Time : 3 Hours

PLEASE WRITE YOUR ROLL NO. AT THE SPACE PROVIDED ON EACH PAGE
IMMEDIATELY AFTER RECEIVING THE QUESTION PAPER.
NOTE: There are 9 questions in all.

Question 1 is compulsory and carries 20 marks. Answer to Q.1 must be written in the
space provided for it in the answer book supplied and nowhere else.
The answer sheet for the Q.1 will be collected by the invigilator after 45 minutes of
the commencement of the examination.
Out of the remaining EIGHT Questions answer any FIVE Questions. Each question
carries 16 marks.
Any required data not explicitly given, may be suitable assumed and stated.

Q.1 Choose the correct or the best alternative in the following:

a. The number of point to point links required in a fully connected network for the 50
entities is
(A) 1250

(B) 1225

(C) 2500

(D) 50

Ans : C
b. Telephone companies normally provide a voltage of _________ to power telephones.
(A) +24 volts DC

(B) -24 volts DC

(C) +48 volts DC

(D) -48 volts DC

Ans : D

c. The situation when both transmitter and receiver have to work in tandem is referred to
as
(A) Parallel

(B) serial

(C) synchronous

(D) asynchronous

Ans : C

d. Common Channel signaling ______________________

(A) Uses the speech or data path for signaling
(B) Does not use the speech or data path for signaling
(C) Needs no additional transmission facilities.
(D) Finds it difficult to handle signaling during speech
Ans : C

e. A large numbers of computers in a wide geographical area can be efficiently connected

using
(A) Twisted pair lines
(B) Coaxial cables
(C) Communication satellites
(D) all of the above
Ans : D

f. Which transmission mode is used for data communication along telephone line?
(A) Parallel
(C) Synchronous

(B) serial
(D) asynchronous

Ans : B

g. A sample rate of ________ is required for a good quality representation of telephone

conversation.
(A) 4500 times per second
(B) 700 integer sample points per minute
(C) 50 times per second per mile of distance travelled
(D) 8000 times per second
Ans : C

h. The ______ is a circuit-switched network, while the _______ is a packet-switched

network.
(A) Telephone, ATM
(C) Satellite, Telephone

(B) SONET and FDDI

(D)FDDI and SONET

Ans : A

i. A master group consists of

(A) 12 voice channels

(B) 24 voice channels

(C) 60voice channels

(D) 300 voice channels

Ans : D

j. Erlang is used to
(A) Measure busy period

(B) Give total busy period in minutes

(C) Measure average call rate

(D) Indicate total call period

Ans : A

Q.2.a. With neat diagrams explain the configuration of a step-by-step switching

system.
ANS:TheschematicdiagramforsuchanexchangeisgiveninFig.Eachsubscriber
isconnectedtoasinglerotarypreselectorswitchattheexchange,theoutputsfrom
this switch being connected to a bank of twomotion switches known as group
selectors. The outputs from the preselector switches of a whole group of
subscribersareconnectedtogetherinparallelasthatgroupofsubscriberssharea
single bank of group selectors. When a subscriber lifts his telephone, the cradle
switchcausesacircuittobecompletedbacktothetelephoneexchange,signaling
thatthesubscriberwishestomakeacall.Thiscausesthepreselectorswitchtostep
arounduntilitfindsafreegroupselector.Thepreselectorswitchthenstopinthis
positionandthegroupselectorisseizedbythesubscriberwishingtomakeacall.

Figure :2 (a)
Onseizingthegroupselector,thesubscriberdialshisfirstdigitandtheselector
switchmovesuptotheappropriaterowontheswitchcontactarray.Eachfinal
selector has the possibility of connection to 100 lines. The 1000 lines are
thereforedividedinto10groupsof100each,thegroupbeingidentifiedbythe
firstdigitinthesubscribersnumber.Theverticalmotionofthegroupselector
thereforeselectsafinalselectorinthegroupassociatedwiththefirstdigitdialed.
Eachindividualrowofcontacts,orlevels,ofthegroupselectorisconnectedtoa
bankoffinalselectorsassociatedwithaparticulargroupof100linenumbers.
Havingdialedthefirstdigittoselecttheappropriategroup,thegroupselector
armthenautomaticallyrotatesintheverticaldirectionuntilitfindsafreefinal
selector.Inthefinalselector,bothdirectionsofmotionareunderthecontrolof
the subscribers dial and, after dialing two further digits, connection is
established,providingthecalledsubscriberstoanswerhistelephone.
b. What is Store Program Control(SPC)? Give the organization of centralized
SPC. Discuss
the advantages of SPC automation in telephone switching.

In stored program control systems, a program or set of instructions to the

computerisstoredinitsmemoryandtheinstructionsareexecutedautomatically
onebyonebytheprocessor.Carryingouttheexchangecontrolfunctionsthrough
programsstoredinthememoryofacomputerledtothisname.
Therearetwoapproachestoorganizingstoredprogramcontrol:
1. Centralized:Inthiscontrol,allthecontrolequipmentisreplacedbyasingle

processorwhichmustbequitepowerful.
2. Distributed: In this control, the control functions are shared by many
processorswithintheexchangeitself.

FIGTypicallyCentralizedSPCOrganization
IncentralizedSPC,dualprocessorarchitecturemaybeconfiguredtooperatein
oneofthreemodes:
1. Standby mode: In this mode, one processor is active and the other is on
standby, both hardware and software wise. The standby processor brought
online when active processor fails. An important requirement of this
configurationistheabilityofthestandbyprocessortoreconstitutethestateof
theexchangesystemwhenittakesoverthecontrol.
2. Synchronousduplexmode:Insynchronousduplexmode,hardwarecouplingis
providedbetweenthetwoprocessorswhichexecutethesamesetofinstructions
andcomparetheresultscontinuously.Ifamismatchoccurs,thefacultyprocessoris
identified and taken out of service immediately. When the system is operating
normally,thetwoprocessorshavethesamedataintheirmemoriesatallthetimes
andreceiveallinformationfromtheexchangeenvironment.

3. LoadSharingmode; Inloadsharingoperation,anincomingcallisassigned
randomly or in a predetermined order to one of the processors which then
handlesthecallrightthroughcompletion.Thusboththeprocessorsareactive
simultaneouslyandsharetheloadandtheresourcesdynamically.
AdvantagesofSPC:
(i)Easytocontrol
(ii) Easytomaintain
(iii)Flexible
(iv) Widerangeofservicescanbeprovidedtocustomers.

Q.3.a.What
(4)

is

time

division

switching?

TimeDivisionSwitching: Aswitchingelementcanbesharedbynumberof
simultaneously active speech circuits. This is the principle of time division
switching.Obviously,withthewaytheswitchingelementsaresharedintime
division switching, much greater savings can be achieved in the number of
switchingelementswhencomparedtomultistagespacedivisionswitching.
BasicTimeDivisionSwitching: Thefunctionalblocksofamemorybasedtime
divisionswitchingswitchisshowninFig.anditsequivalentcircuitinFig.Inthis
organisation,thedatacominginthroughtheinletsarewrittenintothedatamemory
andlaterreadouttotheappropriateoutlets.Theincomingandoutgoingdataare
usuallyinserialformwhereasthedataarewrittenintoandreadoutofthememory
in parallel form. It, therefore, becomes necessary to perform serialtoserial
conversionandparalleltoserialconversionattheinletsandoutletsrespectively.For
convenience,thedatainanddataoutpartsoftheMDRareshownseparatelyforthe
datamemoryinFig.6.5althoughinreality,MDRisasingleregister.Sincethereis
onlyoneMDR,agatingmechanismisnecessarytoconnecttherequiredinlet/outlet
toMDR.Thisisdonebytheingateandoutgateunits.

b. Define grade of services. In a particular exchange during busy hour 1200

calls were offered to a group of trunks, during this time 6 calls were lost. The average
call duration being 3 minutes calculate
i) Traffic offered in erlangs
ii) Traffic lost
iii) Grade of service and iv) period of congestion

Q.4.a. What are the different tones used in strowger telephony? Explain with help of
waveform and Timing diagram.

Ans:
DialTone:Thistoneisusedtoindicatethattheexchangeisreadytoacceptdialed
digitsfromthesubscriber.Thesubscribershouldstartdialingonlyafterhearingthe
dialingtone.Sometimes,however,afewsecondsmayelapsebeforethedialtoneis
heard.Thishappensparticularlyincommoncontrolexchangeswhichuseshared
resourcesforuserinterfaces.Thedialtoneisa33Hz or50Hzor400Hz

17

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

continuoustoneasshowninFig.The400Hzsignalisusuallymodulatedwith25
Hzor50Hz.
Whenthecalledpartylineisobtained,theexchangecontrolequipmentsendsout
theringingcurrenttothetelephonesetofthecalledparty.Thisringingcurrenthas
thefamiliardoubleringpattern.Simultaneously,thecontrolequipmentsendsout
a ringingtone tothecallingsubscriber,whichhasapatternsimilar,thatofthe
ringingcurrentasshowninFig.The tworingsinthedoubleringpatternare
separatedbyatimegapof0.2sandtwodoubleringpatternsbyagapof2s.The
ringbursthasdurationof0.4s.Thefrequencyoftheringingtoneis133Hzor
400Hz,
BusytonepatternisshowninFig.Itisabursty400Hzsignalwithsilenceperiod
inbetween.Theburstandsilencedurationhavethesamevalueof0.75sor0.375
s.Abusytoneissenttothecallingsubscriberwhenevertheswitchingequipment
orjunctionlineisnotavailabletoputthroughthecallorthecalledsubscriberline
isengaged.Fig.showsthenumberunobtainabletonewhichiscontinuous400
Hzsignal.Thistonemaybesenttothecallingsubscriberduetoavarietyof
reasonssuchasthecalledpartylineisoutoforderordisconnected,andanerror
indialingleadingtotheselectionofaspareline.Insomeexchangesthenumber
unobtainabletoneis400Hzintermittentwith2.5sonperiodand0.5soffperiod.
Theroutingtoneorcallinprogresstoneisa400Hzor800Hzintermittentpattern.
Inelectromechanicalsystems,itisusually800Hzwith50percentdutyratioand0.5s
on/offperiod.Inanalogelectronicexchangesitisa400Hzpatternwith0.5son
periodand2.5soffperiod.Indigitalexchanges,ithas0.1son/offperiodsat400Hz.
Whenasubscribercallisroutedthroughanumberofdifferenttypeofexchanges,one
hearsdifferentcallinprogresstonesasthecallprogressesthroughdifferent
exchanges.Fig.showsaroutingtonepattern
b. What are the single stage and multistage networks? Compare the strengths
and weaknesses of each of them.

SingleStageVs.MultistageNetwork.
Sr.
No.
1.
2.
3.

4.

5.

6.

SingleStage

MultiStage

Inlettooutletconnectionisthroughasingle
crosspoint.
Useofsinglecrosspointperconnection
resultsinbetterqualitylink.

InlettoOutletconnectionisthrough
multiplecrosspoints
Useofmultiplecrosspointsmay
degradethequalityofaconnection.
Samecrosspointcanbeused
establishconnectionbetweena
numberofinlet/outletpairs.

Eachindividualcrosspointcanbeusedfor
onlyoneinlet/outletpairconnection.
Aspecificcrosspointisneeded
foreachspecificconnection.

Aspecificconnectionmaybe
establishedbyusing
setsofcrosspoints.

Ifacrosspointsfails,associated
connectioncannotbeestablish
Thereisnoredundancy.

Alternativecrosspointsand
pathsareavailable.

Crosspointsareinefficientlyused.Only
onecrosspointineachroworcolumnofa
squareortriangularswitchmatrixiseven
inuse,evenifallthelinesareactive.

Crosspointsareused

Efficiently

Numberofcrosspointsis
Prohibitive

Numberofcrosspoints
isreducedsignificantly

Alargenumberofcrosspoints
ineachinlet/outletleadsto
capacitiveloading.

Thereisnocapacitive
loadingproblem

9.

Thenetworkisnonblocking
incharacter

Thenetworkisblocking
incharacter

10.

Timeforestablishingacallisless.

Timeforestablishingacallismore.

7.

8.

Q.5.a. How does the one arrive at the probability of availability of free lines during
the busy hour?How can this be improved?

Ans:
Onecanarriveattheprobabilityoffreelinesduringbusyhourbyusingthedelay
probabilityoftheexchange.Thedelayprobabilityindicatesthedelaythatacaller
mayfacebeforehiscallcanbecompleted.Inadelaysystemthecallerismadeto
waittillafreelineismadeavailableforthecompletionofthecall.Thisleadsto
calldelay.Improvementcanbemadeifthesystemistreatedasalosssystem
insteadofadelayedsystem.Inalosssystem,thecallerhastorepeatacalltillthe
callisestablished.Thisreducesthedelaybyreleasingacallerfromthequeueuntil
thereisrepeatedaction.
Blockingprobabilitycanbeuseful.TheblockingprobabilityPisdefinedasthe
probabilitythatalltheserversinsystemarebusy.Whenalltheserversarebusy,
nofurthertrafficcanbecarriedbythesystemandthearrivingsubscriberstraffic
isblocked.Atthefirstinstance,itmayappearthattheblockingprobabilityisthe
samemeasureastheGOS.Theprobabilitythatalltheserversarebusymaywell
representthefractionofthecallslost,whichiswhattheGOSisallabout.
b. Explain all the categories that are served by common control switching system.

CommonControlSwitchingSystem:Afunctionalblockdiagramofacommon
controlswitchingsystemisshowninFig.Thecontrolfunctionsinaswitching
systemmaybeplacedunderfourbroadcategories:
i. Eventmonitoring.
ii. Callprocessing.
iii. Charging.
iv. Operationandmaintenance

45

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

Events occurring outside the exchange at the line units, trunk junctions and inter
exchange signaling receiver/sender units are all monitored by control subsystem.
Typical events include all requests and call release signals at the line units. The
occurrences of the events are signaled by operating relays which initiate control
action.Thecontrolsubsystemmayoperaterelaysinthejunctions,receivers/senders
andthelineunits,andthuscommandtheseunitstoperformcertainfunctions.Events
monitoringmaybedistributed.Forexamples,thelineunitsthemselvesmayinitiate
controlactionsontheoccurrenceofcertainlineevents.

When a subscriber goes offhook, the event is sensed, the calling location is
determinedandmarketfordialtone,andtheregisterfinderisactivatedtoseizea
freeregister.Identityofthecallinglineisusedtodeterminethelinecategoryand
theclassofservicetowhichthesubscriberbelongs.Aregisterappropriatetothe
linecategoryischosen,whichthensendsoutthedialtonetothesubscriber,in
readinesstoreceivethedialinginformation.Assoonastheinitialdigits(usually
25) which identify the exchange are received in the register, the register
continues to receive the remaining digits. The initial translator determines the
routeforthecallthroughthenetworkanddecideswhetheracallshouldbeput
throughornot.Italsodeterminesthechargingmethodsandtheratesapplicableto
thesubscriber.Initialtranslationmayalsotakeintoaccountinstructionsfromthe
operatingpersonnelandinformationregardingthestatusofthenetwork.

FIGCommonControlSwitchingSystem

Q.6.a. Explain the working of broadband ISDN.

BISDN Configuration: Fig. shows how access to the BISDN network is

accomplished.EachperipheraldeviceisinterfacedtotheaccessnodeofaBISDN
networkthroughabroadbanddistantterminal(BDT).TheBDTisresponsiblefor

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

electricaltoopticalconversion,multiplexingofperipherals,andmaintenanceof
thesubscriberslocalsystem.ExcessnodesconcentrateseveralBDTsintohigh
speedopticalfiberlinedirectedthroughafeederpointintoaservicenode.Most
ofthecontrolfunctionforsystemexcessismanagedbytheservicenode,suchas
callprocessing,administrativefunctionandswitchingandmaintenancefunctions.
The functional modules are interconnected in a star configuration and include
switching, administrative, gateway, and maintenance modules. The
interconnectionofthefunctionmoduleisshowninFig.Thecentralcontrolhub
actsastheenduserinterfaceforcontrolsignalinganddatatrafficmaintenance.In
essence,itoverseestheoperationofthemodules.

b. What is the need of hybrid in telephone networks? How does it work?

ANS:Digitalexchangesrequirereceiveandtransmitsignalsonseparatetwowire
circuits.Thiscallsfor twowire tofourwireconversion.Suchaconversionis
normallyrequiredfortrunktransmissionsinanalogexchanges.Thecircuitthat
performs 2wire to 4wire conversion is called Hybrid. A transformer based
hybridcircuitisshowninFig.Themainfunctionofahybridistoensurethat
thereisnocouplingofsignalfromtheinputtotheoutputinthe4wirecircuit.
Theoperationofthecircuitisasfollows:TheinputsignaliscoupledtotheBand
Fwindingsequally.ThroughtheCwinding,theinputiscoupledtothe2wire
circuit.Thesamesignalwhenitflowsthroughthebalanced2wirecouplesthe
signaltowindingDthroughwindingC.ThesignalinducedinBflowsthroughE
andinducesacurrentinDthatopposesthecurrentinducedbyF.Iftheimpedance
ZB exactlymatchesthatofthe2wirecircuit,theeffectofinputsignalonthe
outputwindingDiscompletelynullified.Inasimilarway,theinputsignalfrom
thesubscriberendiscompletelynullifiedfromcouplingintothewindingA.

25

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

Q.7.a. Name the switching schemes used in a digital exchange. How call processing
take place?

Ans:

Thedifferentswitchingsystemsusedare:
1. StrowgerSwitchingSystem
2. CrossbarSwitching.
3. ElectronicSwitchingSystem.
BasicCallProcedure:Fig.Showsasimplificationdiagramillustratinghowtwo
telephone sets (subscribers) are interconnected through a central office dial
switch. Each subscriber is connected to the switch through a local loop. The
switchismostlikelysomesortofanelectronicswitchingsystem(ESSmachine).
Thelocalloopareterminatedatthecallingandcalledstationsintelephonesets
andatthecentralofficeendstoswitchingmachines.

19

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

FIGTelephoneCallProcedure
Whenthecallingpartystelephonesetgoesoffhook(i.e.,liftingthehandsetoff
thecradle),theswitchhookinthetelephonesetisreleased,completingadcpath
betweenthetipandtheringofthelooptroughthemicrophone.TheESSmachine
senses a dc current in the loop and recognizes this as an offhook condition.
Completingalocaltelephonecallbetweentwosubscribersconnectedtothesame
telephone switch is accomplished through a standard set of procedure that
includesthe10stepslistednext.
1. Callingstationgoesoffhook.
2. After detecting a dc current flow on the loop, the switching machine
returnsanaudibledialtonetothecallingstation,acknowledgingthatthe
callerhasaccesstotheswitchingmachine.
3. Thecallerdialsthedestinationtelephonenumberusingoneofthetwo
methods:Mechanicaldialpulsingor,morelikely,electronicdualtonemulti
frequency(TouchTone)signals.
4. Whentheswitchingmachinedetectsthefirstdiallednumber,itremoves
thedialtonefromtheloop.
5. Theswitchinterpretsthetelephonenumberandthenlocatestheloopfor
thedestinationtelephonenumber.
6. Beforeringingthedestinationtelephone,theswitchingmachineteststhe
destinationloopfordccurrenttoseeifttisidle(onhook)orinuse(off
hook). At the same time, the switching machine locates a signal path
throughtheswitchbetweenthetwolocalloops.
7. (a)Ifthedestinationtelephoneisoffhook,theswitchingmachinesendsa
stationbusysignalbacktothecallingstation.
(b) If the destination telephone is on hook, the switching machine sends a
ringingsignaltothedestinationtelephoneonthelocalloopandthesame
timesendsaringbacksignaltothecallingstationtogivethecallersome
assurancethatsomethingishappening.
8. Whenthedestinationanswersthetelephone,itcompletestheloop,causing
dccurrenttoflow.

20

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

9. The switch recognizes the dc current as the station answering the

telephone.Atthistime,theswitchremovestheringingandringbacksignals
andcompletesthepaththroughtheswitch,allowingthecallingandcalled
partiestobeginconversation.
10.Wheneitherendgoesonhook,theswitchingmachinedetectsanopen
circuitonthatloopandthendropstheconnectionsthroughtheswitch.
b. How speech is transmitted in a digital switching environment using
PCM/TDM?

Ans:
Adigitalcarriersystemisacommunicationssystemthatusesdigitalpulsesrather
thananaloguesignalstoencodeinformation.Figshowstheblockdiagramfora
digitalcarriersystem.ThisdigitalcarriersystemT1usesPCMencodedsamples
from24voicebandchannelsfortransmissionoverasinglemetallicwirepairor
optical fibre transmission line. Each voiceband channel has a band width of
approximately300Hzto3000Hz.Again,themultiplexerissimplyadigitalswitch
with24independentinputsandonetimedivisionmultiplexedoutput.ThePCM
output signals from the 24 voiceband channels are sequentially selected and
connectedthroughthemultiplexertothetransmissionline.
WhenaT1carriersystem,Dtype(digital)channelbanksperformthesampling,
encodingandmultiplexingof24voicebandchannels,eachchannelcontainsan
eightbitPCMcodeandissampled8000timesasecond.Eachchannelissampledat
thesamerate.Fig.showsthechannelsamplingsequencefora24channelT1digital
carriersystem.AstheFig.showseachchannelissampledonceeachframebutnot
at the same time. Each channels sample is offset from the previous channels
sample by 1/24 of the total frame time. Therefore, one 64kbps PCMencoded
sampleistransmittedforeachvoicebandchannelduringeachframe(aframetime
of1/8000=125s).Later,anadditionalbit(calledtheframingbit)isaddedtoeach
frame.Theframingbitoccursonceperframe(8000bpsrate)andisrecoveredin
thereceiver,whereitisusedtomaintainframeandsamplesynchronizationbetween
theTDMtransmitterandreceiver.

Q.8.a. What are the various types of signaling used in a switching network?

Signalingsystemslinkthevarietyofswitchingsystems,transmissionsystemsand
subscriberequipmentsintelecommunicationnetworktoenablethenetworkto
functionasawhole.
Threeformsofsignalingareinvolvedinatelecommunicationnetwork:
1. Subscriberloopsignaling.

2. Intraexchangeorregistersignaling
3. Interexchangeorinterregistersignaling
Inatelephonenetwork, subscriberloopsignaling dependsuponthetypeofa
telephoneinstrumentused.
The intraexchangesignalingisinternaltotheswitchingsystemandisheavily
dependentuponthetypeanddesignofaswitchingsystem.Itvariesfromone
model to another even with the same manufacturer. This signaling does not
involvesignalingsystemofthetyperequiredontheswitchingnetwork.
When interexchange signaling takes place between exchanges with common
controlsubsystems,itiscalled Interregistersignaling.Themainpurposeof
Inter register signaling is the exchange of address digits which pass from
exchange to exchange on a link by link basis. Network wide signaling also
involves end to end signaling between the originating exchange and the
terminatingexchange.Suchaformofsignalingiscalledlinesignaling.CCSdoes
notusethespeechorthedatapathforsignaling.Itusesaseparatecommon
channelforpassingcontrolsignalsforagroupoftrunksorinformation
InChannel
Trunksareheldupduring
signaling.
Signalrepertoireis
limited.
Interferencebetweenvoice
and
Controlsignalsmayoccur.
Separatesignaling

36

DE20

CommonChannel
Trunksarenotrequiredfor
Signaling
Extensivesignalrepertoireis
possible.
Nointerferenceasthetwo
Channelsarephysicallyseparate.
Onlyonesetofsignalling

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM
equipmentisrequiredfor
eachtrunkandhence
expensive.

Thevoicechannelbeing
thecontrolchannel,there
isapossibilityofpotential
misusebythecustomers.
Signalingisrelatively
slow.
Speechcircuitreliabilityis
assured.
Itisdifficulttochangeor
addsignals.
Itisdifficulttohandle
signalingduring
speechperiod.
Reliabilityofthesignaling
pathisnot
Critical.

equipmentsisrequiredforawhole
groupoftrunkCircuitsand
thereforeCCS
iseconomical

ControlChannelisingeneral
inaccessibletousers.

Signalingissignificantlyfast.
Thereisnoautomatictestofthe
speechcircuit.
Thereisflexibilitytochangeor
addsignals.
Signalsduringspeech.
Thereisfreedomtohandle
Reliabilityofthesignaling
Pathiscritical.

CommonchannelsignalingisbetterthanInchannelsignaling.
b. Explain the various levels of CCITT signaling system number?

AblockschematicdiagramoftheCCITTno.7signalingsystemisshowninfig.
Signalmessagesarepassedfromthecentralprocessorofthesendingexchangeto
theCCSsystem.Thisconsistsofthemicroprocessorbasedsubsystem.
The signaling control subsystems, the signaling termination subsystem and the
errorcontrolsubsystem.Thesignalingcontrolsubsystemstructuresthemessages
intheappropriateformatandqueuesthemfortransmission.Whenthereareno
messagestosend,itgeneratesfillermessagestokeepthelinkactive.Messages
thenpassedtothesignalingterminationsubsystem,wherecompletesignalunits
(SU)areassembledusingsequencenumbersandcheckbitsgeneratedbytheerror
controlsubsystem.Atthereceivingterminal,thereversesequenceiscarriedout.
Thelevelsareasfollows:
Level1:
ThePhysicalLayer
Level2:
TheDataLinkLevel
Level3:Thesignalingnetworklevel
Level4:TheUserPart

FIGBlockSchematicDiagramofCCITTNo.7SignallySystem

Q.9.a. Calculate the number of trunks that can be supported on a time multiplexed
space switch given that, 32 channels are multiplexed in each stream, while the control
memory access time is 100ns and the bus switching transferring time is 100ns per
transfer.
b. Write short notes on
i. stored program control
ii. Congestion
iii. Common channel signaling
iv. PSTN

Ans.
(i)StoredProgramControl:Incentralizedcontrol,allthecontrolequipmentis
replacedbyasingleprocessorwhichmustbequitepowerful.Itmustbecapable
ofprocessing10to100callspersecond,dependingontheloadonthesystem,
and simultaneously performing many other ancillary tasks. A typical control
configurationofanESSusingcentralizedSPCisshowninFig.AcentralizedSPC

configurationmayusemorethanoneprocessorforredundancypurposes.
In almost all the present day electronic switching systems using centralized
control,onlyatwoprocessorconfigurationisused.Adualprocessorarchitecture
maybeconfiguredtooperateinoneofthreemodes:
(i) Standbymode
(ii) Synchronousduplexmode
(iii)LoadSharingmode

FIGTypicallyCentralizedSPCOrganization
(ii)CONGESTION:Itisuneconomictoprovidesufficientequipmenttocarryall
thetrafficthatcouldpossiblybeofferedtoatelecommunicationsystem.Ina
telephoneexchangeitistheoreticallypossibleforeverysubscribertomakeacall
simultaneously.Asituationcanthereforearisewhenallthetrunksinagroupof

27

DE20

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

trunks are busy, and so it can accept further calls. This state is known as
congestion. In a messageswitched system, calls that arrive during congestion
waitinaqueueuntilanoutgoingtrunkbecomesfree.Thus,theyaredelayedbut
notlost.Suchsystemsarethereforecalledqueuingsystemsordelaysystem.Ina
circuitswitchedsystem,suchasatelephoneexchange,allattemptstomakecalls
overacongestedgroupoftrunksaresuccessful.Suchsystemsarethereforecalled
lostcallsystems.Inalostcallsystemtheresultofcongestionisthatthetraffic
actuallycarriedislessthanthetrafficofferedtothesystem.
(iii)Commonchannelsignalling.Signalingsystemslinkthevarietyofswitching
systems,transmissionsystemsandsubscriberequipmentsintelecommunication
networktoenablethenetworktofunctionasawhole.Threeformsofsignaling
areinvolvedinatelecommunicationnetwork:
1. Subscriberloopssignaling.
2. Intraexchangeorregistersignaling
3. Interexchangeorinterregistersignaling
Inatelephonenetwork,subscriberloopsignalingdependsuponthetypeofa
telephone instrument used. The intra exchange signaling is internal to the
switching system and is heavily dependent upon the type and design of a
switching system. It varies from one model to another even with the same
manufacturer. This signaling does not involve signaling system of the type
required on the switching network. When interexchange signaling takes place
betweenexchangeswithcommoncontrolsubsystems,itiscalledInterregister
signaling.ThemainpurposeofInterregistersignalingistheexchangeofaddress
digitswhichpassfromexchangetoexchangeonalinkbylinkbasis.Network
wide signaling also involves end to end signaling between the originating
exchangeandtheterminatingexchange.Suchaformofsignalingiscalledline
signaling.CCSdoesnotusethespeechorthedatapathforsignaling.Itusesa
separatecommonchannelforpassingcontrolsignalsforagroupoftrunksor
informationpaths.Itgivesthefollowingadvantages:
(i) Information can be exchange between the processors much more
rapidlythanwhenchannelassociatedsignalingisused.
(ii) Asaresult,amuchwiderrepertoireofsignalscanbeusedandthis
enablesmoreservicestobeprovidedtocustomers.
(iii)Signalscanbeaddedorchangedbysoftwaremodificationtoprovide
newservices.
(iv) Thereisnolongeranyneedforlinesignalingequipmentsonevery
junctionwhichresultsinaconsiderablecostsaving.
(v) Sincethereisnolinesignaling,thejunctionscanbeusedforcalls
fromBtoAinadditiontocallsfromAtoB. Both wayworking
requiresfewercircuitstocarrythetrafficthanifseparategroupsof
junctionsareprovidedfromAtoBandfromBtoA.
(vi) Signalsrelatingtoacallcanbesentwhilethecallisinprogress.This
enablescustomerstoalterconnectionsaftertheyhavebeensetup.For
exampleacustomercantransferacallelsewhere,orrequestathird
partytobeconnectedintoanexistingconnection.
(iv) PSTN the Public Switched Telephone Network: The Public Switched
TelephoneNetwork(PSTN)accommodatestwotypesofsubscribers:publicand
private. Subscribers to the private sector are customers who lease equipment,
transmission media (facilities), and service from telephone companies on a
permanentbasis.Theleasedcircuitsaredesignedandconfiguredfortheiruseonly
andareoftenreferredtoasprivatelinecircuitsordedicatedlinecircuits.For

28

ROLL NO.__________________
Code: AE64
TELECOMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEMS
DE20

Subject :

ELECTRONICSWITCHINGSYSTEM

example,largebanksdonotwishtosharetheircommunicationnetworkwithotherusers,butitis
noteffectiveforthemtoconstructtheirownnetworks.Therefore,banksleaseequipmentand
facilitiesfrompublictelephonecompaniesandessentiallyoperateaprivatetelephoneordata
networkwithinthePSTN.Thepublictelephonescompaniesaresometimecalledproviders,as
they lease equipment and provide service to other private companies, organizations, and
government agencies. Most metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks
(WANs)utilizeprivatelinedatacircuitsandoneormoreserviceprovider.

SubscriberstothepublicsectorofthePSTNshareequipmentandfacilitiesthatareavailable
toallthepublicsubscriberstothenetwork.Thisequipmentisappropriatelycalledcommon
usage equipment, which includes transmission facilities and telephone switches. Anyone
withatelephonenumberisasubscribertothepublicsectorofthePSTN.Sincesubscribers
tothepublicnetworkareinterconnectedonlytemporarilythroughswitches,thenetworkis
oftenappropriatelycalledthepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)andsometimes
simplyasthedialupnetwork.Itispossibletointerconnecttelephonesandmodemswithone
another over great distance in fraction of a second by means of an elaborate network
comprised of central offices, switches, cables (optical and metallic), and wireless radio
systemsthatareconnectedbyroutingnodes(anodeisaswitchingpoint).Whensomeone
talksaboutthepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork,theyreferringtothecombinationoflines
andswitchesthatfromasystemofelectricalroutesthroughthenetwork.