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    Experiment 2:: Complexometric Titrations

    Uploaded by

    Ghali El Samad
    This document describes an experiment on complexometric titration to determine calcium hardness in water samples. The purposes are to learn about complexometric titration techniques and principles, prepare a standard magnesium solution, use it to standardize an EDTA solution, and then determine calcium amounts in water samples. The document explains that complexometric titrations usually use the hexadentate ligand EDTA. It describes the reaction between EDTA and magnesium ions along with the use of the indicator Eriochrome Black T, which changes color at the titration endpoint as EDTA complexes with excess magnesium ions. The procedure involves preparing standard solutions, standardizing the EDTA solution, and then directly titrating water samples and determining calcium levels.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Experiment 2:: Complexometric Titrations

    Uploaded by

    Ghali El Samad
    44 views6 pages
    This document describes an experiment on complexometric titration to determine calcium hardness in water samples. The purposes are to learn about complexometric titration techniques and principles, prepare a standard magnesium solution, use it to standardize an EDTA solution, and then determine calcium amounts in water samples. The document explains that complexometric titrations usually use the hexadentate ligand EDTA. It describes the reaction between EDTA and magnesium ions along with the use of the indicator Eriochrome Black T, which changes color at the titration endpoint as EDTA complexes with excess magnesium ions. The procedure involves preparing standard solutions, standardizing the EDTA solution, and then directly titrating water samples and determining calcium levels.

    Original Description:

    Chemistry

    Original Title

    Experiment 1

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    This document describes an experiment on complexometric titration to determine calcium hardness in water samples. The purposes are to learn about complexometric titration techniques and principles, prepare a standard magnesium solution, use it to standardize an EDTA solution, and then determine calcium amounts in water samples. The document explains that complexometric titrations usually use the hexadentate ligand EDTA. It describes the reaction between EDTA and magnesium ions along with the use of the indicator Eriochrome Black T, which changes color at the titration endpoint as EDTA complexes with excess magnesium ions. The procedure involves preparing standard solutions, standardizing the EDTA solution, and then directly titrating water samples and determining calcium levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views6 pages

    Experiment 2:: Complexometric Titrations

    Uploaded by

    Ghali El Samad
    This document describes an experiment on complexometric titration to determine calcium hardness in water samples. The purposes are to learn about complexometric titration techniques and principles, prepare a standard magnesium solution, use it to standardize an EDTA solution, and then determine calcium amounts in water samples. The document explains that complexometric titrations usually use the hexadentate ligand EDTA. It describes the reaction between EDTA and magnesium ions along with the use of the indicator Eriochrome Black T, which changes color at the titration endpoint as EDTA complexes with excess magnesium ions. The procedure involves preparing standard solutions, standardizing the EDTA solution, and then directly titrating water samples and determining calcium levels.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    9/24/13

    Experiment 2:
    Complexometric
    Titrations

    Purpose
    To learn the principles and techniques of
    complexometric titration.
    To prepare a standard Mg2+ solution.
    To use the latter solution to standardize an EDTA
    solution.
    To determine the hardness of different water samples
    (amount of Ca(II)).

    9/24/13

    Theoretical background
    A complex ion is a chemical species in which
    a metal atom is bonded to one or more
    electron-donating groups.
    It is called a coordination compound
    (because of the coordinate-covalent bond).
    The metal atom or cation is referred to as the
    central atom.
    The electron-donating group is the ligand.

    Types of ligands
    Based on charge:
    Neutral: NH3, NH2CH2CH2NH2, H2O
    Negatively charged: Cl-, OH -, F-, CN -,SCN -

    Based on number of e--donating groups


    (e- pairs):
    One pair monodentate ligand
    More than one pair multidentate ligand
    (bidentate, tridentate,tetradentate,etc)
    Ethylene diamine

    A bidentate ligand

    9/24/13

    Complex ions

    Tetraammine copper (II) ion

    Tetrachloro cuprate (II)

    Bis-(ethylenediamine)
    copper (II) ion

    EDTA
    Most complexometric titrations are
    carried out with EDTA, a hexadentate
    ligand.
    ..

    ..

    Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid

    9/24/13

    Complexation with EDTA


    Stoichiometric,
    instantaneous, reaction:
    Mg2+ + Y4- MgY2Mg

    Formation constant:

    [MgY 2 ]
    Kf =
    = 4.9 108
    2+
    4
    [Mg ][Y ]

    A CHELATE compound

    Forms of EDTA at different pHs


    Six successive ionizations:
    H6Y2+
    H5Y+
    HY3Y4-

    H 4Y

    H3Y-

    H2Y2-

    10

    9/24/13

    Direct Titration and Back Titration


    In a direct titration, analyte is titrated with standard
    EDTA. The analyte is buffered to a pH at which the
    formation constant for the metal-EDTA complex is
    large and the color of the free indicator is distinctly
    different from that of the metal-indicator complex.
    In a back titration, a known excess of EDTA is added to
    the analyte. Excess EDTA is then titrated with a
    standard solution of a metal ion.
    A back titration is necessary if analyte precipitates in
    the absence of EDTA, if it reacts too slowly with EDTA,
    or if it blocks the indicator.

    Indicator
    Mg2+, Y4 - and MgY2 - are all colorless.
    We use an indicator which complexes with
    Mg2+, Eriochrome BlackIndicator:
    T (Erio-T).
    Eriochrome Black T
    It is a typical metal-ion
    indicator used in the

    Erio-T is a triprotic acid:titration of several cations.


    H 3E

    H2E-

    It is a triprotic acid that


    have different colors of the
    acids and their conjugate
    2-It can also behave
    3bases.
    as an acid-base indicator.

    HE

    http://www.gfschemicals.com/chemicals/gfschem-246.asp

    E-

    H3E H2

    HE2-

    E3-

    HE2- is predominant
    Predominant
    at pHat pH
    10.0
    10.0

    Reaction in the presence of Erio-T


    Mg2+, Y4- and MgY2- are all colorless.
    It is convenient to carry out the reaction at
    pH=10.0 (use an NH3/NH4Cl buffer).
    Erio-T complexes with Mg2+ at pH 10.0
    Until the equivalence point, the indicator
    complexes with the excess Magnesium:
    Mg2+ + HE2- MgE- + H+

    9/24/13

    Reaction in the presence of Erio-T


    It is convenient to carry out the reaction at
    pH =10.0 (we use an NH3/NH4Cl buffer).
    Indicator:

    Erio-T complexes with Mg


    at pH 10.0:
    It is a typical metal-ion
    Eriochrome
    2+ Black T

    Mg2+ + HE2blue

    Reaction with EDTA:

    indicator used in the


    titration of several cations.
    It is a triprotic acid- that
    have different colors of the
    acids and their conjugate
    wine
    bases. It can
    also red
    behave
    as an acid-base indicator.

    MgE + H+

    http://www.gfschemicals.com/chemicals/gfschem-246.asp

    H3E H2E- HE2- E3 HE2- is predominant at pH


    10.0

    MgE- + HY3-

    MgY2- + HE2-

    wine red

    blue

    Reaction in the presence of Erio-T

    Procedure

    Mg2+, Y4- and MgY2- are all colorless.


    It is convenient to carry out the reaction at
    pH=10.0 (use an NH3/NH4Cl buffer).
    Erio-T complexes with Mg2+ at pH 10.0
    Until the equivalence point, the indicator
    complexes with the excess Magnesium:
    Mg2+ + HE2- MgE- + H+
    blue

    wine red

    When EDTA becomes present in slight excess:


    MgE- + HY3- MgY2- + HE2-

    Preparation of standard MgSO4 solution.


    wine red
    blue
    Preparation of comparison solution.
    All end-point determinations will be made in
    comparison to this solution.
    Standardization of EDTA solution.
    Determination of Ca in Unknown via direct
    titration.

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