07 Aryabhatiya I (KR)
07 Aryabhatiya I (KR)
07 Aryabhatiya I (KR)
M ATHEMATICS IN I NDIA :
F ROM V EDIC PERIOD TO M ODERN TIMES
L ECTURE 7
Aryabhat
.ya of Aryabhat
.a - Part 1
K. Ramasubramanian
IIT Bombay
Outline
Aryabhat
.ya of Aryabhat
. a Part 1
I
Introduction
I Aryabhat
. a and his period
Invocatory verse
Illustrative examples
Illustrative example
Introduction
Aryabhat
. a and his period
a:ya:(
a yua:ga:pa.a:d.aH
When sixty times sixty years had elapsed, . . . then, twenty plus three
years had passed since my birth.
I
1
Aryabhat
. a was born in 476 CE.
Arya
meaning respectable has been defined as (Sabdakalpadruma):
k+.tRa:v.ya:ma.a:.ca.=;n,a k+a:mMa A:k+.tRa:v.ya:ma:na.a:.ca.=;n,a
x +.ta.a:.ca.a:=e .sa O;:va.a:yRa I+ a.ta .smxa:taH
; a.ta:; a.ta :pra.a:k
Introduction
Aryabhat
.ya, the magnum opus of Aryabhat
. a, is the earliest
clearly datable Indian astronomical treatise extant today.2
Aryabhat
.ya is made up of four parts namely:
1. Gtik
ap
ada
(in 13 verses)
2. Gan.itap
ada
(in 33 verses)
3. K
alakriy
ap
ada (in 25 verses)
4. Golap
ada
(in 50 verses)
Thus, Aryabhat
.ya just consists 121 verses, all of them
composed in
ary
a metre. (origin of the term
ary
a.s.tasat?)
The other treatises that would have prevalent during his period, are
available only in the form of an executive summary in Pa
ncasiddh
antik
a.
Introduction
here Aryabhat
. a essentially presents the values of all
parameters that would be necessary for astronomical and
planetary computations.
Gan.itap
ada This succincntly presents all the mathematical formulae and
techniques that would be employed in computing planetary
positions, which includes procedure for extracting square
roots, solving first order indeterminate equation kut..taka, etc.
K
alakriy
ap
ada This deals with procedures for computing planetary positions
as well as presents a geometrical picture implied by the
computational procedure.
Golap
ada The fourth and the final part discusses several things that
includes shape of the earth, source of light on planets,
procedure for the calculation of eclipses, the visibility of
planets, and so on..
Introduction
A note on Bh
askara the renowned commentator of Aryabhat
.ya
I
Bh
askaras commentary throws a flood of light on the work
Aryabhat
.ya, not only from the view point of
Ka.a:
+;aa:a.d:=:a:ma.a:k
R :=;sa:va:sua.=;nDrea:nd:vaH
1986123730
ya
when
3730
years
had
elapsed
.
since the beginning of the current Kaliyuga, which corresponds
to 629 CE.
A note on Gtik
ap
ada of Aryabhat
.ya
I
Gtik
ap
ada consists of 13 verses:
Verse 1
Verse 2
Verse 3-12
Verse 13
I Aryabhat
. a commences his work with the following verse wherein the
authorship as well as the place of learning is mentioned.
- -
- -
x +.tya
b.ra: :k
u Za:a.Za bua:Da Bxa:gua .=;a.va k
u +ja gua. k+ea:Na Ba:ga:Na.a:n,a na:ma:~k
A.a:yRa:Ba:f:a.~
/ / / / tva:h
/
;
a.na:ga:d: a.ta k
u +.sua:ma:pua:=e Y:Bya:
a. cRa:tMa a.a:na:m,a
b.ra:
primordial entity.
I Similarly, the word
Ba:ga:Na used here is not .+ a.Q but ya.Ea: a.ga:k i.e., it does not
refer to the number of revolutions but the group of stars.
,3
k
u +.sua:ma:pua.=
ta.a A:Bya:
a. cRa:tMa a.a:nMa ;
a.na:ga:d: a.ta O;:va:ma:nua:(rUa:ya:tea
Bhaskara
observes:
k
u +.sua:ma:pua.=;
a.na:va.a:a.sa:a.BaH
.sa:t~va.a:a.pa :pa.Ea:
a.l+Za .=:ea:ma:k va:a.sa: .sa.Ea;=e;Sua .tea:na.a:h
x +. a.ta:a.BaH
k
:pUa:aja:taH
k
u +.sua:ma:pua:=e Y:Bya:
a. cRa:ta:a.ma: a.ta
O;:k
M
d:Za Za:tMa . ca .sa:h:~:Ma tva:yua:ta:
a.na:yua:tea ta:Ta.a :pra:yua:ta:m,a
k+ea:fa:bRua:dM . ca bxa:ndM .~Ta.a:na.a:t,a .~Ta.a:nMa d:Za:gua:NMa .~ya.a:t,a
Bhaskara
after listing of names of the notational places one
(100 ) to billion (109 ) poses an interesting question and replies:
A.ea:dM :pra::v.ya:m,a
;k
E +.Sa.Ma .~Ta.a:na.a:na.Ma Za: a. H
ya:t,a O;:k
M
k
+a:ya:k+aH
;a.va:Zea:Sea::k
+.yya:Ba.a.ja:na.aH .~yuaH
The potential is that, one and the same entity (symbol for one) can
connote one, ten, hundred or thousand. Once this potential gets
established, it is easy for the traders to [conveniently] tag prices to
their commodities.
.sa:ma:.ca:tua.=;(raH
.sa:ma:.ca:tua.=;(ra:m,a
:P+lM . ca .sa:dx:Za:d
:ya:~ya .sMa:va:gRaH
I If we take this literal sense, the word varga can also mean rhombus.
The four-sided figure having this shape has certainly not gained
curreny to be described by the term samacutrasra in the world.
(=ya.a:va:taH
va:ga.Ra:k+=;Na:m,a
k+=;Na.a
I+ a.ta :pa:ya.Ra:ya.aH
x +. a.taH
k
va:gRa:Na.a
presented by Aryabhat
. a in the following verse:
Ba.a:gMa h:=e;t,a A:va:ga.Ra:t,a ;
a.na:tyMa ;a.d
:gua:Nea:na va:gRa:mUa:le+na
va:ga.Ra:d
d
e l+b.DMa .~Ta.a:na.a:nta:=e mUa:l+m,a
:geRa Zua.;
[Having subtracted the greatest possible square from the last odd
place and then having written down the square root of the number
subtracted in the line of the square root] always divide4 the even
place [standing on the right] by twice the square root. Then, having
subtracted the square [of the quotient] from the odd place [standing
on the right], set down the quotient at the next place (i.e., on the
right of the number already written in the line of the square root).
This is the square root. [Repeat the process if there are still digits on
the right].5
[tr. K. S. Shukla]
While dividing, the quotient should be taken as great, as will allow the
subtraction of its square from the next odd place.
5
Cf. GSS, ii.36; PG, rule 25-26; GT, p.9, vs.23; MSi, xv.6(c-d)-7;
Si Se, xii 5; L (ASS). p.21, rule 22; GK, I, p.7, lines 2-9.
h:=e;t,a
Ba.jea:t,a
3. He then clarifies that in the word va:ga.Ra:d:geRa the first varga refers to
an odd place. A.a ga:a.Na:tea ;a.va:Sa:mMa .~Ta.a:nMa va:gRaH
4. Then obviously avarga is even place.
:pra: a.ta:a.Sa.;d
e A:va:gRa I+ a.ta .sa:mMa .~Ta.a:na:m,a
va:gRa:Za.ea:Da:na:m,a
Illustrative Example
Aryabhat
. as algorithm for finding the square root
Example 1: Find the square root of 55225.
Starting from the units place, pairs of notational places called varga (V ), and
avarga (A), are to be marked. The digits of the given number are arranged
below them appropriately.
Subtract 22
Divide by 2.2
Subtract 32
Divide 2.23
Subtract 52
4)
V
5
4
1
1
46)
A
5
V
2
5
2
3
(3
2
2
2
9
3
3
A
2
V
5
2
0
2
2
(5
5
5
0
235
(line of square root)
Illustrative Example
Aryabhat
. as algorithm for finding the square root
Example 2: Find the square root of 2989441.
Subtract 12
Divide by 2.1
Subtract 72
Divide 2.17
Subtract 22
Divide 2.172
Subtract 92
2)
V
2
1
1
1
A
9
V
8
9
4
5
4
(7
34)
344)
A
9
V
4
8
9
9
6
3
9
8
1
(2
3
3
1
0
4
4
0
9
A
4
V
1
4
6
8
8
(9
1
1
0
1729
(line of square root)
;Ga:naH
ta:Ta.a d
.a:d:Za.a:a.(raH
.~ya.a:t,a
First Aryabhat
. a says: .sa:dx:Za.a:ya:sMa:va:gRaH ;Ga:naH product of three
equals. This definition has to do with the cubing process (purely
as an arithmetical operation), which is stripped off from the
geometry that can be associated with it.
Bhaskara
in his commentary lists synonyms of ghana as:
vxa:nd:m,a .sa:dx:Za.a:ya.a:Bya.a:sa I+ a.ta :pa:ya.Ra:ya.aH
;Ga:na.ea
Aryabhat
ary
a:
. a in the following
A:Ga:na.a:t,a Ba.jea:t,a ;a.d
:ta.a:ya.a:t,a ;aa:gua:Nea:na ;Ga:na:~ya mUa:l+va:geRa:Na
va:gRa:a.~:a:pU
/ a:vRa:gua:a.Na:taH
Za.ea:DyaH
:pra:Ta:ma.a:t,a ;Ga:na:(
a ;Ga:na.a:t,a
Ghana (G)
Prathama-Aghana (A1 )
Dvitya-Aghana (A2 )
(:pra:Ta:ma.a:t,a
A:Ga:na.a:t,a
;a.d
:ta.a:ya.a:t,a
(A:Ga:na.a:t,a
Ba.ja:nea:na l+b.Da:~ya
Za.ea:DyaH ;Ga:na:(
a ;Ga:na.a:t,a Za.ea:DyaH
va:gRaH
;aa:pUa:vRa:gua:a.Na:taH
:pra:Ta:ma.a:t,a ;Ga:na:(
a ;Ga:na.a:t,a
[Having subtracted the greatest possible cube from the last cube place
and then having written down the cube root of the number subtracted in
the line of the cube root], divide the second non-cube place (standing on
the right of the last cube place) by thrice the square of the cube root
[already obtained]; (then) subtract from the first non-cube place (standing
on the right of the second non-cube place) the square of the quotient
multiplied by thrice the previous (cube-root); and (then subtract) the cube
(of the quotient) from the cube place (standing on the right of the first
non-cube place) [and write down the quotient on the right of the previous
cube root in the line of the cube root, and treat this as the new cube root.
Repeat the process if there are still digits on the right].7
7
[tr. K. S. Shukla]
Cf.BrSpSi, xii.7; GSS, ii.53-54; PG, rule 29-31; MSi, xv.9-10 (a-b); GT,
xiii.6-7; L (ASS), rule 28-29, pp. 27-28; GK. I, pp.8-9,
p.13 lines 18-25; Si Se,
vv. 24-25.
Illustrative Example
Aryabhat
. as algorithm for finding the cube root
Example 1: Find the cube root of 1,771,561.
Subtract 13
Divide by 3.12
3)
Subtract 3.1.22
Subtract 23
Divide by 3.122
Subtract 3.12.12
Subtract 13
432)
G
1
1
0
0
A2
7
A1
7
7
6
1
1
(2
7
2
5
0
4
4
G
1
1
8
3
3
A2
5
A1
6
5
2
3
3
(1
6
6
0
G
1
1
1
0
121
(line of cube root)
Rationale behind Aryabhat
. as cube root algorithm
I The rationale can be readily seen by grouping the terms together.
I Any three digit number may be represented as,
ax 2 + bx + c,
terms
x 6 (a3 )
+x 5 (3a2 b)
+x 4 (3a2 c + 3ab2 )
+x 3 (6abc + b3 )
+x 2 (3b2 c + 3ac 2 )
+x 1 (3bc 2 )
+x 0 (c 3 )
operation
() a3
() 3a2
() 3ab2
() b3
() 3(a + b)2
() 3(a + b)c 2
() c 3
significance of it
cube of max. digit
to get the value of b
we are left with 3c(a + b)2
to get the value of c
remainder zero perfect cube.
Thanks!
T HANK YOU
More of Aryabhat
.ya in the next lecture!