Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 76 views

    Processes in Organic Chemical Industries (Bulk Production) : Phthalic Anhydride

    Uploaded by

    vasucristal
    Phthalic anhydride is produced from either o-xylene or naphtalene through oxidation processes. VOC emissions from phthalic anhydride production contribute on average 0.1% to total VOC emissions in countries. Two main processes are used: fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation of o-xylene, and fixed bed and fluidized bed vapor-phase oxidation of naphtalene. Emissions occur from leakage, flaring, storage, handling and combustion, but data on the distribution of these sources is limited. Emission factors are available but need confirmation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Processes in Organic Chemical Industries (Bulk Production) : Phthalic Anhydride

    Uploaded by

    vasucristal
    76 views5 pages
    Phthalic anhydride is produced from either o-xylene or naphtalene through oxidation processes. VOC emissions from phthalic anhydride production contribute on average 0.1% to total VOC emissions in countries. Two main processes are used: fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation of o-xylene, and fixed bed and fluidized bed vapor-phase oxidation of naphtalene. Emissions occur from leakage, flaring, storage, handling and combustion, but data on the distribution of these sources is limited. Emission factors are available but need confirmation.

    Original Title

    B4519vs1.1.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Phthalic anhydride is produced from either o-xylene or naphtalene through oxidation processes. VOC emissions from phthalic anhydride production contribute on average 0.1% to total VOC emissions in countries. Two main processes are used: fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation of o-xylene, and fixed bed and fluidized bed vapor-phase oxidation of naphtalene. Emissions occur from leakage, flaring, storage, handling and combustion, but data on the distribution of these sources is limited. Emission factors are available but need confirmation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    76 views5 pages

    Processes in Organic Chemical Industries (Bulk Production) : Phthalic Anhydride

    Uploaded by

    vasucristal
    Phthalic anhydride is produced from either o-xylene or naphtalene through oxidation processes. VOC emissions from phthalic anhydride production contribute on average 0.1% to total VOC emissions in countries. Two main processes are used: fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation of o-xylene, and fixed bed and fluidized bed vapor-phase oxidation of naphtalene. Emissions occur from leakage, flaring, storage, handling and combustion, but data on the distribution of these sources is limited. Emission factors are available but need confirmation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    pr040519

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (BULK PRODUCTION)


    Activity 040519

    SNAP CODE:

    040519

    SOURCE ACTIVITY TITLE:

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES


    (BULK PRODUCTION)
    Phthalic Anhydride

    NOSE CODE:

    105.09.75

    NFR CODE:

    2B5

    ACTIVITIES INCLUDED

    Phthalic anhydride is manufactured from either o-xylene or naphtalene. Several types of


    oxidation are used to produce phthalic anhydride.

    CONTRIBUTION TO TOTAL EMISSIONS

    The NMVOC emission of phthalic anhydride plants contributes on average of about 0.1% to
    the total NMVOC emission in a country.
    Table 1: Contribution to total emissions of the CORINAIR90 inventory (28 countries)
    Source-activity

    SNAP-code

    Phthalic Anhydride
    Production

    040519

    Contribution to total emissions [%]


    SO2

    NOx

    NMVOC

    CH4

    CO

    CO2

    N2O

    NH3

    0.1

    0 = emissions are reported, but the exact value is below the rounding limit (0.1 per cent)
    - = no emissions are reported

    This activity is not believed to be a significant source of PM2.5 (as of December 2006).
    3

    GENERAL

    3.1

    Description

    Using o-xylene as feed two processes are used:


    Fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation.
    The feed is led into a multitubular reactor. This is operated at 380 - 400 C and ambient
    pressure. The catalyst used is vanadium oxide with titanium dioxide on a non-porous
    carrier.
    The o-xylene inlet concentration in the air feed is above the explosion limit of o-xylene.
    The yield is 1.09 kg phthalic anhydride per kg pure o-xylene.

    Emission Inventory Guidebook

    December, 2006

    B4519-1

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (BULK PRODUCTION)


    Activity 040519

    pr040519

    Liquid-phase oxidation.
    As solvent acetic acid is used. The operation temperature is 150 - 245 C and the catalyst
    is a mixture of cobalt, manganese and bromine salts. Under these conditions o-xylene is
    oxidated to phthalic acid. In the next step phthalic acid is dehydrated to phthalic anhydride.
    This process has as advantage high yield, but as disadvantage high capital costs.
    Using naphtalene as feed also two processes are used:
    Fixed bed vapor-phase oxidation.
    Operation conditions are the same as for the o-xylene fixed bed oxidation, except for the
    catalyst. Vanadium oxide and alkali metal on silica support is used as catalyst.
    The yield is 0.9 - 0.96 kg phthalic anhydride per kg naphtalene.
    Fluidized bed vapor-phase oxidation.
    This is a process at lower temperature: 340 - 385 C. A low activity catalyst of vanadium
    oxide on silica gel is used. The yield is lower as for the fixed bed process.
    Phthalic anhydride recovery and purification from vapor-phase oxidations.
    The reactor outlet is fed to a switch condensor. The tubes in the condensors first are cooled to
    solidify the phthalic anhydride on the outside of the tubes, then hot oil is circulated through
    the tubes. This causes the phthalic anhydride to melt and the liquid is collected in a tank.
    The purification section consists of two columns. Both are operated under vacuum. The first
    column removes the low boiling by-products (maleic, benzoic, phthalic and citraconic acid)
    and the second the high boiling products.
    Total by-product production is less than 1 wt.% of the phthalic anhydride production.
    3.2

    Definitions

    3.3

    Techniques

    See section 3.1.

    B4519-2

    December, 2006

    Emission Inventory Guidebook

    pr040519

    3.4

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (BULK PRODUCTION)


    Activity 040519

    Emissions

    The VOC emission can be subdivided as follows:


    Cause of the emission
    leakage losses from appendages, pumps, etc.
    flaring, disruptions
    losses due to storage and handling
    combustion emissions
    other process emissions
    No data are available on relative distribution of emissions from these sources.
    3.5

    Controls

    The losses due to leakage can be limited by use of certain types of seals and application of
    double seals near pumps.

    SIMPLER METHODOLOGY

    Use of an overall emission factor for the phthalic anhydride production emissions. The
    amount of emitted VOC is then directly related to the phthalic anhydride production.

    DETAILED METHODOLOGY

    A more detailed methodology is used by the United States EPA:


    Instead of one emission factor for the whole plant, emission factors for each piece of
    equipment, like valves, flanges, etc., can be used. Each type of equipment has its own
    emission factor. The total emission factor for the plant can be calculated by multiplying each
    equipment emission factor by the number of pieces of that type of equipment. So, for this
    method it is necessary to know how many pieces of each type of equipment are present in the
    plant.

    RELEVANT ACTIVITY STATISTICS

    Relevant statistics are published by the UN Statistical Office.

    POINT SOURCE CRITERIA

    SB plant can be considered as point source if individual plant data are available.

    Emission Inventory Guidebook

    December, 2006

    B4519-3

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (BULK PRODUCTION)


    Activity 040519

    pr040519

    EMISSION FACTORS, QUALITY CODES AND REFERENCES

    Table 2: Emission factors for phthalic anhydride


    Source

    factor (kg/ton)

    Quality
    Code

    o-xylene oxidation factor, EPA [1]

    1.3

    naphthalene oxidation factor, EPA [1]

    6.0

    SPECIES PROFILES

    The emitted products from the o-xylene oxidation process are: phthalic anhydride, maleic
    anhydride and benzoic acid.
    The emitted products from the naphthalene oxidation process are: phthalic anhydride, maleic
    anhydride, naphthaquinone and products from the thermal incinerator (when present).

    10

    UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATES

    At the time of publication there were not enough data to establish an uncertainty estimate.

    11

    WEAKEST ASPECTS/PRIORITY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN


    CURRENT METHODOLOGY

    Emission factors need to be confirmed or improved.

    12

    SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA FOR AREA SOURCES

    13

    TEMPORAL DISAGGREGATION CRITERIA

    The plants are operated in continuous flow, thus no variation in emissions diurnally or
    seasonally is expected to occur.

    14

    ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

    15

    SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS

    Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Volume 17, 3rd Edition (1982).

    B4519-4

    December, 2006

    Emission Inventory Guidebook

    PROCESSES IN ORGANIC CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (BULK PRODUCTION)


    Activity 040519

    pr040519

    16

    VERIFICATION PROCEDURES

    Verification of the emissions can be done by comparing with measurements in the individual
    plant or by setting up a mass balance over the entire plant.
    See Verification Chapter for further details.

    17
    1

    REFERENCES
    US EPA, AP-42.

    18

    BIBLIOGRAPHY

    19

    RELEASE VERSION, DATE AND SOURCE

    Version :

    1.1

    Date :

    October 1995

    Source :

    J.J.M. Berdowski, W.J. Jonker & J.P.J. Bloos


    TNO
    The Netherlands

    Updated with particulate matter details by:


    Mike Woodfield
    AEA Technology
    UK
    December 2006
    20

    POINT OF ENQUIRY

    Any comments on this chapter or enquiries should be directed to:


    Pieter van der Most
    HIMH-MI-Netherlands
    Inspectorate for the Environment
    Dept for Monitoring and Information Management
    PO Box 30945
    2500 GX Den Haag
    The Netherlands
    Tel: +31 70 339 4606
    Fax: +31 70 339 1988
    Email: pieter.vandermost@minvrom.nl
    Emission Inventory Guidebook

    December, 2006

    B4519-5

    You might also like