Chapter 9 Trigonometry

Measurement and geometry
Trigonometry
The word trigonometry comes from the Greek language:
trigonon, meaning triangle, and metron, meaning measure.
Trigonometry uses triangles to find unknown lengths and
angles that cannot be measured physically. It has wide
applications in engineering, surveying, navigation,
astronomy, electronics and construction.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Shutterstock.com/AJE
for the A
n Chapter outline
n Wordbank
Proficiency strands
9-01 Right-angled
trigonometry
9-02 Bearings
9-03 Pythagoras theorem and
trigonometry in 3D*
9-04 Trigonometric relations*
9-05 The trigonometric
functions*
9-06 Trigonometric equations*
9-07 The sine rule*
9-08 The sine rule for angles*
9-09 The cosine rule*
9-10 The cosine rule for
angles*
9-11 The area of a triangle*
9-12 Problems involving the
sine and cosine rules*
*STAGE 5.3
9780170194662
U F
U F
PS R
PS R
C
C
F
U F
PS R
R
C
C
U
U
U
U
U
F
F
F
F
F
R
R
PS R
PS R
PS R
C
C
C
C
C
U F
U F
PS R
PS R
C
C
PS R
bearing The angle used to show the direction of one

location from a given point
complementary angles Two angles that add to 90
cosine rule A rule that relates the three sides and one of
the angles of any triangle: a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
exact ratio The sine, cosine and tangent of the special
angles 30, 45 and 60, which can be expressed as exact
fractions or surds rather than decimal approximations
included angle The angle between two known sides
sine rule A rule that relates the sides of any triangle to the
sine of their opposite angles: a b c
sin A sin B sin C
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
n In this chapter you will:

solve right-angled triangle problems including those involving direction and angles of elevation
and depression
(STAGE 5.3) apply Pythagoras theorem and trigonometry to solving three-dimensional
problems in right-angled triangles
(STAGE 5.3) use the unit circle to define trigonometric functions, and graph them with and
without the use of digital technologies
(STAGE 5.3) solve simple trigonometric equations
(STAGE 5.3) establish the sine, cosine and area rules for any triangle and solve related problems
apply trigonometry to problems involving bearings
(STAGE 5.3) understand and use the exact trigonometric ratios and relations such as
sin y
and cos A cos (180 A)
sin y cos (90 y), tan y
cos y
SkillCheck
Worksheet
StartUp assignment 9
(Advanced)
MAT10MGWK10218
a 64270
Investigating
trigonometry ratios
c 1280 5000
Evaluate each expression correct to four decimal places.
c tan 8450
13
d 200 tan 18
e 14 sin 87400
f
cos 18 270
Convert each angle to degrees and minutes, correct to the nearest minute.
Trigonometric
calculations
Worksheet
b 25430
Worksheet
MAT10MGWK10056
Round each angle to the nearest degree.
a cos 32
b sin 50.9
a 45.80
b 33.1750
c 5.3460
Find the size of angle A, correct to the nearest minute.

3
b tan A 2.7
c sin A 0.4716
a cos A
7
MAT10MGWK00027
Puzzle sheet
Trigonometry equations
MAT10MGPS00032
Puzzle sheet
Finding an unknown
angle
MAT10MGPS00033
9-01 Right-angled trigonometry

There are three trigonometric ratios that relate the lengths of two sides of a right-angled triangle:
sine, cosine and tangent.
Summary
Worksheet
Trigonometry review
MAT10MGWK10057
Puzzle sheet
Solving triangles
MAT10MGPS00034
344
The trigonometric ratios

opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
cos y
hypotenuse
opposite
tan y
adjacent
nus
sin y
te
ypo
opposite
adjacent
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for the A
Example
10 10A
Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.

a
b
15.6 m
35 26
wm
12 cm
67.8
k cm
Solution
w

0
a cos 35 26
15:6
w 15:6 cos 35 260
12:710 . . .
12:7 m
b sin 67:8 12
12 k
k
sin 67:8
12:960 . . .
13:0 cm
Example
w is adjacent and 15.6 is the hypotenuse, so use cos.

On a calculator: 15.6 cos 35 26 =
From the diagram, 12.7 m seems to be a reasonable
answer.
12 is opposite and k is the hypotenuse, so use sin.
sin 67.8 =
On a calculator: 12
From the diagram, 13.0 cm seems to be a reasonable
answer.
Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.
35 mm
24 mm
Solution
tan y 35
24
y 55:561 . . .
55 330 39:6400
55 340
9780170194662
35 is opposite and 24 mm is the adjacent side,

so use tan.
On a calculator: SHIFT tan 35 [ [ 24 =
On a calculator: press or DMS to convert
to degrees, minutes, seconds.
From the diagram, 55340 seems to be a
reasonable answer.
345
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Video tutorial
Angles of elevation and depression
Trigonometry
MAT10MGVT00010
horizontal
lin
eo
fs
angle of
depression
ig
ht
angle of
elevation
lin
ht
sig
f
o
Problems involving angles of elevation and depression usually require the tan ratio in their
solutions.
Video tutorial
Angles of elevation and
depression
MAT10MGVT10023
Example
The angle of elevation from a yacht to the top of a cliff is 18. If the yacht is 190 m from the
base of the cliff, find correct to one decimal place the height of the cliff.
18
190 m
Solution
Let the height be x metres.
x
tan 18
190
x 190 tan 18
61:73474 . . .
18
190 m
61:7 m
The height of the cliff is 61.7 m.
Video tutorial
Angles of elevation and
depression
MAT10MGVT10023
Example
The angle of depression of a boat from the top of

a cliff is 8. If the boat is 350 m from the base of
the cliff, calculate the height of the cliff, correct to
the nearest metre.
350 m
346
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Solution
By alternate angles, the angle of elevation of the
top of the cliff from the boat is also 8.
h
tan 8
350
h 350 tan 8
49:1892 . . .
49
350 m
The height of the cliff is 49 m.

Alternative method
The third angle in the triangle (adjacent to the angle of depression) 90 8 82.
350
h
350
h
tan 82
49:1892 . . .
tan 82
49
The height of the cliff is 49 m.
Exercise 9-01
Right-angled trigonometry
1 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral. All measurements are in
centimetres.
a
c
64.3
87
15.8
42
5542
37.2
a
1835
55
37
x
23.7
8.54
42.8
i
v
See Example 1
5224
7.42
46.78
23
67.1
19
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
See Example 2
2 Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

a
b
8m
4.5 m
5m
56 mm
6.7 m
41 mm
e
4.9
123
12
28
87
3.7
3 A 6-metre ladder rests against a wall. The foot of the ladder is 1.8 m from the base of the wall.
Find:
a the angle (to the nearest degree) that the ladder makes with the ground
b the distance (correct to one decimal place) that the ladder reaches up the wall.
4 A road rises 55 m for every 750 m travelled along it. To the nearest degree, at what angle is the
road rising?
5 A kite attached to a string is flying at a height of 75 m. If the string makes an angle of 49 with
the vertical, what is the length of the string, correct to the nearest metre?
6 A ramp rises at an angle of 12 to the ground. If the top of the ramp is 1.35 m above the
ground, calculate the length of the ramp, correct to two decimal places.
7 A section on a water slide has a vertical rise of 50 m and a horizontal run of 40 m.
a At what angle is the slide descending, correct to the nearest minute?
b What is the gradient of the section?
8 The training of a football team involves running up and down a sandhill 25 times. If the hill is
30 m high and inclined at an angle of 35 to the horizontal, how far does the team run during
training? Answer correct to the nearest 0.1 km.
9 A radio tower is supported by cables as shown. The cables make an
angle of 75 with the ground and are fixed 3 m from the base of the
tower. Calculate, correct to one decimal place:
a the length of each cable
b how far up the tower each cable is fastened.
3m
348
75
3m
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for the A
10 10A
10 Copy each diagram, mark the angle of depression y and find its size.
41
62
43
11 Sang Koo stands 800 m from the base of a building.

His angle of elevation to the top of the building is 9.
Find the height of the building, correct to the nearest
metre.
See Example 3
9
800 m
12 The angle of elevation of a weather balloon at a height

of 950 m is 40. How far (to the nearest metre) is the
observer from being directly under the balloon?
950 m
40
13 A raft is 284 m from the base of a cliff. The angle of

depression of the raft from the top of the cliff is 32.
Find the height of the cliff, correct to the nearest metre.
32
See Example 4
284 m
14 From the top of a 200 m tower, the angle of depression

of a car is 48. How far is the car from the foot of the
tower? Answer correct to the nearest metre.
200 m
15 In a concert hall, Bill is sitting 20 m from the stage by line of sight, 5 m above the level of the
stage. At what angle of depression is the stage? Answer correct to the nearest minute.
16 A tree that is 8.45 m tall casts a shadow that is 1.53 m long. Find the angle of elevation of the
Sun, correct to the nearest minute.
17 A glider is directly above one end of a runway at a height of 255 m. The angle of depression to
the other end of the runway is 28. How long is the runway, correct to the nearest metre?
18 A building casts a shadow 53 m long. The angle of elevation of the Sun is 42. How tall is the
building, correct to the nearest 0.1 metre?
19 A flagpole is mounted on top of a building. At a distance of 250 m from the base of the
building, the angles of elevation of the bottom and top of the flagpole are 38 and 40
respectively. Calculate the height of the flagpole, correct to one decimal place.
20 A news helicopter hovers at a height of 500 m. The angles of depression of a fire moving in the
direction of the helicopter are first 10 and then 15. How far (to the nearest metre) has the
fire moved between the two observations?
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Worksheet
A page of bearings
9-02 Bearings
MAT10MGWK10058
Worksheet
Bearings match-up
MAT10MGWK10061
Worksheet
NSW map bearings
Bearings are used in navigation. A bearing is an angle measurement used to describe precisely the
direction of one location from a given reference point.
Three-figure bearings, also called true bearings, use angles from 000 to 360 to show the amount
of turning measured clockwise from north 000. Note that the angles are always written with three
digits.
The compass rose (below left) shows the three-figure bearings of eight points on the compass. A
bearing of due east is 090, while a compass direction of southwest (SW) is 225.
MAT10MGWK10060
16 points of the
compass
MAT10MGWK10059
Worksheet
Elevations and bearings
N
(000)
NNE
NNW
(000)
N
Worksheet
NE
(045)
NW
(315)
E
(090)
W
(270)
(315) NW
NE (045)
WNW
ENE
(270) W
E (090)
WSW
ESE
MAT10MGWK10062
Quiz
SW
(225)
S
(180)
Trigonometry
SE
(135)
SE (135)
(225) SW
SSE
SSW
S
(180)
MAT10MGQZ00010
Compass bearings refer to sixteen points of a mariners compass (above right).
Example
Write the three-figure bearing of each point from O.
43
38
O
12
Solution
a The bearing of X from O is 90 12 102.
b The bearing of T from O is 360 43 317.
c The bearing of M from O is 90 38 052
350
Must be written as a three-digit angle.
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for the A
Example
10 10A
Sketch point B on a compass rose if B has a bearing of 160 from A.
Solution
N
Draw the compass rose on the point where the bearing is being
measured from.
160 is between 90 and 180, so B is in the southeast (SE)
quadrant.
180 160 20, so B is 20 from south (S).
160
A
20
B
Example
Video tutorial
Bearings
A plane leaves a town and remains on a bearing of 122 for 260 km.
MAT10MGVT10022
a How far south of the town is the plane, correct to one decimal place?
b What is the bearing of the town from the plane?
Video tutorial
Trigonometry
MAT10MGVT00010
Solution
N
a Let d km distance south

\SOP 180 122 angles on a straight line
58
cos 58 d
260
d 260 cos 58
137:7790 . . .
137:8
The plane is 137.8 km south of the town.
b Draw a compass rose with its centre at P.
\OPN 58 (alternate angles on parallel
lines)
Bearing of O from P 360 58
302
Bearing of town from plane 302
122
O
58
E
260 km
P
S
North
122
O
58
North
58
P
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351
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Exercise 9-02
See Example 5
Bearings
1 Write the bearing of each point from O.
M
33
65
O
46
O
O
25
O
H
T
40 W
30
X
O
42
O
25
O
73
2 What is the bearing of each point from O?

a N
e F
i H
b E
f Q
j K
c S
g T
d W
h B
O 38
3 What is the compass direction shown by point B

in question 2?
H
18
55
b What is the three-figure bearing of this compass

direction?
5 Sketch P on a compass rose if P has a bearing of:

a 132 from T
See Example 7
60
45
4 a What is the compass direction halfway between

northwest and west?
See Example 6
b 260 from M
c 335 from X
d 010 from K
6 A yacht leaves Sydney and sails 98 km on

a bearing of 077.
N
N
a How far north of Sydney is the yacht?

b What is the bearing of Sydney from the yacht?
77
98 km
352
9780170194662
for the A
7 Colin leaves Bourke and drives 204 km to Nyngan.

The bearing of Nyngan from Bourke is 127.
10 10A
N
Bourke
a Find the value of y.

b How far south of Bourke is Nyngan?
c What is the bearing of Bourke from Nyngan?
204 km
N
Nyngan
8 Jana cycles 10 km due west, then 7 km due north.

a How far (correct to one decimal place) is Jana from her starting point?
b What is her bearing from the starting point, correct to the nearest degree?
9 A triathlete cycles 20 km on a SSE bearing to the finish line.
a How far (to the nearest km) has the triathlete travelled in a southerly direction?
b What is the compass bearing of the starting point from the finish line?
10 A hiking group walks from Sandy Flats to Black Ridge (a distance of 20.9 km) in the direction
078. They then turn and hike due south to Rivers End, then due west back to Sandy Flats.
How far have they hiked altogether (to the nearest 0.1 km)?
11 A triangular orienteering run starts at Alpha and passes through the checkpoints of Bravo and
Charlie before finishing at Alpha. Bravo is 8.5 km due east of Alpha, and Charlie is 10.5 km
due south of Bravo.
a Calculate, correct to three decimal places, the distance from Charlie to Alpha.
b Find the bearing of Alpha from Charlie, correct to the nearest degree.
12 A plane takes off from Darwin at 10:15 a.m. and flies on a bearing of 150 at 700 km/h.
a How far (to the nearest km) due south of Darwin is the plane at 1:45 p.m.?
b What is the bearing (correct to the nearest degree) of Darwin from the plane?
13 A fishing trawler sails 30 km from port on a bearing of 120 until it reaches a submerged reef.
How far (to the nearest km) is the port:
a north of the reef?
b west of the reef?
14 Two racing pigeons are set free at the same time. The first bird flies on a course of 040 while
the second bird flies on a course of 130.
a The first bird flies 200 km until it is due north of the second bird. Find their distance apart,
correct to two decimal places.
b How far has the second bird flown?
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353
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Puzzle sheet
Pythagorean two-step
problems
Pythagoras theorem and

9-03 trigonometry in 3D
MAT10MGPS00031
Puzzle sheet
Pythagorean triads
MAT10MGPS00030
Animated example
2D and 3D applications
of trigonometry
MAT10MGAE00010
Example
A wooden box has the shape of a rectangular prism with

dimensions 18 cm 3 8 cm 3 4 cm.
4 cm
a Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the

8 cm
18 cm
longest pencil that can lie flat in the base of the box.
b Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the longest diagonal of the box.
c Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the
base of the box.
Solution
Label the box as shown. HD is the length of the
longest pencil that can lie flat in the base of the
box, while ED is the longest diagonal of the box.
a Using the right-angled triangle DAH:
HD2 DA2 AH 2
F
C
B
H
A
18 cm
4 cm
G
8 cm
using Pythagoras theorem
182 82
388
p
HD 388
19:6977 . . .
19:7 cm
The longest pencil that can lie flat in the base
of the box is 19.7 cm.
b Using the right-angled triangle EHD:
ED2 HD2 HE 2
p2
ED2
388 42
From the diagram, 19.7 cm seems to

be a reasonable answer.
using Pythagoras theorem
404
p
ED 404
20:0997 . . .
20:1 cm
The longest diagonal of the box is 20.1 cm.
354
From the diagram, 20.1 cm seems

to be a reasonable answer.
9780170194662
for the A
c In the right-angled triangle EHD, y is the

angle that the longest diagonal makes with
the base of the box.
EH
tan y
HD
4
p
388
y 11:4789 . . .
11
The longest diagonal makes an angle of 11
with the base of the box.
Example
10 10A
Stage 5.3
or use sin or cos as ED is also known
SHIFT
tan
388 =
A 100 m high flagpole is observed from two different

locations. From point A, due south of the flagpole the
angle of elevation of the top of the flagpole is 35; from
point B, due east of the flagpole the angle of elevation is
22. Find, correct to the nearest metre, the distance
between A and B.
Solution
T
100 m
22
C
35
There are three right-angled triangles in this diagram.

To find AB, we must first find AC and CB using
trigonometry.
In triangle ACT,
tan 35 100
AC
100
AC
tan 35
142:8148 . . .
In triangle BCT,
100
tan 22
CB
100
CB
tan 22
247:5086 . . .
In triangle ABC,
A
S
Do not round yet.

Do not round yet.
AB2 AC 2 CB2
142:8148 . . .2 247:5086 . . .2
81
656:6166 . . .
p
AB 81 656:6166 . . .
285:7562 . . .
From the diagram, 286 m seems

to be a reasonable answer.
286 m
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
See Example 8
Exercise 9-03
Pythagoras theorem and

trigonometry problems in 3D
G
1 For this rectangular prism, calculate:

a the length of AE in surd form
b the length of AF correct to one decimal place
c the size of \FAE correct to the nearest degree.
6 cm
H
8 cm
A
12 cm
2 Sketch a diagram of a cube of length 20 cm, then find:

a the exact length of the longest diagonal on any face
b the length of the longest diagonal of the cube, correct to two decimal places
c the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the base, correct to the nearest minute.
P
3 The diagram shows a square pyramid with base length 8 cm

and perpendicular height 20 cm. PX is the slant height of the
pyramid. Calculate:
a the length of PX, correct to two decimal places
b the angle of inclination of PX, correct to the nearest degree
O
A
8 cm
4 A cone has a base diameter of 2.8 m and a slant height

of 2.5 m. Find the angle that the cone makes with the vertical
at the top of the cone.
5 A fruit juice container has the shape of a square prism with dimensions 8 cm by 3 cm by 3 cm.
a Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the longest straw that fits inside the
container.
b Correct to the nearest degree, what angle does the longest straw make with the vertical?
6 From a point X, 37 m from the base of a tree, the angle of elevation is 55 while the angle of
elevation of the tree, from a point Y due east of the tree, is 25. Find, correct to the nearest
metre:
a the height of the tree
b the distance of the tree from point Y
See Example 9
356
7 A 15 m flagpole stands on level ground. From point P, due west of the flagpole the angle of
elevation of the top of the pole is 38. From point Q, due north of the flagpole, the flagpole
has an angle of elevation of 25. Find the distance of PQ, correct to one decimal place.
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for the A
8 From a point, A, at the base of a mountain, the mountain

peak, P, is due north and has an angle of elevation of
20. From a point, B, 2 km due east of A on the same
level, the mountain peak has a bearing of 320.
10 10A
Stage 5.3
N
C
20
a What is the size of \CBA?

b Calculate the height of the mountain PC correct
to the nearest metre.
A
9 From the top of her 55 metre office building, Madison

observes two cars parked at ground level. The angle of
depression of the car due east of the building is 48 and
the angle of depression of the car parked due south of
the building is 33. Calculate, correct to the nearest
metre, how far:
B
320
2 km
T
48
33
55 m
a each car is from the building
b the cars are apart.
10 Hassan observes a transmission tower at an

elevation angle of 12 and bearing 038.
Fatima stands 375 m due east of Hassan
and observes the tower at a bearing of 308.
N
38
a Find the sizes of the angles of 4FHW.
b Find the height of the tower TW correct H
to one decimal place.
11 A plane flies 6 km due west of Keira Bay at a constant
height of 800 m. Xander sees the plane from his house
1.6 km south of Keira Bay. Find, correct to the nearest
degree:
a the bearing of the plane from Xander
b the angle of elevation of the plane from Xander.
S
T
Animated example
2D and 3D applications
of trigonometry
12
MAT10MGAE00010
N
E
F
308
375 m
P
N
0.8 km
W
6 km
Q
KB
1.6 km
X
S
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
NSW
9-04 Trigonometric relations

Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles
Complementary angles add up to 90 and the sine and cosine ratios are called complementary
ratios. That is why co-sine is named as the complement of sine.
B
In 4ABC, \C 90 so \A \B 90 due to the angle sum of a triangle.
[ A and B are complementary angles and B 90 A.
c
a
a
b
Now sin A and cos A
c
c
A
C
b
b
a
But sin B and cos B
c
c
[ sin A cos B and cos A sin B
But B 90 A
[ sin A cos (90 A) and cos A sin (90 A)
Summary
The sine of an angle is equal to the cosine of its complement: sin A cos (90 A)
The cosine of an angle is equal to the sine of its complement: cos A sin (90 A)
Example
10
a If sin 35 cos a, find a.

b If P Q 90 and sin Q 15, find:
17
i cos P
ii cos Q
Solution
a sin 35 cos 90 35
cos 55
[ a 55
b i Since P Q 90
cos P sin Q
15
) cos P
17
ii Since sin Q 15, draw a right-angled triangle
17
to find cos Q.
x2 172 152
64
p
x 64
sin A cos (90 A)
P and Q are complementary angles.

P
17
15
by Pythagoras theorem
8
) cos Q 8
17
358
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for the A
10 10A
Exact trigonometric ratios of 30, 45 and 60
Stage 5.3
The value of most trigonometric ratios can only be approximated in decimal form. However, the
trigonometric ratios of the special angles 30, 45 and 60 can be written in exact (surd) form.
These are called the exact ratios.
B
For the angle 45, consider the isosceles right-angled triangle ABC with equal
sides 1 unit and equal angles 45.
45
By Pythagoras theorem,
2
Worksheet
The exact ratios
MAT10MGWK10219
AB2 12 12
2
p
AB 2 units
45
1
1
1
1
) sin 45 p , cos 45 p , tan 45 1
1
2
2
For the angles 30 and 60, consider the equilateral triangle ABC with equal sides 2 units long and
equal angles 60, then draw an axis of symmetry AD bisecting angle A and side BC.
By Pythagoras theorem,
C
C
CD2 22 12
3
p
CD 3 units
p
3
1
1
, tan 30 p
) sin 30 , cos 30
2
2
3
p
p
3
1

, cos 60 , tan 60 3
sin 60
2
2
30 30
2
30
2
60
A
60
1
60
B
Summary
The exact trigonometric ratios
sin
cos
tan
30
1
2
p
3
2
45
p1
2
1
p
2
p1
3
60
p
3
2
1
2
p
3
Note that sin 30 cos 60, sin 60 cos 30, and sin 45 cos 45, because 30 and 60 are
complementary angles and 45 is the complement of itself.
9780170194662
359
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Example
11
Find the exact value of each pronumeral.

D
60
12
Solution
p
3
b cos y
2
y 30
a tan 60 x
12
) x 12 tan 60
p
p
12 3
tan 60 3
Exercise 9-04
See Example 10
3
4
5
6
See Example 11
Trigonometric relations
Find the value of each pronumeral.

a sin 47 cos X
b cos 74 sin Y
d cos 55.2 sin y
e sin 38170 cos M
Simplify each expression.
a cos 22 sin 68

b sin 57
cos 33
c sin 2.55 cos P

f cos 17380 sin T
sin90 y
cos y
5
and a b 90, find cos b, cos a and sin b.
13
40
Given cos E , and E and F are complementary angles, find sin F, sin E and cos F.
41
2
If X Y 90, find the exact values of cos Y, sin Y and sin
pX, given cos X 3.
5
and y 90 f.
Find the exact values of cos f, sin f and cos y if sin y
4
In each triangle, find the exact value of the pronumeral.
If sin a
24
30
45
16
60
k
6
3
360
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Find the width of this river in exact form.
Stage 5.3
60
35 m
Mental skills 9
Maths without calculators
Simplifying fractions and ratios

When simplifying a fraction or a ratio, look for a common factor to divide into both the
numerator and the denominator, preferably the highest common factor (HCF).
1
Study each example.

160
:
a Simplify
400
160 16
400 40
2
16 2
405 5
dividing numerator and denominator by 10

dividing numerator and denominator by 8
Note: This fraction could be simplified in one step if you divided by 80, the HCF of
160 and 400.
b Simplify 135 : 90.
27
135 : 90 135 : 90
3
2
27 : 18 3 : 2
18
27 : 18
dividing both terms by 5

dividing both terms by 9
c What fraction is 36 minutes of 1 hour?

36 36 min 3
1 h 60 min 5
2
Now simplify each fraction or ratio.

a 10
b 16
15
20
20
e
f 6
80
36
i 20 : 36
j 25 : 45
m 27 : 21
n 16 : 12
c 30
42
g 20
24
k 18 : 40
5 18
o 3
6 25
d 8
16
12
h
30
l 28 : 35
12 10
p
3
50 21
Express each as a simplified fraction.

a 425 g of 1 kg
d 750 mL of 3 L
9780170194662
b 8 months of 1 year
e 10 hours of 2 days
c 64 cm of 1 m
f 80c of $10
361
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
9-05 The trigonometric functions

Trigonometric ratios of any angle
The sine, cosine and tangent ratios can be extended to
y
include angles that are over 90, that is, obtuse and reflex
1
P (x, y)
angles. The trigonometric ratios for angles of any size can be
best explained using a unit circle.
A unit circle is a circle of radius 1 drawn on a number

O
1
X 1 x
plane, with the origin as the centre of the circle. Starting
from the positive direction of the x-axis, angles can be
1
measured around this circle in an anticlockwise direction.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the unit circle as shown and y the angle that PO makes with the
positive x-axis.
Let the vertical interval from P meet the x-axis at X to make the right-angled triangle OXP.
Since P has coordinates (x, y), OX x and XP y.
OX
OP
x
OP 1 because it is the radius of the unit circle
In 4XOP; cos y
[ cos y x
The x-coordinate of point P on the unit circle
XP
OP
y
Also; sin y
[ sin y y
The y-coordinate of the point P on a unit circle
and tan y XP
OX
y
) tan y
x
Summary
y
1
If P(x, y) is any point on the unit circle, and y is the

angle that PO makes with the positive x-axis, then:
P (x, y)
sin y y-coordinate of P
cos y x-coordinate of P
y-coordinate of P
tan y
x-coordinate of P
362
9780170194662
for the A
Now we can investigate the trigonometric ratios

for all angles from y 0 to 360, by looking at
P(x, y) on the unit circle in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and
4th quadrants.
10 10A
Stage 5.3
y
2nd quadrant:
from 90 to 180
1st quadrant:
from 0 to 90
90
0 or 360
x
180
3rd quadrant:
from 180 to 270
4th quadrant:
270 from 270 to 360
The unit circle can also be used to define the trigonometric ratios for angles below 0 and above 360.
y
Negative angles (below 0) are measured in a clockwise
direction on the unit circle. In this diagram, M represents
P
40 but it could also represent 360 40 320.
Angles above 360 are measured on the unit circle by
going around the circle more than once. In the diagram,
P represents 40 but it could also represent 360 40 400.
40
O 40
The tangent ratio

The tangent ratio can be expressed in terms of the sine and cosine ratios.
Since sin y y and cos y x,
sin y y
cos y x
y
But tan y
x
sin y
) tan y
cos y
Summary
tan y
9780170194662
sin y
cos y
363
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Example
12
2
3
Given that sin a p and cos a p, find tan a.
13
13
Solution
sin a
cos a
2
3
p 4 p
13
13
p
13
2
p 3
3
13
2
tan a
Technology
GeoGebra:
Angles of any
magnitude
MAT10MGTC00010
Worksheet
The sine and cosine
curves
MAT10MGWK10220
Trigonometric graphs
Worksheet
Unit circle investigation
MAT10MGWK00042
Technology worksheet
The sine curve

sin y y-coordinate of P (the height of 4OXP), so note its value for y from 0 to 360.
h
Technology worksheet
Excel spreadsheet:
MAT10MGCT00046
90
2nd quadrant
180
90 to 180
quadrant
Excel worksheet
MAT10MGCT00016
1st
3rd quadrant
270
4th quadrant
180 to 270
360
270 to 360
0 to 90
sin h
from 0 to 1
from 1 to 0
from 0 to 1
from 1 to 0
1
Note that the value of sin y always lies between 1 and 1.
y
The graph of y sin y for y from 0 to
360 is a wave curve that repeats itself
1
after 360.
y = sin
0.5
90
180
270
360
0.5
1
The cosine curve

cos y x-coordinate of P (the length of the base of 4OXP), so note its value for y from 0 to 360.
h
1st quadrant
90
0 to 90
2nd
180
3rd
quadrant
quadrant
90 to 180
180 to
270
4th quadrant
360
270 to 360
270
cos h
from 1 to 0
from 0 to
1
1
from 1 to
from 0 to 1
Note that the value of cos y always lies between 1 and 1.
364
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
The graph of y cos y for y from 0 to 360 is a wave curve that repeats itself after 360.
Stage 5.3
1.0
y = cos
0.5
90
270 360
180
0.5
1.0
The tangent curve

tan y
y-coordinate of P sin y
, so note its value for y from 0 to 360.

x-coordinate of P cos y
1st quadrant
tan h
0
0
1
positive
90
2nd quadrant
1
undefined
0
negative
0 to 90
3rd quadrant
90 to 180
270
4th quadrant
180 to 270
tan h

positive
180
0
0
1
360
270 to 360
1
undefined
0

negative
0
0
1
Note that the value of tan y has no value at 90 and 270.

The graph of y tan y for y from 0 to 360 is a curve that repeats itself after 180, with
asymptotes at y 90 and 270.
y
y = tan
1
0
90
180
270
360
9780170194662
365
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Trigonometric ratios of supplementary angles

y
180 1
Q
For obtuse angles (between 90 and 180, represented by

the 2nd quadrant in the unit circle), we can use this diagram
where Q is a reflection of P across the y-axis.
QO makes an angle of 180 y with the positive x-axis.
In the 2nd quadrant, Q has a negative x-coordinate and a
positive y-coordinate, so if the coordinates of P are (x, y),
then the coordinates of Q are (x, y).
) cos 180 y x
P (x, y)
1 x
1
sine
cos y
) sin 180 y y
sin y
y
x
y

x
tan y
) tan 180 y
Summary
For obtuse angles (in the second quadrant), sine is positive while cosine and tangent are
negative.
The sine of an obtuse angle is equal to the sine of its supplement: sin (180 A) sin A
The cosine of an obtuse angle is equal to the negative cosine of its supplement:
cos (180 A) cos A
The tangent of an obtuse angle is equal to the negative tangent of its supplement:
tan (180 A) tan A
Example
13
If y is acute, find y if:

a tan 140 tan y
b sin 100 sin y
c cos 120 cos y
b y 180 100
80
[ sin 100 sin 80
Solution
a y 180 140
40
[ tan 140 tan 40
366
y 180 120
60
[ cos 120 cos 60
9780170194662
for the A
Example
10 10A
Stage 5.3
14
Find the exact value of each expression.

a sin 120
b tan 135
Solution
a sin 120 sin 180 120
sin 60
p
3
Exercise 9-05
1
The trigonometric functions
b cos 46
f tan 91
c tan 153
g tan 130
See Example 12
d cos 171
h cos 87
Evaluate, correct to two decimal places, each trigonometric expression.

a cos 153
e cos 300.9
i tan (38)
1
b If sin Y 0.2 and cos Y 0.15, find tan Y

a If sin A 60 and cos A 91 , find tan A
109
109
d If cos P 40 and sin P 9 , find tan P
c If sin X p2 and cos X p3 , find tan X
41
41
13
13
p
40
e If cos Q 3 and sin Q
, find tan Q
f If cos X 60 and tan X 11 , find sin X
7
61
60
7
p
5
24
24
2
, find sin X
g If tan X
and sin X , find cos X
h If tan X p and cos X
3
7
25
5
State whether each acute or obtuse angle is positive (P) or negative (N).
a sin 95
e sin 142
b tan 135 tan180 135

tan 45
b tan 349
f sin 324.8
j sin (61)
c sin 230
g sin 176540
k tan 370
d tan 173420
h cos 245230
l cos 434
a Copy and complete this table of values for y sin y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.
h
y
0
0
30
0.5
60
0.87
360
0
b Graph y sin y, either by using graphing technology like GeoGebra or on paper using a
scale of 1 cm 30 on the y-axis and a scale of 4 cm 1 unit on the y-axis.
c Comment on the shape of the graph y sin y. What are the maximum and minimum
values of the graph and when do they occur?
d Does the graph have an axis of symmetry? If so, what is it?
e Does the graph have rotational symmetry? If so, what is the centre of symmetry?
f For what range of values of y is sin y:
i positive
9780170194662
ii negative?
367
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
a Copy and complete this table of values for y cos y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.
h
y
0
1
30
0.87
60
0.5
360
1
b Graph y cos y, either by using graphing technology or on paper.

c Comment on the shape of the graph y cos y. What are the maximum and minimum
values of the graph and when do they occur?
f For what range of values of y is cos y:
i positive
ii negative?
g Comment on the similarities and differences between the graphs of y sin x and y cos x.
See Example 13
See Example 14
If y is acute, find y if:

a cos 170 cos y
d tan 97 tan y
b sin 110 sin y

e cos 115 cos y
c tan 130 tan y

f sin 168 sin y
Express each expression in terms of sin A, cos A or tan A, where A is acute.

a cos 142
b sin 105
c cos 155
d tan 102
h tan 170.8
e cos 172.7
f sin 115.5
g cos 139350
j tan 160100
k sin 95.5
l tan 139.5
i sin 120350
Find the exact value of each expression.

a sin 150
f sin 120
b tan 135
g cos 150
c sin 135
h tan 120
d cos 120
i sin 90
e tan 150
j cos 135
a Copy and complete this table of values for y tan y, evaluating y correct to two decimal
places.
h
y
0
0
30
0.58
60
1.73
360
0
b Graph y tan y, either by using graphing technology or on paper.

c Comment on the shape of the graph y tan y. When does the graph start to repeat itself?
f For what range of values of y is tan y:
i positive
368
ii negative?
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Stage 5.3
9-06 Trigonometric equations
Worksheet
Example
Trigonometric
equations
15
MAT10MGWK10221
Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions correct to
the nearest degree.
a sin y 0.7538
b tan y 2.5
Solution
a sin y 0.7538
y 48:9206 . . .
49
But y could be obtuse, because sin y is also
positive in the second quadrant.
y 180 49
131
[ y 49 or 131.
b tan y 2.5
y 68:1985 . . .
On a calculator:
SHIFT
sin
0.7538
(Check: sin 49 sin 131 0.7547)

On a calculator:
SHIFT
() 2.5
tan
68
But y is obtuse, because tan y is negative in
the second quadrant.
y 180 68
112
Example
On a calculator: 180 + ANS

(Check: tan 112 2.4750)
16
Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest minute, if x is obtuse.

a cos x 0.09
b sin x 0.64
Solution
a cos x 0.09
x 95:1636 . . .
95 90 48:9900
95 100
9780170194662
On a calculator:
SHIFT cos automatically
gives the obtuse angle when
you enter a negative value
SHIFT
cos
On a calculator:
() 0.09
or
DMS
369
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
b sin x 0.64
x 39.7918
But x is obtuse, so:
x 180 39:7918 . . .
140:2081 . . .
Stage 5.3
On a calculator:
SHIFT
sin
On a calculator: 180
On a calculator:
or
0.64
ANS
=
=
DMS
140 120 29:4500

140 120
Exercise 9-06
See Example 15
See Example 16
Trigonometric equations
Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions, correct to the
nearest degree.
c cos y 0.342
d cos y 7
a sin y 0.84
b tan y 3
4
11
3
e sin y 0.1164
f tan y 1
g tan y 5.8671
h sin y
7
3:8
21
i cos y 0.4
j sin y
k cos y
1 tan y 15
7
80
8
Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest minute, if x is obtuse. Note: some
equations have no solution.
b sin A 0.7438
c sin A 0.3514
d sin A 0.108
a sin A 4
7
5
e sin A
f sin A 0.9
g cos x 0.6
h cos x 0.6
11
i tan x 0.3
j tan x 0.3
k sin x 0.8
l sin x 3
7
Solve each trigonometric equation correct to the nearest degree, if A is between 0 and 180.
b tan x 0.95
c sin x 7
a cos x 8
11p
8
d 4 cos x 2
e 3 sin x 2
f 4 tan x 3
i sin x p1
g tan x 1
h cos x 1
2
2
Investigation: Sides and opposite angles

1 Construct three triangles of different sizes.
2 Label the angles of each triangle A, B and C and the sides opposite them a, b and c respectively.
3 Measure the sides of each triangle correct to the nearest millimetre and the angles to the
nearest degree. Copy the table below and record your results in it.
Side
a
Angle
A
a
sin A
Side
b
Angle
B
b
sin B
Side
c
Angle
C
c
sin C
Triangle 1
Triangle 2
Triangle 3
a
b
c
,
and
correct to two decimal places.
sin A sin B
sin C
5 Compare the values of a , b and c for each triangle. What do you notice?
sin A sin B
sin C
4 Complete the table by calculating
370
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Stage 5.3
9-07 The sine rule

The angles of a triangle are labelled with capital letters while the sides
are labelled with lower case letters. By convention, we use a to label the
side opposite \A, b to label the side opposite \B, and so on.
There is a relationship between each angle in a triangle and its
opposite side. The longest side is always opposite the largest
angle, the next smallest side is opposite the next smallest angle
and so on. This relationship is called the sine rule.
A
b
c
B
Summary
A
For any triangle ABC:

c
a
b
c
sin A sin B sin C
The ratios of the sides in a triangle to the sine of

their opposite angles are equal.
Proof:
In 4ABC, draw CX for the perpendicular height, h, of the
triangle. CX divides 4ABC into two right-angled triangles.
In 4AXC, sin A h
b
[ h b sin A
In 4BXC, sin B h
a
[ h a sin B
[ a sin B b sin A
a sin B b sin A
Dividing both sides by sin B
sin B
sin B
b sin A
a
sin B
a
b sin A
Dividing both sides by sin A
sin A sin B sin A

a
b
sin A sin B
a
C
C
b
By drawing the perpendicular from A to BC, it can be shown that

)
X
c
b
c
sin B sin C
a b c
sin A sin B sin C
We have used trigonometry to solve problems that, until now, have involved only right-angled
triangles. The sine rule allows us to apply trigonometry to any triangle.
The sine rule can be used in problems involving two sides of a triangle and the two angles
opposite them.
9780170194662
371
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Example
Video tutorial
17
Z
Find y, correct to one decimal place.
The sine rule
12
MAT10MGVT10024
Solution
a b
sin A sin B
y
12
sin 34 sin 50
12 sin 34
y
sin 50
8:7596 . . .
34
50
From the diagram, an answer of 8.8 cm looks

reasonable.
8:8 cm
Exercise 9-07
1
The sine rule
Evaluate each expression, correct to one decimal place.

a 14:7 sin 64
sin 46
See Example 17

b 34:5 sin 33:4
sin 115:7

330
c 69 sin 107
sin 38 470
Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to two decimal places.

a
12.3
c
9
2
73
36
25
b
35
123
a
10627
7.8
e
3843
4.5
f
104.3
37.6
4318
9.7
20.8
d
62.1
21.3
67
k
8.4 cm
372
72
77.5
w
p
35 118
15 m
43.1
9.4 m
9780170194662
for the A
X and Y are two light towers 50 m apart on one side of a park.

P is a light tower on the other side of the park. If \Y 59
and \P 33, find PX to the nearest metre.
10 10A
X 50 m Y
59
Stage 5.3
33
P
A golfer drives a ball 275 m at an angle of 5 off

centre. The ball lands at an angle of 107 from
the hole. Calculate the distance of the ball from
the hole, correct to the nearest metre.
A 6 m television antenna is mounted on a roof pitched at an

angle of 23. It is supported by two wires, PQ and PR, inclined
at 55 to the horizontal.
To avoid a swamp, Jesinta runs 70 m on a bearing of 050 to V.

She then turns and runs to W on a bearing of 120. If W is directly
east of U:
P
6m
S
55
23
N
N
a find \UVW
b calculate UW, correct to one decimal place.
170
a Show that \PSR 113.

b Calculate the length of the wire PR, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
275 m
120
50
U
Swamp
N
Two planes leave the airport at the same time. One flies due
1
south at 400 km/h and lands at a second airport after 12 hours.
130
The other flies on a bearing of 130 and after 112 hours is at a
1st airport
bearing of 075 from the second airport. How far (to the
nearest km) is the slower plane from the second airport?
N
slower
plane
2nd airport
9780170194662
373
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
The angle of elevation of a tower from a point L is 62. From

a point K, 50 m further from the tower, the angle of elevation is 47.

a Use the sine rule in 4KTL to show that TL 50 sin 47
.

sin 15
b Let the height of the tower be h. In the right-angled 4LMT, show
that TL h .
sin 62

62
c Hence show that h 50 sin 47 sin
sin 15
47
62
d Hence calculate the height of the tower, correct to one
K 50 m L
decimal place.
From the top of a cliff, the angles of depression of two boats
at sea that are 0.5 km apart are 55 and 33.
a Let the height of the cliff be h. Show that

55 .
h 0:5 sin 33 sin

sin 22
b Hence calculate the height correct to the nearest metre.
33
T
tower
h
55
cliff h
0.5 km
9-08 The sine rule for angles

Example
18
Find angle Z, correct to the nearest degree.
38.5 cm
28.6 cm
121
Y
Solution
Look for two sides and the angles opposite them.

28:6
38:5
sin Z sin 121

sin Z sin 121
38:5
28:6
28:6 sin 121
sin Z
38:5
0:636 . . .
Z 39:55 . . .
40
374
Inverting both sides so that Z is in the numerator.
On a calculator: SHIFT sin ANS =

From the diagram, an answer of 40 looks
reasonable.
9780170194662
for the A
Example
10 10A
Stage 5.3
19
E
Find y correct to the nearest minute if it is an obtuse angle.
100
25
Solution
200
200
100
sin y sin 25

sin y sin 25
100
200
200 sin 25
100
0:845 . . .
y 57.697
sin y
But y is obtuse, so:

y 180 57:697 . . .
122:3027 . . .
122 180 9:7700
122 180
The ambiguous case (when there are two possible

answers)
When we use the sine rule to find an angle, it is possible to find both an acute angle and an obtuse
angle as solutions. Likewise, there could be two possible triangles: one acute-angled, the other
obtuse-angled. However, the obtuse-angled triangle may not be possible. We need to check that
the sum of the angles in the triangle is not greater than 180.
Example
20
Video tutorial
a In 4DEF, \D 42, d 5 cm and f 7 cm. Find \F correct to the nearest degree.

b In 4LMN, \M 130, LN 15 cm and LM 7 cm. Find \N, correct to the nearest
degree.
The sine rule

MAT10MGVT10024
Solution
a Draw a rough diagram.
7
5
sin F sin 42

sin F sin 42
5
7
7 sin 42
sin F
5
0:93678 . . .
F 69:5181 . . . :
70
9780170194662
42
375
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
But F could be obtuse.

F 180 70
Stage 5.3
110
7
Checking the third angle of the
obtuse-angled triangle:
\E 180 42 110
42
D
28
Triangle I
[ The obtuse-angled solution is possible.
[ \F 70 or 110
5
70
42
110
Triangle II
b Draw a rough diagram.

sin N sin 130
15
7
7 sin 130
sin N
15
0:3574 . . .
N 20:9459 . . . :
15 cm
7 cm
130
M
21
But N could be obtuse.
N 180 21
159
Checking the third angle of the obtuse-angled triangle:
\L 180 42 159
21
Impossible
[ The obtuse-angled solution is not possible.
[ \N 21
Exercise 9-08
See Example 18
The sine rule for angles
Find the acute angle X in each equation, correct to the nearest degree.
5:3 sin 123
39 sin 85 290
467 sin 63:8
a sin X
b sin X
c sin X
9:7
64
518
Find a in each triangle if a is acute, correct to the nearest 0.1 degree.

a
c
3812
3.6
11
9
82
4.2
59
71
63
160
2537
75
200
0.985
46.1 40
66.6
0.565
376
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Find the size of \A to the nearest minute if \A is obtuse.

a
Stage 5.3
0.124
298
53
17.3
5.2
37
21
0.256
8.3
200.6
22.7
99
1545
100.3
77
33
See Example 19
96
A
108
Find all possible angles for each triangle, correct to the nearest degree, after sketching a
diagram.
a In 4PQR, \P 35, p 8 cm, and q 10 cm. Find \Q.
b In 4UVW, \W 95, w 16 m, and v 10 cm. Find \V.
See Example 20
c In 4XYZ, \Y 24, y 3.4 km, and z 5.7 km. Find \Z.

d In 4DEF, \E 37, e 107 mm, and d 121 mm. Find \D.
5
Find y in each triangle correct to the nearest degree, given that y is acute.
a
34
5.4
12.7
117
20
64
42
8
9-09 The cosine rule

The cosine rule is a relationship between the three sides of a triangle and one of its angles. It is an
extension of Pythagoras triangle that can be applied to any triangle, not just right-angled ones.
Summary
B
2
a b c 2bc cos A
where a is the unknown side, A is the angle opposite a, and b and
c are the other two sides.
c
a
A
b
C
9780170194662
377
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Proof:
In 4ABC, draw CX for the perpendicular height, h, of the triangle.
CX divides 4ABC into two right-angled triangles.
Let AX x, [ XB c x
In 4AXC, b 2 h 2 x 2
2
[ h b x
In 4BXC, a 2 h 2 (c x) 2
) h2 a2 c x2
X
x
) b2 x2 a2 c x2
2
cx
b x a c 2cx x
b2 x2 a2 c2 2cx x2
b2 a2 c2 2cx
) a2 b2 c2 2cx
Making a2 the subject
In 4AXC, cos A x
b
[ x b cos A
Substituting for x in (*):
a 2 b 2 c 2 2cb cos A
The cosine rule can be used in problems involving three sides of a triangle and one of the angles.
Video tutorial
Example
21
The cosine rule
Find x correct to two decimal places.
MAT10MGVT10025
2.1 cm
x
50
3.9 cm
Solution
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
x2 2:12 3:92 232:133:9 cos 50
9:091 138 . . .
p
x 9:091 138:::
3:01515 . . .
3:02 cm
Exercise 9-09
1
50 is the angle opposite x.

From the diagram, an answer of 3.02 cm
looks reasonable.
The cosine rule
Solve each equation for x, correct to one decimal place.

a x 2 8 2 9 2 2 3 8 3 9 3 cos 38
b x 2 11.3 2 9.7 2 2 3 11.3 3 9.7 3 cos 76.9
c x 2 17 2 20.1 2 2 3 17 3 20.1 3 cos 149450
378
9780170194662
for the A
10 10A
Find, correct to two decimal places, the value of each pronumeral.

a
22
145.1
See Example 21
35
10
6
Stage 5.3
59
56
12317
41
f
33.5
14.3
25.46
28.3
7722
40.7
d
63
37.83
16.7
In a game of lawn bowls, Jayden is aiming to hit the jack

(target ball) 8.4 m away. If he bowls 2150 off-centre and
his bowl travels 7.9 m, how far is his bowl from the jack?
Answer correct to one decimal place.
In a cricket match, the distance between the bowler

and the batter was 20 m. During one bowl, the
batter hit the ball at an angle of 8 to the line of
the pitch and the bowler ran and caught the ball
after it had travelled 18 m.
8.4 m
7.9 m
215
18 m
d
Bowler
20 m
Batter
How far did the bowler run to catch the ball? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 1.1 m
5
B 2.0 m
C 3.3 m
D 4.0 m
A yacht sails from X to Y on a bearing of 130 for 4.2 km. It then

turns and travels to Z on a bearing of 025 for 2.9 km.
a Copy the diagram and mark the given information on it.
b Explain why \XYZ 75.

c Calculate the distance XZ, correct to one decimal place.
N
Y
Three towns are joined by straight roads. What distance

(correct to the nearest kilometre) is saved by going directly
from Springfield to Shellbyville instead of travelling via
Capital City?
Springfield
135 km
113 Capital City
150 km
Shellbyville
9780170194662
379
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
a What is the value of cos 90?

b What does a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A simplify to if A 90?
c Hence what happens to the cosine rule when it is applied to a right-angled triangle?
9-10 The cosine rule for angles

If we rewrite the cosine rule so that cos A is the subject, then we will have a formula for finding an
unknown angle when the three sides of a triangle are known.
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
a 2 2bc cos A b 2 c 2
2
2bc cos A b c a
2
2
2
) cos A b c a
2bc
Adding 2bc cos A to both sides so that cos A appears on the LHS
Summary
cos A
b2 c2 a2
2bc
where A is the unknown angle, a is the side opposite A, and b

and c are the other two sides.
A
b
C
The cosine rule can be used to find an unknown angle if the lengths of the three sides are known.
Example
22
Find the size of the marked angle Y, correct to the nearest degree.
7 mm
Solution
8 mm
2
2
2
cos A b c a
2bc
82 72 92
23837
32
112
Y 73:398 . . .
73
cos Y
380
9 mm is opposite angle Y
From the diagram, an answer of 73

looks reasonable.
9780170194662
for the A
Example
10 10A
Stage 5.3
23
A
Calculate, correct to the nearest minute, the size of the

largest angle in this triangle.
14 cm
12 cm
Solution
20 cm
The largest angle is opposite the longest side,

so it is \A.
b2 c2 a2
2bc
142 122 202
2314312
60
336
A 100:28656 . . .
cos A
Cos is negative so the angle will be obtuse.

From the diagram, an answer of 100170
looks reasonable.
00
100 17 11:6
100 170
Exercise 9-10
1
The cosine rule for angles
Solve each equation for X, correct to the nearest degree.

a cos X
122 142 152

2312314
b cos X
2
2
2
c cos X 5 6 9
23536
5:72 6:82 3:72

235:736:8
2
2
2
d cos X 9:2 4:7 12:8
239:234:7
Find the size of a in each triangle, correct to the nearest degree.

a
13
See Example 22
5.5
7
8.3
12.1
10
5
8.75
0.7
0.3
10.5
9780170194662
0.8
4.2
80
120
100
381
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
See Example 23
A soccer goal is 8 m wide. A player shoots for goal (along

the ground) when 20 m from one post and 15 m from
the other post. Within what angle (correct to the nearest
0.1 degree) must the shot be made for the player to have
a chance of scoring a goal?
15 m
8m
20 m
Two cars leave an intersection at the same time. Car A drives

down the dirt road at 60 km/h and car B drives down
the highway at 100 km/h. After 45 minutes they are
Dirt
road
69 km apart. Find the angle between the two roads,
correct to the nearest minute.
69 km
Highway
Intersection
A triangle has sides of 21 m, 17 m and 10 m. Find the size of the largest angle, correct to the
nearest degree.
9-11 The area of a triangle

We already know that the formula for the area of a triangle is A 1 bh but there is also a
2
trigonometric formula if we know the lengths of two sides of the triangle and the size of the
included angle between them.
Summary
A
The area of a triangle

1
A ab sin C
2
where C is the included angle between sides a and b.
b
C
Proof:
In 4ABC, draw AX for the perpendicular height, h, of the triangle. AX divides 4ABC into two
right-angled triangles.
A
Area 1 3 base 3 height
2
c
b
h
1
A ah
2
C
X
B
In 4AXC, sin C h
a
b
[ h b sin C
) A 1 ab sin C
2
382
9780170194662
for the A
Example
10 10A
Stage 5.3
24
Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of this triangle.
83
5.7 cm
9 cm
Solution
1
A ab sin C
2
1
35:7393 sin 83
2
25:458 . . .
83 is the included angle between 5.7 cm and 9 cm.
25:5 cm2
Exercise 9-11
1
The area of a triangle
Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of each triangle.

a
m
3c
23. 018
10
See Example 24
27 mm
47.2
c
0.4
29 m
33 mm
63
32 m
14 mm
19 mm
55
20
37
0.5 m
35.4 cm
37.1 cm
367
0.3 m
70.3 80.5
Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the area of each shape. All measurements are in
metres.
a
Equilateral triangle
Parallelogram
40
Kite
25
10
75
12
100
15
9780170194662
383
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Quadrilateral
Regular hexagon
Regular pentagon inscribed

in a circle of radius 8
15
50
7
24
6
The diagram shows the results of a radial survey of a block

of land. All distances are in metres.
a Use the cosine rule to find the lengths of AB, BC, CD
and AD and, hence, find the perimeter of the block of
land (to the nearest metre).
b Use the area formula to find the area of each triangle
and, hence, calculate the area of the block of land (to
the nearest m 2).
D
C
33
22
65
75 105
115
55
A
44
B
The results of a radial survey are shown in the diagram.

All measurements are in metres.
X
030
a Find the size of \XOY.

b Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the area
of 4XOY.
50
O
Z
260
30
40
Y
160
O is the centre of a circle of radius 20 cm. Calculate, correct to

one decimal place, the area of:
a sector OPQ
P
120
20 cm
O
b triangle OPQ
c the shaded
segment.
A triangular prism has base edges of 8 cm, 10 cm and 15 cm,

and a height of 20 cm.
a Calculate the size \PRQ, correct to nearest degree.
2
b Find the area of 4PQR, correct to the nearest cm .

c Find the volume of the prism.
20 cm
15 cm
8 cm
R
10 cm
384
9780170194662
for the A
Just for the record
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Triangle area formulas
How many formulas are there for calculating the area, A, of a triangle?
Here are some different ones.
p
Given three sides a, b, c: A ss as bs c where s is the semi-perimeter
abc
2
Given two sides, a, b and the included angle, C: A 1 ab sin C
2
1 2 sin B sin C
Given one side, a and three angles, A, B, C: A a
2
sin A
p
1 Use each formula to find the area of a triangle with sides 1, 3, 2 and angles 30, 60,
90.
1 sin B sin C
1
can be derived from A ab sin C using the
2 Show how the result A a2
2
sin A
2
sine rule.
3 Find other formulas for the area of a triangle.
Worksheet
Problems involving the sine and

9-12 cosine rules
Finding an unknown
side
MAT10MGWK10222
Worksheet
Finding an unknown
angle
Summary
The sine rule is used for triangle problems involving two sides
and two angles opposite them.
a
b
c
B
sin A sin B sin C
MAT10MGWK10223
A
c
Puzzle sheet
The sine and cosine

rules
a
C
The cosine rule is used for triangle problems involving

three sides and one angle.
a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A and cos A
b2 c2 a2
2bc
MAT10MGPS00058
c
a
A
b
9780170194662
385
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Example
25
a Find the value of k, correct to one decimal place.
8.4 km
37
km
12.9 km
b Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.
Solution
a
57
The problem involves three sides and one angle so use the cosine rule.
k 2 8:42 12:92 238:4312:93 cos 37
p63:889
...
k 63:889 . . .
7:993 . . .
8:0 m
b The problem involves two sides and the two angles opposite them, so use the sine rule.
sin y sin 57
9
8
8 sin 57
sin y
9
0:7454 . . .
y 48:2007 . . .
48 120 2:7700
48 120
Exercise 9-12
See Example 25
Problems involving the sine

and cosine rules
Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral.

a
93
km
c
27 mm
12.8 cm
56
d mm
42
y cm
3250
16 mm
15.2 m
47
7.1 m
94
115.6
8m
8.4 m
am
3.4 m
wm
26
hm
7847
386
2.6 m
9780170194662
10 10A
for the A
Find the value of y to the nearest degree. Use diagrams to note whether y is acute or obtuse.
a
12 cm
19 mm
Stage 5.3
c
34
7m
27 cm
15 mm
16
8m
42
18.4
13.1
40 mm
78 mm
64
12.9
21.2
12.8
48 mm
T
The angles of elevation of a building measured from two

positions 80 m apart are 32 and 55.
a Explain why \ATB 23.
b Find, correct to two decimal places, the length of BT.

c Hence find the height, h, of the building, correct to
A
the nearest metre.
4
32
80 m
55
B
a What is the value of sin 90?

b Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of d using:
i the sine rule
56
d cm
ii the sine ratio for right-angled triangles.
c What do you notice about your results? Give reasons.

12.8 cm
Mikayla needs to run around a cross-country course as shown.

What is the length of the course, correct to one decimal place?
112
1.7 km
2.4 km
Start
A plane flew on a bearing of 150 for 370 km. It then

changed direction and flew another 285 km on a bearing
of 235. How far, correct to the nearest kilometre, is the
plane from its starting point?
9780170194662
387
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Trigonometry
Stage 5.3
Power plus
1
For this diagram, find the exact value of:

a the length of AB
b the area of 4ADB
D
45
2m
30
Find y if y is between 0 and 180, and:

p
a sin y cos y
b sin y 3 cos y
p
p
d cos y 3 sin y
e sin y 3 cos y
h tan2 y 1
g sin2 y 3
4
3
p
3 sin y cos y
f cos y sin y
i cos2 y 1
2
Show that:
a sin (180 B) cos (90 B) 2 sin B
sin180 B
tan B
cos180 B
c sin (180 B) cos (180 B) tan (180 B)

sin 2 B
sin y2 sin y cos y

tan y
cos y2 sin y cos y
Express cos 45 sin 45 as a surd in simplest form.
The area of the parallelogram shown is 30 cm 2. Find two possible values for angle a,
correct to the nearest degree.
P
10
388
6 2
9780170194662
Chapter 9 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
angle of depression
angle of elevation
bearing
compass bearing
complementary
cosine rule
degree ()
denominator
exact ratio
included angle
minute (0 )
obtuse
00
Pythagoras theorem
right-angled
second ( )
sine rule
slant height
supplementary
surd
tangent (tan)
theta (y)
three-figure bearing
trigonometric ratio
unit circle
Trigonometry
crossword (Advanced)
MAT10MGPS10224
1 Copy and complete: A bearing is an ___________ used to describe precisely the

___________ of one location from a given reference point.
2 The word minute has an alternative pronunciation and meaning. What is its alternative
meaning?
3 If two angles have a sum of 90, what special name do we give them?
4 What is an exact ratio? Give an example of one.
5 Describe the shape of the sine curve.
6 What is the name given to the angle that is between two known sides?
n Topic overview
For each statement about the topic, give a rating from 0 to 5 using this scale.
Low
0
High
1
I can use Pythagoras theorem and trigonometric ratios to solve problems involving
right-angled triangles in 2D, including problems involving angles of elevation and depression,
and bearings
I can calculate and graph the trigonometric ratios for angles between 0 and 360
I can calculate the exact trigonometric ratios and solve trigonometric equations
I can use the sine and cosine rules to find unknown sides and angles in triangles
I can use the trigonometric formula for the area of a triangle
9780170194662
389
Chapter 9 review
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using
pictures, symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
opposite
sin =
hypotenuse
cos =
tan =
Area
1
A = 2 ab sin C
(x, y)
1
angle of
elevation/depression
bearings, 3D
TRIGONOMETRY
cosine rule
a2 =
cos A =
Trigonometric functions
sin =
cos =
Trigonometric relations
Trigonometric
equations
sine rule
30
45
60
sin
cos
tan
a
=
sin A
390
9780170194662
Chapter 9 revision
1 Find, correct to one decimal place, the value of each pronumeral.
a
b
7.6 m
35
See Exercise 9-01
wm
738
9 cm
d cm
15 m
km
51.2
2 Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

a
15 m
8.4 cm
See Exercise 9-01
48 mm
12.8 cm
26 mm
3 From the top of a 300 m cliff Renee observes a boat at a distance of 1.3 km from the base of
the cliff. Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle of depression of the boat.
N
4 What is the bearing of:

a Rocky from Mulga?
b Mulga from Rocky?
See Exercise 9-01
See Exercise 9-02
Rocky
320 Mulga
5 Two planes leave an airport at the same time. The first travels on a bearing of 063 at 500 km/h.
The second travels on a bearing of 153 at 400 km/h.
a How far apart are the planes after 2 hours, to the nearest km?
b Calculate, correct to the nearest degree, the bearing of the first plane from the second
plane.
See Exercise 9-02
6 A box in the shape of a square prism has a base of 10 cm by 10 cm and is 30 cm tall. Find to
the nearest whole number:
a the length of the longest diagonal of the box
b the angle that the longest diagonal makes with the base.
Stage 5.3
9780170194662
See Exercise 9-03
391
Chapter 9 revision
Stage 5.3
See Exercise 9-04
7 Find the exact value of x in each triangle.

a
48
x
48
30
See Exercise 9-05
8 Graph y cos y for y from 0 to 360.
See Exercise 9-05
9 Find the acute angle a if:

a sin 123 sin a
See Exercise 9-06
See Exercise 9-07
48
60
x 45
b tan 93 tan a
c cos 110 cos a
10 Solve each trigonometric equation, giving all possible acute and obtuse solutions correct to the
nearest minute.
b tan x 11
c sin x 5
a cos x 5
11
5
11
11 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.
a
b
um
wm
v cm
5820
63
49
8.5 cm
23.6
135.8
111 mm
427
0.5 m
See Exercise 9-08
12 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to the nearest minute.

a
25.3
10
9
See Exercise 9-09
67
153
8.4
5833
63
7.5
13 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.

a
7m
9m
xm
55 mm
48
11518
77 mm
11.6 cm
40.8
y mm
9.4 cm
z cm
392
9780170194662
Chapter 9 revision
14 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to the nearest degree.
a
b B
Stage 5.3
85
See Exercise 9-10
0.5
67
9
0.8
73
C
0.4
15 Find, correct to the nearest whole number, the area of each triangle.
a
See Exercise 9-11
c
18 mm
25 cm
4721
18 cm
9m
7m
135.1
47
63
45 mm
16 A parallelogram has sides of 12 cm and 6 cm and one interior angle of 65350 . Find the length
of the longer diagonal, correct to one decimal place.
9780170194662
See Exercise 9-12
393

Chapter 9 Trigonometry

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Measurement and geometry

bearing The angle used to show the direction of one

n In this chapter you will:

Evaluate each expression correct to four decimal places.

Round each angle to the nearest degree.

Find the size of angle A, correct to the nearest minute.

9-01 Right-angled trigonometry

The trigonometric ratios

Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to one decimal place.

w is adjacent and 15.6 is the hypotenuse, so use cos.

Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

35 is opposite and 24 mm is the adjacent side,

Angles of elevation and depression

The angle of depression of a boat from the top of

The height of the cliff is 49 m.

2 Find the value of y, correct to the nearest minute.

11 Sang Koo stands 800 m from the base of a building.

12 The angle of elevation of a weather balloon at a height

13 A raft is 284 m from the base of a cliff. The angle of

14 From the top of a 200 m tower, the angle of depression

Compass bearings refer to sixteen points of a mariners compass (above right).

Write the three-figure bearing of each point from O.

Must be written as a three-digit angle.

Sketch point B on a compass rose if B has a bearing of 160 from A.

a Let d km distance south

1 Write the bearing of each point from O.

2 What is the bearing of each point from O?

3 What is the compass direction shown by point B

b What is the three-figure bearing of this compass

5 Sketch P on a compass rose if P has a bearing of:

4 a What is the compass direction halfway between

6 A yacht leaves Sydney and sails 98 km on

a How far north of Sydney is the yacht?

7 Colin leaves Bourke and drives 204 km to Nyngan.

a Find the value of y.

8 Jana cycles 10 km due west, then 7 km due north.

b west of the reef?

Pythagoras theorem and

A wooden box has the shape of a rectangular prism with

a Find, correct to one decimal place, the length of the

using Pythagoras theorem

From the diagram, 19.7 cm seems to

From the diagram, 20.1 cm seems

c In the right-angled triangle EHD, y is the

or use sin or cos as ED is also known

A 100 m high flagpole is observed from two different

There are three right-angled triangles in this diagram.

Do not round yet.

From the diagram, 286 m seems

Pythagoras theorem and

1 For this rectangular prism, calculate:

2 Sketch a diagram of a cube of length 20 cm, then find:

3 The diagram shows a square pyramid with base length 8 cm

b the angle of inclination of PX, correct to the nearest degree

4 A cone has a base diameter of 2.8 m and a slant height

8 From a point, A, at the base of a mountain, the mountain

a What is the size of \CBA?

9 From the top of her 55 metre office building, Madison

a each car is from the building