SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

TRAINING REPORT
IN

SWITCH DEPARTMENT
ON
OPERATION AND SUPPORT ON NODES
AT

BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED

Submitted to:
HOD
ECE department
R.I.E.I.T

Submitted By:
Name: Japjeet Singh Bajwa
Roll no: 100570417236
Branch: ECE
Semester: 8th

RAYAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY
Railmajra, District: Nawasehar, Punjab.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
While presenting this report I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to entire
Technical staff that was indispensable part of my training giving me unending guidance,
inspiration, encouragement and providing me excellent environment throughout my training
at BHARTI AIRTEL. The training was an extremely productive & enriching experience, not
only technically but also from providing some practical skills.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude towards Technical manager Er. Jatinder Singh. I am
also grateful to AIRTEL authorities for allowing me to carry out my training in this
establishment, truly memorable one.
I am extremely thankful to Er. Bharat Singla my reporting incharge who devoted a lot of
time in guiding and supervising me during my training.
I must place my gratitude towards, all my guides authorities for their valuable advice and
guidance in carrying out this enjoyable and productive experience, which provided me a great
opportunity to search new horizons.

II

PREFACE

With the ongoing telecom revolution where innovations are taking place at the blink of an
eye, it is impossible to keep the pace with the emerging trends. In organization where Making
Things Right in the first instance is the driving motto, perfection and accuracy are inevitable.
Excellence is an attitude that the whole of the human race is born with. It is the environment
that makes sure that whether the result of this attitude is visible or otherwise. A well planned,
properly executed and evaluated industrial training helps a lot ain inculcating a professional
attitude. It provides a linkage between the student and industry to develop an awareness of
industrial approach to problem solving, based on a broad understanding of process and mode
of operation of organization.
During this period, the students get the real, first hand experience for working in the actual
environment. Most of the theoretical knowledge that has been gained during the course of
their studies is put to test here. Apart from this, the students get an opportunity to learn the
latest technology, which immensely helps them in building their career.
I had the opportunity to have a real experience on many ventures, which increased the sphere
of knowledge for me to a great extent. I was entrusted with a real life project, working on
which had finally made me step into the ongoing telecom revolution and gradually become a
part of it. And all the credit goes to organization Bharti which in true self made the telecom
revolution happen.

III

CONTENTS

1.COMPANY PROFILE

1.1:BHARTI Enterprises
1.2:Company Achievements
1.3:Products and Services
1.4:Branches of BHARTI
1.5:Technical Department Hierarchy

2.GSM ARCHITECTURE
2.1:Global System for Mobile Communication
2.2:GSM Network Elements

1
1
2-3
4
4
5

6
6-8
9-14

3.NETWORK & SWITCHING SUB-SYSTEM

15-30

4.COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT

31-35

5.ERICSSONS AXE SYSTEM STRUCTURE

36

5.1:Group Switch
5.2:APZ Central Processor
5.3:Adjunct Processor Group(APG40)
5.4:E1 Carrier

6.GSM NETWORK IDENTITIES

6.1:MSISDN
6.2:IMSI
6.3:TMSI
6.4:MSRN
6.5:LAI
6.6:CGI
6.7:BSIC
6.8:LN

7.WORK PROFILE FM SWITCH OPERATIONS

7.1:Insight into GSM
7.2:Health Check
7.3:Subscriber Services Provisioning

36
36
37
38

39
39
40
40
41
42
43
43
44

45
46
46-47
48-52
IV

7.4:Types of Complaints
7.5:Roaming Related Complaints
7.6:Roaming Testing
7.7:Short Test
7.8:Long Test
7.9:Checking of HLR
7.10:Creating Logs
7.11:HGSDP Logs
7.12:SUDA Dumps
7.13:Back up
7.14:BSC Commands
7.15:Softwares Used

53-56
57-59
60
61-63
64-67
68-71
72
72
73
74
75-76
77-80

8 ERICSSONS LIVE PROJECT

81-82

9 PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

83

9.1:Mobile Services
9.2:Broadband and Fixed Line Services
9.3:Enterprise Services
9.4:Digital TV Services

83
83
83
83

10.CONCLUSIONS

84

11.GAINS FROM THE TRAINING

85

12..BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES

86

1.

COMPANY PROFILE

Spearheading the Indian telecom revolution for two decades

1.1.BHARTI ENTERPRISES
Bharti Enterprises, Indias leading telecom conglomerate has been at the forefront of
technology and has revolutionized with its world class services.
Established in 1976, Bharti Enterprises has been a pioneering force in the telecom sector with
many firsts and innovations to its credit. Working on the principle of providing end to end
communication solution across the telecom value chain from manufacture of hardware to
development of telecom software and from fixed line to cellular and wireless services, ecommerce, broadband, domestic long distance, undersea cable, infrastructure development
and business solutions. Bharti Enterprises under cable chairmanship of Sunil Bharti Mittal is
the only company to have brought to India the excellence and expertise of leading Telecom
players of the world, Bharti Telecom, the manufacture division of Bharti is the largest sets
under the brand name Beetel. Bharti Televentures, the services division of Bharti has major
interests in Basic, long Distance and Cellular, Broadband and Infrastructure Operations in the
country.

Sunil Bharti Mittal (Group Chairman and Managing Director)

As we spread wings to expand our capabilities and explore new horizons, the
fundamental focus remains unchanged: seek out the best technology in the world and
put it at the service of our ultimate user: our customer.

Mr. Sunil Bharti Mittal,

VI

1.2.COMPANY ACHIEVEMENTS

2003
Bharti launched New NDC 9872 for Punjab
Bharti completed 9,00,000 Customers in Punjab.
Bharti passed milestone of 100 Direct International tie-ups which includes 59 different
countries.

2004

Bharti launched GPRS with 14 International Operator.

Widest coverage which includes 137 countries and 337 Global Networks.
Deepest Coverage which includes 16 Indian States and 1400 towns.
Bharti was the first corporate to launch EDGE in Punjab.
Bharti started working on launching their cellular services in Jammu & Kashmir and
Rajasthan.

2005
Bharti Tele-Ventures is the Indian mobile Operator of the Year 2005.
Ericsson & Bharti sign managed capacity expansion contract for rural India.
The first Indian company to supply phones under their own brand- Beetel in the
retail segment to the UAE.
Sunil Bharti Mittal, Chairman & Managing Director, Bharti Enterprises gets The Best
Asian Telecom CEO Award.
Bharti Tele Ventures is Asias Best GSM Carrier.
Airtel completes its 23 circle all India footprint.
Airtel launches Indias first Stock & Portfolio Tracker on the Mobile
Bharti launches Airtel in North East & Assam.

2006
In April 2006 Bharti Global Limited was awarded a telecommunications licence in
Jersey in the Channel Islands by the local telecommunications regulator the JCRA.
In September 2006 the Office of Utility Regulation in Guernsey awarded Guernsey
Airtel with a mobile telecommunications licence.

VII

2007
In May 2007 Jersey Airtel and Guernsey Airtel announced the launch of a relationship
with Vodafone for Island mobile subscribers.
In July 2007, Bharti Airtel signed an MoU with Nokia-Siemens for a 900 million
dollar expansion of its mobile and fixed network.
In August 2007, the company announced it will be launching a customized version of
Google search engine that will provide an 'array of services' to its broadband
customers.
Bharti Airtel added the highest ever net addition of 5.3 million customers in a single
quarter (Q4-FY0607) and also the highest ever net addition of 18 million total
subscribers in 2006-07
Bharti has over 39 million users as on March 31, 2007

2008
In March 2008, Bharti Airtel will roll out third generation services in Sri Lanka in
association with Singtel. This is because Asia's telecommunications major SingTel, is
a major player in the 3G space as it has already third generation networks in several
markets across Asia.
On 9th October 2008, Airtel joined the DTH bandwagon in India with Airtel Digital
TV, a Direct-to-Home Televison service. Airtel Digital TV, was rated as the best by
several people.
Launched the APPLE I PHONE , which is now available in Indian markets as of 22 nd
August, 2008.

2009
Bhartis Profit crosses US $ billion.
Airtel conferred with "Retailer of the Year -Telecom Services" award at the Asia
Retail Congress 2009.
Sunil Bharti Mittal became the first Indian to join the Telecom Board of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

2010
Bharti acquired Warid Telecom.
Bharti set to acquire Zain Africa BV.
VIII

 Bharti Airtel extends partnership with Ericsson

1.3. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited, a part of Bharti Enterprises, is India's leading

provider of telecommunications services. The businesses at Bharti TeleVentures have been structured into two main strategic business groups the Mobility Leaders business group and the Infotel Leaders business
group. The Mobility business group provides GSM mobile services across
India in twenty three telecom circles, while the Infotel business group
provides broadband & telephone services, long distance services and
enterprise services. All these services are provided under the Airtel brand.
Bharti Tele-Ventures is India's leading private sector provider of
telecommunications services based on a strong customer base consisting
of approximately 9.83 million total customers
Bharti Tele-Ventures current businesses include Mobile services, Fixed-line, National and
international long distance services, VSAT, Internet services and network solutions

1.4.

BRANCHES OF BHARTI

IX

1.5.

TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT HIERARCHY

TECHNICALDEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT
TECHNICAL

NSS
NSS

OPERATIONAND
ANDMAINTAINENCE(O&M)
MAINTAINENCE(O&M)
OPERATION

NETWORKMAINTAINENCE
MAINTAINENCECENTRE
CENTRE(NMC)
(NMC)
NETWORK

NETWORK PLANNING
PLANNING
NETWORK

Technical department has four main streams:

Network & Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
Network Maintenance Center (NMC)
Network Planning.

XI

GSM ARCHITECTURE

2.
2.1.

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) INTRODUCTION

Definition
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard for digital
cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to
create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for
a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz.
The standardized system met certain favorable criterion:
Spectrum efficiency
International roaming
Low mobile and base stations costs
Good subjective voice quality
Compatibility with other systems such as ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
Ability to support new services
Distinction between user and device identification
Extensive security features

Introduction: The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunications applications.
Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions
around the world. It is forecasted that cellular systems using a digital technology will become
the universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2010, forecasters predict that there
will be more than 100 billion cellular subscribers worldwide with many countries having
more cellular than fixed phone subscribers which has already happened in few countries.

XII

Figure X.3:Mobile phone subscribers

The concept of cellular service is the use of low-power transmitters where
Frequencies can be reused within a geographic area. The idea of cell-based mobile radio
service was formulated in the United States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the
Nordic countries were the first to introduce cellular services for commercial use with the
introduction of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.
Cellular services began in the United States with the release of the Advanced
Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by Asia, Latin
America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in the world for cellular.
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than digital, like today's
newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the inability to handle the growing
capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner. As a result, digital technology was welcomed. The
advantages of digital systems over analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of
interference, integration of transmission and switching, and increased ability to meet capacity
demands.

XIII

GSM BLOCK DIAGRAM SHOWING VARIOUS COMPONENTS

Figure X.4

2.2.

GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS

The above diagram shows the functional blocks of a general GSM system.
Ericssons GSM System is a mobile telephone system containing the Frequency bands GSM
900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. GSM network is divided into four major systems:

Mobile Station (MS).

Base Station System (BSS).
Switching System (SS).
Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS}.

XIV

The functioning of these blocks is explained below:2.2.1. MOBILE STATION

A Mobile Station (MS) is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the cellular
system. Several types of mobile stations exist, each allowing the subscriber to make and
receive calls.
The range or coverage area of a mobile station depends on, for example, the output power of
the mobile station. Different types of mobile stations have different output power capabilities
and therefore, different ranges. For example, hand-held telephones have a lower output power,
(resulting in a shorter range), than a car installed phone with roof mounted antenna.

Figure X.5 Ranges for different types of mobile stations

A Mobile Station consists of two main elements:
The mobile equipment or terminal.
The Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Unlike other standards, in GSM the subscriber is separated from the mobile terminal. Each
subscribers information is stored as a "smart card" SIM. The SIM can be plugged into any
GSM mobile terminal. This brings the advantages of security and portability for subscribers.

XV

2.2.2. The Terminal

There are different types of terminals distinguished principally by their power and
application:
The `fixed' terminals are the ones installed in cars. Their maximum allowed
output power is 20 W.
The GSM portable terminals can also be installed in vehicles. Their maximum
allowed output power is 8W.
The handhelds terminals have experienced the biggest success thanks to their
weight and volume, which are continuously decreasing. These terminals can
emit up to 2 W. The evolution of technologies allows decrease the maximum
allowed power to 0.8 W.

The SIM
The SIM is a smart card that identifies the terminal. By inserting the SIM card into the
terminal, the user can have access to all the subscribed services. Without the SIM card, the
terminal is not operational.
The SIM card is protected by a four-digit Personal Identification Number (PIN). In order to
identify the subscriber to the system, the SIM card contains some parameters of the user such
as its International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
Another advantage of the SIM card is the mobility of the users. In fact, the only element that
personalizes a terminal is the SIM card. Therefore, the user can have access to its subscribed
services in any terminal using its SIM card.
States of MS
During the development of mobile systems, many terms arose which are used to describe the
call cases and situations involving MSs. The primary terms used are described below.
An MS can have one of the following states:
Idle: the MS is ON but a call is not in progress
Active: the MS is ON and a call is in progress
Detached: the MS is OFF

XVI

The following table defines the key terms used to describe GSM mobile traffic cases (there
are no traffic cases in detached mode):

Figure X.6

MS REGISTRATION & ROAMING

When an MS is powered off it is detached from the network. When the subscriber switches
power on, the MS scans the GSM frequencies for special channels called control channels.
When it finds a control channel, the MS measures the signal strength it receives on that
channel and records it. When all control channels have been measured, the MS tunes to the
strongest one. When the MS has just been powered on, the MS must register with the network
which will then update the MSs status to idle. If the location of the MS is noticed to be
different from the currently stored location then a location update will also take place. As the
MS moves through the network, it continues to scan the control channels to ensure that it is
tuned to the strongest

XVII

possible channel. If the MS finds one which is stronger, then the MS retunes to this new
control channel2. If the new control channel belongs to a new LA, the MS will also inform the
network of its new location.

2.2.3.

BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM

A mobile station communicates with the mobile system using a radio channel to a Base
Station (BS). The base station is responsible for communication, over the air, both to and from
the mobile station. The base station is made up of antennas, transmitters, receivers and control
units. The BSS connects the Mobile Station and the NSS. It is in charge of the transmission
and reception. The BSS can be divided into two parts:
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) or Base Station.
The Base Station Controller (BSC).

The Base Transreceiver Station(BTS)

The BTS corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. The
BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. A BTS is usually placed in the center of
a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell. Each BTS has between one and sixteen
transceivers depending on the density of users in the cell.

The Base Station Controller(BSC)

The BSC controls a group of BTS & manages their radio resources. The BSC is
a high-capacity switch that provides functions such as handover, frequency hopping,
exchange functions, cell configuration data, and control of radio frequency (RF) power levels
in BTS.

2.2.4. SWITCHING SYSTEM (SS)

The switching system (SS) is responsible for performing call processing & subscriber-related
functions. The different components of the NSS are described below:

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

The MSC performs the telephony switching functions for the mobile network. It controls calls
to & from other telephone & data systems such as Public Switched Telephone Network
XVIII

(PSTN), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Public data Networks, private networks
& other mobile networks.

Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions
belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a persons subscription
information until that subscription is cancelled. The information stored includes:
Subscriber identity (i.e. IMSI, MSISDN)
Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information (i.e. MSC service area)
Subscriber authentication information
If the capacity of a HLR is exceeded by the number of subscribers, additional HLRs may be
added.

Visitor Location Register(VLR)

The VLR database contains information about all the mobile subscribers currently located in
the MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR for each MSC in a network. The VLR
temporarily stores subscription information so that the MSC can service all the subscribers
currently visiting that MSC service area. The VLR can be regarded as a distributed HLR as it
holds a copy of the HLR information stored about the subscriber.
When a subscriber roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR connected to that MSC
requests information about the subscriber from the subscribers HLR. The HLR sends a copy
of the information to the VLR & updates its own location information. When the
subscriber makes a call, the VLR will already have the information required for call set-up.

Authentication Center (AUC)

AUC provides authentication & encryption parameters that verify the users identity & ensure
the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from different types of
fraud found in todays cellular world. The AUC is a database connected to the HLR which
provides it with the authentication parameters & ciphering keys used to ensure network
security.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR is also used for security purposes. It is a register containing information about the
mobile equipment. Particularly, it contains a list of all valid terminals. A terminal is identified
by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). The EIR allows then to forbid calls
from stolen or unauthorised terminals (e.g. a terminal which does not respect the
specifications concerning the output RF power).

XIX

2.2.5. OPERATION & SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM

The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment in the switching
system and to the BSC, in order to control & monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge of
controlling the traffic load of the BSS.
The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is
the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system. The
purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for centralized, regional and
local operational and maintenance activities that are required for a GSM network. An
important function of OSS is to provide a network overview and support the maintenance
activities of different operation and maintenance organizations.
One of the most important tasks in a mobile telephony system is to continuously keep track of
where mobile stations are located. One primary function of the Mobile Services
Switching Center (MSC) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) is to store information, such as
location area, about different mobile stations.
It is the responsibility of the mobile station to always inform the network about changes in its
location and it must also continuously verify that it is tuned to the strongest frequency.
However, the increasing number of the base stations, due to the development of cellular radio
networks, has provoked that some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to the BTS. This
transfer decreases considerably the costs of the maintenance of the system.

3: NETWORK & SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

Its main role is to manage the communications between the mobile users and other users, such
as mobile users, ISDN users, fixed telephony users, etc. It also includes data bases needed in
order to store information about the subscribers and to manage their mobility. It is responsible
for performing call processing & subscriber-related functions. The different components of
the NSS are described below:
XX

Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)

The primary node in a GSM network is the MSC. It is the node which controls calls both to
MS and from MS. The primary functions of an MSC include the following:
Switching and Call Routing: an MSC controls call set-up, supervision and release
and may interact with other nodes to successfully establish a call. This includes
routing of calls from MS to other networks such as a PSTN.
Charging: an MSC contains functions for charging mobile calls and information
about the particular charge rates to apply to a call at any given time or for a given
destination. During a call it records this information and stores it after the call, e.g. for
output to a billing centre.
Service Provisioning: supplementary services are provided and managed by an MSC.
In addition, the SMS service is handled by MSC.
Communication with HLR: the primary occasion on which an MSC and HLR
communicate is during the set-up of a call to an MS, when the HLR requests some
routing information from the MSC.
Communication with the VLR: associated with each MSC is a VLR, with which it
communicates for subscription information, especially during call set-up and release.
Communication with other MSC: it may be necessary for two MSC to communicate
with each other during call set-up or handovers between cells belonging to different
MSC.
Control of connected BSC: as the BSS acts as the interface between the MS and the
SS, the MSC has the function of controlling the primary BSS node: the BSC. Each
MSC may control many BSC, depending on the volume of traffic in a particular MSC
service area. An MSC may communicate with its BSC during for, call set-up and
handovers between two BSC.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The role of a VLR in a GSM network is to act as a temporary storage location for subscription
information for MS which are within a particular MSC service area. Thus, there is one VLR
for each MSC in a network. This means that the MSC does not have to contact the HLR
(which may be located in another country) every time the subscriber uses a service or changes
its status.
The following occurs when MS move into a new service area:
1. The VLR checks its database to determine whether or not it has a record for the MS (based
on the subscribers IMSI).
XXI

2. When the VLR finds no record for the MS, it sends a request to the subscribers HLR for a
copy of the MSs subscription.
3. The HLR passes the information to the VLR and updates its location information for the
subscriber. The HLR instructs the old VLR to delete the information it has on the MS.
4. The VLR stores its subscription information for the MS, including the latest location and
status (idle).

Figure X.14
VLR-HLR interaction:
For the duration which the MS is within in its MSC service area, a VLR contains a complete
copy of the necessary subscription details, including the following information for each MS:
Identity numbers for the subscriber
Supplementary service information (e.g. whether the subscriber has call forwarding on
busy activated or not)
Activity of MS (e.g. idle)
Current LA of MS

GATEWAY MSC (GMSC)

Gateway functionality enables an MSC to interrogate a HLR in order to route a mobile
terminating call. It is not used in calls from MSs to any terminal other than another MS. For
example, if a person connected to the PSTN wants to make an all to a GSM mobile
subscriber, then the PSTN exchange will access the GSM network by first connecting the call
to a GMSC.
XXII

The GMSC requests call routing information from the HLR which provides information about
which MSC/VLR to route the call to. The same is true of a call from an MS to another MS.

Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR is a centralized network database that stores and manages all mobile subscriptions
belonging to a specific operator. It acts as a permanent store for a persons subscription
information until that subscription is cancelled.
The information stored includes:

Subscriber identity (i.e. IMSI, MSISDN)

Subscriber supplementary services
Subscriber location information (i.e. MSC service area)
Subscriber authentication information

The primary functions of the HLR include:

Subscription Database Management: As a database, the HLR must be able to
process data quickly in response to data retrieval and update requests from other
network nodes. For this reason it acts as a database management system. Each
subscriber record contains a substantial amount of parameters.
Communication with MSC: When setting up calls to an MS, it is necessary for the
HLR to contact the MSC serving the MS for routing information.
Communication with GMSC: During call set-up to an MS, the GMSC requests MS
location information from the HLR, which then provides this in the form of routing
information. Also, if the subscriber is detached the HLR will inform the GMSC that
there is no need to perform further routing of the call. By analysing the IMSI, a GMSC
knows which HLR to contact worldwide for that MSs subscription.
Communication with AUC: Before any activity involving change or use of
subscription information takes place, the HLR must retrieve new authentication
parameters from an AUC.
Communication with VLR/ILR: When an MS moves into a new MSC service area
the VLR for that area requests information about the MS from the HLR of the
subscriber. The HLR provides a copy of the subscription details, updates its MS
location information and instructs the old VLR to delete the information it has about
that MS. As the ILR acts as a VLR for AMPS subscribers, the HLR communicates
with it in a similar way.

Interworking Location Register (ILR)

XXIII

Ericssons ILR offers roaming capabilities between mobile telephony systems complying with
different standards. The ILR is specific to the CMS 40 product portfolio and enables AMPS
network subscribers to roam to a GSM 1900 network. The ILR consists of an AMPS HLR, a
GSM 1900 VLR and interfacing functions.
For AMPS subscribers who wish to avail of this roaming functionality, their AMPS network
subscriptions are copied into the HLR side of the ILR. When they roam into the GSM 1900
network, the HLR copies this information into the VLR side of the ILR, as occurs for normal
GSM roaming subscribers.
From the subscribers point of view however, there is only one subscription.

Authentication Center (AUC) & Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

PLMNs need a higher level of protection than traditional telecommunication networks.
Therefore, to protect GSM systems, the following security functions have been defined:
Subscriber Authentication: By performing authentication, the network ensures that
no unauthorized users can access the network, including those which are attempting to
impersonate others.
Radio Information Ciphering: The information sent between the network and an MS
is ciphered. An MS can only decipher information intended for it.
Mobile Equipment Identification: As the subscriber and equipment are separate in
GSM, it is necessary to have a separate authentication process for the MS equipment.
This ensures, e.g. that a mobile terminal which has been stolen is not able to access the
network.
Subscriber Identity Confidentiality: During communication with an MS over a radio
link, it is desirable that the real identity (IMSI) of the MS is not always transmitted.
Instead a temporary identity (TMSI) can be used. This helps to avoid subscription
fraud.

AUC Functions
The primary function of an AUC is to provide information which is then used by an
MSC/VLR to perform subscriber authentication and to establish ciphering procedures on the
radio link between the network and MSs. The information provided is called a triplet and
consists of:
1. A non predictable random number (RAND)
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2. A Signed Response (SRES)

3. A Ciphering Key (KC)
Authentication Procedure
1. The MSC/VLR transmits the RAND to the MS.
2. The MS uses RAND in the A3 and A8 algorithms to compute the SRES and Ki.
3. The signature SRES is sent back to MSC/VLR which performs authentication, by checking
whether the SRES from the MS and the SRES from the AUC match.
If so, the subscriber is permitted to use the network. If not, the subscriber is barred from
network access.

Figure X.15
Authentication can be performed during:
Each registration
Each call setup attempt
Location updating
Before supplementary service activation and deactivation. There can be exceptions for
subscribers belonging to other PLMNs.

EIR Functions
Equipment Identification Procedure
The equipment identification procedure uses the identity of the equipment itself (IMEI) to
ensure that the MS terminal equipment is valid.
1. The MSC/VLR requests the IMEI from the MS.
2. MS sends IMEI to MSC.
3. MSC/VLR sends IMEI to EIR.
XXV

4. On reception of IMEI, the EIR examines three lists:

- A White List containing all number series of all equipment identities that have been
allocated in the different participating GSM countries.
- A Black List containing all equipment identities that have been barred.
- A Gray List (on operator level) containing faulty or non approved mobile equipment.
5. The result is sent to MSC/VLR, which then decides whether or not to allow network access
for the terminal equipment.

FigureX.16: Equipment identification

The decision to identify equipment remains with individual operators. GSM specifications
recommend identification for each attempted call set-up.

Message Centre (MC) Functions

An MC may be added to a GSM network to provide one or more of the following messaging
services:

Voice mail
Fax mail
Short Message Service (SMS) text messages
SMS Cell Broadcast (SMSCB) text messages

XXVI

These services can generate considerable revenue for a network

operator, as they are becoming increasingly popular.
Voice Mail:
Voice mail ensures that all calls to a person can be completed, even when a person does not
answer calls. A calling party can record a voice message for the subscriber they are calling.
A subscriber can use their MS to select diversion to voice mail based on a particular event or
status (e.g. busy, unreachable).
The subscriber is informed that they have voice messages in their mailbox by means of either
a short text message or phone call from the network at regular intervals. If their MS is
detached, this indication is sent when the subscriber next attaches to the network.
The subscriber can then retrieve their voice mail messages at a later stage. Functions for
storing voice messages over a long period also exist.

Fax Mail:
Fax mail operates similarly to voice mail. For MSs which support fax, a subscriber can set
diversion for all or some fax calls to a fax mailbox. When the MS is next attached to the
network, the network will deliver the fax message to a fax machine identified by the MS.

SMS:
A short text message consists of up 160 alphanumeric characters, entered at a Short Message
Entity (SME) such as an MS (using the keypad) or computer terminal.
A short message always originates or terminates in a GSM network, meaning that a short
message can not be sent between two SMEs residing outside a GSM network.
The short message originator knows if the message delivery is successful or unsuccessful via
notification. When a message is submitted, the deferred delivery option can be requested. This
option makes it possible to specify the time the message is to be delivered.

An MC which handles SMS messages is often referred to as an SMS Center (SMS-C). When
a message is to be forwarded to an MS, the system must first determine where the MS is
situated.
XXVII

As in ordinary voice traffic, a gateway requests the routing information. The gateway is called
the SMS GMSC.
Each short message is time stamped by the when it is submitted.
A message is deleted once the delivery is successful or once the time specified in deferred
delivery expires.
When a message is buffered, the SMS-C regularly attempts to deliver the message, at
intervals defined by the operator.

SMSCB:
The SMSCB service enables a message of up to 93 alphanumeric characters to be delivered to
all attached MSs in one cell. This may be useful for identifying key phone numbers in the
cells area such as that of a hospital or police station.
Alternatively, it may be used for advertising services within the cell (e.g. Superfood
Restaurant in this area at the junction of M8 and I33).
Mobile Intelligent Network (MIN) nodes- Mobile Intelligent Network (MIN) nodes can be
added to a basic GSM network to provide value-added services to subscribers.

DATABASE
Databases are used to manage mobile subscribers. The database stores subscriber information.
This information can include, for example, data about specific services and location of the
mobile station. Depending upon the mobile network type, there can be one or several
databases.

OMC AND NMC IMPLEMENTATION

Operation and Support System (OSS) is Ericssons product to support the activities performed
in an OMC and/or NMC. The network operator monitors and controls the network through
OSS which offers cost effective support for centralized, regional and local operations and
maintenance activities. OSS is designed as a complete network management system which
can be used to control all the main network elements such as MSC/VLRs, HLRs, ILRs, TRCs,
BSCs, EIRs, AUCs and Mobile Intelligent Network (MIN) nodes. OSS can also control BTSs
though the BSCs.

XXVIII

Figure X.17

Service Order Gateway (SOG)

A network operator requires administrative systems to analyse and manage network
information such as customer subscriptions, billing information and for fraud detection. An
operators administrative systems are normally called Customer Administration Systems
(CAS). The
Service Order Gateway (SOG) is an Ericsson product which enables CASs to exchange
information with network elements which contain service information, such as the HLR.

Billing Gateway (BGW)

A Billing Gate Way (BGW) collects billing information or Call Data Record (CDR) files from
network elements such as MSCs and forwards them to post-processing systems that use the
files as input.

POI (POINT OF INTERCONNECTIVITY)

POI means Point of interconnectivity within two networks. Two different
networks can be connected through POI. e.g. The connection between PSTN and
Mobile operator is through POI OR between two mobile operator .On DDF POI
has connection with MSC. The SNT is defined as UPET.
Different Network operators having Connectivity with AIRTEL are as follows
1) BSNL(Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited)
XXIX

2)
3)
4)
5)

SPICE
HFCL (Himachal Futuristic Nigam Limited)
BTSOL (Bharti Telesonic Limited)
RELIANCE

INSTRUMENTS USED IN TRANSMISSION

1. DTA (DIGITAL TRANSRECIEVER ANALYSER)
DTA is a combined transmitter and receiver.It offers 2Mb/s,n*64kb/s, 64kb/s codirectional
measurement facilites for signal quality,pulse mask,jitter,frequency and level. The instrument
consist of a processor board,a power supply board,a keypad and agraphic display.The vast
majority of the generation and measurement is performed by the processor board and
interaction of its constituent parts are as shown in block diagram below

Processor
Keypad

Displ
ay

&Signal
Processing

Power Bus

LEDs IN DTA

There are seven LEDs on dta.The significance of each is described here.

Signal Loss LED
When this LED is lit, it indicates that no data transitions are present at receive input or there is
loss of signal
Alarm LED
XXX

When lit,LED indicates that an alarm condition exists.

Error LED
This LED is lit when an error has been detected.
History LED
When lit,this LED indicates that an alarm or error has been detected.
Low Battery LED
When lit,the battery requires charging.
Start/Stop LED
This green LED is a lit during a measurement gating period.
DC in LED
It lit when we give power supply to it to charge battery.

LOOP
The most common use of DTA is for checking loop.A loopback is manually applied to the
network equipment to return test signal.,if all LED that are on equipment does not glow then
we get the loop &our media is correct.In case any LED glows this means we did not get the
loop.
The general diagram for checking loop is as follows

XXXI

DTA

Line
equipment

Line
equipment

The loop may be classified as

Local loop
Here. we check the media towards our end. this can be checked by Transmission analyzer or
switch.
Remote loop
Here we check the media up to remote end. this can be checked by Switch or DTA.
Soft loop
In case of soft loop a person has to log in a particular STM.this type of loop can be checked
at NOC (Network Operation Center). .Here we check media of any even .basically this is
soft loop
ADV:
We can check the media of any even by simply giving a command.
Hard loop
This is a electrical loop.here we give loop at DDF for checking media
This is given with help of loop cord,

XXXII

75-ohm dual-coax G.703 terminations to 120-ohm twisted-pair

G.703 terminations.

The DDF frame for 75 ohm coaxial cable is pre-assembled including 9 panels and a number
of U-links with test jack. The 96 system frame can be expanded using expansion kits.

XXXIII

DDF PANELS
Ericcson offers a wide range of DDF panels for frames that covers both smaller and larger
demands of cross-connection for 75 ohm coaxial cabel.The system comprises panels and
frames with possibility for labeling of both channel numbering and destination.The panels are
specially designed for M4 coaxial connectors and can be combined to modular system. Panels
including U-links with test jack intended for wall mounting or mounting in an ETSIframe..There are panels either wall.pole or frame mounting.The accesibilty for the
crossconnection is facilitated by fold out design of panels.

STM(SYNCHRONOUS TRANSPORT MODULE)

XXXIV

STM are optic electric converters (modems) FLC (fiber loop converter) type. This kind of
equipment converts electric E-1 signal (G.703 standard) into optic and back (QFLC up to
4*E-1), allows monitoring of line quality. It can work in the regime with communication
channel
reserve.
Depending on the type of equipment installed at customer's location it may be wall-mounted
or placed in the racks of different dimensions.

4.

COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
XXXV

The CM function is responsible for:

Call control.

Supplementary Services management.

Short Message Services management.

Call Control (CC)

The CC is responsible for call establishing, maintaining and releasing as well as for selecting
the type of service. One of the most important functions of the CC is the call routing. In order
to reach a mobile subscriber, a user diales the Mobile Subscriber ISDN (MSISDN) number.

Call from an MS
This section describes what happens when a mobile subscriber wants to set up a voice call to a
subscriber in the PSTN. Data and text message calls are described separately.
1. The MS uses RACH to ask for a signaling channel.
2. The BSC/TRC allocates a signaling channel, using AGCH.
3. The MS sends a call set-up request via SDCCH to the MSC/VLR. Over SDCCH all
signaling preceding a call takes place.
This includes:

Marking the MS as active in the VLR

The authentication procedure

Start ciphering equipment identification

Sending the B-subscribers number to the network

Checking if the subscriber has the service Barring of outgoing calls activated

XXXVI

4. The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH. The RBS and MS are told
to tune to the TCH.
5. The MSC/VLR forwards the Bnumber to an exchange in the PSTN, which establishes a
connection to the subscriber.
6. If the B-subscriber answers, the connection is established

figure7 CALLS FROM AN MS

Call to an MS
The major difference between a call to an MS and a call from an MS is that in a call to an MS
the exact location of the mobile subscriber is unknown. Therefore, the MS must be located
using paging before a connection can be established.
Below is the description of the call set-up procedure for a call from a PSTN subscriber to a
mobile subscriber. A call from an MS to a mobile subscriber operates according to the same
process, the only difference being that the GMSC is contacted by another MSC/VLR instead
of by a PSTN node.

XXXVII

figure 8 CALLS TO AN MS

1. The PSTN subscriber keys in the MSs telephone number (MSISDN). The MSISDN is
analysed in the PSTN which identifies that this is a call to a mobile network subscriber. A
connection is established to the MSs home GMSC.
2. The GMSC analyses the MSISDN to find out which HLR the MS is registered in, and
queries the HLR for information about how to route the call to the serving MSC/VLR.
3. The HLR translates MSISDN into IMSI, and determines which MSC/VLR is currently
serving the MS. The HLR also checks the service, Call forwarding to Cnumber. If the
service is activated, the call is rerouted by the GMSC to that number.
4. The HLR requests an MSRN from the serving MSC/VLR.
5. The MSC/VLR returns an MSRN via HLR to the GMSC
6. The GMSC analyses the MSRN and routes the call to the MSC/VLR.
7. The MSC/VLR knows which LA the MS is located in. A paging message is sent to the
BSCs controlling the LA.

XXXVIII

8. The BSCs distribute the paging message to the RBSs in the desired LA. The RBSs transmit
the message over the air interface using PCH. To page the MS, the network uses an IMSI or
TMSI valid only in the current MSC/VLR service area.
9. When the MS detects the paging message, it sends a request for a SDCCH.
10. The BSC provides a SDCCH, using AGCH.
11. SDCCH is used for the call set-up procedures, as in a call from an MS. A TCH is allocated
and the SDCCH is released.
12. The mobile phone rings. If the subscriber answers, the connection is established.

Supplementary Services management

The mobile station and the HLR are the only components of the GSM network involved with
this function. The different Supplementary Services (SS) to which the users have access are

call forwardingThis service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to
another number if the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is busy, if there is no reply, or if
call forwarding is allowed unconditionally.
barring of outgoing callsThis service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to
prevent all outgoing calls.
barring of incoming callsThis function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls.
The following two conditions for incoming call barring exists: barring of all incoming calls
and barring of incoming calls when roaming outside the home PLMN.
Advice of charge (AoC)The AoC service provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate
of the call charges. There are two types of AoC information: one that provides
the subscriber with an estimate of the bill and one that can be used for immediate charging
purposes. AoC for data calls is provided on the basis of time measurements.
call holdThis service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then
subsequently reestablish the call. The call hold service is only applicable to normal telephony.
call waitingThis service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call
during a conversation. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call. Call
XXXIX

waiting is applicable to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched

connection.
Multiparty serviceThe multiparty service enables a mobile subscriber to establish a
multiparty conversationthat is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six
subscribers. This service is only applicable to normal telephony.
calling line identification presentation/restrictionThese services supply the called party
with the integrated services digital network (ISDN) number of the calling party. The
restriction service enables the calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction
over rides the presentation.
Closed user groups (CUGs)CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group
of subscribers who are capable of only calling themselves and certain numbers.
Short message servicesA convenient facility of the GSM network is the short message
service. A message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or
from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric
paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left
the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile is
powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the
message will be received.

XL

5.

ERICSSONS AXE SYSTEM STRUCTURE

5.1. GROUP SWITCH

Each GEM contains two switch boards - one for each switching plane thereby providing a
capacity of 16 kMUPs (MUP = Multiple User Point). The interface between the Group
Switch and the devices is provided by the DL-34, which offers variable capacity up to a
maximum of 2 688 MUPs, in steps of 128 MUPs.

5.2. APZ CENTRAL PROCESSOR

The APZ, the heart of the AXE, provides a flexible and a powerful control system offering
high hardware fault tolerance. In the event of a fault, control may be swapped to the other side
with minimum or no impact on traffic handling capability.
The Central Processor includes three logical stores:

The Program Store (PS), which represents the program area of the function blocks.
The Data Store (DS), which represents the data area of the function blocks.
The Reference Store (RS), which contains program and data addressing information for
each function block.
This structure, i.e., a structure containing three logical stores, combined with a special
addressing mechanism, is fundamental in providing the level of software modularity attained
by the AXE.
XLI

5.3. ADJUNCT PROCESSOR GROUP(APG 40)

Hardware layer comprising processors, storage media, physical connections to the CP, IO
ports etc. All critical hardware is duplicated for reliability. APG is sometimes also used as the
name of the end-customer deliverable including applications like Adjunct processor based
AXE Input/Output (APIO), Formatting and Output Subsystem (FOS) with Reliable Data
Transfer (RDT) and Statistics and Traffic measurement Subsystem (STS).

APG 40

5.4. E1 CARRIER

Similar to North American T1 carrier, E1 is European format for digital transmission.

E1 carries signals at 2.048 Mbits/sec
T1 carries signals at 1.544 Mbits/sec
E1 contains 32 channels at 64 kbps with 2 channels reserved for signaling and
controlling.
E1 uses A- law encoding/decoding.
Number of time slots per PCM frame in E1 are 32.

XLII

6. GSM NETWORK IDENTITIES

To switch a call to a mobile subscriber, the right identities need to be involved. It is therefore
important to address them correctly. The numbers used to identify the identities in a GSM
network are described in this chapter. Numbering plans are used to identify different
networks.

SUBSCRIBER RELATED IDENTITIES

6.1: Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)
The MSISDN is a number which uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription in the
public switched telephone network numbering plan. These are the digits dialed when calling a
mobile subscriber.
GSM 900
In GSM 900, the MSISDN consists of the following:
MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number

Figure X.1:MSISDN (GSM 900).

A NDC is allocated to each PLMN. In some countries, more than one NDC may be required
for each PLMN.

XLIII

6.2: International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

The IMSI is a unique identity allocated to each subscriber to allow correct identification over
the radio path and through the network and is used for all signaling in the PLMN. All network
related subscriber information is connected to the IMSI. The IMSI is stored in the SIM, as
well as in the HLR and in the serving VLR.
The IMSI consists of three different parts:
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
MCC = Mobile Country Code
MNC = Mobile Network Code
MSIN = Mobile Station Identification Number
According to the GSM specifications, IMSI has a maximum length of 15 digits. MNC
expansion In order to make it possible to define more than 100 operators under one MCC, the
MNC is extended from two to three decimal digits in Ericssons GSM system. The MNC
parameter is also used in the Cell Global Identity and in the Location Area Identity. In order to
maintain backward compatibility and to allow the Ericsson BSS to be connected to equipment
from other vendors, the Ericsson implementation has the possibility to switch from two to
three MNC digits on both the air interface and the A interface. A changeable exchange
property is used to decide if the third digit is used.

Figure X.2

6.3:Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

The TMSI is a temporary number used instead of IMSI to identify a MS. The TMSI is used
for the subscribers confidentiality on the air interface. The TMSI has only local significance
(that is, within the MSC/VLR area) and is changed at certain events or time intervals. The
TMSI structure can be chosen by each operator but should not consist of more than four octets
(8 digits).

XLIV

LOCATION RELATED IDENTITIES

6.4: Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)
A MSRN is used during the call setup phase for mobile terminating calls. Each mobile
terminating call enters the GMSC in the PLMN. The call is then re-routed by the
GMSC, to the MSC where the called mobile subscriber is located. For this purpose, a
unique number (MSRN) is allocated by the MSC and provided to the GMSC. The
MSRN is seized for the call setup phase only and released immediately afterwards.
The call setup takes place in the following way:
GMSC receives a signaling message "Initial Address Message" for the incoming call
(MSISDN).
GMSC sends a signaling message "Send Routing Information" to the HLR where the
subscriber data is stored (MSISDN).
HLR uses MSISDN to find the subscriber data in the database. The Supplementary
Service (Call forward unconditional not active) is verified. The VLR address that
corresponds to the subscriber location and the IMSI are retrieved. HLR sends a
signaling message "Provide Roaming Number" using the VLR address as the
destination (IMSI).
VLR having received the message, requests MSC to seize an idle MSRN and to
associate it with the IMSI received. VLR sends back the result to the HLR (MSRN).
HLR sends back the result to the GMSC (MSRN).
GMSC uses MSRN to re-route the call to the MSC. MSC receives a signaling message
"Initial Address Message" for the incoming call (MSRN). MSC performs digit
analysis on the received MSRN. The result is "Mobile terminating". The MSC finds
the association between the MSRN and the IMSI. The MSRN is released and the IMSI
is used for the final establishment of the call.

Figure
X.3

XLV

The Use of MSRN

The interrogation call routing function (request for a MSRN) is a part of the Mobile
Application Part (MAP). All data exchanged between the GMSC-HLR-MSC/VLR for the
purpose of interrogation is sent over the signaling network. The Mobile Station Roaming
Number (MSRN) consists of three parts:
MSRN = CC + NDC + SN
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
NOTE: In this case, SN is the address to the serving MSC.

Figure X.4

6.5: Location Area Identity (LAI)

The LAI is used for paging, to indicate to the MSC in which Location Area (LA) the MS is
currently situated and also for location updating of mobile subscribers.
The LAI contains the following:
LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC
MCC = Mobile Country Code, same as IMSI MCC
MNC = Mobile Network Code, same as IMSI MNC
LAC = Location Area Code, the maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65,536 different
location areas to be defined in one PLMN.

XLVI

6.6: Cell Global Identity (CGI)

The CGI is used for cell identification within a location area. This is done by adding a Cell
Identity (CI) to the components of a LAI. CI has a maximum length of 16 bits
CGI consists of:
CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI

Figure X.6

6.7: Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)

BSIC allows a mobile station to distinguish between different neighboring base stations.
BSIC consists of:
BSIC = NCC + BCC
NCC = Network Color Code (3 bits), identifies the PLMN. Note that it does not uniquely
identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of
a border.
BCC = Base Station Color Code (3 bits), identifies the Base Station to help distinguish
between BTS using the same BCCH frequencies.

Figure X.7

XLVII

6.7: Location Number (LN)

Location Number is a number related to a certain geographical area, as specified by the
network operator by tying the location numbers to cells, location areas, or MSC/VLR
Service Areas. The Location Number is used to implement features like Regional/Local
subscription and Geographical differentiated charging.
The LN consists of the following:
LN = CC + NDC + LSP
CC = Country Code
NDC = National Destination Code
LSP = Locally Significant Part

XLVIII

XLIX

7.1.

INSIGHT INTO GSM

My primary training area during my training in Bharti Mobile Ltd. has had been in studying
and understanding the operation and maintenance of GSM. So, in order to do so it becomes
my primary aim to first gain an insight into the basics of GSM.
So given above was a brief summary of what I have learnt during my five months of training
at AIRTEL.

7.2.

HEALTH CHECK

Health check is performed on regular basis. It consists of four basic steps. They are:
Welcome SMS testing
Call testing
SMS testing
Reach me cases

7.2.1:WELCOME SMS TESTING

Whenever a subscriber latches on to home network from the other network/area then Home
network gives Welcome SMS to the subscriber. Winback SMS is the acknowledgment to the
subscriber that you have logged off the preferred network (Airtel). Exactly the messages are
as follows:-

Message ID

Message

Edit Delete

WEL_IN__

Dear __HOMEOPERATOR__ subscriber. Airtel INA02 welcomes you to

Punjab. Stay connected on Punjab's largest and the only 2.5 G network Edit Delete
covering 255 towns.

WEL_AVV_NAT1__

Airtel Punjab at ur Service. Dial 626 fr Cab, 604 fr Info, 602 fr FoodTel,
611 fr Travel Info, 630 fr Car Helpline & 603 fr CourierTel between 10am Edit Delete
to 6 Pm
Enjoy Airtel Anywhere payment service. Now make payments by cash or
credit card at select Airtel showrooms anywhere in India. For assistance
Dial 121.

WEL_AVV_NAT2__

Edit Delete

Pre_out

__GREETING__,Dear Airtel Punjab Customer, AIRTEL wishes you a

Edit Delete
pleasent stay in __OPERATOR__.

In touch Int

Airtel wishes you a pleasant stay in __VISITEDCOUNTRY__. You have

Edit Delete
logged into __OPERATOR__. Have a great Day!

WinBack

Dear Subscriber, u have logged out of AirTel. Pls select AirTel/INA 02

Edit Delete
manually and enjoy the widest coverage

wel avv nat 3_

Congratulation! Lucky number 2394 is the owner of a Diamond pendant.

Edit Delete
Next time it could be you. Dial 456 now to get your lucky number.

WEL AVV NAT 3

Airtel & American Express offer you superior forex rates & free gift*.if u
are in Amritsar Contact 0183-2590640/visit Rajasansi Airport. Condition Edit Delete
apply

WEL_BACK_NAT

Airtel Punjab welcomes you back home. Enjoy home tariffs beyond this
Edit Delete
Point

WEL_AVV_NAT4__

Punjab's only network supporting connectivity thru GPRS, Edge and

Edit Delete
Blackberry even while Roaming Stay connected on Airtel / INA02

WEL_AVV_NAT5_

Dial 646 and Speak 2 Ur Service, Airtels exclusive Voice Recognition

System. Jokes, Ringtones, MusiCards, Cricket, Movie Reviews & lots Edit Delete
more

WEL_AVV_NAT6__

Airtel & American Express offer you superior forex rates & free gift. if u
are in Amritsar Contact 01832590640/visit Rajasansi Airport. Condition Edit Delete
apply

WEL_AVV_NAT7__

Stay connected on Punjab's largest and the only network supporting GPRS
Edit Delete
while Roaming absolutely free.

WEL_AVV_NAT8__

Drive into the new year in a Brand new Mercedez Benz. Dial 234 now.
Edit Delete
Call charges Rs 20 per min

The message comes as they are given in the profile. The various settings of the welcome SMS
are done by logging on to nimbus server.
7.2.2: CALL TESTING
In call testing following steps are performed:
i) MO (Mobile Originating) call from test Sim to Airtel Sim.
ii) MT (Mobile Terminating) call to test Sim from Airtel Sim.
SMS TESTING
In SMS testing following steps are performed:
i) MO (Mobile Originating) SMS from test Sim to Airtel Sim.
ii) MT (Mobile Terminating) SMS to test Sim from Airtel Sim.
REACH ME CASES
Under these cases the call forwardings are tested.
Tests are done for:

CFU
CFNRY
CFB
CFNRC

The above mentioned supplementary services are tested by forwarding a call to some other
number as well as to the voicemail box.

LI

7.3. SUBSCRIBER SERVICES PROVISIONING

During my training period I have dealt with the PROVISIONING of subscriber
supplementary services like barring of outgoing or incoming calls, debarring of outgoing or
incoming calls, changing password if required, giving reset when messages are not
terminating on a number or when location information shown by HLR is purged, call
forwarding during various conditions, SIM swapping.
SUBSCRIBERS PROFILE

hgsdp: MSISDN=919815533772,all;
(ALL-All Subscriber Data)
HLR SUBSCRIBER DATA
SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY
MSISDN
919815533772

IMSI
404020001146508

STATE
CONNECTED

AUTHD
AVAILABLE

NAM
1 PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA
2
SUD
CAT-10
DBSG-1
OBO-2
OBR-1
OSB1-1
TS11-1
TS21-1
TS22-1
OFA-1
PRBT-1
CFU-1
CFB-1
CFNRY-1
CFNRC-1
BAIC-1
CAW-1
HOLD-1
CLIP-1
PWD-0000
AMSISDN
BS
BC
NONE 7
WO
BPH0G91003/045/070000 AT-5

TIME 030707 0945 PAGE

LII

SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE DATA

BSG
TS10
SS

STATUS

BAIC
CAW
CFU
CFB
CFNRY
CFNRC

NOT ACTIVE
ACTIVE-OP
NOT ACTIVE
NOT ACTIVE
NOT ACTIVE
NOT ACTIVE

SS

STATUS

BAIC

NOT ACTIVE

FNUM

TIME

SADD

FNUM

LOCATION DATA
VLR ADDRESS
MSRN
4-919815051911

TIME

MSC NUMBER
919815051911

LMSID

PACKET DATA PROTOCOL CONTEXT DATA

NONE
END

PROFILE STATUS:
MPTY- Multiparty/ Conference
OBO2- STD Calls
OSB1- Limited STD (Local Profile)
PRBT1- Hello tune
Stype7 and Stype9- Punjab Prepaid
OICK 15, 20, 29- Punjab Prepaid depending upon the series (151, 724, 726)
TS11, TS21, TS22- For messages
CFU- Call Forwarding Unconditional
CFB- Call Forwarding when Busy
CFNRY- Call Forwarding on no Reply
CFNRC- Call Forwarding when not reachable
BAOC- Barring of all Outgoing Calls
BAIC- Barring of all Incoming Calls
CAW- Call Waiting Active
CLIP- Caller Line Identification Presentation

LIII

Like in this example, subscribers profile is printed. The services listed under PERMANENT
SUBSCRIBER DATA are permanent services which are provided to the subscriber with
activation. Under SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE DATA all supplementary services are listed
which are provided to the subscribers according to their demands and also changes are made
in the already existing permanent and supplementary services.
The following commands are used for providing services to the subscribers:
1. BARRING DATA
For barring of outgoing /incoming calls or SMS the following command is used:
HGSDC:MSISDN=919815757639,SUD=OBO-4;
Operator determined barring of all outgoing calls when roaming outside home PLMN country
is activated for the mobile subscriber with MSISDN 919815757639. Same like this if we use
OBO-1 than all o/gs get barred
OBI-1 all i/cs get barred on that number (MSISDN 919815757639).
2. CHANGING PASSWORD
For changing password in case if subscriber forgot the password hes fed into mobile we use
the command given below.
HGSDC:MSISDN=919815757639,SUD=PWD-0001;
Password 0001 is registered for the mobile subscriber with MSISDN 919815757639.
3. CALL FORWARDING
When doing testing or when needed call forwarding being done using the command:
HGSDC:MSISDN=919815757639,SUD=CFU-1;
Call forwarding unconditional is provided for the mobile subscriber with MSISDN
919815757639. Similarly call forwarding can be done in case of busy condition, not reachable
condition, switched off condition, by using this command.
4. PROFILE PROVISIONING
HGSDC:MSISDN=919815757639,PROFILE=1;
Subscriber data set on profile number 1 is assigned to the mobile subscriber with MSISDN
919815757639. Similarly any other profile can be given using this command.
LIV

5. DEFAULT SPEECH SERVICE PROVISIONING

HGSDC:MSISDN=919815757639,SUD=DBSG-1;
The basic service group speech transmission service is defined as default basic service group
for the mobile subscriber with MSISDN 919815757639.
When subscriber hasnt take any other service like fax or data services than DBSG-1 is given
to that subscriber for speech services.

6. FINDING OWN CALLING ADDRESS

MGCAP;
This command initiates the printout of the address information of the international and
national own calling address defined for the node, containing entities such as MSC/VLR,
GMSC, SMS-GMSC and SMS-IWGMSC.

7. SERVICES IN A PROFILE
HGSPP:PROFILE=1&2;
The subscriber data specified in subscriber profile 1 and 2 is printed.
HGSPP:PROFILE=3 to 17;
The subscriber data corresponding to the subscriber profiles from 3 to 17 is printed (both
included). With this command we check the services within a specific profile.

8. ACTIVATION OF SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES

HGSSI, this stands for HLR GSM Supplementary Service Initiate.
HGSSI:MSISDN=919815757639,SS=BAOC;
Barring of All Outgoing Calls is activated for all applicable BSGs which have got some
individual BS subscribed to, for the MS with MSISDN 919815757639.
HGSSI:MSISDN=919815757639,SS=CFNRC;
Call Forwarding on Mobile Subscriber Not Reachable (CFNRC) is activated for all applicable
BSGs which have got some individual BS subscribed to, for the MS with MSISDN
919815757639 if CFNRC had been previously registered.

LV

9. SS DEACTIVATION
HGSSE:MSISDN=919815757639,SS=BAOC;
Barring of All Outgoing Calls (BAOC) is deactivated for all applicable BSGs which have got
some individual BS subscribed to for the MS with MSISDN 919815757639.
HGSSE:MSISDN=919815757639,SS=CFNRY;
Call Forwarding on no Reply (CFNRY) is deactivated and the information related to the SS
erased for all applicable BSGs which have got some individual BS subscribed to for the MS
with MSISDN 919815757639.
HGSSE:MSISDN=919815757639,SS=BAOC,BSG=TS10;
BAOC is deactivated for BSG all Speech Transmission services (TS10) for the MS with
MSISDN 919815757639.

10. TO CHECK THE CUG STATUS

This command is used to print the existing Basic Service Group options of Closed User Group
for one or all mobile subscribers that are member of any Closed User Group.
HGCUP:MSISDN=919815757639;

11. TO REMOVE THE CUG STATUS

HGCUE:MSISDN=919815757639;

12. TO RESET A NUMBER

HGSLR:MSISDN=919815757639;
The location of the mobile subscriber with IMSI 919815757639 is set to unknown.

LVI

7.4.TYPES OF COMPLAINTS
7.4.1. Connectivity (Magic, for Pb. & Har.)
7.4.2. Connectivity (Postpaid, for Pb. & Har.)
7.4.3. VAS related (SMS incoming, SMS outgoing).
7.4.4. Coverage (Postpaid, for Pb. & Hr.)
7.4.5. Roaming problems.
7.4.1.Problems of connectivity
7.4.1.1. Customer is not able to dial any no.
7.4.1.2. Customer is not able to dial a particular no.
7.4.1.3. Customer is not able to receive call from any where.
7.4.1.4. Customer is not able to receive a call from particular no.
7.4.1.5. Call gets disconnected before getting through.(Drop 1)
7.4.1.6. Call gets disconnected after some time.(Drop 3)

METHOD OF RESOLUTION:
Complaint No. 7.4.1.1

Steps of resolutions:
(a) First of all check the customer profile i.e. whether
BAOC is active or not active in supplementary services.
If BAOC is active, then customer would not be able to dial any
no. ie. Its outgoing is barred.
(b) To made his outgoing debar we use command
hgsse: msisdn=9198xxxxxxxx, sud=baoc;

LVII

(c) Then check the parameter OBO in customer profile

I.e. If OBO =1 in that then also again his outgoing is barred.
(d) To made his outgoing debar we use command
hgsdc: msisdn=9198xxxxxxxx,sud=OBO-x;
(e) The last parameter due to which problem persist can be because if customer may have
changed his handset settings or password
(f) We make the password correct again from the switch with the command
hgsdc: msisdn=9198xxxxxxx, sud=PWD-0000;
Complaint No.7.4.1.2

(a) First of all we check whether the connection is pre-paid or post-paid.

b) Then we made a call from that sim i.e. pre or post. (This is because the routing of these is
different)
(c) If the call is not getting through we concern our switch department and they resolved this
problem within 24 hours.
Complaint No.7.4.1.3
(a) We check the customer profile ie whether the parameter BAIC is active or not active.

If

it is active then customer would not receive call from anywhere.

(b) To make this correct we use command
hgsse:msisdn=9198xxxxxxxx,ss=BAIC;

LVIII

Complaint No. 7.4.1.4

Complaint: Customer is not able to receive calls from

Bihar LL(0651) on 98156
(a) Call up to any technical person of the exchange to which this no belongs to.
(b) Ask him to check the levels from 98156 to 98159.
(c) If levels are not open then fax them the letter to open the levels.
(d) Then after receiving the test call on this level write the resolution as resolved in notes.
7.4.3.Problems of VAS
Customer is not able to send SMS on any no.
Customer is not able to receive SMS from any no.
Customer is not able to send SMS on a particular no.
Customer is not able to receive SMS from a particular no.
Example of VAS Problem

Complaint : Customer is not able to send SMS to any no.

Steps of Resolution
(a) Check the profile of customer through HLR
i.e. (Is TS22=1?)
(b) Ask the customer to check his Message centre .
(c) Give reset to his mobile through HLR by command
hgslr:msisdn=919815877310;
(d) Parameter TS22 is then changed to 0 & then to 1
by using command
hgsdc:msisdn=919815677310,sud=TS21-0;
hgsdc:msisdn=919815677310,sud=TS21-1;
(e) At last we take trace that no. and find out fault code.
LIX

Complaint: customer is not able to receive the sms

Steps of resolution
(a) Give reset to the no. using command
hgslr:msisdn=9198xxxxxxxx;
(b)Check whether the parameter TS21-1 is present.
(c) Parameter TS21 is then changed to 0 & then to 1
by using command
hgsdc:msisdn=919815677310,sud=TS21-0;
hgsdc:msisdn=919815677310,sud=TS21-1;
7.4.4. COVERAGE PROBLEMS
7.4.4.1. Customer is facing problem of signals indoor.
7.4.4.2. Customer is facing problem of call drops instead of full signals.
7.4.4.3. Customer is facing problem of echo.
7.4.4.4. Customer is facing problem of call drops during evening.

Method of Resolution
(a) For this we concern our site engineer and ask them about the location that whether we had
coverage there or not if we had good coverage their then problem must be with the handset or
we arrange a visit by our engineer who on priority check the signals and give us remarks in
this way we made resolution
(b) Problem of call drop instead of full signals can be due to the RQ factor ie if the value of
RQ (Receiving Quality) is more than 5 then the problem must be there.
(c) Problem of echo is such problem which cannot exist for a single customer because this
problem occurs due to the problem in POIs or problematic device echo canceller. So it is
must that if someone is facing this problem of echo then all others also must face that problem
in same particular area. But if just one customer is facing this problem then that problem must
be with the handset of that customer.
(d) Fourth complaint can be solved by checking the congestion in that particular area in which
customer is facing this problem.
LX

7.4.5.Problem of Roaming
1. Customer is not able to call a particular no during roaming
2. Customer is not able to use his facility of roaming in a particular area

Method of resolution:
(a) We check the parameter OBR from the HLR.
(b) If parameters are ok then we concerned to the switch department and resolve the problem

7.5. ROAMING RELATED COMPLAINTS

National In roamer
Complaint: In roamer not able to Latch on our Network
Checks:
DATA DEFINITIONS of that in roamers operator at our end
IMSI analysis
ROAMING agreement of our Network with the In roamers operator.
We check whether the DATA definitions being done at our end or not, if yes then is their any
problem in definitions? And if definitions are not done than we see is Roaming Agreement is
done between our end and that operator. If there is no agreement then that in roamer cant
latch on our network. Else we check IMSI analysis is correct?
We also check the subscribers basic and supplementary services and see whether the in
roamer has roaming or not? If subscriber hasnt take national roaming service then he/she
cant latch on any network outside HPLMN area.
If any in roamer successfully latch on our Network but cant make outgoing or incoming
Calls then we checked his profile that is national roaming is their, national STD is
provisioned, is outgoing barred? , is incoming barred? And various other parameters
If there is any problem in SMS MO or MT then also we checked all parameters explained
above. And also check his BSG 20, that BAIC or BAOC is active or not? If it is active then
we deactivate that. If theirs not any problem like this then we ask subscriber to check his
SMSC center number, and if it is not correct then ask him to change it.
LXI

Out roamer
Complaint: Not able to latch on to another operator in VPLMN
Checks:
Our subscribers who roamed outside Airtel Punjab are called Out roamers. I have solved
many problems related to national or international Out roamers. If our out roamer is not able
to latch on to any operator in VPLMN then we check following :

Check subscribers profile whether roaming is active or not?

Check his basic services using command HGSDP
Check data definitions
See link is active?

If our Out roamer is facing any problem related to LATCH ON, MTC , MOC, SMSMO,
SMSMT then we checked his profile containing basic and supplementary services using
command HGSDP and try to solve the problem.
SMS RELATED COMPLAINTS
If subscriber is facing SMS related problem then we checked that to which category this
complaints belong ?
a) MO SMS problem
Like message sending failed
Message not send this time
Message pending

b) MT SMS problem
First of all we check subscribers profile for TS21 and TS22. If it is not present then
Subscriber cant use this service, else
ask him to check SMSC center number fed into mobile equipment
ask him to check INBOX memory whether its full or not
MT SMS problem:
For solving this problem we send a message from test handset to that subscriber and see if it is
pending or delivered.

LXII

If pending then ask him to check whether inbox memory is filled. Ask him to check SMSC
center no., See which handset he is using, to check handset provisioning, because some
handset not offer certain facilities.
Check the SIM status whether it is registered in MSC or not. As the subscriber has made LU
in current MSC he is using that means he is registered but our HLR receiving the message
from that MSC that MS is not reachable.
For this we use a command HGMWP.
For example:
HGMWP:MSISDN=3344556677;
All Service Center addresses contained in the Message Waiting Data list corresponding to the
subscriber whose MSISDN is 3344556677, are printed.
By using this command we get whether the subscriber is REACHABLE or not, if not than
SMS becomes pending in subscribers mail box and waiting for Reachable condition. As soon
as subscriber comes in reachable condition SMS get delivered to him.
Under the condition MS is latched on to any MSC but when HLR querying for the same MS,
MSC returns the message not reachable than HLR shows not reachable condition .
Then we give reset to that particular number at our end and ask subscriber to switched OFF
and switched ON the mobile. By giving this command all the information contained in HLR
about
the subscriber get deleted and when he switch on again HLR gets the new LOCATION area
information. And then all those SMS which are pending get delivered to subscriber.
We use the command to reset a number is HGSLR
HGSLR:IMSI=1234567890;
The location of the mobile subscriber with IMSI 1234567890 is set to unknown.
MO SMS problem:
There are three types of MO SMS problems, like
Message sending failed
Message not sent this time
Message pending
Message sending failed and Message not send this time may occurs if wrong SMSC center is
fed or if link is not active.
And message pending occurs when either MS2 is not reachable or its inbox memory is filled
completely.
For solving this problem subscriber is been advised to check its SMSC number used and to
delete messages if memory is completely filled. If there is any link related problem then gets
solved by the operator and its a temporary problem, when the link comes in active state
subscriber can send and receive messages.
LXIII

Since now we have our own SMSC at Airtel Punjab, if the problem still persists then we take
a trace at the SMSC end itself. By taking this trace various fault codes get generated which
help in acknowledging the type of problem and thus the resolution can be done accordingly.

7.6. ROAMING TESTINGS

Roaming testing are carried out to check and make sure that services and parameters provided by the
operator are working are within control i.e. Out roamer may be in any part of world service provider
must be able to change/edit/create supplementary services as well as subscriber permanent data (like
barring, reset, CFU etc). After the tests results are pass links are opened for operator according to the
launch status i.e. Bilateral or Unilateral (Either In roamer or Out roamer).
In Bilateral Launch Status, both HPLMN and VPLMN subscribers are authorized to latch on to the
network.(Airtel Punjab Subscriber can latch on to CSL Hong Kong network and CSL Hong Kong
Subscriber can latch on to Airtel Punjab Network)
In Unilateral- In roamers case, only subscriber of other network can latch on to HPLMN (Only CSL
Hong Kong Subscriber can latch on to Airtel Punjab Network)
In Unilateral-Out roamers case, only subscriber of HPLMN can latch onto VPLMN (Only Airtel
Punjab Subscriber can latch on to CSL Hong Kong network).
Tests that are performed are based on the launch status i.e. both way or only one side has to perform
tests. Bilateral case both ends have to perform tests one by one. After defining IMSI and GT for the
network operator tests that are performed are as follows:
SHORT TEST (IR24 )
LONG TEST
PREPAID TEST (IR32)

7.7. SHORT TEST

This is performed using Winfiol.
Before the start of the test we have to note the TT File.
The command used is C:\> afpls ls rtrfiles
All the time measurements are taken only after synchronizing the clock of the computer with that of
the MSC.
The command used is caclp;
In Short testing the following tests are performed
CHECK THE CALL AND SMS STATUS
LXIV

First a call is made from the in roamer test sim on a Bharti sim. Then as per the international format
we note down MSISDN &IMSI for both MS (a) and MS (b).
The command used for getting the IMSI is

Mgtrp:msisdn=xxxxxxxxxx;
Then using the command

Mgslp:imsi=xxxxxxxxxx,all;
We note down the supplementary services provided to the in roamer.
Then the following test cases are performed:
Originate a call from Bharti sim
Terminate a call from Bharti sim
Originate a sms from Bharti sim
Terminate a sms from Bharti sim

CALL TEST
Call (In roamer to In roamer ) MS(a) to MS(b)
In roamer to in roamer call is made from the roaming test sim cards. As per the international
format we have to note down MSISDN &IMSI for both MS (a) and MS (b).Then following
timings are noted down:
Dial end up time of MS(a)
Alerting time on MS(b)
Time of perceived answer of call
Time of disconnecting the call

MESSAGE TEST
Mobile Originated (MO) & Terminated SMS from MS(a) to MS(b)
In roamer to in roamer SMS is made from the roaming test Sim card.
MS (b) is switched off for this test.
Then following timings are noted down:

SMS send time

MS(b) ON time
LXV

 SMS Receive time on MS(b)

After completing the tests, the TTfile is again noted down.
The command used is afpls ls rtrfiles

Format of filling the tests is somewhat as follow for short test (IR24):APPENDIX AAPAAAAAAAA
APPENDIX A
MOU-IREG Stage 4 Test-Results for Mobile Stations of PLMN(a) Roaming to PLMN(b)
A.1.1. NETWORK OPERATOR INFORMATION
HPLMN (a)
VPLMN (b)
Date of Tests
Testing personnel PLMN(a)
Tel/Fax:
Testing personnel PLMN(b)
Tel/Fax:

A 2.1.1.

LOCATION UPDATE BY MS(A) IN VPLMN(B)

(a)
VLR Record contents:
MSISDN
IMSI
Teleservices

Bearer Services
Supplementary Services
A 2.1.3. MS1(A) CALLS MS2(A), BOTH ROAMED TO VPLMN (B)
(a) MSISDN of originating MS (i.e.MS1(a))
(b) Number keyed into MS1(a)
(c) Time of start of call (i.e. SEND key operation)
(d) Delay between SEND key operation at MS1(a) and MS2(a) alerting
*(e) Time of perceived answer of call
hr/min/sec
*(f) Chargeable Call Duration (i.e. perceived answer until end of call. Duration must be 60sec or more.)
(g) Quality of call [Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor, Bad]
GOOD
(h) Echo present?
NO
If Yes, to which MS? [MS1(a) / MS2(a)]

LXVI

(i) Comments

A 2.3 SMS TEST RESULTS

A 2.3.1 MOBILE ORIGINATED AND TERMINATED SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)

MSISDN of MS1(a)
E164 address of HPLMN SMS - Service Centre
Time of transmitting to SMS - Service Centre
MSISDN of MS2(a)
Time of switching on MS2(a)
Time of receipt of SMS at MS2(a)
Was message correctly received?

hr/min/sec
hr/min/sec
yes

Test Sheet
Test
Location Update
Originate a call from Bharti SIM
Terminate a call on Bharti SIM
Originate SMS from Bharti SIM
Terminate SMS on Bharti SIM

Successful
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

(YES/NO)

Remark
Ok
Ok
Ok
Ok
Ok

7.8. LONG TEST

In LONG TEST all the tests performed in the short test are to be performed.
First the Short Test is performed as follows:
a) We note down the TT file.
b) Resetting - Erasing the previous location information of the subscriber, then the MS is
switched OFF and ON.
Expected event- MS should be able to location update again, if it happens test is PASS otherwise
other tests are not performed before sorting out this problem.
c) Check the call and SMS status.
d) In roamer to in roamer CALL test.
LXVII

e) In roamer to in roamer SMS test.

In addition to the Short test the following tests are performed:

i) PSTN CALL TEST
In this test the call is made from PSTN to MS (a)
Under this test three different cases are performed.
MS(a) is ON (responding to paging)
IMSI DETACH (TAKE BATTERY OFF WHILE PHONE IS SWITCH ON)
MS(a) SWITCHED OFF (no response to paging)
In all the above cases we note down the following:
1) Dial end up time of PSTN
2) Alerting time on MS(a)
3) Time of Start of Announcement
4) Language of Announcement
5) Time of End of Announcement
6) Text of Announcement

In Switched OFF case the announcement is of the other operator.

In IMSI detach the announcement is of the HLPMN (i.e Airtel)
ii) SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE TESTS
Under this test the following cases are performed:
a) Barring of all outgoing calls (BAOC):
In this test all the outgoing calls from the In roamer card are barred and the following observations
are recorded:
i)

Time of activation of BAOC.

ii)

Call to 112 must be successful.

iii)

Call to PSTN must not be successful.

iv)

Time of deactivation of BAOC.

LXVIII

b) Barring of all outgoing international calls (BOIC)

In this test all the outgoing international calls from the In roamer card are barred and the following
observations are recorded:
i)

Time of activation of BOIC.

ii)

Call to PSTN in HPLMN must not be successful.

iii)

Call to a mobile subscriber in HPLMN must not be successful.

iv)

Time of deactivation of BOIC.

If the above service is not provided by the HPLMN operator then the following test is carried out:
i.

A call to a PSTN no. in VPLMN is made and the following timings are noted down:
1) Dial end up time of MS(a)
2) Alerting time on PSTN
3) Time of perceived answer of call
4) Time of disconnecting the call

ii.

A call to an international No. is made and the following timings are noted down:
1) Dial end up time of MS(a)
2) Alerting time on the international no.
3) Time of perceived answer of call
4) Time of disconnecting the call

c) Barring of all outgoing international calls except for Home Country (BOIC-EXHC)
In this test all the outgoing international calls except for the HPLMN from the In roamer card are
barred and the following observations are recorded:
i)

Time of activation of BOIC-EXHC.

ii)

Call to PSTN in HPLMN must be successful.

iii)

Call to a mobile subscriber in HPLMN must be successful.

iv)

Time of deactivation of BOIC-EXHC.

If the above service is not provided by the HPLMN operator then the following test is carried out:
iii.

A call to a PSTN no. in VPLMN is made and the following timings are noted down:
1) Dial end up time of MS(a)
LXIX

2) Alerting time on PSTN

3) Time of perceived answer of call
4) Time of disconnecting the call
iv.

A call to an international No. is made and the following timings are noted down:
1) Dial end up time of MS(a)
2) Alerting time on the international no.
3) Time of perceived answer of call
4) Time of disconnecting the call

d) Barring of all incoming calls (BAIC)

In this test all the incoming calls from the In roamer card are barred and the following observations
are recorded:
1) Time of activation of BAIC.
2) Call from a PSTN is made and the timings are noted down as earlier.
3) Time of deactivation of BAIC.
e) Call forwarding when not reachable (CFNRC)-IMSI DETATCH case
f) Call forwarding when not reachable (CFNRC)-SWITCH OFF case
g) Call forwarding when busy (CFB)
h) Call forwarding when no reply (CFNRY)
In these tests call forwarding are activated.
Expected event- The service is not activated as these cases are not applicable for an in roamer.
Some of the tests have to be performed ON-LINE before actually starting the above mentioned tests.
These tests are:
a) RESETING- Erasing the previous location information of the subscriber, then the MS is switched
OFF and ON.
Expected event- MS should be able to location update again, if it happens test is PASS otherwise
other tests are not performed before sorting out this problem.
b) BARRING OF INCOMING CALLS AND OUTGOING CALLS
In this case we bar the Incoming and Outgoing Calls of the cards with them and other operator tries
both Incoming and Outgoing Calls.
Expected event-They should not be able to make Incoming and Outgoing Calls
c) UNBAR INCOMING CALLS AND OUTGOING CALLS
In this case we unbar the Incoming and Outgoing Calls of the cards with them and other operator tries
both Incoming and Outgoing Calls again.
LXX

Expected event-They should be able to make Incoming and Outgoing Calls

Both the above tests are performed on-line by both sides, each side note down the time of Location
Cancellation, Incoming Barring and Outgoing Barring.
Format of filling the test sheets for LONG TEST is somewhat same as the Short Test but with more
number of test cases.

7.9. CHECKING OF HLR

The other work which I learnt is to check the Subscriber Profile through Home Location
Register which is shown in the computer as

LXXI

7.9.1. OBO(Operator determined barring of all o/g calls)

0-no barring (i.e. ISD profile)
1-all o/g barred
2-ISD barred (i.e. STD profile)
3-Limited Profile

LXXII

7.9..2. OBR (Operator determined barring of roaming)

0-International Roaming
1-No Roaming
2-National Roaming
3-Limited Roaming

7.9.3. TS21 and TS22

parameters are for SMSMT and SMSMO

respectively. So if these are not given then

subscriber cant make SMSMT Or SMSMO.

7.9.4. CFU- Call Forwarding Unconditionally

0-not provided
1-provided

7.9.5. CFB-Call Forwarding On Mobile Subscriber Busy

0-not provided
1-provided
7.9.6. CFNRC-Call Forwarding On Mobile Subscriber not reachable
0-not provided
1- provided

7.9.7. CFNRY- Call Forwarding On No Reply

0-not provided
1-provided

7.9.8. OBA-Operator Determined Barring Of All Incoming and Outgoing Calls

0-no operator barring of any call, active
1-operator barring of all calls, active
7.9.9. OBI- Operator Determined Barring Of All Incoming Calls
LXXIII

0-not active
1-operator determined barring of all incoming calls active
2-operator determined barring of all incoming calls when roaming outside home PLMN,
active
7.9.10. BAIC- Barring Of All Incoming Calls
0-not provided
1-provided

7.9.11. BAOC- Barring Of All Outgoing Calls

0-not provided
1-provided

7.9.12. BOIC- Barring Of All Outgoing International Calls

0-not provided
1-provided
7.9.13. PWD-Subscriber Password
0-not provided
1-provided

7.9.14. TS11-Teleservice Telephony

0-not subscribed
1-subscribed

7.9.15. TS21-Teleservice Short Message MT/PP

0-not subscribed
1-subscribed
7.9.16. TS22- Teleservice Short Message MO/PP
0-not subscribed
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1-subscribed
7.9.17. TS10-ALL Speech Transmission Services
0-not subscribed
1-subscribed

7.9.18. TS20-All Short Message Services

0-not subscribed
1-subscribed
7.9.19. HOLD-Call Hold
0-not provided
1-provided

These parameters are really important in giving resolutions for some difficult technical
complaints.

7.10. CREATING LOGS

Logs are created to save the data in a file at a particular location for further reference.
They are created in Winfiol in HLR.
Open Winfiol and connect to required node (MSC 1-8, PBGMSC 1-4)
Type the Username & Password.
mml
Press F8 and enter name of the log. Then file is saved in the form of log on which we
are working.
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 C7gsp; (this helps to create log)

If we have to initiate any file in Winfiol, then Press F2 and enter the name of file to be
executed.
After this, all the data will be stored as log.

7.11. HGSDP DUMP

HGSDP command gives the status of the subscriber. It also gives us the list of all the services
provided to the subscriber. The HGSDP dump is required by the various departments for
checking the status of the subscribers of their interest.
Home Location Register, Subscriber Data, Print
Command
HGSDP:MSISDN= msisdn,all;
HGSDP:IMSI=imsi,all;
Parameters
ALL

All subscriber data

IMSI=imsi
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
See the Application Information for block HTRAN .
MSISDN=msisdn Mobile Station International ISDN Number (MSISDN)
See the Application Information for block HTRAN .

Function
This command prints subscriber data for mobile subscribers in HLR.
Answer printout HLR SUBSCRIBER DATA is received.
Associated answer printouts are also received depending on the parameter given:
PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA , SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE DATA and
LOCATION DATA answer printouts are received when parameter ALL is entered.
PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA is received when parameter SUDA is entered.
PERMANENT SUBSCRIBER DATA and SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICE DATA
answer printouts are received when parameter SSDA is entered.
LOCATION DATA answer printout is received when parameter LOC is entered.
This command can be initiated from up to 16 Input/Output (IO) devices simultaneously. The
order does not remain after system restart.

EXAMPLES
Example 1
HGSDP:MSISDN=919876116639,all;
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All subscriber data for the mobile subscriber with MSISDN 919876116639 are printed.
Example 2
HGSDP:IMSI=1234567890,ALL;
All subscriber data for the mobile subscriber with IMSI 1234567890 are printed

7.12. SUDA DUMPS

Suda dumps provide details of supplementary services available on a list of MSISDN present
in HLR.
Format
In HLR

aploc;
C:\> cpfls ls
After the above command is given, a list of files appears we have to note that HP sub file
which has zero size.
Sub file
HPSDPOAFILE-0000000no

size
0

Here no represents the file we have to note where all the details will be stored.
Here we create a log so that the whole data is stored in a file.
Then

mml
Command

HGPFI:MSISDNS=all, ext;
Parameters
all- all (list of) mobile numbers
ext- extended
We have to press F5 and Esc after every one minute so that connection should not lose;
otherwise we have to initiate the process again.

7.13. BACKUPS
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Backups are basically taken for the purpose of redundancy. As the software is loaded for all
the hardware installed which is very much prone to errors and bugs, also the network changes
are being made continuously ,so it becomes very essential to have a back up, a duplicate
copy of all the changes made and that even very up to date
There are two types of Backups :
i)
Manual ( on OD- Optical disk)
ii)
Automatic( on Hard disk)
Backups taken can otherwise be categorized as:
a) CP (Central Processor)
b) SP (Support Processor)
c) TT file (Toll Ticketing file).
CP Backup contains software loaded in CP, this is taken weakly. It also includes information
about new E1s added.
SP Backup are very important & critical backups, its the backup of the software of the
exchange and data stored in it.
In case of any crash or errors in the software loaded, it is reloaded by giving a reset to the
software in the exchange which then picks up the last backup from the OD.
For example: taking CP Back ups
These are taken using Citrix Program Neighborhood.

Open Citrix Program Neighborhood

Type the username and password
Right click on Tools > AXE Management Tools > Command Handling
Connect to the required node
Aploc;
Hostname (to find the active node a,b)
Prcstate (to confirm the status of active node)
After checking the status of various nodes, calls are made to the technicians concerned
with various nodes to ask them to take the back ups in the required active node. So,
actually Citrix is used to perform the back end operations.

For example: taking TT Back ups

These are taken using PC Anywhere. It actually comes under Citrix Program Neighborhood.
Connect to PC Anywhere
Connect to required node for which TT back up has to be initiated.
Type the username & password
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Go to Start > Programs > Administrative Tools > Back Up

Open the drive
Go to disk Y as all TT files are stored in this
Select the required TT file and specify the required path to save it. It is generally done
in V drive.

7.14. BSC COMMANDS

(1) To check the external alarms.
ALLIP: ACL=A1 or A2;
(2) To check the TG value of site.
RXTCP: MOTY=RXOTG, CELL= <cell name>;
(3) To check the CF internal alarm or CDU type.
RXMFP: MO=RXOCF-<TG value>;
(4) To check the channel freq or Synth hopping on/off.
RLCFP: CELL=<cell name >;
(5) To check the DIP name
DTSTP: DIP=ALL;
(6) To check all DIP status
DTSTP: DIP=ALL;
(7) To check DIP status
DTSTP: DIP= <rblt name>;
(8) To enable the MBL RBLT
DTBLE: DIP=<rblt name>;
(9) To enable the OSS (change the prompt first)
IMLCT: SPG=0;
(10) ILNPP: PORT=ALL;
(11) To disable the port
ILBLI: NP=1-1-3-4;
(12) To enable the port
ILBLE: NP=1-1-3-4;
(13) To come on normal prompt
END;
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(14) To check no of TRU at cell

RLSLP: CELL=<cell name>;
(15) To check the configuration of all sites
RLCRP: CELL=ALL;
(16) To check the TG value of all sites
RXMOP: MOTY=RXOTG;
(17) To check the RBLT .

RXAPP:MO=RXOTG-<tg value>;
RADEP:DEV=<any rblt no showing in first result>;
NTCOP:SNT=<etrblt no of first command>;
(18) To block the TRX
RXBLI:MO=RXOTRX-<tg value>-<tie value>,SUBORD,FORCE; (F4 & F5)
To de block the TRX
RXBLE:MO=RXOTRX-<tg value>-<tie value>,SUBORD; (F4 & F5)

7.15. SOFTWARES USED

OSS CITRIX SERVER CLIENT
Citrix is User Emulation Software, which connects a remote user to the OSS server.
Run Citrix from the shortcut created on the desktop.

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Figure X.1

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Figure X.2

Figure X.3

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WINFOIL SOFTWARE
WinFIOL is developed by Ericsson AB and is used by 211 users of Software Informer. The
most popular versions of this product among our users are: 7.0 and 7.1. The names of program
executable files are IconF26A7E5C.exe, winfiol.exe, and wtconfig.exe. It works with wfm,
chn file types. WinFIOL is a remote connection software developed by Ericsson. It is similar
to telnet but with little bit of graphical interface and at the same time with inbuilt command
for scripts and provision for macros.
IR32 Testing of a number:
To find out the IMSI mgtrp : msisdn = number
Esc (ENTER) will check the supplementary service on the number
mgslp : IMSI IMSI, all;
To check time of calls caclp

To check the active nodes of a Mobile Switching Centre(MSC)

eaw MSC1
aploc
hostname
mml
exit

{Logs into MSC1}

{Enters into C:\}
{Resolves the hostname of MSC and active node}
{Exits the C:\}
{Exits the MSC1}

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The screenshots of winfoil software

Figure X.4: Screenshot of WINFOIL

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8.

ERICSSONS LIVE PROJECT

8.1. R13. UPGRADE OF ALL MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRES

Till the year 2010, All the MSCs of Punjab were running on Windows NT platform with
software version R12.0. From time to time MSCs software needs to get upgraded from older
version to current version i.e R13.0 which in turns provide enhancement in certain features.
The R13.0 upgrade is done in all the nodes containing CP backup i.e Central Processor
Backup.
The R13.0 upgrade in all MSCs is targeted to provide the customer with new feature
known as MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY.
With this feature, customers can now move their entire mobile phone number,
including the prefix, to any operator of their choice.

8.2. TECHNICAL DETAILS

The R13.0 upgrade is done making one node of MSC redundant and other as Prime.
While R13.0 software upgrade is fed to the primary node, all the call routing is
undertaken by the other active node.
When the other node is fed to the upgrade the redundant node is made active and the
call routing gets switched to the other node.

A significant technical aspect of MNP (Mobile Number Portability) is related to the

routing of calls or mobile messages (SMS, MMS) to a number once it has been ported.

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 A node namely MPBN i.e Mobile Packet Backbone Network provides the
portability alongwith the FNR node knows as Flexible Number Register which is set
up to make the number transroute from one network to another network.

8.3.

MOBILE NUMBER PORTABILITY

Mobile Number Portability (MNP) means the customer can keep their mobile phone number
if they decide to change from one mobile operator to another. Basically, its a process that
allows the customer to keep their mobile number irrespective of who their network operator
is. So, if they switch between operators, they dont have to go to the trouble of advising all
their friends/family/colleagues that their number has changed it stays the same.

8.4. TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

After all the upgradation of MSC is done, then the MSC is tested whether all the calls,
messages are being routed.
In order to provide the Mobile number portability feature, a pre-testing phase was
undertaken by Ericsson in November followed by a 2nd testing phase in January.
Removing all the flaws from the system, the Mobile Number Portability scheme is
ready to be implemented in April.

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9. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Bharti Airtel Limited, one of Asias leading integrated telecom services providers with
operations in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Bharti Airtel since its inception, has been at
the forefront of technology and has pioneered several innovations in the telecom sector.
The company is structured into four strategic business units - Mobile, Telemedia, Enterprise
and Digital TV. The mobile business offers services in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The
Telemedia business provides broadband, IPTV and telephone services in 89 Indian cities. The
Digital TV business provides Direct-to-Home TV services across India. The Enterprise
business provides end-to-end telecom solutions to corporate customers and national and
international long distance services to telcos

Bharti airtel offers following products and services-

9.1. MOBILE SERVICES

Bharti Airtel offers GSM mobile services in all the 23-telecom circles of India and is the
largest mobile service provider in the country, based on the number of customers.

9.2. BROADBAND AND FIXED LINE SERVICES

The group offers high speed broadband internet with a best in class network. With Landline
services in 94 cities we help you stay in touch with your friends & family and the world. Get
world class entertainment with Indias best direct to home (DTH) service digital TV in more
than 150 cities

9.3. ENTERPRISE SERVICES

Enterprise Services provides a broad portfolio of services to large Enterprise and Carrier
customers. This division comprises of the Carrier and Corporate business unit. Enterprise
Services is regarded as the trusted communications partner to India's leading organizations,
helping them to meet the challenges of growth

9.4. DIGITAL TV SERVICES

Airtel offers the magical experience of digital enterainment. From DVD quality picture and
sound,the best and widest variety of channels and programmes to the best on-demand content
on Airtel Live, your tv viewing experience change forever with digital TV from Airtel!

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10:

CONCLUSIONS

I have concluded following things out of the training:

The communication hardware studied theoretically prior to the training was practically
very small part of the transmission system.
The GSM system is a very vast field and six months are not sufficient to understand
all of its elements.
One learns a new concept with each passing day of the training.
Introduction to the GSM prior to the training in this field is very essential to make the
understandings easy at initial phase.
Inter-department coordination and team work are the key factors for development of
an enterprise.

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11.

GAINS FROM TRAINING

With the completion of this training I am now aware of the technical setup of the GSM
Network. I have worked for five complete months on the hardware as well as the software
used in GSM. This work included the setup as well as the maintenance of the working
hardware. I have worked almost as an employee engineer to the extent of my technical
capabilities. Doing all these I have acquired a lot of knowledge about the working of my
department (Operation Maintenance Centre)
I was a part of one of the most happening and demanding field of communication i.e. the
Global System for Mobile and spending five months into it really proved very useful to me
and I have gained following things out of it:
An overview of the actual working of GSM network
Working experience on the hardware as well as software which helped me in being
more familiar to the practical tasks which I am supposed to do in the long run.
Learning inter department coordination and the qualities such as team work.
Training helped me in increasing my working skills & stamina and also showed the
atmosphere which I have to join after completion of the degree program.
Finally the main advantage of this training was that I have now opened doors for our easy
entry to the giant mobile telecom industry.

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12.

BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES

www.airtelindia.com
www.ericsson.com
Active Library Explorer (ALEX)
Ericsson system manuals
www.gsmworld.com

XC