L2 State Processe

Mech. Eng.
Sci 5
ThermoFluid B58EE
Thermodynamics Lecture 2:
Thermodynamics State and processes
Work done and heat
Baixin Chen
E Mail: b.chen@hw.ac.uk
Tel: 451 4305
Room 1.22 James Nasmyth Building
Timetables Updated
Lectures, weeks 2 to 8
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Wednesday,
09.15 in LT4
12.15 in PGG01
10:15 in LT1
13:15 in PGG01 (?)
(Thermo from week2)

(usually Thermo)
(usually Thermo)
(Fluid from week 2)
Thursday,
16.15 in LT3
(usually Fluid)
Tutorial classes, weeks 2 to 12

1 hr per week on Wednesday 13:15 in EM244 (wks 2 9)
Laboratory classes, weeks 9 to 12

2
One Thermodynamics laboratory

One Fluid Mechanics laboratory
Last week:
Basic definitions:
Thermodynamic systems
Closed System and Open System
Thermal properties
Ref: Chapter 1.1 1.3 of Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop & McConkey, 5th Edition
Today:
Description of system
Thermal State and processes

Work and Heat
Ref: Chapter 1.3 1.5 of Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop &

McConkey, 5th Edition
3
2.1. States and Processes

State of a system: Condition of the system that
can be described completely by
thermal properties (P, T, v, ..)
boundary
m = 2.0 kg
T2 = 350 K
V2 = 2.5 m3
The state 1 of the

thermal system
The state 2 of the

thermal system
m = 2.0 kg
T1 = 300K
V1 = 1.5 m3
2.1 (b) Thermal Equilibrium State

Equilibrium: No unbalanced
potentials within the system
20OC
State 2
P2
25 OC
30 OC
35 OC
40OC
P1
Sate 1
42 OC
T1
Non-TE state
20OC
21 OC
20 OC
20 OC
P1 20OC
20 OC
Quasi-TE state
50OC
T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC
50 OC
50 OC
P2 50OC
50 OC
Quasi-TE state
2.1 (b-II) Thermal Equilibrium (TE) State

Equilibrium state: Can be
described, in general, by
two properties, such as P
and T, or P and v, or .
State 2
P2
P1
Example:
Sate 1
State1: P = 1.0 bar and T = 20 oC
T1
State 2: P = 5.0 bar and T = 50 oC
20OC
21 OC
20 OC
20 OC OP1 = 1.0 bar O
20 C
20 C
Quasi-TE state 1
50OC
T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC
50 OC
50 OC O P2= 5 bar O
50 C
50 C
Quasi-TE state 2
10
2.1 (c) Other Equilibrium

Mechanical Equilibrium:
Forces (P, ..) balanced in the system
Phase Equilibrium:
No changes in Phases in the system at given
state, but changes in phase may occur from
state to state
Chemical Equilibrium:
No change in components in the system at
given state, but changes in components may
occure from state to state
11
2.2 Thermal Process

Definition of a Thermal
process:
Changes that a system
undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another
due to interactions
(heat/work) crossing system
boundary.
State 2
P2
Process 2
P1
21 OC
Heating 2
Sate 1
T1
Note: Direction & interactions
20OC
Process 1
50OC
T
T2
P-T diagram
51 OC
20 OC
50 OC
20 OC
P1 20OC
50 OC
P2 50OC
Heating 1
20 OC
50 OC
Quasi-TE state
Another Quasi-TE state
Summary of 2.1 and 2.2

State:
The condition of the system is called state. The state
of a system is described by a set of thermodynamic
properties.
Is independent of processes and interactions
Equilibrium state,
No unbalanced potential within the system at given
state
T = 0; Thermal Equilibrium
P=0; F = 0; Mechanical Equilibrium
Yk = 0 Chemical equilibrium
Thermal process
Change in TE states due to interactions (W, Q)
crossing system boundary. (direction;
interactions dependent)
13
2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

Interactions across the boundary of system:
Work:
Form of mechanical energy
Definition: Work is done by a system if the
sole effect on the surrounding could be the
raising of a weight.
(Note: raising of a weight means mechanical energy)
Q Surroundings, Tsurr
m, V, Tsys, P,
Paddle Wheel
W
1
4
2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

1). Work done by a
closed system:
Moving boundary work
2). Work done by an

open system:
Shaft work
Surroundings, Tsurr
m, V
P, Tsys, ..
Moving
boundary work:
Surroundings
Shaft work:
Ws
1
5
2.3 (b). Work done +ve or ve?

For system: Work done by a
system on the surroundings is
negative
Surroundings
W+
W_
System
For system: Work done on a

system by the surroundings is
positive
Surroundings
W_
W+
System
16
2.4: Work Done by a close system

A: area of the piston
piston
Process path
F
2
p
dx
Work = W = F dx
F = p A (linked the property of system
(P and A) to surrounding (F) by assumption of no friction
between piston and cylinder), then we have:
W = p A dx = p dV,
V2
V1 V
and
W1,2 =
p(V) dV = m
1
W1,1,2 =
p(v) dv = Area 12V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

2
p(V) dV p(V) dV = Area 11 2 V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

1
*: Work is path (process) dependent
17
Example of work done

pw = Mass x Gravity/ Area
= 100 x 9.81 / 0.2
= 4905 Pa
p0 = 101,000 Pa
Metal disc
Mass = 100 kg
Area=0.2m2
p
pw
0
p0
pw
p = pw + p0= 101,000 + 4905

= 105905 Pa (N/m2)
2
Work Done =
P(V) dV
2
= P dV = P (V2 V1)
1
= 105,905 (N/m2) x (3-1) (m3)

= 211819 J (N-m)= 212. kJ
18
2.4 (a). Summary of the work

Path A
o Work Done is path
dependent
o Acting to the system

crossing the boundary
Path B
o Can be only calculated by

state properties by
assumption of no friction
(reversible process)
19
2.4 (b). Interactions of a Thermal System II: Heat

Surroundings, Tsurr
Interactions across the boundary of system:
Heat:
Form of Thermal Energy
Definition: Heat is the energy transferred across
the boundary of a system to another system or
the surrounding solely driving by temperature
difference (T=T2T1 or T= Tsys - Tsurr)
m, V
P, Tsys, ..
Q Surroundings, Tsurr
m, V, Tsys, P,
Paddle Wheel
W
20
2.4 (c). Heat interaction +ve or ve ?
Surrounding
Q+
Heat transferred into the

system is positive
Q_
Heat transferred from a

system is negative
System
21
Note on variables in thermodynamics (1)

There are only two kinds of thermal variables
Property and Interaction
1). The properties of system: P, T, V, v, ., which are the
variables independent of processes.
o Those properties are designated by dx, where x is some
property, and d represents an exact differential.
o
The change of the property (x) from state 1 to state 2 can be

calculated by,
2
dx
= x2 x1
For example: If x represents pressure (P):

2
dP = P
1
2
dT
1
P 1 = P
If X represents temperature (T):
= T2 T1 = T
22
Note on variables in thermodynamics (2)

2: The interaction variable: W and Q
o
o
W and Q are the variable depending on the process

interacting with system.
Work, (W) is designated by W, where W is an
interaction variable dependant on the process. W is
a function of path (processes), and represents an
inexact differential
For example, the moving boundary work can be calculated by:

2
W 1 2 =
W
1
= p ( V ) dV
1
The results depending on what the relation between P and V: P(V)
Same as Heat Q
23
Summary
Sate, Equilibrium, and process
Work interaction is path dependent:
W =
V2
V1
p(V ) dV
Next Lecture
Calculation of work
First Law of Thermodynamics
Note: Wednesday Lecture from week 2:
12:15 13:15 in EC 203
24

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Mech. Eng.

(Thermo from week2)

Tutorial classes, weeks 2 to 12

Laboratory classes, weeks 9 to 12

One Thermodynamics laboratory

Thermal State and processes

Ref: Chapter 1.3 1.5 of Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop &

2.1. States and Processes

The state 1 of the

The state 2 of the

2.1 (b) Thermal Equilibrium State

2.1 (b-II) Thermal Equilibrium (TE) State

State1: P = 1.0 bar and T = 20 oC

State 2: P = 5.0 bar and T = 50 oC

2.1 (c) Other Equilibrium

2.2 Thermal Process

Note: Direction & interactions

Summary of 2.1 and 2.2

2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

2.3 (a) Interactions of a Thermal System I: Work

2). Work done by an

2.3 (b). Work done +ve or ve?

For system: Work done on a

2.4: Work Done by a close system

p(v) dv = Area 12V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

p(V) dV p(V) dV = Area 11 2 V2V11 (in above p-v diagram)

*: Work is path (process) dependent

Example of work done

p = pw + p0= 101,000 + 4905

= 105,905 (N/m2) x (3-1) (m3)

2.4 (a). Summary of the work

o Acting to the system

o Can be only calculated by

2.4 (b). Interactions of a Thermal System II: Heat

Interactions across the boundary of system:

2.4 (c). Heat interaction +ve or ve ?

Heat transferred into the

Heat transferred from a

Note on variables in thermodynamics (1)

The change of the property (x) from state 1 to state 2 can be

For example: If x represents pressure (P):

If X represents temperature (T):

Note on variables in thermodynamics (2)

W and Q are the variable depending on the process

For example, the moving boundary work can be calculated by:

The results depending on what the relation between P and V: P(V)

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