.20
0.26
0.21
0.19
0.21

K bend 05
K bend 06
K bend 07
K bend 08
K bend 09

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

K bend 10
K valve
K taper
K exit
K others

0.00
0.30
0.00
0.00

Hydraulics
0.071
0.08
2.36
0.060
2.000E-04

Pipe Area A (m2)

Hydraulic Radius R (m)
Velocity V (m/s)
Pipe Roughness ks (mm)
Relative Roughness ks/d
Reynolds Number Re = d V /Vk
Type of Flow
Friction Factor f

621478
Turbulent
0.0152

U/S Invert Level (mAOD)

D/S Invert Level (mAOD)
Is HLtot < HL available
Friction Losses hf (m)
Fitting Losses hfit (m)
Trashracks and intake loss (m)
Total Head Loss htot individual (m)
% of H.Loss of individual pipe

1213.90
1152.60
OKAY
2.60
0.39
0.02
3.01
4.91% Ok

200000

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) N/mm2

410

5.000

H total for one jet closure of Pelton(m)

196.44

300.000
58.288
1122.741
0.32 Ok
0.00000
135.142
270.284
164.625

t effective (mm)
Minimum t effictive for negative pressure (mm)
Comment on thickness
Safety Factor (S)
Check on Safety Factor
Air vent diameter d vent (mm)
H total capacity of the specified pipe (m)
H static capacity of the specified pipe (m)

2.29
3.14
NA, No gate
3.18
Not Ok
42.11
178.67
43.53

75.00%
68.04
74.84

Electrical Power as per MGSP GL (kW)

Electrical Power based on Hnet (kW)
Power for known cumulative eff (kW)

50.21
57.29
80.67

Factor of Safety
Young's modulus of elasticity E N/mm2
Thickness
Diameter (mm)
Net Head (m)
Wave Velocity a (m/s)
Critical time Tc (sec) *2 = Closing time T
K if crossflow turbine Kcf
Hsurge for one jet closure of Pelton(m)
Hsurge for instanteneous closure of all unit closure of Pelton (m)
Lengths (max & actual) of the specified pipe (m) & Not Ok

164.625

Power
Turbine efficiency as per MGSP
Available shaft power(kW)
Reqd.'Turbine Capacity (+10%) (kW)
Expansion Joints (mm)
EJ number
dL theoretical
dL recommended
dL for expansion
dL for contraction

1
4
9
5
4

2
6
13
7
6

Coeff of linear expansion /deg C

2
9
17
10
8

1.2E-05
4
11
22
12
10

5
13
26
14
12

A13:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Total # of jets for Pelton units.
# of units for CF.

A24:

K bend
90 deg &
r/d(K) 1(0.75), 2(0.5), 3(0.3), 5(0.3) 1.5(0.45 Mitred)
45deg 0.75 of 90deg and 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

A34:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Tentative temperatures for Nepalese conditins:
Tmax = 40
T min =4 or zero
T installation = 20

A44:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K bend=FORECAST(B28,{0.5,0.75,1},{20,45,90}) *Bending Coeff
r/d
Bending Coeff
1
0.6
2
0.5
3
0.4
5
0.3
1.5 0.45
At 45deg 0.75 of 90deg and at 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

A50:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Pipe area A = d^2*22/28

A51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
R = d/4

A52:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
V = Q/A

A53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Relative roughness = ks/d
ks steel = 0.1 (1 for old)
ks others = 0.01 (.1-0.06 for old)

A54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Relative roughness = ks/d
ks steel = 0.1 (1 for old)
ks others = 0.01 (.1-0.06 for old)

A55:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Re =V*d/Vk
Vk of water at 15 deg = 1.14*E-6 m2/s

A56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Re
Flow type
<2000
laminar
2000-4000
Transitional
>4000
Turbulent

A57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
f Laminar= 64/Re
f non laminar = iteration of a=sqrt(1/f) =
-2*LOG(B84/3.7+2.51/B85*B147)

A59:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Material
E
STEEL
200000
PVC
2750
HDPE
2150

A62:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hnet = hgross - h loss

A63:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Wave velocity
a =1440/(SQRT(1+(2150*d/E/t)))

A64:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Critical time <= Closure time
Tc =2*2*L/a

A65:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K crossflow =(L*V/9.81/Hg/T)^2
The effect of having more than one units of CF ?
For Simplycity, Hsurge = Hsurge/no of units.

A66:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Hsurge
Hs Pelton =a*V/(9.81*nj)
Hs Crossflow = (K/2+SQRT(K+K^2/4))*Hg)

A67:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Hs instanteneous closure of CF is not used for calculations.
Hs inst =a*V/9.81

A71:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Turbine efficiency
Pelton
= 75%
Crossflow = 65%

A72:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Shaft Power
P shaft =Qd*9.81*hnet*neff/1000
P shaft for no direct coupling P shaft *0.95

A73:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
P reqd turbine =P shaft *1.1

A75:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
After installing penstocks from the d/s anchor block, the expansion joints at:
d/s of anchor block #, which is structurally combined with forebay wall.
d/s of all anchor blocks except the lowest one.
d/s of burried to exposed section with a supporting structure
NOT d/s of the lowest anchor block to transfer forces from valves and turbines to the lowest anchor block and NOT to the turbine foundation.

A77:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
dL th = a*(Tmax-Tmin)*L
dL rec = 2*dL th
dl exp = a*(Tmax-Tinst)*L
dl con = a*(Tinst-Tmin)*L

B42:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K total = sum of all Ks.

C68:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
=lpipe(D66,$D$10,$C$29,H67)

E28:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
tmin by ASME
tmin = (2.5*dm+1.2)mm

G12:

K valves
Sperical
0
Gate
0.1
Butterfly (t/d = 0.2) 0.3

G15:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Enter zero for standard UTS or input non standard UTS value.
Type
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
IS steel
410
Ungraged steel 320
PVC
45
HDPE
27

G19:

Entrance no &K losses

1 hooded = 1.0
2 Inward projecting pipe = 0.8
3 Sharp cornered = 0.5
4 Slightly rounded = 0.2
5 Bell mouth = 0.04

G20:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
If a gate and air-vent are provided in the beginning of the penstock,
1. the minimum thickness for negative pressure has to be considered
2. The air-vent diameter has to be considered to kill the negative pressure or else the nominal air-vent diameter to release air bubbles has to be considered.

G21:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K bend
90 deg &
r/d(K) 1(0.75), 2(0.5), 3(0.3), 5(0.3) 1.5(0.45 Mitred)
45deg 0.75 of 90deg and 20deg 0.5 of 90deg

G44:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Valve
K valve
BUTTERFLY 0.3
GATE
0.1
SPHERICAL
0.0

G45:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K taper = 0.06 if taper

G46:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
K exit = 1.0 for exit loss.

G51:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
D/S invert level = u/s inert level - htot

G53:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
hf = (f*L*V^2)/(8*9.81*R)

G54:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h fit = (K*V^2)/(2*9.81)

G56:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
h tot = hf+hfit+h trashrack

G57:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
% h loss = htot/Gross head <=0.05

G59:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Type
Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
IS steel
410
Ungraged steel 320
PVC
45
HDPE
27

G60:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Htotal =Hs+Hg

G61:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
t effective for rolled welded steel = t/1.32-Life/10
t effective for welded steel = t/1.1-Life/10
t effective for steel = t/1.2-Life/10
t effective for others = t

G62:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
te min for -ve pressure & burrid = d*(2*0.1/2/E)^0.33
te min for -ve pressure & open = d*(4*0.1/2/E)^0.33)

G63:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Check of minimum thickness is applicable only if a gate and an air ve-vent pipe are considered.
te provided > te min for -ve pr

G64:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Factor of Safety
S =200*te*UTS/Htotal/d
S HDPE >=1.5
S others >=3.5

G66:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Nominal air-vent dia (50mm) if a gate in the beginning is not provided.
d air vent =SQRT(Qi*SQRT(10/E*(d/te)^3))

G68:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Since the surge head is independent of the length of the pipe,
SF1/SF0= (hst0+hs)/(hst1+hs)

G71:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
P ESAP =Qd*9.81*Hg/1000*0.5

G72:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
P for hnet Pelton =Qd*9.81*hnet/1000*0.6
P for hnet Crossflow =Qd*9.81*hnet/1000*0.5

Turbine Selection
Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot
Input
Discharge (l/s)
Gross head (m)
Hydraulic losses
Max turbine output kW
Turbine rpm

150
69
15.94%
67.89
750

Output
Net head m
No Gearing
Sp speed of runner rpm (no gearing)
Pelton (12-30) => (Ns 17-42)
Turgo (Ns 20-70) => (Ns 28-99)
Crossflow (Ns 20-80)
Fracis (Ns 80-400)
Propeller or Kaplan (Ns 340-1000)

Gear ratio at turbine

Gear ratio at generator
No of turbines/generators
Total number of jets if Pelton n

58.000 Generator with gearing rpm

**
Turgo
Crossflow
**
**

With Gearing
46 Sp speed of turbine
Pelton (12-30) => (Ns 17-42)
Turgo (Ns 20-70) => (Ns 28-99)
Crossflow (Ns 20-80)
Fracis (Ns 80-400)
Propeller or Kaplan (Ns 340-1000)

1
2
1
2

1500

23
Pelton
**
Crossflow
**
**

A14:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Sp Speed (no gear)=rpm*SQRT(1.4*P kW/N tur)/Hn^(5/4)

A15:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Pelton=IF(OR(Sp<12*SQRT(ns),Sp>30*SQRT(ns)))

C14:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Sp Speed (gear)=Sp Speed (no gear)* Gear at Turbine/Gear at Generator

Selection of Electrical Equipment

Name of the Project:

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

INPUT
Discharge (m3/s)
Gross head (m)
Overall plant efficiency (%)
Temperature (oC)
Altitude (m)
ELC correction factor
Frequency of the system (Hz)
Capacity of used generator (kW)
Capacitor configuration

0.08
50.968
50%
45
1500
0.83

Delta

Power factor
Safety factor of generator
Phase
Type of Generator
Over rating factor of MCCB
Over rating factor of cable

50 No. of poles
0 Rated rotor speed if induction generator N (rpm)
Efficiency of motor at full load

1
2

0.8
1.3
1
2
1.25
1.5

4
1450
89%

OUTPUT
Pe Electrical output (active power) (kW)

20.00 Use of 3-phase generator is mandatory

Generator
Temp.factor
Capacity (kW)
Synchronous rotational speed Ns (rpm)

0.96 Altitude factor

28.25 Actual available capacity (kW)
1500 Rotational speed of the generator (rpm)

IGC capacity (kW)

Rated Voltage (V)

20.00 Calculated Ballast capacity 1.2*Pe (kW)

Excitation Capacitance (micro F)
220 Irated for Cable & MCCB (A) at Generator side

Rating of MCCB (A)

113.64 Calculated size of MCCB (A)

Cable
Rating (A)

255.68 Size of 2-core cupper armoured cables

0.96
30.00
1550
24.00
123.16
170.45
142.04

150

A8:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
overall plant efficiency = 50%

A11:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
ELC correction factor of 0.83

A13:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Input zero to use standnard.

A14:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The capacitor can either be delta or star connection. For a star connected capacitor, the capacitance is three times the capacitance
for a delta connected capacitor.

A17:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
As per MGSP
Pe = 9.81*n*Q*Hg

A21:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Generator Capacity = 1.3*Pe/(pf*Tf*Af*ELCf)

A22:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Synchronous rpm Ns = 120*f/P

A27:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Synchronous 230V if single phase, 400V if 3-phase
Induction
220V if single phase, 380V if 3-phase

A29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
MCCB Rating
1-phase: Pe/(V*pf)
3-phase: Pe/(V*1.732*pf)

A32:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Cable rating = OR factor * Rated current

C6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
1 for only resistive lighting bulbs (no CPL), 0.8 otherwise

C7:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Generators are generally oversized up to 30%.

C9:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Selection of Generator
Size of scheme
Type of generator
Phase
Up to 10kW
Both
Single/Three
10 - 25kW
Both
Three
>25kW
Sychronous
Three
Note: Induction generator rating should not exceed 80% of the electrical motor rating.

C10:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
25% oversized as per ESAP guidelines

C11:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
70% over rated as per ESAP guidelines

C21:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
If the information on the capacity can be obtained from the manufacturers, enter the actual capacity or else input 0.
In case of induction generators, the electrical output power when generating should not exceed the electrical input power when
motoring so that the windings are used to their full capacity but without being overloaded (Gpe =< Mpe).

C22:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
rotational speed = Ns *(1+(Ns-N)/Ns)

C24:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
20% more than the installed capacity

C25:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
In case of ELC-Extension for Pe>=50kW:
40% is taken as the fixed load.
60% is taken as the ballest load.
Excitation Capacitance
= 1000*Pe*SIN(ACOS(pf))/ (3*V^2*pf*2*pi*f*n motor)

C27:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Rated current I for cable and MCCB
I=Generator size /1phase V/pf
pf if induction

C29:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
25% oversized

Transmission and Distribution System:

Total length of cables (km)

Name of the project:

Node name

Reach
name

Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot

Reach
Length
(km)

PH-A-B-C-D

Phase
1,3,11

PHA

0.450

AB

0.660

AC

0.090

AD

0.090

PH-T1
T1

PHT1

0.050

T2

T1 T2

1.500

T2 E

0.300

11

Length of neutral cables (km)

Cost of cables(Rs.)
#VALUE!

Vrated @
node &
Current (A)

Reach
Voltage
drop (V)

Volt at node
branch (V)

% voltag drop

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

Otter

Dog

10

Squirrel

Gopher

Weasel

Rabbiit

0.00

400.00

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

8.40

391.60

2.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5 Rabbit

27.64

22.20

203.89

13.45

0.00

0.00

0.00

1.32

0.00

5 Rabbit

30.65

3.40

222.69

3.18

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.18

0.00

6 Rabbit

33.68

3.70

222.39

3.31

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.18

0.00

400.00

0.00

400.00

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

36.08

1.30

398.70

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.15

11000.00

0.00

11000.00

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

1.31

4.70

10995.30

4.50

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

400.00

0.00

400.00

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

#VALUE!

36.08

7.00

393.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

20 Otter

20 Squirrel

3
3

#VALUE!

28.87

11

T2-E
T2

#VALUE!

400.00
16 Dog

T1-T2
T1

ACSR
type

PH

PH

Power at
next node
(kW)

#VALUE!

20 Dog

0.32

0.04

1.75

#VALUE!
1.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
#VALUE!
0.00
#VALUE!
0.00
#VALUE!
0.90

A1:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Basic Assumptions:
1. Inductance effect is neglected as the load is assumed as resistive.
2. Balanced load is considered in case of 3-phase, i.e., neutral wire carries no current.

H6:

Pushpa
ACSR
Codes
1
2
3
4
5
6

J6:

Chitrakar:
Type
Squirrel
Gopher
Weasel
Rabbit
Otter
Dog

Resistance/km
1.347
1.098
0.9116
0.5449
0.3434
0.2745

Pushpa Chitrakar:
The first line of each branch is the previous node voltage (V).
Phase
Current (A)
3-phase
Power*1000/(1.732*V)
1-phase
Power*1000/V
Power factor of 0.8 is considered.

L6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Phase
Rated voltage
3-phase
400
1-phase
400/1.732

O6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Impedence = Sqrt(Resistance^2+Reactance^2)

P4:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Add the respective cable lengths of neutral cable in 3-phase system

P6:

Pushpa
Phase
3-phase
1-phase

Q6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Phase
Vi
1-1 or 3-3
Vprev - dV
3-1
Vprev/1.732 - dV

R6:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Increase the ACSR code by 1 if voltage drop exceeds 10%.

Chitrakar:
Voltage drop
1.732*I*Z*L
2*I*Z*L

LOADS AND BENEFITS

INPUT
General
Power Output (kW)
Name of the Source
Location
Beneficiary HH (nos.)
Plant's operating days

50
Banchugad MHP Project, Kalikot
Chilkhaya VDC 9, Kalikot
471
330

Loads (kWh or W/m)

Domestic
Agro-processing

Operating dTariff (Rs)

330
1.5
150
4

Proposed end uses and operting hours

time (hr)
6.5
Agro-processing
22
time (hr)
0
time (hr)
0
time (hr)
0
time (hr)
0
time (hr)
0
0
OUTPUT
Summary
Annual Available kWh

Domestic lighting
Average subscription/household (W/HH)
System loss
10%
time
5
6.5
load
40.04
0
60.06
0
Probable Business Load Expected after 3 years
Operating d/y Tariff (Rs)
Load
Fruit Dryer
60
4.00
Bakery
60
4.00
Photography
150
4.00
Sawmill
200
4.00
Highvision Hall
150
4.00

14.5
0

12
0

16
0

22
0

5
5
0.5
3
5

22
0
0

Load
Operation Period
Yearly Load
(kW)
Hours/day
Days/year
kWh
LF (%)
Domestic Lighting
44.0385 5.000624454
330
72672.6
Existing/Committed Business Load
Agro-processing
22
8
150
26400
0
00
0
0
00
0
0
00
0
0
00
0
0
00
0
Total
26400
Total Annual Income from sales of electricity

Daily Energy Demand (Dd) kWh

396
Yearly Energy Demand (Dd) kWh 144620.3
Average Load Factor
36.69%

0.00

Probable Business Load after 3 years

Fruit Dryer
5
Bakery
5
Photography
0.5
Sawmill
3
Highvision Hall
5
0
0
Total additional annual income after 3 years
Productive End Use (%)
8.49

12
8
5
6
6
0

60
60
150
200
150
0

3600
2400
375
3600
4500
0
14475

Annual Income
(Rs)
18.35
720,630
6.67
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.67

105600
0
0
0
0
0
105,600
826,230

0.91
0.61
0.09
0.91
1.14
0.00
3.66

14400
9600
1500
14400
18000
0
28,950

Load Dur ation Char t for the fir s t thr e e ye ar s of ope r ation

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

11
Tim e (hr
s)

Agro-proc essi ng

12

13

14

15

Dom esti c

16

17

18

19

Instal l ed Capac ity

20

21

22

23
0

From (hr) To (hr)

6
18
10
18
10
15
12
18
10
16

First 3 years
After 3 years
26400
33637.5
6.67
8.49
826,230
855,180

End Use

In s t a lle d C a p a c it y & L o a d ( k W )

18
40.04
160.16

396000

Yearly load (kWh)

Productive end use load factor (%)
Annual total (domestic + end uses) Income (Rs)

85

23

C12:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Domestic lighting tariff (Rs/W/month)

E8:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Time
0
5 and
Load
92
means
the load of 92 kW from 0:00 (mid-night) to 5:00am

E11:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
*100% of Commtted load & 50% of probable business load has been considered

G68:

Pushpa Chitrakar:
Only 50% of the income is considered

Project Costing and Financial Analyses

Project name and kilowat:
INPUT
Total Project Cost (Rs.)

91,500

Banchugad MHP Pr
8,516,715
Subsidy/kW Total subsidy
91,500
4575000

Interest rate (%)

Payback period (yr)
Plant life (yr)
Discount Rate (%)

90

Bank loan
1,890,044
3%
7

Other loan

Cash equity
1,200,000

Kind equity
851,671

Others
0

15
4%

Investment Cost (Rs)

Mechanical components
Electrical component
Civil component
Spare parts & tools
Transport.

8,516,715
999,040
2,061,717
1,363,497
57,550
3,178,800

Annual Operating Cost (Rs)

Salary

Installation
Commissioning
VAT
Contingencies
Others

232,500
0
623,611
0

305,004
Spares
114,000

Maintenance
Office expenses
171,000

Miscellaneous Others
20,004

Summary

Project cost (Rs)

Annual Operation, Maintenance and other Costs (Rs)
Annual Income without probable business loads (Rs)
Annual Income with probable business loads (Rs)
Annual installment for Bank loan

8,516,715
305,004
826230
855180
303364

Annual installment for other loan

NPV on equity without probable business load (Rs)+ve
NPV equity with probable business load (Rs)+ve
Cost/Kw =>>Ok
Subsidy/HH

NA
2,667,678
2,899,926
170,334
9,713

Without
probable
With probable
business load business load
(Rs)
(Rs)
(4,367,625)
(4,135,377)
31,413
263,662
2,667,678
2,899,926
3,509,282
3,704,195

NPV on ====>>>
Total cost
Total Cost -Subsidy
Equity
After Loan Repayment

Cash Flows
Year =>>

10

11

12

13

14

15

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

826230

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

855180

Annual O & M costs

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

305,004

Loan repayment

303364

303364

303364

303364

303364

303364

303364

Annual income without probable business loads

Annual income with probable business loads
Total Equity

1200000

Cash flow without probable business load

-1200000

217862

217862

217862

217862

217862

217862

217862

521226

521226

521226

521226

521226

521226

521226

521226

Cash flow with probable business load

-1200000

217862

217862

217862

246812

246812

246812

246812

550176

550176

550176

550176

550176

550176

550176

550176

Calculators

Uniform Depth of a Trapezoidal Canal (Y-m)

Design Discharge (l/s):

200.000

1/Mannings Coeff (M):

65.0000

1/Canal Slope (S):

50

Width of Canal (b-m):

0.500
1

#VALUE!

Uniform Depth (Y-m)

Payment of a loan
Loan amount:

1,800,000

Interest rate (APR):

6.00%

Monthly payments and No

12

Monthly Payment

154,919.57

Power MGSP-ESAP (Pe-kW)

Discharge (l/s):

160

Cumulative efficiency(n%)

65.00%

Head (H-m)

27.50

Actual Power (Pact-kW)

28.06

Power MGSP-ESAP (Pe-kW)

21.58

Spillway Lengths (m)

Flood discharge (l/s):

540

Design discharge (l/s):

126

Overtopping height (ho) mm:

150

Spillway discharge coeff

2.1

2.1

2.1
L spillway min for Qf m & full height

4.43

Length of spillway Ls1 for Qf m & half height

9.60

Voltage Drop
Reach length (km)

15.000

Voltage at 1st node (V)

11,000

Power (kW)
ASCR type

1,500
4.00

4.00

Phase at 1st node (1/2/11(for 11kV or above))

11

Phase at 2nd node (1/2/11(for 11kV or above))

11

Current (A)
Impedence Ohm/km
Voltage at 2nd node (kV) 1557.4V ,14.16%

98.41
0.6091
9,442.50

Friction Factor (f) & Net head

Discharge (m3/s)
Gross head (m)
Pipe roughness ks (mm)
Pipe diameter (mm)

0.160
20
0.060
260.00

Pipe Length (m)

140

Turbulent headloss factor (K)

1.50

Friction factor f
Net Head (m), hl=4.52m 22.59%

0.0153
15.48

Calculation for Friction Factors

velocity (m/s)

3.0135847213

Reynold's nr

687308.796078

Laminar Flow

9.311681E-005
8.074E+00
8.074E+00

Transitional Flow & Tur

0.015340679

Spillway Profiles and Discharge coeff

Profiles

Sizes and designations of ACSR conduct

Coeff

Type of
ACSR

ACSR Code
number

Resistance
Ohm/km

Broad; sharp edges

1.5

Squirrel

1.374

Broad; round edges

1.6

Gopher

1.098

round overfall

1.9

Weasel

0.9116

sharp edged

2.1

Rabbit

0.5449

rounded

2.2

Otter

0.3434

roof-shaped

2.3

Dog

0.2745

nations of ACSR conductors for MHP systems:

Current
rating max
Amps

Equivalent
Cu area mm2

Impedance
Ohm/km

Sp. Weight
(kg/km)

Sp. Cost
(Rs/km)

76

13

0.3013

80

13000

85

16

0.294

106

14500

95

20

0.288

128

15500

135

30

0.2723

214

25750

185

50

0.257

205

65

0.25

394

52000

Side Slope

Lined/vertical (z m)
Unlined fissured/disintegrated rock/tough hardpen cut (z m)
Unlined cemented gravel/stiff clay/ordinary hardpan cut (z m)
Unlined firm/gravelyl/clay/side hill c/s in average loam cut (z m)
Unlined cuts/fills in average loam or gravelly loam (z m)
Unlined cuts/fills in loose sandy loam (z m)
Unlined cuts/fills in very sandy soil (z m)

0
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
2
3

List of References
1

9
10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17
18

List of References
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(2002), Peltric Standards
Mini-Grid Support Programme, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
(2003), Preliminary Feasibility Studies of Prospective Micro-hydro Projects
Mini-Grid Support Programme, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre , Kathmandu,
Nepal(2001), Technical Details and Cost Estimate
Mini-Grid Support Programme, Alternative Energy Promotion Centre , Kathmandu,
Nepal(2003), Guidelines for Detailed Feasibility Study of Micro-Hydro Projects
European Small Hydropower Association (1998), Layman's Guidebook on How to Develop
a Small Hydro Site
BPC Hydroconsult, Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), Kathmandu,
Nepal (2002), Civil Works Guidelines for Micro-Hydropower in Nepal.
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Report on Standardiztion of
Civil Works for Small Hydropower Plants
GTZ/Department of Energy Development, Energy Division, Papua New Guinea, Micro
Hydropower Training Modules (1994), Modules 1-7, 10, 13, 14 & 18B.
Americal Society of Civil Engineer (ASCE), Sediment Transportation.
KB Raina & SK Bhattacharya, New Age International (P) Ltd (1999), Electrical Design
Estimating and Costing.
Badri Ram & DN Vishwakarma, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi
(1995), Power System Protection and Switchgear.
Adam Harvey et.al. (1993), Micro-Hydro Design Manual, A guide to small-scale water
power schemes, Intermediate Technology Publications, ISBN 1 85339 103 4.
Allen R. Inversin (1986), Micro-Hydropower Sourcebook, A Practical Guide to Design and
Implementation in Developing Countries, NRECA International Foundation, 1800
Massachusetts Avenue N. W., Washington, DC 20036.
Helmut Lauterjung/Gangolf Schmidt (1989), Planning of Intake Structures, GATE/GTZ,
Vieweg.

Methodologies for estimating hydrologic characteristics of ungauged locations in Nepal

(1990), HMG of Nepal, Ministry of Water Resources, Water and Energy Commission
Secretariat, Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
Design Manuals for Irrigation Projects in Nepal (1990), Planning and Design
Strengthening Project (PDSP), His Majesty's Government of Nepal, Ministry of Water
Resources, Department of Irrigation. United Nations Development Programme
(NEP/85/013)/World Bank.
Salleri Chialsa Small Hydel Project (1983), Technical Report, DEH/SATA, ITECO.
P.N. Khanna (1996), Indian Practical Civil Engineer's Handbook, 15th Edition, Engineer's
Publishers, Post Box 725, New Delhi - 110001.