Full Circle Magazine - Issue 99 EN

Full Circle
BOOK REVIEW
THE INDEPENDENT MAGAZINE FOR THE UBUNTU LINUX COMMUNITY
ISSUE #99 - July 201 5
M EI ZU M X4 & B Q AQ U ARI S E5
THE TWO NEW UBUNTU PHONES REVIEWED
full circle magazine #99
Fu ll Ci rcle M a g a zi n e i s n e i th e r a ffi li a te d wi th , n o r e n d o rse d b y, Ca n o n i ca l Ltd .
contents ^
Full Circle
HowTo
THE INDEPENDENT MAGAZINE FOR THE UBUNTU LINUX COMMUNITY
Linux News
p.04
p.25
Chrome Cult
p.27
Ubuntu Phones
p.36
Review
p.37
p.45
Letters
p.46
Tuxidermy
p.47
p.48
Install TAILS to USB
p.51
Ubuntu Games
p.54
LaTeX
p.1 3
LibreOffice
p.1 5
Command & Conquer
p.1 1
Arduino
...
p.XX
Linux Labs
p.31
Programming JavaScript p.1 8
My Story
Inkscape
Q&A
Graphics
p.21
The articles contained in this magazine are released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
This means you can adapt, copy, distribute and transmit the articles but only under the following conditions: you must attribute
the work to the original author in some way (at least a name, email or URL) and to this magazine by name ('Full Circle Magazine')
and the URL www.fullcirclemagazine.org (but not attribute the article(s) in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). If
you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you must distribute the resulting work under the same, similar or a compatible license.
Full Circle magazine is entirely independent of Canonical, the sponsor of the Ubuntu projects, and the views and opinions in the
fullhave
circleCanonical
magazineendorsement.
#99
2
magazine should in no way be assumed to
contents ^
ED I TO RI AL
This magazine was created using :
WELCOME TO ANOTHER ISSUE OF FULL CIRCLE.
o Python again this month, I'm afraid, as Greg is feeling a bit under the weather, but he
will be back for next month. We do have a fourth LaTeX article along side the usual
LibreOffice, JavaScript and Inkscape HowTo's.
If you're thinking of getting an Ubuntu Phone then you should definitely read the reviews
this month of the Meizu MX4 and the BQ Aquaris E5. Both have their plus and minus points
that you need to weigh up before making your choice. Personally, I've used the MX4 and the
BQ E4.5 and much prefer the MX4. I haven't tried the E5, so I can't speak for that device.
If you need some browsing privacy then you should probably read my article on how to
install TAILS to a USB stick. TAILS is a distro that comes with TOR by default. The idea behind
it is that you'd boot from the USB stick, connect to a WiFi/network and all your browsing
would be done through TOR.
Next month is, of course, the one hundredth issue of Full Circle. Never in my wildest
dreams did I think FCM would reach 1 00 issues, and it's all down to you, the readers, and
those who submit articles. Whether they be regular submissions, or just a single article, they
all help to keep FCM going. I thank you all. I already have a few articles lined up for
FCM#1 00. I also want to make #1 00 less HowTo and more of a retrospective issue. We'll see
how it pans out over the next few weeks.
Full Circle Podcast
Released monthly, each episode

covers all the latest Ubuntu news,
opinions, reviews, interviews and
listener feedback. The Side-Pod is
a new addition, it's an extra
(irregular) short-form podcast
which is intended to be a branch
of the main podcast. It's
somewhere to put all the general
technology and non-Ubuntu stuff
that doesnt fit in the main
podcast.
Hosts:
Les Pounder
Tony Hughes
Jon Chamberlain
Oliver Clark
All the best, and keep in touch!

Ronnie
ronnie@fullcirclemagazine.org
http://fullcirclemagazine.org
contents ^
N E WS
KALI LINUX 2.0 TO LAUNCH
AT DEF CON 23
FCM#1 00
SURVEY
The question is:
What are your most

loved/hated flavors and
releases?
Take the quick survey and we'll
publish the results in
FCM#1 00.
http://goo.gl/DPt2q0
far.
"There are a lot ofnew features

andinteresting new aspects to this
small cadre of hackers has
updatedversion, however well keep
announced the next version of our mouths shut until were done
the Kali hacker arsenal, codenamed with the release."
Sana, will be released on 1 1
August.
The platform sports a
redesigned and streamlined user
The popular penetration testing interface, new menus, and the
platform brings hundreds of the
latest penetration testing tools.
best open source hacking tools into
a Debian-based distribution that is Source:
a staple for hackers and forensic
http://www.theregister.co.uk/201 5
analysts.
/07/08/kali_20/
Submitted by: Arnfried Walbrecht
Kali Linux developers say the
first revamp of the platform since
it was reborn in 201 3 will be
showcased at the DEF CON hacking
LINUX FOUNDER: N O NEED
confab.
"Weve been awfully quiet lately,

which usually means something is
brewing below the surface," the
team says.
"In the past few months, weve
been working feverishly on our next
generation ofKali Linux andwere
really happy with how its looking so
TO FEAR AI
inux founder Linus Torvalds

doesnt understand the fear
Tesla CEO Elon Musk, Professor
Stephen Hawking and Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak share about
artificial intelligence.
intelligence would be equal to

summoning a demon, and has
even donated millions to protect
humans from the impending doom.
Torvalds, on the other hand,
described such fears as bad
science fiction, during a Q&A
session with Slashdot users.
Well get AI, andit will almost
certainly be through something very
much like recurrent neural
networks, he said in response to
one users question. Andthe thing
is, since that kindofAI will need
training, it wont be reliablein the
traditional computer sense. Its not
the oldrule-basedprolog days, when
people thought theydunderstand
what the actual decisions were in an
AI.
Source:
http://www.itproportal.com/201 5/
07/07/linux-founder-thinks-weshouldnt-fear-ai/
Musk said creating artificial
contents ^
NEWS
U BUNTU MATE G ETS
ANOTHER H ARDWARE D EAL ,
WILL POWER THE LIBREB OX
M INI -PC
ome of the more observant

users might notice the word
Libre in the name of the company,
but that's not a coincidence. There
are other companies and projects
out there that follow this Libre
trend, which is all about
incorporating only completely free
and open source components.
In case you're wondering, the
explanation is quite simple. For
example, the Linux kernel has
some proprietary blobs from
various companies, so it's not
considered transparent. There is
also a Libre Linux kernel out there
that just strips all the proprietary
blobs and that is considered OK.
Also, any kind of proprietary
drivers are not accepted, so you
can see where this is going. In fact,
the new LibreBox from LibreTrend
is the first PC from this company,
and they decided that Ubuntu
MATE will also be provided.
Source:
http://news.softpedia.com/news/u
buntu-mate-gets-anotherhardware-deal-will-power-thelibrebox-mini-pc-485967.shtml
WHY U BUNTU PLANS TO

REPLACE TRADITIONAL LINUX
PACKAGES WITH SOMETHING
BETTER
buntus Snappy system is

currently used for cloud
servers and smart devices, and the
Snappy Ubuntu Core debuted
recently in Ubuntu 1 5.04 .
Snappy works differently.
Applications are no longer
installed system-wide. The base
Ubuntu operating system is kept
securely isolated from applications
you install later. Both the base
system and Snappy packages are
kept as read-only images.
Those applications are installed
to separate directories and
isolated from each other via the
Linux-kernel-based AppArmor
system. Snappy packages can
include all the libraries and files
they need, so they dont depend

on other packages. Ubuntu is
currently working on
deduplication support, which
means duplicate copies of files
wont be keptif two Snappy
packages include the same library,
it will only be stored in one place
on disk.
Source:
http://www.pcworld.com/article/2
942267/why-ubuntu-plans-toreplace-traditional-linux-packageswith-something-better.html
was formed in late 201 4.

Founding members 3D Robotics
(3DR) and Yuneec International
have since been joined by 27 other
organisations and sponsored
members, keen to participate in
the "neutral, transparent initiative
for advancing UAV technology", as
the Linux Foundation's marketing
big cheese Amanda McPherson
described it.
The latest recruits to the cause
include US autopilot outfit Arsov
RC Technology and Chinese UAV
manufacturer Walkera.
LINUX BIDS FOR UAV
Source:
http://www.theregister.co.uk/201 5
/06/29/dronecode_linux/
LINUX KERNEL 4.2 M AY

END U P B EING THE B IGGEST
RELEASE, S AYS LINUS
TORVALDS
WORLD DOMINATION BY
ENSLAVING FUTURE SKYBOT
ARMY
he Dronecode open-source
UAV platform initiative has
announced that it has welcomed
on board a raft of new members,
who'll help drive the project
towards becoming a de facto
standard for consumer and
commercial drones.
The non-profit organisation
governed by the Linux Foundation
ccording to Linus Torvalds, it

would appear that the
wonderful team of kernel
developers and contributors are in
the middle of the merge window,
and they will end up merging more
contents ^
NEWS
commits for Linux kernel 4.2 than

they were during all of the
releases of Linux kernel 4.1 .
"4.0 was pretty small (by our
modern standards, which is to say it
was still a lot ofchanges), 4.1 was
about average, andit looks like 4.2
may endup being the biggest
release (in number ofcommits, at
least) we've ever had," says Linus
Torvalds in the Google+ post. "So
much for the summer slowdown."
The development cycle of Linux

kernel 4.2 might start this coming
weekend with the first Release
Candidate version, and it should
have about seven or eight RC
versions until the final release,
which might see the light of day
sometime in the fall of 201 5.
Source:
http://linux.softpedia.com/blog/lin
ux-kernel-4-2-may-end-up-beingthe-biggest-release-says-linustorvalds-485451 .shtml
O PEN SOURCE H ISTORY:

WHY D IDN ' T BSD B EAT
O UT GNU AND LINUX?
companies/06261 5/open-sourcehistory-why-didnt-bsd-beat-outgnu-and-linux
f you use a free and open source

operating system, it's almost
certainly based on the Linux kernel
and GNU software. But these were
not the first freely redistributable
platforms, nor were they the most
professional or widely
commercialized. The Berkeley
Software Distribution, or BSD, beat
GNU/Linux on all of these counts.
So why has BSD been consigned

to the margins of the open source
ecosystem, while GNU/Linux
distributions rose to fantastic
prominence? Read on for some
historical perspective.
Understanding BSD requires
delving far back into the history of
Unix the operating system first
released by AT&T Bell Labs in 1 969.
BSD began life as a variant of Unix
that programmers at the University
of California at Berkeley, initially
led by Bill Joy, began developing in
the late 1 970s.
Source:
http://thevarguy.com/opensource-application-softwarefull circle magazine #99
think the right gear is what a new

company, Endless, is about to
launch.
What sets the Endless apart

from other low cost machines is
Endless OS, a highly customized
of Ubuntu Linux with
ENDLESS: A COMPUTER THE version
Gnome (and lots of other
REST OF THE WORLD CAN
interesting technology such as
Xapian and OStree), that not only
AFFORD
handles TVs as output devices (it
scales and formats video output
ural Mexico, the backstreets
for readability), but also includes a
of Guatemala City, the
huge library of applications and
outskirts of Mumbai; these arent
educational content. This is
places where you find a lot of
computers for one simple reason; important because in emerging
markets the Endless system will be
most computers are far too
useful and well-featured, even if
expensive. What you do find are
you dont have any kind of
lots of TVs, so why not build a
cheap, flexible computer without a networking services available.
display? And ship it without a
Source:
keyboard and mouse because
those are items that can usually be http://www.networkworld.com/art
icle/2945802/green-it/endless-asourced locally at low cost.
computer-the-rest-of-the-worldcan-afford.html
What would computers do for
people in these places? They would Submitted by: Arnfried Walbrecht
deliver information, education, and
opportunity. Record keeping for
farmers, reading lessons for
children, tools for creating and
communicating the potential for
computers to improve the lot of
millions of people are just
waiting on the right gear, and I
contents ^
NEWS
RICHARD STALLMAN
' BASICALLY' HAS NO
PROBLEM WITH THE NSA
USING GNU/LINUX
f you have been keeping an eye

on what the NSA has been up to
while they were busy reading your
emails, you might be aware of the
XKEYSCORE program run by the
agency. According to Edward
Snowden, as told to Glenn
Greenwald, the program was used
to "sweep up countless peoples
Internet searches, emails,
documents, usernames and
passwords, and other private
communications."
deeds.
waiting for them to break.
I was among those who didn't

see any problem here. I have been
using and advocating Free
Software since 2005, and I have
met numerous people from
different walks of life who use Free
Software. Back in 2007, I met
Mohammad Khansari, director of
the National Linux Project, Iran,
who said that when the U.S. closed
'Windows' on them, they moved to
'Open Source'.
According to the current

iteration of the survey, the
programs most in need of
attention are not previously cited
icrosoft has done the
infrastructure projects, but
previously unthinkable and
common core Linux system utilities said it will now provide limited
that have network access and little support for major Linux
development activity around them. distributions, third-party and opensource technologies on its Azure
The Census, with both its code cloud.
and results available on GitHub,
assembles metrics about open
To get the ball rolling, Microsoft
source projects found in Debian
will support what it describes as
Linux's package list and on
the most popular Linux distros as
openhub.net, then scores them
of July 1 5.
based on the amount of risk each
presents.
Microsoft officially says its
support will be limited and its a
Risk scores are an aggregate of pretty apt description, given that it
multiple factors: how many people consists of Help with installation
are known to have contributed to
and configuration of Supported
the project in the last 1 2 months,
Linux Distributions on the Azure
how many CVEs have been filed for platform and services and
it, how widely used it is, and how
Recommendations applicable to
much exposure it has to the
the Azure platform and services
network.
that pertain to performance and
networking issues.
Source:
http://www.infoworld.com/article/ Source:
2946566/security/core-linux-tools- http://siliconangle.com/blog/201 5/
top-the-list-of-most-at-risk07/1 6/microsoft-adds-limitedsoftware.html
support-for-linux-on-azure-cloud/
Submitted by: Arnfried Walbrecht Submitted by: Mike Wheatley
Source:
http://www.itworld.com/article/29
46683/linux/richard-stallmanbasically-has-no-problem-with-thensa-using-gnulinux.html
This is old news, you say. We've

all known about it since 201 3. So
what's the big deal and why am I
bringing it up now? The big deal is CORE LINUX TOOLS TOP LIST
that the NSA was allegedly running OF MOST AT-RISK SOFTWARE
the program on 'Free and Open
Source' software.
he CII (Core Infrastructure
Initiative), a Linux Foundation
This story generated mixed
effort assembled in the wake of
responses from the Open Source
the Heartbleed fiasco to provide
community. Many bashed Red Hat, development support for key
even though we don't know if the Internet protocols, has opened the
NSA is a Red Hat client. Others
doors on its Census Project -- an
bashed the NSA for using Free
effort to figure out what projects
Software to perform its 'evil'
need support now, instead of
M ICROSOFT ADDS LIMITED

SUPPORT FOR LINUX ON
AZURE CLOUD
contents ^
NEWS
CANONICAL AND FREE
SOFTWARE FOUNDATION
COME TO OPEN -SOURCE
LICENSING TERMS
or years, Canonical and Ubuntu

have been accused of playing
fast and loose with Linux-related
licenses. Now, Canonical and the
FSF have reached a common
understanding over Ubuntu
licensing.
Canonical, Ubuntu Linux's
parent company, has often rubbed
other free software groups the
wrong way when it came to opensource licenses. On July 1 5,
Canonical, with support from the
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
and the Software Freedom
Conservancy (SFC), have changed
Ubuntu's licensing terms. The FSF
states that Canonical's new
intellectual property (IP) policies
"unequivocally comply with the
terms of the GNU General Public
License (GPL) and other free
software licenses."
Source:
http://www.zdnet.com/article/can
onical-and-free-software-
foundation-comes-to-open-sourcelicensing-terms/
Submitted by: Steven J. VaughanNichols
http://benjaminkerensa.com/201 5/
07/1 5/what-the-ubuntu-ipannouncement-means
Submitted by: Benjamin Kerensa
WHAT THE U BUNTU IP

ANNOUNCEMENT MEANS
KUBUNTU ' S J ONATHAN

RIDDELL S AYS U BUNTU
POLICY I S STILL LACKING
he announcement by the FSF

and Software Freedom
Conservancy has a lot of jargon in
it so to help people better
understand I am going to do an
analysis. Mind you, back in 201 2, I
reached out to the FSF on these
very licensing concerns which no
doubt combined with other
developers contacts set in motion
these discussions.
ubuntu's Jonathan Riddell

talked about the recent
changes to the licensing
procedures on the Ubuntu project,
and he said that there are still
some important problems that
have been left unresolved.
Canonical announced a couple

of days ago that the company had
made some changes to its policies
In a nutshell, the FSF is making in order to comply with GPL, but
it clear while some progress was
voices in the community are saying
made that the Ubuntu IP Policy is
that it's not enough and that more
still not a good example of a policy effort needs to be made.
that protects the freedoms you
Kubuntu's Jonathan Riddell talked
have to using code under the
about the remaining issues at
licenses of software Ubuntu
length on his blog.
bundles into the distro we use and
love. This is concerning because
Many of you will remember the
Canonical has essentially made
conflict between Jonathan Riddell
some concessions but put its foot and Canonical, which ended with
down and not made as much
his removal from the Kubuntu
change as it needs to.
Community Council. He's now just
a simple member of the
Source:
community and developer for
8
Kubuntu. He said on numerous

occasions that Canonical's policy
regarding Ubuntu is not well put
together and that it causes
problems for other projects as
well. In fact, these issues were in a
discussion during his conflict with
Canonical and the Ubuntu Council.
Source:
http://news.softpedia.com/news/k
ubuntu-s-jonathan-riddell-saysubuntu-policy-is-still-lacking4871 86.shtml
Submitted by: Silviu Stahie
O NE U BUNTU PC MAKER IS
KICKING ADOBE FLASH OFF
ITS LINUX SYSTEMS
ystem76, a Denver-based
vendor of Ubuntu Linux
laptops and desktops, has stopped
pre-loading Flash on its machines.
The company is also strongly
recommending that current
customers purge Flash from their
systems as well.
Amid calls to accelerate the
death of Adobe Flash Player, at
least once PC vendor is taking
matters into its own hands.
Citing security and irrelevance,
contents ^
NEWS
System76 stops bundling Flash

with Firefox, and recommends that
all customers purge the plug-in
from their systems.
Source:
http://www.pcworld.com/article/2
9491 06/software-web/oneubuntu-pc-maker-is-kicking-adobeflash-off-its-linux-systems.html
Submitted by: Jared Newman
LINUX M INT 1 7.2 OFFERS
DESKTOP FAMILIARITY AND

RESPONDS TO USER WANTS
hese days, the desktop OSes

grabbing headlines have, for
the most part, left the traditional
desktop behind in favor of what's
often referred to as a "shell."
Typically, such an arrangement
offers a search-based interface. In
the Linux world, the GNOME
project and Ubuntu's Unity
desktop interfaces both take this
approach.
This is not a sea change that's
limited to Linux, however. For
example, the upheaval of the
desktop is also happening in
Windows land. Windows 8
departed from the traditional
desktop UI, and Windows 1 0 looks

like it will continue that rethinking
of the desktop, albeit with a few
familiar elements retained.
Whether it's driven by, in Ubuntu's
case, a vision of "convergence"
between desktop and mobile or
perhaps just the need for
something new (which seems to be
the case for GNOME 3.x),
developers would have you believe
that these mobile-friendly, searchbased desktops are the future of,
well, everything.
version 1 today. Alongside this

software versioning milestone,
Google is joining a host of familiar
names in a new Cloud Native
Computing Foundation, under the
auspices of the Linux Foundation.
Google is gifting Kubernetes to the
new Foundation, which some will
see (rightly) as a useful base upon
which to build, and which others
will see (also, perhaps, rightly) as a
way to ensure that the new
Foundations work is Googley from
the outset. Other partners in this
new endeavor include container
Source:
hotshots like Docker, CoreOS,
http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/20 Joyent and others. Will the new
1 5/07/rare-breed-linux-mint-1 7-2- Foundation lead to a meeting of
offers-desktop-familiarity-andminds, or is it just another forum in
responds-to-user-wants/
which they can sling mud?
Submitted by: Scott Gilbertson
The Linux Foundation,
unsurprisingly, is definitely hoping
the meeting of minds.
CONTAINER COMPETITORS for
Director Jim Zemlin
G OOGLE, COREOS, J OYENT Executive
commented,
AND D OCKER J OIN N EW

LINUX CLUB AS KUBERNETES
TURNS O NE
ubernetes, the container

management solution
originally open sourced by Google
GOOGL +0.43%, is deemed ready
for mainstream use as it reaches
forum, the CloudNative Computing

Foundation aims to advance the
state ofthe art ofapplication
development at Internet scale.
Source:
http://www.forbes.com/sites/paul
miller/201 5/07/21 /containercompetitors-google-coreos-joyentand-docker-join-new-linux-club-askubernetes-turns-one/
The CloudNative Computing

Foundation will help facilitate
collaboration among developers and
operators on common technologies
for deploying cloudnative
applications andservices. By
bringing together the open source
communitys very best talent and
code in a neutral andcollaborative
contents ^
Canonical Ltd., the Ubucon Germany 201 5 team, and the UbuContest 201 5 team, are happy to announce the first UbuContest!
Contestants from all over the world will have until September 1 8, 201 5 to build and publish their apps and scopes using the Ubuntu SDK and Ubuntu
platform, starting today.
We are proud to present five dedicated categories:
Best Team Entry: A team of up to three developers may register up to two apps/scopes they are developing. The jury will assign points in
categories including "Creativity", "Functionality", "Design", "Technical Level" and "Convergence". The top three entries with the most points win.
Best Individual Entry: A lone developer may register up to two apps/scopes he or she is developing. The rest of the rules are identical to the "Best
Team Entry" category.
Outstanding Technical Contribution: Members of the general public may nominate candidates who, in their opinion, have done something
"exceptional" with an Ubuntu-based device, Unity8, Mir, etc. on a technical level. Each jury member has one vote, and the nominated candidate with
the most jury votes wins.
Outstanding Non-Technical Contribution: Members of the general public may nominate candidates who, in their opinion, have done something
exceptional, but non-technical, to bring the Ubuntu platform forward. So, for example, you can nominate a friend who has reported and commented
on all those phone-related bugs on Launchpad. Or nominate a member of your local community who did translations for Core Apps. Or nominate
someone who has contributed documentation, written awesome blog articles, etc. The rest of the rules are identical to the "Outstanding Technical
Contribution" category.
Convergence Hero: The "Best Team Entry" or "Best Individual Entry" contribution with the highest number of "Convergence" points wins. The
winner in this category will probably surprise us in ways we have yet to imagine.
Our community jury panel members Laura Cowen, Carla Sella, Simos Xenitellis, Sujeevan Vijayakumaran and Michael Zanetti will select the winners in
each category. Successful winners will be awarded items from a huge pile of prizes, including travel subsidies for the first-placed winners to attend
Ubucon Germany 201 5 in Berlin, four Ubuntu Phones sponsored by bq and Meizu, t-shirts, and bundles of items from the official Ubuntu Shop.
We wish all the contestants good luck!

Go to ubucontest.eu for more information, including how to register and nominate folks. You can also follow us on Twitter @ubucontest, or contact
us via e-mail at contest@ubucon.de.
10
contents ^
CO M M AN D & CO N Q U ER
Lea rn To Cod e
Written by Lucas Westermann
ver the course of time, Ive

picked up a lot of
rudimentary skills in various
programming languages. Some of
them I chose to deepen, and
others have stagnated. The largest
problem I often run into is deciding
what to program, and in what
language. If youre like me, and in
need of some challenging
exercises to work through, skip to
part two. If youre still trying to
learn a language, stick with me.
LEARNING A LANGUAGE
There are various ways to learn
a language - buy a book, take a
course, or follow a tutorial online.
However, some options can be
expensive, or simply difficult to
accomplish, as it removes the
explanation factor of why one
method is better than another (for
example). Instead, here is a short
list of online sites that offer free
courses. Depending on what you
want to learn, you may need to
browse each in turn.
Code Academy
some of the videos can be out of

date. If youre looking to get into
the more abstract discussions on
programming or programming
languages in general, this may be a
good spot to start.
and sometimes, youll end up with

a reusable library of functions. Or,
better yet, youll have an idea for a
program yourself. Two of my
favourite offerings are as follows:
There are, of course, other options

out there. However, I have actively
tried each of these offerings, and
come to see each of their
strengths. If youre looking for a
programming language not listed,
Khan Academy https://www.khanacademy.org/co my suggestion is to check the
languages homepage. Most offer
mputing/computer-programming
some sort of introduction or
This site follows the more
traditional online university system tutorial.
- you watch a video with an
explanation, and then do
IVE LEARNED A LANGUAGE quizzes/exercises after each video.
NOW WHAT ?
Currently their offering is mainly
focused around JavaScript and
Once youve learned a language,
HTML. They do, however, offer
its time to put it into use. If you
many other (non-programming)
have ideas for programs, then
courses as well.
thats great. Sometimes, however,
you wont have a specific need to
Coursera fill, or problem to fix. At times like
https://www.coursera.org/
that, I like to fall back to some
The offering here is typically
segments or complete videos from form of programming challenge.
This way, I improve my
actual university courses. They
understanding and knowledge offer a good deal of options, but
https://projecteuler.net/
This site offers a massive number
of math-related challenges. They
are typically difficult questions
that could not be reasonably
answered with a calculator and
patience - instead, the quickest
solution is to write a program to
test solutions until finding the
correct one. If you absolutely
loathe mathematics, or, after
reading some questions, you feel
Project Euler isnt for you, then
move on to my next suggestions.
The major benefit to Project Euler
is simply the fact that it is
language agnostic - so long as you
can calculate in a language, you
can do the challenges. Some
languages (such as Python) offer
helpful mathematics functions, but
if you keep track of your functions
in a library, you shouldnt be
repeating yourself too often.
http://www.codecademy.com/
learn
The site offers a relatively small list
of courses (though they keep
expanding). However, they offer an
interactive set of exercises that
you can work through straight
from the browser. As such, if youre
trying to learn a language that
they offer, I would recommend
starting there.
11
Project Euler -
contents ^
COMMAND & CONQUER

Exercism -
http://exercism.io/
Exercism is a command-line tool,
linked into a tiered library of
exercises to be done in a variety of
languages. The exercises dont
typically change between
languages, but are good practice
nonetheless. The way it works is by
fetching the exercises, and then
choosing a language to start with.
You then get a README file, as
well as a *_test file. The test file
contains actual programmatic
tests, to ensure that your answer is
complete. If youre never worked
with tests before, I highly
recommend Exercism as an
introduction to tests. The actual
submission is simple - if the test
file clears without errors, and
youre happy with your file, you
can submit it. It then appears on
the Exercism site under your
accounts name. Then other
programmers can discuss it - where
you may learn a new trick or two.
You can, naturally, also check out
other peoples submissions. If you
later want to update your file, you
can do so. It keeps track of your
iterations, and each iteration has a
separate discussion. And if youre
tired of having your code analyzed
- you can mark a task as done, and
close all discussions on it.
Extra: Dev Docs
Sometimes, youll be working on a

program, and realize you dont
remember the exact format of a
function, or if the built-in function
actually exists. This is where you
can either turn to a manpage, the
languages documentation, or
http://devdocs.io. Devdocs.io is a
site that offers a huge library of
documentation on various
languages. The site itself will let
you save the library for offline
access, meaning you shouldnt ever
be without documentation.
However, as its an open source
project, you can also install a
completely local instance of the
site. Submissions are also
accepted, and as such the
information is usually up to date,
and expanding at a brisk pace. It
also includes some documentation
for tools (SASS, Bower, npm, etc.).
requests can be sent to me at

lswest34+fcm@gmail.com.
The Ubuntu Podcast covers all

the latest news and issues facing
Ubuntu Linux users and Free
Software fans in general. The
show appeals to the newest user
and the oldest coder. Our
discussions cover the
development of Ubuntu but
arent overly technical. We are
lucky enough to have some
great guests on the show, telling
us first hand about the latest
exciting developments they are
working on, in a way that we can
all understand! We also talk
about the Ubuntu community
and what it gets up to.
The show is presented by
members of the UKs Ubuntu
Linux community. Because it is
covered by the Ubuntu Code of
Conduct it is suitable for all.
CONCLUSION
I hope this article is helpful for
anyone who wants to learn to
program, or anyone who feels they
are stagnating at their current
level. If you know of another great
site, or an awesome set of
challenges, please let me know! As
always - suggestions, comments, or
Lucas has learned all he knows from
repeatedly breaking his system, then

having no other option but to
discover how to fix it. You can email
Lucas at: lswest34@gmail.com.
12
The show is broadcast live every

fortnight on a Tuesday evening
(British time) and is available for
download the following day.
podcast.ubuntu-uk.org
contents ^
H OW-TO
Written by John Eddie Kerr
La TeX on XU bu n tu Pi a n d i n Th e Clou d
right disk, and, if anything goes

slower, but it is not a showwrong with the install, gparted will stopper.
come to the rescue. You will not
destroy the SD card.
Playing some YouTube videos
can be a problem, and some
XUbuntu On The Raspberry Pi 2 websites can crash the system, but
Is Fantastic.
it is a quick automatic reboot.
sudo apt-get install libqt4IMHO, you can use the Rpi2 as a
svg
I have installed Tex-live on the
real computer, and, with no moving
Rpi2 as well as the LaTeX editors
parts, it runs silently, and since it
This is one of those secrets that Gummi and TexStudio, and both
draws less than 1 0 watts of power,
you have to dig for, but the LaTeX have worked flawlessly. Now,
you can leave it powered on. Best
community does have the answer. compared to my Dell Optiplex 755 of all, you can compose in LaTeX on
with 2 gigs of RAM, the Rpi2 is a bit it.
irst of all lets clear up a small
problem. Those of you using
TexStudio may have experienced a
problem with the icons not
appearing in the menu bar. This is
fixed by installing libqt4-svg:
LATEX I N THE CLOUD
XU BUNTU, LATEX, AND THE

RASPBERRY PI 2
Overleaf and ShareLaTeX are

two of the best online LaTex
editors that I have seen.
I have installed the XUbuntu

image for the Raspberry Pi 2 that is
available from the Ubuntu website:
https://wiki.ubuntu.com/ARM/Ras
pberryPi
OverLeaf
(https://www.overleaf.com/) is a
re-launch of WriteLatex which is an
online LaTeX editor that has been
around for a while. There is also
ShareLaTex
(https://www.sharelatex.com/).
The link above takes you to an

easy-to-follow recipe to install the
image on to an SD card. You may
want to review the commands for
Fdisk before you start, as you will
be using Fdisk on the commandline and it is not something most
of us are used to. Fear not, just
make sure you are writing to the
I digress, back to LaTeX.
In previous articles, I have

mentioned a number of LaTeX
editors that you can download to
your computer to create
documents. A relatively new way
of composing in LaTeX is an online
service that provides a LaTeX
editor in the Cloud.
Best of all, they all provide a

very good service which is free.
Overleaf and ShareLatex offer
extra service plans starting at
$8.00 per month, but the free
service is as good as what you can
13
contents ^
HOWTO - LATEX
do with a LaTeX editor at home.
computers. Also, if I was working

Until next time enjoy exploring
on a project with someone else,
LaTeX.
Both of the Cloud LaTeX editing that person could log in to the
sites offer an extensive collection service and edit the file as well.
of templates for you to use as a
starting point for your project. It is
Fortunately, you can download
a great way to learn LaTeX as the
your files from both sites and you
templates have lots of commands can cut and paste to and from your
built in, and you can see how they computer. So you are not locked in
work. There is auto-completion of to any one of the services.
commands in both online services,
but TexStudio can be a little more
I have logged into both of these
helpful if you can't remember how online LaTeX editors with my
the command starts or goes.
Raspberry Pi 2, and it worked very
well again kudos for the
So why would anyone want to
Raspberry Pi 2.
use a LaTeX editor running on your
own computer such as TexStudio? I NSTRUCTIONAL VIDEOS
All applications that you use in the
Cloud are dependent on an
In an earlier article I mentioned
Internet connection to work or
that there are plenty of
give you access to your files. Some instructional videos about LaTeX. I
of us are not too comfortable with found a new set recently and even
that; I like the independence of
though the video was recorded on
having my files on my own
a MacIntosh with a plain text
computer. It is a great theory,
editor, the videos are excellent.
working on your portable
The videos focus on the commands
computer from anywhere, any
that you type and not on any
place that has WiFi, but we both
particular editor. Go to YouTube
know how spotty public WiFi can
and look for the videos uploaded
John Eddie Kerr is a Law Librarian at
be.
a county law library in Guelph,
by Alexander Baran-Harper. These
Ontario, Canada. Ubuntu powers his
videos take out the steep slope of
desktop at work and at home. He is a
I also have to admit that editing the so called LaTeX learning curve,
member of the KitchenerWaterloo
my LaTeX files in the Cloud has the and are presented with crisp clear
Linux Users Group and the WFTL
advantage to work on the same
LUG.
images and at a good pace.
file from any one of my four
14
EXTRA! EXTRA!
READ ALL ABOUT IT!
Our glorious news reporters
are now posting regular news
updates to the main Full Circle
site.
Click the NEWS link, in the site
menu at the top of the page,
and you'll see the news
headlines.
Alternatively, look on the right
side of any page on the site,
and you'll see the five latest
news posts.
Feel free to discuss the news
items. It's maybe something
that can spill back from the site
into the magazine. Enjoy!
contents ^
H OW-TO Li breO ffi ce Pt.5 1 - Li n k or Em bed i n Wri ter
Written by Elmer Perry
immy Fixit is a self-employed

handyman. He does carpentry,
roofs, plumbing, lawn work, and
flooring. He created a spreadsheet
to invoice his customers, but when
a customer didn't pay in the
allotted time, he needed to send
them a late notice. The notice was
a detailed letter of what they
owed, and a request for them to
pay by a certain date. He wanted
to add in a table listing the work
done and any payments made. He
could use a Writer table and do the
calculations himself, but if he could
insert a spreadsheet into the
middle of his text document, he
would have everything he needed.
Turned out, he can.
EMBED A SHEET IN WRITER

WITH OLE
Jimmy solved his problem by
using Object Linking and
Embedding (OLE) to embed a Calc
sheet in his writer document. By
embedding a sheet in his
document, he was able to use
formulas to do calculations on the
tax and the total. The embedded
sheet worked like a mini
spreadsheet within his document.
He was able to format the cells,
adjust columns and rows, merge
cells, and anything else he might
do in a spreadsheet opened in Calc.
To embed the sheet into his

document, Jimmy selected the
position in the document where he
wanted the sheet to appear. Insert
> Object > OLE Object brought up
the Insert OLE Object dialog. From
the dialog, he selected LibreOffice
Spreadsheet from the list. After
selecting the spreadsheet object
type, he clicked on OK, and Writer
created a mini Calc spreadsheet
inside Jimmy's document.
embedded object to return to

writing his document. The tabs and
row/column headers disappeared.
If at any time, he noticed he had
made a mistake, double-clicking
inside the embedded object
allowed him to edit it again. While
editing the object, Writer's
toolbars and menus changed to
Calc's toolbars and menus. Even
the sidebar became the Calc
sidebar. Editing the spreadsheet
object was the same as having it
opened in Calc.
Jimmy used the eight

adjustment handles to fit the
inserted object to his document.
OLE LINK TO AN E XISTING
The cells behaved just like the cells
in a regular Calc sheet. He adjusted D OCUMENT
his rows and columns as needed,
Later on, Jimmy started
formatted his total column, and
inserted formulas to calculate the tracking his customers in a Calc
document with each customer's
tax due and total. When Jimmy
transactions listed on a different
finished, he clicked outside the
15
contents ^
HOWTO - LIBREOFFICE
sheet. When he had to create a

collection notice for a customer, he
felt like he was wasting his time
just retyping information that
already existed. After a little
homework, Jimmy discovered that
he could insert the data from the
existing spreadsheet into the
document using OLE linking.
Insert> Object > OLE Object
once again brought up the Insert
OLE Object dialog. Instead of
selecting the object type, this time
Jimmy clicked Create from file.
Clicking on the Search button,
Jimmy browsed to the location of
the spreadsheet containing his
customers' records. Selecting the
file, he clicked the Open button.
Back in the Insert OLE Object
dialog, he selected Link to file to
create a link between the two
documents. If he had not selected selected sheet showed in the

Link to file, the sheet would have document without tabs or
been embedded instead of linked. row/column headers.
More on the difference in a
moment.
THE D IFFERENCE B ETWEEN
Just like before, Jimmy got a
mini Calc spreadsheet inserted into
his document. However, this one
was linked to the original
spreadsheet document. On the
tabs for the different sheets, he
clicked the customer which he was
creating the document for. Just
like before, he had the full use of
the Calc menus and toolbars as
though he was editing the object
directly in Calc. Once he clicked
out of the linked sheet, the
LINKING AND EMBEDDING
When Jimmy selected Link to

file, he created a link between the
spreadsheet file and the object in
his Writer document. If he had not
selected Link to file, the
spreadsheet would have been
embedded instead. When Jimmy
linked the two, he created a very
powerful tool for himself. Any
changes he makes to the original
spreadsheet will automatically
update in the Writer document.
Likewise, any changes he makes to
the object in the Writer document
will update in the original
spreadsheet. The link created a
two-way connection between the
two documents. He could edit the
sheet only in one document at a
time. If he opened one document
and the other was already open,
the spreadsheet opened as readonly copy in the second document.
However, if he had only embedded
the sheet into the Writer
16
document, no connection is
created. Changes to one document
would not affect the other. When
using OLE, it is important to decide
which method is going to best suit
your purposes. For Jimmy, linking
was the best choice.
LINKING O NLY A PART OF A

SHEET WITH DDE
As time passed on, Jimmy hired
an accountant to keep his books.
At the end of every month, Jimmy
asked for the business financial
status, and the accountant would
send him a balance spreadsheet.
Jimmy plowed through the long
sheet for a few months before
deciding it was too much.
Just give me a summary, he
told the accountant.
The accountant began copying

the summary section of the sheet
and sending it to Jimmy, but now,
Jimmy was asking for the summary
two or three times a week.
The accountant needed an
easier way; so, he did some
studying and discovered Dynamic
Data Exchange (DDE). DDE was the
predecessor to OLE, but it had one
contents ^
HOWTO - LIBREOFFICE
feature he liked. He wanted the
ability to give Jimmy a document
that would automatically update,
but a document Jimmy could not
edit. DDE creates a one-way link
from the original to the linked
document. Formatting and cell
styling do not transfer. The table
looked like a plain Writer table.
Jimmy could edit the cells, but
when he reopened the document,
any changes were replaced with
the data in the original.
To create the DDE link, the

accountant copied the cells he
needed from the original
document. In the new document,
he selected Edit > Paste Special. In
the Paste Special dialog, the
accountant chose the DDE Link
option and clicked OK. The data

was inserted into the document in
a plain, unformatted table.
Once the accountant created
the document, he no longer had to
worry about it. Jimmy could open
the document at any time, and the
table would update with the latest
data in the spreadsheet. Anytime
Jimmy asked him for a summary of
the business financial status, the
accountant just sent him a link to
the document containing the DDE
link.
As his needs became more

complex, he switched to linking to
his customer spreadsheet using
OLE linking. When Jimmy hired an
accountant, the accountant grew
tired of providing Jimmy with
updates on the business financial
status; so, he used the old DDE
method to create a link to the
document that Jimmy could not
change. OLE and DDE allowed
Jimmy and his accountant to
embed and link data to their
documents and automate some of
their work.
Jimmy started out with a simple

need: to insert a sheet into his
document. He was able to
accomplish this by embedding a
sheet in his document using OLE.
Elmer Perry's history of working,
and programming, computers

involves an Apple ][E, adding some
Amiga, a generous helping of DOS
and Windows, a dash of Unix, and
blend well with Linux and Ubuntu.
He blogs at
http://eeperry.wordpress.com
17
contents ^
H OW-TO
Written by Gergo Bogdan
ast time, we covered the

installation of node.js and we
implemented a basic random
number generator which we used
for generating lotto numbers.
In this part, I thought it would
be good to see how linux
commands, like yes, word count, or
cat, can be implemented in
JavaScript using node.js. In this
part I will cover the yes command
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_
(Unix)). First lets see the code
(right) and I will explain the details
afterwards.
Prog ra m m i n g J a va Scri pt - Pa rt 4
CUSTOM_TEXT. The
DEFAULT_TEXT is used to write out
the y character and a newline. The
CUSTOM_TEXT will contain the
text which the user wants to
repeat.
Then, I define three functions

(printUsage, writeDefaultText,
writeCustomText), their names are
self-explanatory, but their content
might need some attention. In
node, using the process.sdtout
object means that we can access
any outgoing stream and we can
write to it. For example, if you
want to add the output of the yes
The first line of the file is simple command to a file using this
command: ./yes.js >>
and, if you have ever written a
bash script, you know what is it for; resultTextFile.txt, then this should
it gives a hint to the command line work without any problem.
what app to use for executing the
The most important part comes
script. In this case, I wrote to use
now; in the application, I subscribe
node from /usr/bin.
to the signal SIGINT (which is
usually triggered on all operating
After that, I have a description
systems when the user presses
of the app and what it should do,
CTRL+C keys) using the
the description is taken from the
process.on(...) function. When the
man page of the command.
signal is sent, I clear the repetition
setup of the functions
I defined two constants,
writeDefaultText() and
DEFAULT_TEXT and
#!/usr/bin/env node
/*
This small node.js app should do exactly what the yes linux
command does. Quote from man yes: Repeatedly output a line
with all specified STRING(s), or `y'.
*/
var DEFAULT_TEXT = "y\n";
var CUSTOM_TEXT = "";
var printUsage = function() {
process.stdout.write("yes [custom text]");
};
var writeDefaultText = function() {
process.stdout.write(DEFAULT_TEXT);
};
var writerCustomText = function() {
process.stdout.write(CUSTOM_TEXT);
};
//handler for CTRL + C
process.on("SIGINT", function() {
clearInterval(writeDefaultText);
clearInterval(writerCustomText);
process.exit(0);
});
if(process.argv.length == 2) {
setInterval(writeDefaultText, 2);
}
else if(process.argv.length == 3) {
CUSTOM_TEXT = process.argv[2];
if(CUSTOM_TEXT[CUSTOM_TEXT.length - 1] != "\n") {
CUSTOM_TEXT += "\n";
}
setInterval(writerCustomText, 2);
}
else {
printUsage();
}
18
contents ^
HOWTO - JAVASCRIPT
writeCustomText(). I know we have

not set up the repetition of these
yet, but it will come shortly. I set
up the repetition of a method
(either writeDefaultText() or
writeCustomText()) using the
setInterval(...) function. With the
repeated execution of
writeCustomText() or
writeDefaultText() methods, I
manage to repeat the same output
many times.
Next, I check if the process was
started with or without
parameters. If it was started
without parameters
(process.argv.length == 2)**, it
means that I need to set the
writeDefaultText() method to be
repeated until the user sends a
SIGINT signal and the application
will stop. The repetition is set up
using the code:
setInterval(writeDefaultText, 2).
The setInterval() function takes
two parameters; the first one is
the method which needs to be
executed and the second is the
interval when that method
(parameter #1 ) needs to be run.
The second parameter needs to be
a number and it represents
milliseconds; in this case the
writeDefaultText() will be invoked
every two milliseconds.
In case the program was started

with three parameters
(process.argv.length == 3)**, it
means that the user passed in a
custom text which he/she wants to
be repeated, so, I set the
writeCustomText() method to be
executed every two milliseconds,
but before that I do an extra check
and see if the text provided by the
user has a newline at the end or
not. If it does not have a newline
character, then I will add the
newline character.
to take into account the number of

parameters passed to the program.
In the next part, I will implement
word count (wc) using node.js. Till
then try to do another
implementation of the yes
command, or any other linux
command, and please send it to
me, I will put it in the next article
and highlight pros and cons of the
implementation.
** According to the node

documentation
In case the number of process
(https://nodejs.org/api/process.ht
arguments is not two or three, I
ml#process_process_argv) the first
invoke the printUsage() method
which prints to the user how to use item in argv array is the word
node, the second is the name of
the program.
the JavaScript file which is
You could ask why did I set the executed.
interval to two milliseconds and
not to one. The answer is simple, if
I set the interval to one
millisecond, then the app will not
be able to receive the SIGINT event
when the user presses CTRL+C
keys.
This is just one implementation
of the yes command; there are
other ways to do it, but I've chosen
to do it this way because I could
use signals and intervals, plus had
Gergo Bogdan is a software
engineer, blogger, tech enthusiast

from Budapest who is riding the
waves of the constantly changing IT
ocean. You can check his website at:
http://grelution.com.
19
contents ^
20
contents ^
H OW-TO
I n k s ca p e - P a r t 3 9
Written by Mark Crutch
ast time I introduced the Align

and Distribute dialog, but went
only as far as describing the Align
part. This time I'll continue not
only onto the Distribute section,
but down through the remaining
sections of the dialog as well. Let's
start with a reminder of what the
dialog looks like, noting that
there's been a little rearrangement
of the buttons between 0.48 and
0.91 , and the ones outlined in red
are new to 0.91 .
Much like the Align section, the

Distribute part of the dialog is split
into two rows of buttons,
governing horizontal and vertical
distribution, respectively. Using
these, you can distribute a number
of objects so that they're spaced
evenly along the horizontal axis or
the vertical axis. If you want to
distribute along both axes to
create a staircase effect you'll
need to press a button from each
row in turn.
As you might expect, the
objects to be distributed are the
ones that are selected on the
canvas. Selection order doesn't
matter, and you can't choose the
anchor objects: everything is
calculated implicitly from the
positions of the elements. When
distributing horizontally, for
example, the objects furthest to
the left and right will be left in
place, with all the others being
distributed between them. For
vertical distribution, the rules are
the same, except with the highest
and lowest (by y coordinates)
being left in place.
What this means, in practice, is

that you need to get your first and
last objects into the right place
before trying to use these buttons.
Often that involves snapping to
the grid, or aligning to another
object as described last time. Only
once those are in the right
locations should you select all the
objects you want to distribute
including the first and last ones
and then click on one of the
buttons.
The space between baseline

anchors of text objects is evenly
distributed
That last one probably needs a

little more explanation. Much like
the text alignment buttons
mentioned in the previous
instalment, these two text
distribution buttons work only
with a selection of text objects.
When you edit text in Inkscape,
you may notice a small square
below the text you enter. This is
The difference between each of the baseline anchor, and its
the buttons is quite well
position varies depending on the
represented by their icons.
text justification. These buttons
Considering each of the five
move your text objects so that the
buttons in the first row (I'm sure
baseline anchors are evenly
you can infer the equivalent
distributed. Before rushing to use
functions for the second row), the these buttons to distribute your
buttons move your selected
text, however, do consider
objects so that:
whether that's really what you
The left edges of their bounding want: usually the previous button
boxes are evenly distributed
(even spaces between objects)
The centers of their bounding
gives a better result.
boxes are evenly distributed
The right edges of their
Often you'll find that the
bounding boxes are evenly
difference between distribution
distributed
options is negligible, especially
The space between each
when the objects are all similarly
bounding box is evenly distributed sized. When you start to distribute
21
contents ^
HOWTO - INKSCAPE
differently sized elements,

however, the differences can be
significant, as you can see from the
image shown below.
Continuing downwards, the
layout of the dialog diverges
between versions 0.48 and 0.91 .
For the latter, the next section of
the dialog is labelled as
Rearrange, and consists of six
icons of varying provenance:
Arrange Connector Network:
Moved from the Connector

network layout section in 0.48
Exchange positions, selection
order: New to 0.91
Exchange positions, stacking
order: New to 0.91
Exchange positions, clockwise
rotate: New to 0.91
Randomise centers: Moved from
the Distribute section in 0.48
Unclump objects: Moved from
the Distribute section in 0.48
The first of these works only if

your selected objects form a
network that was created with the
Connector tool (see part 27 of this
series for more details). It's just a
duplicate of the same button in the
Connector tool controls except
that this one offers fewer settings.
My advice is to use the dedicated
connector toolbar if you need this
functionality, but really you're
better off using a different
application altogether for anything
more than a trivial connector
layout.
Have you ever wanted to swap
the positions of two objects? To
move the left one to the right, and
the right one to the left, for
example? In that case the three
new buttons in 0.91 are for you.
With two objects selected, their
positions will be swapped, but if
you have more than two things
selected then the first moves to
the position of the second, the
second to the third, the third to
the fourth, and so on. The last
moves to the position of the first.
But what determines which

object is first, second or third?
That's simply down to which
button you click. The first button
bases it on which order the objects
22
were selected in so it's best to

hold shift and click on each one
individually to ensure you know
the selection order. The second
button uses the stacking order, or
z-index, of the selected objects.
The one on top is moved to the
position of the one beneath it.
That moves to the position of the
one beneath that, and so on down
the stack. The bottom object is
moved to the position of the
topmost item. Note, however, that
it's just the positions that are
changed, not the z-indexes, so the
stacking order remains the same.
The final button swaps the
positions of the selected objects in
a clockwise direction, based on
the x and y coordinates of each
object.
Whilst these buttons are a
welcome addition, I hope that their
functionality will be expanded
further in a future release. There's
no option to reverse the order, for
example. If you want to rotate 1 00
objects one step anti-clockwise
you currently have to do it by
clicking the clockwise button 99
times!
The Randomise centers
button does exactly as its name
suggests. Click it and your selected
contents ^
HOWTO - INKSCAPE
objects are randomly moved

around. This may be useful if
you've used the Spray tool or Tiled
Clones dialog to create a lot of
objects that you then want to
randomly distribute but the same
effect can often be better
achieved by using the Randomise
fields in the Tiled Clones dialog, or
with the Tweak tool (see part 22).
and vertical directions, whilst

clicking the button at the right will
actually perform the operation.
You can use the H and V
parameters to push your objects
further apart by setting them to
values greater than 0 (in pixels).
You can also enter negative values,
but doing so won't pull your
objects closer together: because
this is the minimum spacing, it
The final button in this section simply means that already
is described as Unclump objects. overlapping objects can continue
In practice, it moves your objects a to overlap to some degree. Do
little in order to more evenly space note that the calculations are
the edge-to-edge distances. You
based on the rectangular bounding
can apply it repeatedly, but it will
boxes, though, so if you're working
eventually reach equilibrium. It can with objects such as circles you can
be useful for neatly arranging
sometimes find that their
objects in two dimensions think
movements aren't what you
of it as a 2D equivalent to the
expected. Take a look at the
equidistant spacing buttons in
bounding boxes to see what really
the Distribute section. Be careful if happened.
your objects overlap too much, as
it can tend to pull them all
If you look again at the
together into a single pile rather
screenshot of this dialog, you
than separating them out the
might be forgiven for thinking that
exact opposite of unclumping in I've covered all of it, but that's only
my book!
because you've been misled by a
slight oddity in this dialog. On first
In fact, separating objects out is opening it, there's a section at the
really the job of the last section in bottom labelled Nodes, with four
this dialog: Remove overlaps. The
additional buttons as seen in last
spinboxes allow you to specify the month's screenshot. As you start to
minimum distance between
select objects, however, that
bounding boxes in both horizontal section disappears from sight. In
practice, it's still available, but only

when you switch to the Node tool
in the main toolbar. On doing so,
the dialog changes completely to
just show this:
Clicking both of the alignment

buttons in succession is a quick
way to collapse all the nodes down
to a single point, and can be
particularly useful for ensuring
that nodes from different paths
are co-located, such as when trying
to fake the appearance of a
connection between more than
two paths at a single point.
Unfortunately all the selected
nodes move, with no option to use
one as an anchor point, so, whilst
it's a quick way to co-locate them,
To use this mode, you must first it's not so useful if you need them
select some nodes using the Node at a specific position. It's also
tool. You can even select nodes
important to note that this is just a
from multiple different paths, if
visual effect there's no native
you wish. Clicking on the first
support for co-located nodes in
button will align the nodes along a SVG so you have to take care to
single horizontal line that lies
select all the relevant nodes if you
halfway between the top and
need to move them later.
bottom of the nodes' bounding
box . The second button does the
same trick along the vertical axis.
There's no option to align to the
top, bottom, left or right of the
box, nor to the first node selected.
If you need a specific alignment
then the best approach is to set a
guide at the right place, align
horizontally or vertically, then drag
the still selected nodes to the
guide, preferably with snapping
enabled.
23
contents ^
HOWTO - INKSCAPE
The last two buttons in Node
mode distribute the selected
nodes evenly. Like the equivalent
tool for objects, they are
distributed between the nodes
that are positioned furthest to the
left and right (or top and bottom
for vertical distribution).
That concludes our tour of the
Align and Distribute dialog. It may
not offer all the options of a fullyfledged CAD application, but once
you get used to the features it
does have, it can quickly become
an invaluable addition to your
toolbox. If you want to produce
good looking diagrams with evenly
spaced, neatly-aligned content, it's
well worth spending a little time
becoming familiar with its
capabilities.
P YTHON SPECIAL EDITIONS:
http://fullcirclemagazine.org/issue-py01 / http://fullcirclemagazine.org/issue-py02/
http://fullcirclemagazine.org/pythonspecial-edition-issue-three/
http://fullcirclemagazine.org/pythonspecial-edition-volume-four/
http://fullcirclemagazine.org/pythonspecial-edition-volume-five/
http://fullcirclemagazine.org/pythonspecial-edition-volume-six/
Mark uses Inkscape to create three

webcomics, 'The Greys', 'Monsters,
Inked' and 'Elvie', which can all be
found at
http://www.peppertop.com/
24
contents ^
H OW-TO
Au tom a ti c Ch i cken Feed er
Written by Ronnie Tucker
starts.
ast month I discussed the
background and gave the
UTFT
layout for my Arduino powered
myGLCD(QD_TFT180A,11,10,9,12,
8);
automatic chicken feeder. This
month well discuss the code that it
This line is for the TFT screen I
runs.
used. The command myGLCD()
contains the setup info for my
G RAB THE CODE
particular screen. QD_TFT1 80A is
the type of screen I used, and the
You should first grab my code
numbers 1 1 , 1 0, 9, 1 2 and 8 are the
from:
https://gist.github.com/ronnietuck pins I used for the screen.
er/a68b26ff53b71 64b7775
We then have some setup for
the various values that I need later.
THE CODE
Lines 8 to 61 are all procedures

for the DHT1 1 (temperature)
sensor. Im not even going to
pretend I know the ins and outs of
them, but I know they are used in
converting the DHT1 1 values to
human readable temperature
values.
Lines 62 to 68 are all includes
for the various libraries required.
Each line has a comment which
says what that library is used for.
Line 81 is where the good stuff
SETUP()
Alarm.alarmRepeat(9,00,0,RTCA
larm);
Alarm.alarmRepeat(11,00,0,RTC
Alarm);
procedure. This will print the time

of the next alarm to the serial.
These were used prior to the
screen being fitted.
The Alarm.alarmRepeat
commands are daily. So, in the case
above, the alarm will go at 9am
and 1 1 am precisely every day. The
9,00,0 refers to hour, minutes and
seconds. RTCAlarm is the
procedure to jump to when the
alarm time is reached. Well discuss
that later.
Lines 1 31 to 1 48 are where we

begin printing the DHT1 1
temperature data to the serial too.
Again, prior to the screen.
In my code, I have several daily

alarms.
myGLCD.printNumI((float)DHT11
.temperature,1,1);
Line 1 50 is the beginning of the

LCD screen outputs.
myGLCD.setColor(0, 255, 255);
myGLCD.print("'C",35, 1);
Now that Ive told the Arduino

myGLCD.printNumI((float)DHT11
.humidity,90,1);
when I want alarms, I set up the
servo and set the pin modes for my myGLCD.print("%",130, 1);
manual button and my green LED
setSyncProvider(RTC.get);
(which will illuminate when a feed
The code above is setting the
is
in
progress).
colour
to yellow, printing the
This is to grab the time from the
temperature, printing C, printing
RTC (Real Time Clock). The RTC has
the humidity and, finally, a
a battery on board so it keeps the LOOP()
percentage (%) symbol. The two
time even when the Arduino (and
First in the loop, we jump to the numbers at the end of each line
RTC board) is powered down. After
are where that text should be
that comes an if statement to see digitalClickDisplay() procedure
which will show the current time to printed with 1 ,1 being the very top
if the grab was successful.
left of the screen (in pixels).
the serial window. Next, we jump
to the digitalTriggerDisplay()
After some myGLCD commands
(that weve used before), we have:
25
contents ^
HOWTO - ARDUINO
Lines 1 58 to 1 64 are the same

idea with white text, but for the
light level from the LDR.
myGLCD.printNumI(hour()+1,1,
45);
myGLCD.print(":",33, 45);
myGLCD.printNumI(minute(),45,
45);
myGLCD.printNumI(second(),95,
45);
These lines (above) are printing

the time to the screen. The reason
for the +1 is for daylight savings
here in the UK.
myGLCD.printNumI(hour(Alarm.g
etNextTrigger())+1,1, 65);
myGLCD.printNumI(minute(Alarm
.getNextTrigger()),45, 65);
myGLCD.printNumI(second(Alarm
.getNextTrigger()),95, 65);
The lines above are for setting

an orangey colour then printing
the next alarm (again, +1 hr).
Lines 1 86 to 21 9 are
commented out and were used
when I originally used a small font. return to turn off the LED.
I kept this chunk of code in there in
case the big font didnt work out
Line 238 is the dispense()
and I had to revert back.
procedure. This is the main crux of
the machine. It dispenses the grain
button=digitalRead(4);
for the chickens.
Now we check to see if the
button has been pressed for a
manual feed.
if (button==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(greenLED,
HIGH);
// GREEN LED ON
Serial.println("Button
pressed");
dispense(opened,closed);
digitalWrite(greenLED,
LOW);
// GREEN LED OFF
}
If the button is pressed (it goes

HIGH) then we light the green LED,
print a confirmation to the serial,
jump to a procedure called
dispense(), then turn the LED off.
Lastly, we have a one-second
delay.
Jumping down to line 279 we
see the RTCAlarm() procedure. In
here we do a confirmation print to
the serial, light the LED, jump to
the dispense() procedure, and
myServo.write(opened);
Its a bit botched, but to write

further code would have taken me
over the limit for the Nano I used.
For sheer amusement, have a
look through the eight revisions on
my GitHub Gist page and youll see
it evolve through time.
myGLCD.print("FEEDING",CENTER
, 110);
delay(2000);
myServo.write(closed);
myGLCD.fillRect(0,109,160,128
);
Here we turn the servo forward

(opened was defined at the start
of the code and is the angle the
servo is to turn to). Next, we set
the LCD colour to red, print
FEEDING to the screen, wait two
seconds (the length of time for just
enough grain), turn the servo back
(closed was also declared at the
start), set the LCD colour to black,
and draw a rectangle to erase the
FEEDING text.
Its definitely the most difficult
code Ive worked on and its not
perfect. More work could have
been done in displaying the time.
26
Ronnie is the founder and (still!)
editor of Full Circle. He's a part-time

arts and crafts sort of guy, and now
an Arduino tinkerer.
contents ^
CH RO M E CU LT
G o o g le D o c s
Written by S. J. Webb
utilize Google Sheets and

Google Slides on a less frequent
basis. I use these two programs to
share my ideas or quick data
results with my fellow staff
members. I typically share these
files instead of emailing. My work
uses the Google Ecosphere which
maximizes my use to Google's
products.
You start Google Sheets and

Slides in the same manner as
Google Docs.
Google Sheets is a very simple
program. It does not drown you in
menu overload. It allows for simple
calculations and charts. You can
filter out data sets. You can enter
cell formulations. It does a
wonderful job of opening Excel or
LibreOffice spreadsheets. I hit a

snag where some specialized
graphs created using R are not
visible. You can save it to the
formats shown below.
One gripe is that it does not do

more of the complex graph styles
such as 3D or Animated. You can
add in various apps or extensions
to increase your Sheets
productivity. However be wary of
which apps or extensions you are
adding to the Chrome OS.
The Google Slides like Sheets
and Doc is an intuitive menu.
There are various themes within
Slides.
These themes transition well to
27
contents ^
HOWTO - CHROME CULT
LibreOffice and Powerpoint. If you

ever created a presentation, then
Sheets is easy to learn. You can do
simple animated transitions from
slide to slide. Inserting charts and
pictures is easy. I do not have any
gripes about Slides.
Like Google Docs, the files for

Sheets and Slides are saved
automatically to Google Drive. You
then save it to your desired format.
The file will show up in your
Chrome Browser's Downloads
folder just like Google Docs.
The Google Docs, Sheets, and

Slides are strong online
productivity programs. At this
time, LibreOffice is not available as
an online Cloud service. However
Microsoft has online versions of
Word, Excel and Powerpoint. If a
person knows the limitations to
Google's programs, they can be
quite successful in developing
quality products for their career. A
college friend is successfully using
his Chromebook for presentations
and papers for his classes. A few of
28
my summer interns at my research

lab are using the Google Docs and
Sheets successfully in large groups
for editing.
SJ Webb is a Linux Hobbyist and
Research Coordinator. He enjoys

fishing, hot rodding, and spending
time with his kids and wife. He
thanks Mike Ferarri for his
mentorship.
contents ^
H OW-TO
Wri te For Fu ll Ci rcle M a g a zi n e
G UIDELINES
he single rule for an article is

that it must somehow be
document.
REVIEWS
Images should be JPG, no wider

than 800 pixels, and use low
compression.
G AMES/APPLICATIONS
linked to Ubuntu or one of the

many derivatives of Ubuntu
(Kubuntu, Xubuntu, Lubuntu, etc). Do not use tables or any type of
bold or italic formatting.
RULES
There is no word limit for articles,

but be advised that long articles
may be split across several issues.
For advice, please refer to the
Official Full Circle Style Guide :
http://url.fullcirclemagazine.org/7
5d471
Write your article in whichever
software you choose, I would
recommend LibreOffice, but most
importantly - PLEASE SPELL AND
GRAMMAR CHECK IT!
In your article, please indicate

where you would like a particular
image to be placed by indicating
the image name in a new
paragraph or by embedding the
image in the ODT (Open Office)
If you are writing a review,

please follow these guidelines :
When you are ready to submit
your article please email it to:
articles@fullcirclemagazine.org
TRANSLATIONS
If you would like to translate
Full Circle into your native
language please send an email to
ronnie@fullcirclemagazine.org and
we will either put you in touch with
an existing team, or give you
access to the raw text to translate
from. With a completed PDF, you
will be able to upload your file to
the main Full Circle site.
When reviewing games/applications please state clearly:
title of the game

who makes the game
is it free, or a paid download?
where to get it from (give download/homepage URL)
is it Linux native, or did you use Wine?
your marks out of five
a summary with positive and negative points
H ARDWARE
When reviewing hardware please state clearly:
make and model of the hardware

what category would you put this hardware into?
any glitches that you may have had while using the hardware?
easy to get the hardware working in Linux?
did you have to use Windows drivers?
marks out of five
a summary with positive and negative points
You don't need to be an expert to write an

article - write about the games, applications
and hardware that you use every day.
29
contents ^
https://spideroak.com
30
Get 25% off any SpiderOak package

with the code: FullcirclemagFans
contents ^
L I N U X L AB
Cu s t o m i z i n g G R U B 2
Written by Charles McColm
One of the things Ive always

loved about Linux is the fact you
can customize the heck out of it
without buying third-party addons. The first interface hack that
put a big smile on my face was
when I hacked my Mythbox
(MythTV) so the LILO boot loader
displayed a Simpsons TV show
background and the OS choice text
on top - it was one of those
moments that reminded me of the
awesome ANSI BBS art days.
I got all excited about
customizing LILO (LInux LOader)
further, and then along came
GRUB (GRand Unified Bootloader).
When GRUB first came out, I found
myself scratching my head
wondering why fix something that
seemed way better than the
solution? Im sure more than a few
of us have questioned several
choices made in the open source
movement, but those choices are
what make the movement so
great.
GRUB2, the version included on

most recent *buntu distributions.
Specifically, Ill be using GRUB
version 2.02~beta2-22ubuntu1 on
Lubuntu 1 4.04. To see what version
of GRUB2 youre running type:
grub-install -V or grubinstall --version
If Ubuntu is your only OS

installed, GRUB2 will not display
the GRUB menu, it will just load
Ubuntu. To display the GRUB
menu, hold down SHIFT before
Ubuntu starts to boot. A default

GRUB2 menu is very plain-looking
with Ubuntu, Advanced options for
loading Ubuntu and a couple of
Memory Test (memtest86+)
options. If youve never tested
your RAM before, or are having
some glitchy OS issues, this is a
great tool for testing RAM.
If you press e while the reverse
video is over an option, you can
edit that option. Just pressing e
and modifying GRUB boot options

saves the edit only for the current
boot - but this is still useful.
Editing how Ubuntu boots can be a
lifesaver, I learned this the hard
way when I installed Ubuntu server
on a 1 U server and a 24 LCD.
When I went to boot the server on
a 1 7 LCD it just kept going out of
range. Holding down SHIFT to
display the GRUB menu then e
editing the options you can set the
gfxmode option to 800x600:
# gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
gfxmode 800x600
Once the system booted I was

able to edit the /etc/default/grub
file and include:
GRUB_GRFXMODE=800x600
GRUB wont update until you

run: update-grub. After running
update-grub, the change should be
permanent. Just pressing e and
modifying GRUB boot options
saves the edit only for the current
session.
GRUB has evolved and the cool

factor is definitely back. For
reference, Im actually referring to
The /etc/default/grub file is

31
contents ^
LINUX LAB
where you make all your GRUB2

changes, including adding a
background image. To keep from
infringing on copyright in FCM, Ive
chosen a picture I took from the
back of a television we were trying
to troubleshoot. Busy pictures
tend not to be great backgrounds
so Ive blurred the photo a bit. I
called the photo circuit.png, and
saved it as a PNG image. You can
save photographs as JPEG, but if
you do, youre limited to 8-bit and
256 colors. Saving in PNG enables
the full range of 24/32bit color. To
use the circuit.png photo I
modified /etc/default/grub to
include:
cool circuit image was in the

background, but because of the
light text it looked washed out.
The black Ubuntu text on the
grey bar doesnt look bad, but I
think we can do much better. But
before we address the look of my
theme, I want to touch on another
annoyance, the blank screen
before the Ubuntu splash screen.
Those of you with really fast
machines may not notice, but if
youre working with a slower
machine, it can be a few seconds
before theres any sign of Ubuntu
actually loading - to the unknowing

eye it can look like Ubuntu just
crashed to a blank screen. Ive
always liked seeing whats actually
loading. Long ago all the Linux
distributions displayed what was
loading during boot, but in the
interest of not scaring away
people from Linux, many
distributions opted to blank the
screen until their fancy splash
screen loaded. To get Ubuntu to
display whats loading during the
boot process, remove the word
quiet from the line that reads
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=
GRUB_BACKGROUND=/home/charle
s/Pictures/circuit.png
I had to run update-grub to

make the change. When I ran
update-grub, there was a message
about GRUB_TIMEOUT=1 0 being
incompatible when
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 was
set, so I also commented out:
quiet splash in the

/etc/default/grub file and dont
forget to update-grub.
Now back to addressing our
GRUB2 theme problem. The grey
text doesnt show very well on
light colors. When I first set out to
change the light text, my research
led me to believe it would be a
pretty easy task to accomplish by
simply creating a theme file and
making some font color
adjustments to my theme file.
Several hours later (in fact a whole
other day working several hours
into the night), I still didnt have
the results I wanted. Fonts I
created using the grub-mkfont
tool were not showing correctly,
everything was spaced badly, and
the complimentary colors I chose
(complementary to green) were
not looking so hot. A little more
digging and I figured out how to
just adjust the menu text, in the
file /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme.
You have to find the text:
if [ -z "${2}" ] && [ -z
"${3}" ]; then
#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
Then I reran update-grub and

rebooted. Sure enough the GRUB2
menu came up without pressing
SHIFT (for 1 0 seconds), and my
echo "
true"
fi
I comment out echo true and

32
contents ^
LINUX LAB
added:
echo "
set
color_highlight=white/lightblue"
echo "
set
color_normal=blue/black"
Unfortunately, youre limited to

1 6 colors. The article that finally
helped me change only the menu
colour was on The Geek Stuff:
http://www.thegeekstuff.com/201
2/1 0/grub-splash-image/
The resulting Grub menu ended
up looking like the screenshot
shown below.
well set up a directory to hold our

theme:
cd /boot/grub
sudo mkdir -p themes/circuit
sudo touch
themes/circuit/themes.txt
The -p switch for mkdir creates

the parent directory if it doesnt
exist. On the test machine I was
working on, there was no themes
directory. The mkdir -p
themes/circuit command created
both the themes and circuit sub-
directory all in one shot. The touch

command created a blank file
called themes.txt in
/boot/grub/themes/circuit. Now
we have to tell GRUB2 to load the
themes file, we do this in
/etc/default/grub by adding:
desktop-image:
/home/charles/Pictures/circu
it.jpg
GRUB_THEME=/boot/grub/themes
/circuit/theme.txt
width = 85%
Heres what I added to my

theme.txt file:
title-font: Ubuntu Bold 18
title-color: EE00BB
+boot_menu {
left = 10%
top = 15%
height = 75%
item_font = Ubuntu Regular
12
item_color = #631C53
selected_item_color =
#EAA6DB
}
Because 05_debian_theme is a
GRUB2 script, I had to run updategrub for the results to take effect.
The result wasnt much better than
the original theme because of the
limited color choice and the busy
background (plain color
background works much better).
I mentioned a theme file earlier.
It turned out that creating a theme
was a lot more complicated than it
first looked, and that it was more
about graphic elements than text
elements.
Before we create the theme
33
The first line title-font: Ubuntu

Bold 1 8 defines the font to use
for the GRUB2 title element.
Unfortunately, defining which font
to use in the menu is not as simple
as picking a font Ubuntu can
normally display; fonts have to be
converted to .pf2 format and
placed either in your theme folder
or the provided /boot/grub/fonts
folder, then symbolically linked to
your theme folder (the
recommended way to do it since
you can reuse the font). Notice
from the example above that I use
Ubuntu Bold 1 8 (Ubuntu-B.ttf) and
Ubuntu Regular 1 2 (Ubuntu-R.ttf).
To create the .pf2 files, I first
contents ^
LINUX LAB
located the fonts responsible for

Ubuntu Bold and Ubuntu Regular
in /usr/share/fonts (theyre
actually in
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ubuntufont-family, but youll want to
know about /usr/share/fonts so
you can convert other font
families). Then I copied the two
files to my theme directory.
cd
/usr/share/fonts/truetype/ubu
ntu-font/family
sudo cp Ubuntu-B.ttf UbuntuR.ttf
/boot/grub/themes/circuit
was about to give up, but then

found the problem, the fonts were
not showing because the
GRUB_GFXMODE was set in
/etc/default/grub to 640x480.
Once I set this higher, and ran
update-grub, the fonts took effect.
You can specify a resolution and a
fallback resolution like so:
GRUB_GFXMODE=1024x768x32,640x
480
With this adjustment (dont

forget to update-grub), GRUB2
changes to 1 024x768 with 32-bit
colors. If 1 024x768 is unavailable,

it goes back to the standard
640x480. Now the fonts displayed
as they should. See image below.
A theming thread on Ubuntu

Forums:
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthr
ead.php?t=1 82391 5
Again the menu doesnt look

great, but at least now the Ubuntu
fonts worked. I mentioned earlier
that there was a lot more to
theming than changing the font
size and style and the background
image. There are several good
resources that cover GRUB2
theming. If youre comfortable
with MVC and image editing, these
resources will be a good help:
Rosa desktop GRUB2 theming

page:
http://wiki.rosalab.ru/en/index.php
/Grub2_theme_tutorial
Then I ran the grub-mkfont tool

with the following options:
sudo grub-mkfont --verbose -range=0x0-0x7F --size=18 -output=/boot/grub/themes/circ
uit/Ubuntu-Bold-18.pf2
Ubuntu-B.ttf
sudo grub-mkfont --verbose -range=0x0-0x7F --size=12 -output=/boot/grub/themes/circ
uit/Ubuntu-Regular-18.pf2
Ubuntu-R.ttf
This created the font files in my

theme directory in the preferred
format. However, when I rebooted,
I discovered the font files were not
appearing as they should. I scoured
Google some more but no luck. I
Ramkis java blog GRUB2 page:

http://www.ramkitech.com/201 2/0
1 /grub2-and-themescustomization.html
Ramkis java blog and the Rosa
desktop GRUB2 theming page go
more into creating the graphical
elements that youll need to create
complex but very cool-looking
GRUB2 themes. Its also worth
mentioning the 2008 GRUB Google
Summer of Code page:
http://grub.gibibit.com/.
Unfortunately, all the themes are
obsolete, but it might help further
understanding of how to theme
GRUB2 graphically.
I hope Ive provided some light
on theming GRUB2, and shown
some of the frustrations that
someone new to theming GRUB2
can run into. In the end, I managed
to get around some of the
34
contents ^
LINUX LAB
problems using some GIMP

trickery. I modified my original
circuit.png using the select tool to
select an area where the bootloader menu text would be
displayed. I checked off the
selection tool rounded corners
option and chose 25 pixels. Then I
dumped a black to dark-gray
gradient in the selected area. I also
set the item_color = #FFFFFF
(white) in my
/boot/grub/theme/circuit/theme.t
xt file for better visibility. I also
adjusted the spacing by adding

item_height=20 and
item_spacing=1 0 to the same
theme file. This hack led to a
GRUB2 menu (shown below) that
was a slight improvement in
readability.
Just after finishing this article, I
found one more great GRUB2
resource on the Ubuntu web site
located here:
https://help.ubuntu.com/communi
ty/Grub2/Displays. This resource is
a bit more complete and up-todate for current versions of

Ubuntu.
Charles is the author of Instant
XBMC, and the project manager of a

not-for-profit computer reuse
project. When not building PCs,
removing malware, and encouraging
people to use GNU/Linux, Charles
has a blog at charlesmccolm.com.
35
contents ^
U B U N TU P H O N E S
B RIEF LIST OF CHANGES IN

STABLE' S OTA-4 (J UNE).
ear in mind that there are

many more changes in the
update because of the baseline
switch from 1 4.09 to Vivid [1 5.04].
This is also the reason why this
changelog has much less detailed
information than the previous
ones.
Most important changes:
- Change of the base distribution

from 1 4.09 to Vivid:
- This also means differences in the
tool chain and libraries
- For easy comparison: 1 4.09 was
based on a pre-Utopic system
- Further improvements to location
accuracy
- MMS group-chat support
- Oxide 1 .7.8 with multiple fixes
and improvements
- Welcome wizard code now in
Unity8, different tutorial design
- Ubuntu UI Toolkit 1 .2:
- New ListItem with fancy features
- New UbuntuShape rendering
properties
- New header design
- Qt 5.4
- New monochromatic indicator

icon design
- Scope tagging to be used by the
scopes aggregator
- Importing SIM contacts
- Full fix for reboot loops caused by
segfaults in log.c code
- Multiple common crash fixes
- Most up-to-date core-applications
(dialer, web-browser, messaging,
address-book)
E XPECTED CHANGES FOR

OTA-5 (J ULY)
General improvements:
- Refreshed icons throughout

including apps and indicator icons
- Shell rotation
- Additional keyboard layouts
added for Romanian, Scottish,
Gaelic, Greek, Norwegian,
Ukrainian, Slovak, Icelandic
Scopes
- Keyword tagging support added

to News, Photos and Today
minutes after an app is purchased)

- Edit app ratings
Browser improvements
- Bookmark folders
- Keyboard shortcuts
Other
- Improvements to Call forwarding

UI (in System settings > Phone)
- WPA Enterprise support added to
System settings and networking
- MX4 LED pulses when there is a
notification
- In-line contact editing in Dialer
and Messaging apps
- Group MMS support in Dialer and
Messaging apps
- GPS location tagging added to
Camera
- SDK has added the ability to allow
apps to keep the display on (e.g for
games developers that need to
avoid the screen timeout)
- More than 50 other issues
resolved
Store improvements
- Refunds (The Store will now let

users 'cancel' a purchase up to 1 5
36
M EIZU LAUNCHES THE MX4

U BUNTU EDITION IN EUROPE
martphone manufacturer
Meizu, in partnership with
Canonical, announces the launch of
the MX4 Ubuntu Edition in Europe
to smartphone enthusiasts. This
follows the recent device launch in
China specifically aimed at
developers [..]. The Meizu MX4
Ubuntu Edition will be available to
buy as of 25th of June across
Europe, priced at 299.00 Euros.
The devices are accessible via
Meizus website:
http://www.meizu.com/en/ubuntu
/index.html.
The Meizu MX4 Ubuntu Edition
will be available in silver and gold
colours. This sleek device has 1 6GB
internal memory, and features an
astounding 20.7 megapixel rearfacing camera with autofocus and
dual LED flash, plus a 2 megapixel
front-facing camera. It also
features a large 5.36 Sharp
premium retina screen with
scratch-resistant Corning
Gorilla Glass 3.
contents ^
R E VI E W
M e i z u M X4 U b u n t u E d i t i o n
he BQ Aquaris E4.5 has the

honour of being the worlds
first ever Ubuntu phone. Theyve
now followed that up with the E5.
The Meizu MX4 has the honour of
currently being the world's most
powerful Ubuntu phone.
There is no point in comparing
the MX4 with the E4.5 as they are
two completely different beasts.
What Ill be concentrating on here
is the hardware, and how Ubuntu
runs on it. Ill link to several
YouTube videos that Ive since
made showing how to use Ubuntu,
and the applications it runs.
Its display is the most striking

thing about it when you first turn it
on. There are only a couple of
millimeters (at most) between the
screen and the metallic edge. Its a
5.36 inch Sharp/JDI screen with
over 2,000 brightness levels, and
protected by Gorilla Glass 3. The
resolution is 1 920 x 1 1 52 pixels.
The rear camera is where I have

an issue with Meizu. They state on
their site that its a 20.7 megapixel
(MP) camera. All the photos Ive
taken show as being 1 4.7MP. From
what Ive seen around Launchpad,
it seems that the problem may be
the camera app within Ubuntu
Touch. The sensor is a Sony IMX220
SPECIFICS
Exmor RS. It has a 300-degree
The MX4 is a powerful beast. It panoramic view which I noticed
immediately as any items close to
has a true eight-core CPU
you look quite distant on screen.
(MediaTek 6596, Meizu
The camera is capable of 30 photos
customized) with 2.2GHz x 4 and
per second, and is also protected
1 .7GHz x 4 (all eight cores can be
by Gorilla Glass 3. The front camera
turned on simultaneously), a
PowerVR G6200 GPU (again, Meizu is a similar model, but is 2MP and
customized), 2GB LPDDR3 RAM (at apparently has (and I quote from
933MHz), and dual ISP chips with 4- Meizu) FotoNation smart selfie
channel processing. It has 1 6GB of enhancement (whatever that
might be!). The camera is placed in
storage for your files.
37
contents ^
REVIEW - MEIZU MX4 UBUNTU PHONE

the center and about three
quarters of an inch down on the
back of the phone. Below the lens
are the dual-colour flashes.
The MX4 does all the usual

wireless stuff that youd expect
such as WiFi (dual-band), Bluetooth
(v4), and GPS. It has sensors for
light, gravity, hall effect, IR
proximity, gyroscope and ambient
light, and a digital compass.
let you insert your SIM card.

I created a YouTube video
showing what you see on first use
of an MX4:
first, but it becomes second nature

in no time. Some scopes are good
and helpful, but some are really
just downloading a list of images
with links which open in the
browser, so theyre pretty
pointless, I think.
contacts, browser, calculator,

gallery, music, media, email, and
social media apps. Theres also the
Ubuntu Store for adding/removing
apps and scopes.
Be aware that some apps are

quite basic. The camera app
Transferring files via USB is
springs to mind. It has only the
done using MTP since almost all
most basic of options. The gallery
devices nowadays dont mount as a app has basic cropping and
USB device. I had problems with
rotation of photos. The Gmail app
this in KDE Plasma 5 (works fine in is really just the mobile web pages,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v Plasma 4), and other users have
For audio files, it can accept
but it does work and give
=XCQKZlwWve8
had no problems with it in other
FLAC, APE, AAC, MKA, OGG, and
notifications. The unofficial
desktops.
(of course) MP3. For video; MP4,
dropbox app (udropcabin) lets you
3GP, MOV, MKV, AVI, FLV and
upload/download files, but has no
U
BUNTU TOUCH
To see how to use Ubuntu
MPEG. Images; JPG, PNG, GIF and
way of sharing files.
Touch
on
a
phone,
I
made
a
video:
BMP.
The phone I received came with
These quirks arent the end of
Ubuntu 1 5.04 r0 installed on it.
All of the above is powered by a This was upgraded to r1 (on first
the world, but just something to
Sony/Samsung 31 00mAh battery.
be aware of.
boot) and a further upgrade (to r2)
has since been released as I write
The top edge of the phone has this. By the time you read this, I
To show that there are Ubuntu
the power button and the
apps for Android appsI use, I
expect there will have been
headphone jack. Bottom edge has another update. At the moment,
created a video showing some:
the speaker, microphone, and the
the Ubuntu Touch OS is using a
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
USB (and charging) port. The left
similar codebase to desktop
=fUGHhGWDNB0
edge has the volume buttons,
Ubuntu, but this is set to change
while the right edge has no
soon with Touch using the new
functions. On the front are the
Snappy base.
APPS
speaker (top middle) front camera
(top right) and a home button
Needless to say, Ubuntu is as
Everything works out of the
(bottom middle). The back has a
smooth as silk on the MX4. Getting box. Ubuntu Touch comes with the
nice bluish tint to the brushed
used to scopes can be tricky at
usual phone, SMS messaging,
metal cover. This is removable to
=1 bDHf9wJGM8
38
contents ^
REVIEW - MEIZU MX4 UBUNTU PHONE

notification circle which cant be
CONCLUSION
turned off), and the icons are set
This is a beautiful phone. I was
immediately impressed with the
screen when I turned the phone on
for the very first time, and, for the
amount of power in there, its a
surprisingly light device.
There isnt a huge amount of
customization over Ubuntu itself
though. You can add wallpapers,
but its only seen on the lock
screen (and covered by the
and cannot be replaced with your

favourite icon pack.
some apps dont release their hold

on it when you start up another
GPS compatible app. Ive also yet
to see a notification LED.
Having said all those good

things about it, there are some
things you should be aware of.
Since Ubuntu Touch, like its
desktop counterpart, is constantly
under construction, you should
expect to find things that may, or
may not, work at times. As I write
this, Ive been having some quirks
with the GPS where it seems that
Im sure any and all problems

will be ironed out over time. But Id
be neglecting my duties if I didnt
warn you about these things
before you spend your money on
this. While Canonical is, as of
writing, throwing out updates
almost monthly, that will soon
change to updates being released
every six weeks.
HTTP ://WWW.MEIZU.COM /EN /UBUNTU/FEATURES .HTML
39
In short: as long as you dont

mind being on the bleeding edge
of Ubuntu Touch, you will
absolutely love this phone.

contents ^
R E VI E W
BQ Aq u a ri s E5 H D
Written by Benoit Benedetti
panish BQ manufacturer, which

has been the first to offer a
mobile phone that supports
Ubuntu Touch natively, the Aquaris
4.5 (A4.5), continues its
collaboration with Canonical and
offers us the Aquaris 5 HD (A5HD),
available for sale since late June.
Like its elder, the A5HD is a
deviceinitially available in
Androidthat BQ ported to
Ubuntu Touch.
In this review, I will present my
impressions of using this new
device that BQ France kindly made
available to me, and compare it to
the A4.5 that I bought right when
it was released.
This device is a slight material
upgrade. Here is a list of its
specifications:
5-inch Capacitive IPS multi-touch
HD display with a resolution of 720
x 1 280 pixels, 294 hdpi, Dragontrail
Protection Glass
CPU: MediaTek quad-core Cortex
A7 CPU at 1 .3 GHz
GPU: Mali 400-MP2 up to 500
MHz
1 GB of RAM
1 6GB eMMC storage

Expandable memory Via microSD
card (up to 32 GB)
Rear camera: 1 3 Mp(f/2.2) BSI
sensor with autofocus and Dual
flash
Front camera: 5 Mp (f/2.0)
Full HD video recording (1 080p)
Dual-sim
3G: 3G + (HSPA+/UMTS/GSM)
Bands supported: GSM (850, 900,
1 800 and 1 900) and UMTS (900,
21 00)
Connectivity: BlueTooth 4.0, GPS,
Wi-Fi 802.1 1 b/g/n, micro-USB, jack
3.5mm
Lipo 2500 mAh battery
Weight: 0.1 340
Dimensions: 71 x 1 42 x 8,65 mm.
We can see that the A5HD
shares some specifications with
A4.5, which is not necessarily to
delight us: cpu and gpu are the
same, same RAM, only wifi b/g/n,
no 4G or NFC, and always
restricted to Europe
markettherefore no support for
US LTE Bands.
In terms of improvement, there
is an internal memory that goes
40
contents ^
REVIEW - BQ AQUARIS E5 HD
from 8 to 1 6GB, and a more
powerful battery. I'm not addicted
to my smartphone, and with my
A4.5, I have an autonomy of about
24H; with the A5HD I can stand 48
hours before needing to recharge.
While remaining as thin as the
A4.5, the A5HD becomes a bit
wider and longer, allowing it to
offer a 5'' screen.
It is this larger screen, HD in

addition, that really makes this
model interesting. The resolution
is much higher and makes it more
pleasant to use, whether to read
the displayed information, videos
or photos. This device holds
another upgrade compared to
A4.5, the rear camera (based on
specifications, it does not seem to
me that the front camera had an
upgrade, and to be honest, it is
only now as I write the article that I
realize I have not tested the front
camera before returning the
A5HD: sorry not to be addicted to
selfies!). The camera is more
pleasant to use than its
predecessor. It is more responsive,
with better focus, better
resolution, and an HDR mode that I
found most effective.
Nevertheless, the A5HD remains a
mid-range device, and do not
expect to make beautiful pictures
(or videos, for which I have not

noticed real improvements
compared to A4.5) out of it, the
results are still noisy and
predominantly white, particularly
in HDR mode.
- only Wifi b/g/n
The Aquaris 5, 4G, or 6 would

have been a better new flagship
device running Ubuntu Touch from
BQ, but I can live without 4G, fast
WiFi, NFC, and be content with a
It does not bother me; the
mid-range camera. The screen of
camera phone helps me out when the A5HD is really its strong selling
needed, this is not the first use I
point, and I would see myself
make of my phone, especially if I
trying it if I did not already own an
turned to Ubuntu Touch. It's not
A4.5. If you have not yet taken the
for the hardware performance, but step of Ubuntu Touch, the little
rather for its OS, on which you
extra price difference for a better
already read descriptions and rave screen should convince you to try
reviews in these columns. I tested this OS that gets better gradually.
both the A5HD and A4.5 under
Ubuntu 1 5.04/release 23, and I did
not notice any differences in terms
of performance in navigation, the
use of scopes, etc surely due to
the fact that both devices ship
with the same CPU and GPU.
PROS:
+ better battery life

+ better video
+ better camera
+ HD display
CONS:
- no 4G
- photos/video noisy, especially in
low light
- no NFC
Left: BQ E5. Right: BQ E4.5
41
contents ^
B O O K R E VI E W
Written by Mark Crutch
the way, it visits shell scripts, file

systems, processes and networking
although each stop on the
journey is but a brief one.
H o w L i n u x W o r k s (2 n d E d i t i o n )
The sort that will sit on a shelf until

you find yourself faced with an odd
question about how your machine
boots, how to configure systemd,
or what the hell PAM is. If nothing
You won't find much in-depth
else it will provide you with
coverage here, but rather a broad enough basic details of a topic to
collection of topics that are briefly make your online searches more
introduced. To that end, the author productive.
does a great job of including
suggestions for other books and
Despite its title, this book
resources that cover each element doesn't really tell you much about
in more detail. For example,
how Linux, the kernel, really works.
although SSH gets a mention, the
You won't find a discussion of
four pages dedicated to it aren't
different scheduling algorithms,
enough to talk about using keyand kernel structures really get
based authentication rather that
mentioned only when they relate
Publisher: No Starch Press
passwords, nor any details about
to user-space tasks. At a higher
Author: Brian Ward
how to forward ports over an SSH level, if you want to know about
Pages: 392, B&W
connection. Instead, there is a
how all the files on your Linux box
ISBN: 978-1 -59327-567-9
short overview of the client and
fit together, and the contribution
http://nostarch.com/howlinuxwork server configuration, together with each one makes to your system,
s2
suggestions of a pair of dedicated you'd be better off setting up a
SSH books, and another on
Linux From Scratch system on a
ow in its second edition,
cryptographic algorithms. In this
virtual machine although this
How Linux Works is a useful way, How Linux Works manages book would probably be a useful
reference for any would-be system to cover a lot of ground without
companion to the official LFS
administrator, or even just a
getting caught up in the minutiae
documentation.
technically curious user. It's a
of every single command.
whistle-stop tour of a typical Linux
Similarly, a competent system
system from booting up right
This is a book for people who
administrator with a few years
through to a graphical desktop. On don't know what they don't know. experience of Linux, isn't likely to
42
find much in this book that will

surprise him/her although there's
enough detail that you're bound to
learn a few things along the way.
But if your admin skills are new, or
you feel there are some gaps in
your knowledge, this book could
easily help to fill those holes. Even
for a user on a home machine, if
you're interested in learning about
the nuts and bolts of your
operating system, this book would
be a good starting point.
My one complaint about How
Linux Works is that too much
space is wasted on unnecessary
detail space that could have been
better used to provide more
information elsewhere. Nobody
picking up this tome is likely to
need an introduction to the shell
right down to the level of the cd
and mv commands, whilst at the
other end of the spectrum (and the
book), there are two whole
chapters dedicated to
development tools and installing
from source. The content here is
not only less relevant in a world of
unofficial repositories and
development PPAs, but
contents ^
BOOK REVIEW - HOW LINUX WORKS

concentrates on how to locally
resolve the sort of build and
compilation issues that should
probably be raised with the
upstream developers anyway.
Meanwhile, a subject such as
printing gets just over a page in
the book, and the Apache web
server warrants a single mention in
a final chapter that just reels off
different ways in which you can
use a Linux box.
Despite this minor complaint,
there's still plenty of information
to be gleaned from this book and
I'd definitely recommend it to
would-be administrators, or just
the technically curious. With
references and suggested reading
dotted liberally around, this could
be the book to start you
descending into a rabbit hole of
information if you're so inclined.
But even if you choose not to
follow up on any of the topics in
more detail, this is a handy
guidebook to the extensive
collection of bits that make up a
Linux box these days.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 : The Big Picture
Chapter 2: Basic Commands and Directory Hierarchy
Chapter 3: Devices
Chapter 4: Disks and Filesystems
Chapter 5: Linux Booting: Boot Loaders and Kernel
Chapter 6: How User Space Starts
Chapter 7: System Configuration: Logging, System Time, Batch Jobs, and Users
Chapter 8: A Closer Look at Processes and Resource Utilization
Chapter 9: Understanding Your Network and Its Configuration
Chapter 1 0: Network Applications and Services
Chapter 1 1 : Introduction to Shell Scripts
Chapter 1 2: Moving Files Across the Network
Chapter 1 3: User Environments
Chapter 1 4: A Brief Survey of the Linux Desktop
Chapter 1 5: Development Tools
Chapter 1 6: Compiling Software from Source Code
Chapter 1 7: Building on the Basics
Mark uses Inkscape to create three

webcomics, 'The Greys', 'Monsters,
Inked' and 'Elvie', which can all be
found at
http://www.peppertop.com/
43
contents ^
44
contents ^
MY STO RY
M y Swi tch To U bu n tu Stu d i o
Written by Roland Hunt
n my last article, I talked about

my full-time switch to Linux, and,
after trying various distributions
including Ubuntu Studio 1 5.04, my
reasons for choosing Kubuntu
1 5.04. In this article, I'll go into the
details of changes in my Linux
distribution of choice.
you do a full install.

I've got a 1 TB HDD in my laptop
and with a full install of Ubuntu
Studio (all the different Ubuntu
Studio categories installed), a full
LibreOffice install, and the About
Me settings applet installed, I've
still got 921 .9GB of free space for
documents, applications and video
or audio content.
work. Also, as I went for all the

categories that are available on
install, I've covered all bases for it
with the full LibreOffice installed.
The one thing that's really

starting to grow on me with the
XFCE Desktop Environment is how
much more customizable it is
compared to KDE or Unity, as Ive
After having annoying screen
created a Mac OS X style dock out
glitching, I decided to switch back
of the hidden panel at the bottom
to Ubuntu Studio 1 5.04. With
I've had my Toshiba Laptop
of the Ubuntu Studio desktop, and
Ubuntu Studio, using the XFCE
since 201 0, and in that time it's had added shortcuts to LibreOffice
Desktop Environment, I've got a
a RAM upgrade to 4GB, an intel
Writer and LibreOffice Calc to it.
glitch-free screen on both the
WiFi card installed, and a battery
I've also replaced the standard
laptops internal screen and
replacement.
XFCE Menu in the top panel with a
external monitor.
Whisker Menu, and kept the
Replacing
the
laptop
with
a
Ubuntu Studio icon, as well as
As I'm trying to get into
better one is currently not an
replaced the workspace switcher
YouTube content production, the
option as I'm in-between jobs at
with my local weather and created
lightweight desktop you get with
the minute, and since I'm also
a new panel on the right side for
XFCE, along with a low latency
trying
to
post
regular
videos
to
my
the workspace switcher.
kernel, coupled with having all of
YouTube channel it makes sense
the packages required for video
to use Ubuntu Studio as that is one
My only slight problem: the
production, audio production,
of the target markets for Ubuntu
sensitivity of my touchpad is high
graphic design, photography and
Studio.
I
would
also
like
to
do
DVD
even though I've got it turned all
publishing, along with having the
the way down meaning that its
ability to install LibreOffice, games Authoring, or some other type of
publishing which would also
hard to actually type on my
and any other Linux application,
make Ubuntu Studio ideal, apart
laptops keyboard which is kind of
makes Ubuntu Studio an ideal
from
being
able
to
install
games
annoying, but I'll keep having a go
distribution, even if you're not into
at fixing the problem it doesn't
any of the groups that install when that can distract you from your
45
affect me that much because it's

rare that I use my laptops built-in
keyboard and mouse. If I ever need
to use the built-in keyboard, I can
just use a wireless mouse and
switch the Touchpad off either
until I get the problem sorted or
permanently.
I'm not going to let one little
problem like this spoil what is an
amazing OS, with a very
customizable Desktop
Environment, and that's both
lightweight on resources and has
made the battery feel like new
(even though it's not charging up
to its full capacity any more). But
since I mainly use the laptop as a
desktop, and its connected to the
mains when in use or with the
charger close by, then battery life
doesn't really matter all that much
to me.
Ubuntu Studio has definitely
breathed some much needed life
back into my ageing laptop.
contents ^
LE T TE RS
VERACRYPT U PDATE
hank you for your article on

VeraCrypt.
By the way, VeraCrypt comes

with a proper man page, unlike
TrueCrypt.
VeraCrypt is available on a PPA,

so installing on Ubuntu or any
Debian system is a breeze. Add the
repository to your repositories,
update, and install VeraCrypt.
goo.gl/FRTMl
twitter.com/#!/fullcirclemag
linkedin.com/company/fullcircle-magazine
ubuntuforums.org/forum
display.php?f=270
U BUNTU AFTER I NSTALL
've been reading your magazine

for some time now, and find that
it keeps adding to my Ubuntu
knowledge. After a recent 1 5.04
install, I was working through
sudo add-apt-repository
ppa:unit193/encryption
setting it up and came across this
great little piece of software that I
sudo apt update
think deserves a bit of promotion:
sudo apt install veracrypt
Ubuntu After Install
(https://www.thefanclub.co.za/ho
Second :
w-to/ubuntu-after-install). It
VeraCrypt has a facility to
worked flawlessly on my 64-bit
convert TrueCrypt volumes (but
install, even though it's still in
not, sadly, partitions) to VeraCrypt. beta. It loads a whole bunch of
Obviously, you want to back up
essential PPAs, then installs the
your volume before doing so in
software. You get to select what
case something goes wrong (e.g. a you don't want, but their choices
power failure), but you would be
are pretty much what you would
recommended to use the
want anyway.
VeraCrypt format rather than
TrueCrypt specifically because the
Guy Chilvers
former is more secure.
Join us on:
facebook.com/fullcircle
magazine
Paddy Landau
There were two important

omissions from your article.
First:
If you would like to submit a letter for publication, compliment

or complaint, please email it to: letters@fullcirclemagazine.org .
PLEASE NOTE: some letters may be edited for space.
FCM#1 00
SURVEY
The question is:
What are your most

loved/hated flavors and
releases?
Take the quick survey and we'll
publish the results in
FCM#1 00.
http://goo.gl/DPt2q0
FULL CIRCLE N EEDS YOU !

Without reader input
Full Circle would be an
empty PDF file (which I don't
think many people would find
particularly interesting). We
are always looking for articles,
reviews, anything! Even small
things like letters and desktop
screens help fill the magazine.
See the article Writing for Full
Circle in this issue to read our
basic guidelines.
Have a look at the last page of
any issue to get the details of
where to send your
contributions.
46
contents ^
47
contents ^
Q &A
If you have a Linux question, email it to: misc@fullcirclemagazine.org , and

Gord will answer them in a future issue. Please include as much
information as you can about your query.
Compiled by Gord Campbell
What is this Snappy thing I'm

Q hearing
about?
A nice writeup is here:

http://goo.gl/r7TU3b
(That points to
pcworld.com/article/2942267/whyubuntu-plans-to-replacetraditional-linux-packages-withsomething-better.html)
wish to upgrade my Xubuntu

Q 1I 2.04
to Xubuntu 1 4.04. When
I run the update manager, and hit
the upgrade to 1 4.04 button, a
window pops up and says:
"Welcome to Ubuntu 1 4.04 'Trusty
Tahr"
I don't want Ubuntu 1 4.04, I
want only Xubuntu 1 4.04
Go ahead, you will get

Xubuntu 1 4.04. There are
several places where Xubuntu is
identified as "Ubuntu," (eg. grub)
and this is one of them.
I have a bunch of files in my

Q Downloads
folder with no
extension. How can I determine

what type of file they are?
Use these two commands:
cd Downloads
file *
a 1 TB hard drive to
Q myI added
computer, but it does not
show up in the file manager.
You might need to install

Gparted. Then run this
command:
sudo gparted
system was running when

Q theMy power
went off. Now it
won't boot! It displays these error
messages:
error : unknown filesystem.
Entering rescue mode...
(Thanks to oldfred in the

Ubuntu Forums) Boot from a
LiveCD or flash drive and run this
command:
sudo e2fsck -f -y -v
/dev/sda1
partition from Ubuntu, and save a

copy of my files. However, I get a
long error message which includes
this: "The NTFS partition is in an
unsafe state."
(Thanks to
grahammechanical in the
Ubuntu Forums) The solution is
spelled out in this article:
http://goo.gl/dGjL4L
(It's at
webupd8.org/201 5/06/workaroun
ds-for-not-being-able-tomount.html)
I'm having video playback

Q problems
I am having trouble assigning
on a low-powered
Q
a static IP address to my
system with Intel graphics.
Ubuntu Server, which is connected

In the top-right is a drop-down
See this thread in the Ubuntu to my router by an Ethernet cable.
box to select a specific drive.
Forums: http://goo.gl/3TzD9y
Select your new drive. Then create
(Thanks to Chili555 in the
one or more partitions, and format
Ubuntu Forums) Edit (sudo
On my Acer Aspire One, it didn't
the partitions. The new partition(s) work a miracle, but it appeared to nano) /etc/network/interfaces as
should appear in your file manager. help.
follows:
This process is actually a little
bit simpler than the similar process
under Windows.
I'm dual-booting with

Q Windows
8, and Windows
suffered a catastrophic failure. I

thought I could just click on the
48
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.25
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
contents ^
Q&A
dns-nameservers 80.58.61.250
80.58.61.254
Then restart the interface:

sudo ifdown eth0 && sudo ifup
-v eth0
To check it:
ifconfig
ping -c3 www.ubuntu.com
You will probably choose a

different address and
nameservers.
TOP QUESTIONS AT
ASKUBUNTU
* How do I increase the number of
lines shown on the Ubuntu
terminal window?
http://goo.gl/bA9XFB
* Keep /home directory when
installing Ubuntu 1 4.04
http://goo.gl/hBcFaL
* What kind of scheduling

algorithms are used in 1 5.04? Is it
possible to change it?
http://goo.gl/ftMp2G
* How to get date and time using
command line interface?
http://goo.gl/iF1 ft1
* How can I reliably check which is
the last time an Ubuntu machine
has been connected to the
internet?
http://goo.gl/q4U4xX
* How can I turn photos of paper
documents into a scanned
document?
http://goo.gl/7cLJKV
TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

A nostalgic time-sink
ssue 1 00 of Full Circle Magazine

is coming up, which put me in a
nostalgic mood. I'm sure I'm not
the only person here who grew up
in an IBM mainframe environment.
For those of us who are long in
the tooth, April 7, 1 964 was "the
day the world changed." Fortune
Magazine called it "The $5 Billion
Gamble," as IBM announced
System /360, which was supposed

to combine scientific and
commercial computing in a single
box. (IBM's annual revenue at that
time was about $5 billion, which
made it by far the largest
computing company.)
A few months later, I joined
IBM, and a year later was assigned
to help a customer use the initial
release of OS/360. That was a
horror show, but it got better. By
release 1 6 it was quite solid.
* How to wipe a hard disk

completely so that no data
recovery tools can retrieve
anything?
http://goo.gl/T0nC40
* What happens if you Trash the
Trash?
http://goo.gl/eRoMJE
* Why does apt-get not require

restarts, where the update
manager does?
http://goo.gl/T47YAe
49
contents ^
Q&A
It turns out that you can

emulate that environment right on
your own PC. The solution is in two
parts. First, you need Hercules.
"Hercules is an open source
software implementation of the
mainframe System/370 and
ESA/390 architectures, in addition
to the new 64-bit z/Architecture.
Hercules runs under Linux,
Windows (98, NT, 2000, and XP),
Solaris, FreeBSD, and Mac OS X
(1 0.3 and later)."
to set up online applications, or

DB2.
It's tempting. COBOL was the
first programming language which
I felt I mastered. However, it's
irrelevant to my life today,
supporting users in an Active
Directory environment. If I had a
lot of time on my hands, I could
certainly consume all of it, playing
with my personal mainframe.
Then you need an operating

system. There are several choices,
older IBM operating systems
including OS/360, DOS/360,
DOS/VS, MVS 3.8, VM/370 and
TSS/370, which are widely believed
to be either public domain or
"copyrighted software provided
without charge." The most popular
is probably MVS (Multiple Virtual
Storage,) which was an
improvement over MVT,
(Multiprogramming with a Variable
number of Tasks). A lot of my early
career was spent on MVT.
It's all available online for free.
The operating systems include
language compilers such as
COBOL, but not CICS (Customer
Information Control System),
which was the most efficient way
Gord had a long career in the
computer industry, then retired for

several years. More recently, he
somehow found himself "The IT Guy"
at a 1 5-person accounting firm in
downtown Toronto.
50
contents ^
S e c u ri t y
I n sta lli n g TAI LS to U SB
irst things first: what is Tails.

Well, Tails (or TAILS) stands for
The Amnesic Incognito Live
System. Or, as they say on the site:
Tails is a live operating system,
that you can start on almost any
computer from a DVD, USB stick,
or SD card. It aims at preserving
your privacy and anonymity.
In short: Tails will boot from
DVD/USB; while youre online, itll
keep you as anonymous as
possible, and, on exit, leave no
trace of what you were doing.
Thankfully, though, you can
save data to an encrypted
persistent volume on a USB stick.
B URNING B EFORE
I NSTALLING
Before you can put Tails on a
USB, you need to have Tails up and
running. This means, in my case
anyway, burning it to a bootable
DVD.
Head over to
https://tails.boum.org/, download
the latest ISO image, and burn it to

In your live boot, go to
a blank DVD.
Applications > Tails > Tails Installer.
Once you have Tails on a
bootable DVD, you can pop it into
your machine and boot from it.
On booting, youll be asked if
you require more options (tick
NO), choose your language at the
bottom of the screen, and click
Login.
Now youre in Tails. You can, of
course, just play around in here
doing whatever you want. But
youve nowhere to save any files
to. Which is fine if youre just
browsing, or checking email. To
save files, well need that
persistent volume, and we can get
that only by using this live boot to
install Tails to a USB stick.
From the window that opens,

choose Clone & Install.
TAILS TO USB
Pop a USB stick into your
machine. For a persistent volume,
with Tails, youll need a stick larger
than 4GB. Im using an 8GB stick in
this example.
If you have more than one USB

device in your machine, this is
where you choose which device to
install Tails to.
51
Click Install Tails and wait for a

few minutes while your USB stick is
partitioned, formatted, and has
Tails copied to it.
Once thats done, click OK.
You now have a bootable USB
contents ^
SECURITY
with Tails.
Use the power button icon at

the top right of the screen to shut
down (or reboot) Tails, but be sure
to remove the DVD first we want
to boot from the USB this time.
I N THE USB
So, were back to the More
Options window again. This time I
need to choose YES as my WiFi is
not detected by most Linux distros
and I need to run a SUDO
command to activate it.
By default you cannot run

admin/sudo commands in Tails as
this would compromise your
security. Choosing YES lets you
choose an admin password.
And, yes, you can even
camouflage it as Windows 8 with a
Windows background and Windows
start button.
Enter a password you want to
use for admin commands in this
boot, and click Login.
So, I ran my SUDO command,
got my WiFi working, and its
connected to the Internet.
onion logo.
Anything you do in your

browser from now on is done
through Tor.
PERSISTENT VOLUME
Click Create to continue.
To get a persistent volume we

need to go to Applications > Tails >
Configure persistent volume.
After a few moments, Tails will

display a system message that Tor
is ready and will display the Tor
In this window, you need to

enter a passphrase which is used
only for the persistent volume.
This is completely separate from
the admin/sudo password we used
earlier.
52
Now we come to the

Persistence Wizard which
determines what will be allowed
contents ^
SECURITY
on the persistent volume.

Choosing Personal Data means
youll have a folder to put what
you want on there. Choosing
bookmarks means anything you
bookmark will be saved and
available on next boot. Same with
all the other options in the wizard.
When youre happy with those
things, click Save.
And thats that! Reboot Tails to
have your persistent drive
available.
you save in here will be wiped on

exit. Inside the Persistent folder is
another Tor Browser folder. This
folder will NOT be wiped, and is
where you should save your files.
Saving files anywhere else is,
technically, possible, but you wont
be able to access those files in any
apps. Confusing, I know, but in
short:
/home/Tor Browser = temporary
/home/Persistent/Tor Browser =
permanent
As ever, be careful out there as

even with Tor (and the like) I
still dont trust it to be 1 00%
anonymous.
FURTHER READING :
https://tails.boum.org/doc/about/
warning/index.en.html - Tails
Warning page. PLEASE READ!
https://tails.boum.org/doc/index.e
n.html - Tails Documentation

TAILS & PERSISTENCE

On booting from the USB stick,
youll see the usual more options,
but also a new use persistence?
option. Clicking YES for that will
ask for the passphrase used when
creating the volume.
Now, finally, you have Tails with
a persistent volume. To see your
space, open the HOME folder.
Youll see folders named
Persistent and Tor Browser. This is
a bit confusing and took a bit of
Googling to find this out the Tor
Browser folder you see in /home is
only for the browser, and anything
53
contents ^
U B U N T U G AM E S
B ru ta l D o o m
rutal Doom is actually a mod

for the original Doom engine
that is now open source. It brings
to the Doom engine all the things
that take it completely over the
top. You think Im kidding? Heres
the trailer (1 8 CERT):
=oSzYliSASKc
Now update our list of sources:

sudo apt-get update
And, finally, install Zandronum:

sudo apt-get install
zandronum doomseekerzandronum
So, now that you have the

Doom engine, theres one more
ingredient: the original Doom WAD
files. The WAD files are the original
Doom levels and are not free. How
you acquire them is entirely up to
you, but once you get that
DOOM.WAD file, you should copy
it into
/home/username/.zandronum. If
the hidden .zandronum folder isnt
there (ie: you have not run
Zandronum before), then youll
need to create a new folder called
.zandronum then copy the
DOOM.WAD in there.
Now, when you start
I NSTALLING D OOM
First, we must install the open
source Doom engine. This can be
done with either GZDoom or
Zandronum. GZDoom requires the
downloading of source and
compiling, so lets just go with
Zandronum for the sake of
simplicity.
First, well add the drdteam
repo to our list:
sudo add-apt-repository 'deb
http://debian.drdteam.org/
stable multiverse'
Then add their GPG key:

wget -O http://debian.drdteam.org/drd
team.gpg | sudo apt-key add -
54
contents ^
UBUNTU GAMES
Zandronum, youll have the

original Doom!
B RUTAL D OOM
Adding Brutal Doom is easy
enough.
Head over to:
http://www.moddb.com/mods/bru
tal-doom/downloads, and click on
Brutal Doom (version 20 as I write
this). Youll get a popup window,
but wait a second/two and your
download will start.
as Brutal Doom, but choose to

download the Doom Metal
Soundtrack Mod. This time the file
is a .WAD (DoomMetalVol4.wad in
my case). Uncompress it to
.zandronum/skins too, same as the
Brutal Doom PK3 file.
Now youre ready to rock n
roll!
CONCLUSION
Brutal Doom adds so much
additional madness to Doom that

If you thought Doom couldnt
its almost like a new game. You
get any crazier? You were wrong.
can kick, punch, and shoot
So very wrong!
everything. Walk through your
mess to create bloody footprints.
With your new-found abilities, you
can now move barrels and such like
to set traps. Also, rather than just
shooting in a vertical line, you now
have to aim. Yes, you can look
around with 360 degrees of
freedom. Theres also beautiful
lighting (which you can shoot out).
While its downloading, go into

your .zandronum folder and create
a new folder called skins.
The downloaded file
(brutalv20.zip in my case) has two
files in it. Were interested only in
the .PK3 file. Unzip the PK3 file
into .zandronum/skins.
ADDITIONS
I also recommend you
download the accompanying metal
soundtrack. This is the original
Doom tracks, but completely
remade using real instruments,
and adds a lot to the excitement of
Brutal Doom. Same download page
55
contents ^
U B U N T U G AM E S
D rea m fa ll Ch a pters
Written by Oscar Rivera
he cloud-like and ethereal

turquoise Aurora Borealis are
dancing over your head, while, a
few steps behind you, there's a bed
on the snow in which a body lies
dormant. You slowly walk through
the snow and approach the bed to
find out what kind of a person
could be sleeping out here. To your
surprise, it's your own body
sleeping on the bed.
an emotionally engaging
soundtrack which, together with
the compelling voice-acting, draws
the player into its sci-fi, fantasy
dream in which every decision we
make weighs in on the balance of a
possibly catastrophic or
enlightening consequence. The
more I play the game, the more I
find that my decisions may render
either consequential repercussions
or illuminating revelations down

the line.
Dreamfall Chapters can be
bought directly from
redthreadgames for $29.99, or
better yet, for $34.99 you can get
the Dreamfall Chapters Season
Pass which not only gives you the
game as it currently stands, but it
also grants you the remaining
chapters still waiting to be

released. Dreamfall Chapters is
also available through Steam,
gog.com, and through
humblebundle, for more or less the
same price. You may be lucky and
find it on sale at any of those three
stores. I originally bought the
game through gog.com while it
contained only the first two books,
but having paid for the Dreamfall
Sounds bizarre, right? In fact,

that's the beginning of Dreamfall
Chapters, a game being described
as a story-driven adventure but
which to me seems more like a
fantasy, science fiction, interactive
movie riddled with puzzles in
which you, the player, have a direct
influence on the outcome based on
the choices you make. According to
developer and publisher, Red
Thread Games, Dreamfall Chapters
is a game about choice and
consequence, about dreams and
reality, magic and science, chaos
and order and parallel worlds,
and the people in these worlds.
This game is a true gem which I
highly recommend. Dreamfall
Chapters is visually stunning with
56
contents ^
UBUNTU GAMES
Chapters Season Pass, I am now

about to update the game to
include the third out of five books
released so far. If you buy the
Dreamfall Chapters Season Pass
through Steam, the game will be
patched by Steam as the remaining
books are released. If you buy it
through other sources, like myself,
you'll have to manually patch the
game at your own convenience.
Having found it on sale for a great
price, I opted to go through
gog.com, which is a digital game
distribution store which prides
itself on offering DRM-free
content to Windows PC, OS X and
Linux.
Book One: Reborn was released
in October 201 4, followed by Book
Two: Rebels which was released in
March 201 5, and most recently
Book Three: Realms was released
in late June 201 5. All three books
are currently available for
Windows PC, OS X and Linux. They
will also be released for PS4 in the
near future, but a date hasn't yet
been announced. The remaining
two books don't have a release
date or title announced yet, but,
judging by the rate at which the
first three were released, a
conservative forecast would have
four and five released by the end
of 201 5.
The two main characters in
Dreamfall Chapters are Zo
Castillo and Kian Alvane. However,
these characters each exist in two
completely different parallel
worlds. Zo lives in Stark, a
futuristic cyberpunk society here
on Earth around the year 2200.
Kian lives in Arcadia, a sort of
Tolkien-inspired magical fantasy
land. The game begins with Zo
being trapped in a coma and

existing in Storytime, which is
where other people addicted to
the Dreamachines are also
trapped. She sets out to help these
people wake up and eventually she
also manages to wake up. Awake,
she then has to undergo therapy to
restore her memory which she lost
when she first began using her first
Dreamachine. About the time I was
getting used to playing as Zo and
getting used to the mechanics of
57
the game, the first chapter ended

with Zo waking up from her coma.
Chapter two begins with Kian
Alvane trapped in a prison
apparently due to high treason. His
first interactions are with the
warden who is giving him the news
that he is about to be executed.
Shortly after this, a riot erupts in
the prison, and resistance fighters
manage to help Alvane escape
from prison through the use of
some dark magic as the second
contents ^
UBUNTU GAMES
chapter ends. The third chapter

shifts back to the future as Zo is
beginning her therapy to regain
her memory. Overall, the two
worlds are a refreshing contrast as
they shift back and forth from
Stark to Arcadia.
offline, some of the more

important choices you have to
make will allow you to click on a
balance which reveals the choices
other players have made. After
making your choice, the game tells
you that the balance has shifted.
The lack of a dedicated tutorial

made the first chapter a bit harder
than the rest to play, but once I
got used to the game mechanics, it
was a pleasant experience which
would in time clutch me in its orbit
as the story-line would unfold all
around me. To play as one of the
two primary characters, you move
around using the WASD keys and
the mouse. There are certain
objects and people with which you
can interact, and it's pretty easy to
distinguish these from the very
beginning. When selected, some
objects or people reveal an
interface which prompts you to
make a choice ranging from
slowing down time, or grabbing an
object, to choosing between two
or more arguments as a response
in a dialogue with another
character. Some of the puzzles I
had to solve were frustratingly
hard, and I must admit, I had to
look online for how to solve the
problem at hand. Unless you go
into Settings and select to play
PRO' S
I really liked the graphics in
Dreamfall Chapters. The characters
were near life-like and there were
certain facets of the game's
graphics which really grabbed my
attention, such as the water in
many places which looked
unmistakably real as it reflected
the environment through its
ripples. The futuristic city of Stark
was also visually pleasing to the
eye with its myriad of 3-D
holograms, robots and skyscrapers.
The soundtrack proved to be a real
strength in this game as it often
helped to set the mood and
further draw me into the
characters and the story. The
voice-acting, though not groundbreaking, is also a strength.
CON ' S
One aspect which did aggravate
me was how at times there seemed
to be too much reverb/echo as the

characters spoke. There was also
too much repetition in some of the
lines spoken by non-playablecharacters which was happening a
little too often for my taste. These
two voice-related con's make me
deduct a full star from a perfect
five star rating.
I definitely recommend
Dreamfall Chapters to anyone
looking for a good adventurepuzzle game. Though it may seem
like the game is too short, I assure
you, it isn't. So far, only three out
of five books have been released,
so by the time all five books have
been released, the game will be
just the right length, not too long,
not too short. I haven't come
across any glitches yet and I'm
about to begin the third chapter,
so that's a good sign.
My gaming box:
AMD FX-61 00 3.3GHz CPU

(overclocked to 3.5GHz)
Asus M5A97-EVO motherboard
Gigabyte Windforce GeForce GTX
960 graphics card with 346.72
proprietary driver
8GB of Kingston Hyper X RAM &
1 TB Seagate Barracuda hard drive
Ubuntu 1 4.04.2 LTS with Unity
desktop
Minimum system requirements:
Linux: Linux Mint 1 7 or Ubuntu

1 4.04
Processor: Core 2 Duo 2GHz or
equivalent
Memory: 3 GB RAM
Graphics: Intel HD Graphics 4000
Hard Drive: 5 GB available space
58
Oscar graduated from CSUN, is a
Music Director/Teacher, beta tester,

Wikipedia editor, and Ubuntu
Forums contributor. You can contact
him via: www.gplus.to/7bluehand or
email: www.7bluehand@gmail.com
contents ^
PATRO N S
PATRONS
Bill Berninghausen
Jack McMahon
Linda P
Remke Schuurmans
Norman Phillips
Tom Rausner
Charles Battersby
Tom Bell
Oscar Rivera
Alex Crabtree
John Malon
Ray Spain
Richard Underwood
Charles Anderson
Ricardo Coalla
Chris Giltnane
William von Hagen
Mark Shuttleworth
Juan Ortiz
Joe Gulizia
Kevin Raulins
Doug Bruce
Pekka Niemi
Rob Fitzgerald
Brian M Murray
Roy Milner
Brian Bogdan
Scott Mack
Dennis Mack
D ONATIONS
John Niendorf
Daniel Witzel
Douglas Brown
Donald Altman
Patrick Scango
Tony Wood
Paul Miller
Colin McCubbin
Randy Brinson
John Fromm
Graham Driver
Chris Burmajster
Steven McKee
Manuel Rey Garcia
CHA CHA CHA CHANGES

Our admin went AWOL for months, and
I had no idea if/when the site
would/wouldnt get paid. Initially the
plan was to move the site and domain
name to my hosting, but eventually I
managed to track him down and get
the FCM domain name, and site hosting
transferred to me.
The new site is now up. HUGE thanks to
Lucas Westermann (Mr. Command &
Conquer) for taking on the job of
completely rebuilding the site, and
scripts, from scratch, in his own time.
The Patreon page that Ive set up is to
help me pay the domain and hosting
fees. The yearly target was quickly
reached thanks to those listed on this
page. FCM is not going away. Dont
worry about that.
Several people have asked for a PayPal
(single donation) option, so Ive added
a button to the side of the site
A big thank you to all those whove

used Patreon and the PayPal button.
Its a big help.
https://www.patreon.com/
fullcirclemagazine
59
contents ^
H OW TO CO N TRI BU TE
Full Circle Team
FCM#1 00
FULL CIRCLE NEEDS YOU!
A magazine isn't a magazine without articles and Full Circle is no

exception. We need your opinions, desktops, stories, how-to's,
reviews, and anything else you want to tell your fellow *buntu users.
Send your articles to: articles@fullcirclemagazine.org
Deadline :
Sunday 09th Aug. 201 5.

Release :
Friday 28th Aug. 201 5.
We are always looking for new articles to include in Full Circle. For help and advice
please see the Official Full Circle Style Guide : http://url.fullcirclemagazine.org/75d471
Send your comments or Linux experiences to: letters@fullcirclemagazine.org
Hardware/software reviews should be sent to: reviews@fullcirclemagazine.org
Questions for Q&A should go to: questions@fullcirclemagazine.org
Desktop screens should be emailed to: misc@fullcirclemagazine.org
... or you can visit our site via: fullcirclemagazine.org
Editor - Ronnie Tucker

ronnie@fullcirclemagazine.org
Webmaster - Lucas Westermann
admin@fullcirclemagazine.org
Podcast - Les Pounder & Co.
podcast@fullcirclemagazine.org
Editing & Proofreading
Mike Kennedy, Gord Campbell, Robert
Orsino, Josh Hertel, Bert Jerred, Jim
Dyer and Emily Gonyer
Our thanks go to Canonical, the many
translation teams around the world
and Thorsten Wilms for the FCM logo.
Getting Full Circle Magazine:
EPUB Format - Recent editions of Full Circle have a link to the epub file on the downloads page. If you have any problems with
the epub file, you can drop an email to: mobile@fullcirclemagazine.org
Issuu - You can read Full Circle online via Issuu: http://issuu.com/fullcirclemagazine. Please share and rate FCM as it helps to
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Full Circle

THE INDEPENDENT MAGAZINE FOR THE UBUNTU LINUX COMMUNITY

ISSUE #99 - July 201 5

Fu ll Ci rcle M a g a zi n e i s n e i th e r a ffi li a te d wi th , n o r e n d o rse d b y, Ca n o n i ca l Ltd .

THE INDEPENDENT MAGAZINE FOR THE UBUNTU LINUX COMMUNITY

Install TAILS to USB

Command & Conquer

Programming JavaScript p.1 8

This magazine was created using :

WELCOME TO ANOTHER ISSUE OF FULL CIRCLE.

Full Circle Podcast

Released monthly, each episode

All the best, and keep in touch!

full circle magazine #99

What are your most

"There are a lot ofnew features

"Weve been awfully quiet lately,

full circle magazine #99

inux founder Linus Torvalds

intelligence would be equal to

Musk said creating artificial

ome of the more observant

WHY U BUNTU PLANS TO

buntus Snappy system is

they need, so they dont depend

was formed in late 201 4.

LINUX BIDS FOR UAV

LINUX KERNEL 4.2 M AY

ccording to Linus Torvalds, it

commits for Linux kernel 4.2 than

The development cycle of Linux

O PEN SOURCE H ISTORY:

f you use a free and open source

So why has BSD been consigned

think the right gear is what a new

What sets the Endless apart

f you have been keeping an eye

waiting for them to break.

I was among those who didn't

According to the current

This is old news, you say. We've

M ICROSOFT ADDS LIMITED

or years, Canonical and Ubuntu

WHAT THE U BUNTU IP

KUBUNTU ' S J ONATHAN

he announcement by the FSF

ubuntu's Jonathan Riddell

Canonical announced a couple

Kubuntu. He said on numerous

System76 stops bundling Flash

LINUX M INT 1 7.2 OFFERS

DESKTOP FAMILIARITY AND

hese days, the desktop OSes

desktop UI, and Windows 1 0 looks

version 1 today. Alongside this

AND D OCKER J OIN N EW

ubernetes, the container

forum, the CloudNative Computing

The CloudNative Computing