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    The Influence of Cross-Section Shape of The Car Roof Rail On The Quqsi-Dynamic Buckling Modes

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    Karthik Karunanidhi
    The document analyzes how the cross-section shape of car roof rails influences their quasi-dynamic buckling modes under impulse loading through numerical analysis. It studies C-shaped, rectangular, and hybrid tandem cross-sections of aluminum profiles. The analysis considers natural frequencies, critical stress values, and dynamic load factors for different cross-sections and impulse durations. Closed cross-sections increase critical stress significantly compared to open C-sections. Hybrid sections further improve stability over open or closed sections alone.

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    The Influence of Cross-Section Shape of The Car Roof Rail On The Quqsi-Dynamic Buckling Modes

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Karunanidhi
    41 views8 pages
    The document analyzes how the cross-section shape of car roof rails influences their quasi-dynamic buckling modes under impulse loading through numerical analysis. It studies C-shaped, rectangular, and hybrid tandem cross-sections of aluminum profiles. The analysis considers natural frequencies, critical stress values, and dynamic load factors for different cross-sections and impulse durations. Closed cross-sections increase critical stress significantly compared to open C-sections. Hybrid sections further improve stability over open or closed sections alone.

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    The document analyzes how the cross-section shape of car roof rails influences their quasi-dynamic buckling modes under impulse loading through numerical analysis. It studies C-shaped, rectangular, and hybrid tandem cross-sections of aluminum profiles. The analysis considers natural frequencies, critical stress values, and dynamic load factors for different cross-sections and impulse durations. Closed cross-sections increase critical stress significantly compared to open C-sections. Hybrid sections further improve stability over open or closed sections alone.

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    41 views8 pages

    The Influence of Cross-Section Shape of The Car Roof Rail On The Quqsi-Dynamic Buckling Modes

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Karunanidhi
    The document analyzes how the cross-section shape of car roof rails influences their quasi-dynamic buckling modes under impulse loading through numerical analysis. It studies C-shaped, rectangular, and hybrid tandem cross-sections of aluminum profiles. The analysis considers natural frequencies, critical stress values, and dynamic load factors for different cross-sections and impulse durations. Closed cross-sections increase critical stress significantly compared to open C-sections. Hybrid sections further improve stability over open or closed sections alone.

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    Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

    Vol. 17, No. 4 (2013) 301308


    c Lodz University of Technology

    The Influence of CrossSection Shape of the Car Roof Rail


    on the QuqsiDynamic Buckling Modes

    z
    Andrzej Mro
    Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
    L
    odz University of Technology
    Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90924 L
    odz, Poland
    andrzej.mroz.pl@gmail.com
    Received (11 March 2013)
    Revised (16 April 2013)
    Accepted (20 Juni 2013)

    This paper presents the results of numerical analysis of the aluminium proles subjected
    to dynamic, of dierent time duration impulse loading. The analysis includes the change
    in crosssection of the roof rail, ranging from the open C prole, through closed Rectangular to hybrid Tandem with brackets. The main aim of this study is to model
    the dynamic response of the car roof rail to impulse loading, which may appear in case
    of collision.
    Keywords: Aluminium, thinwalled proles, automotive application, quasidynamic
    analysis

    1.

    Introduction

    Since the beginning of the automotive history, growing emphasis has been put on
    the development of the safety standards. Because of the continuous engine boosting,
    upgrading the power, eciency and ecological standards the modern cars are far
    dierent to their ancestors from the beginning of the 20th century. Adding to this
    the increasing number of used vehicles, there is a meaningful probability of various
    collisions.
    Although before the preserial production the crash tests are carried through,
    these are realized in strictly precised conditions and are far from the parameters
    appearing in reality. Because of the high cost of destructive experiments, more and
    more attention is paid to computer analysis, basing mainly on FEM (Finite Element
    Method) software.
    The author suggested the simplied analysis of the dynamic response of long,
    thinwalled proles, which will be the introduction to complex study engaging the
    application for car roof rails. The aim of this is the verication of the inuence of the

    Mr
    oz, A.

    302

    proles crosssection (subjected to the dynamic impulse loading) and correctness


    of the statement treating the roof rails as safety upgrading equipment in car design.
    1.1.

    Literature review

    The stability of the thinwalled structures has been always in the main eld of
    interest of many modern scientists. In the thirties of 20th century H. Wagner, H.
    L. Cox, K. Maguerre, E. Trez, S. Levy, W.S. Hemp have initialized studies on
    post critical construction response in elastic range. Koning and Taub put the step
    further and examined the simply supported beam, subjected to axial impact [2].
    This was the rst analysis which because of the load time could be called as the
    predynamic study. In the sixties, many publications describing the phenomenon of
    interaction of buckling modes and inuence of initial imperfections have appeared.
    Due to the technical development resulting in new invented materials and advanced computer facilities, a lot of analyses have been carried out, where not only
    the material properties have been taken into account but also specic initial conditions could have been modied. The item of A. Teter [3] is a very interesting
    example, where the dynamic, coupled buckling in long prismatic prole, simply
    supported at the ends is analyzed. Another publication, by Z. Kolakowski and T.
    Kubiak deals with the interactive dynamic buckling in thin walled channels made of
    orthotropic material subjected to in-plane pulse loading [4]. A meaningful attention
    should be paid to next items a series of monographs where the problems of instability in the elastoplastic range and post buckling behavior of plated structures are
    presented [5] and teamwork publication of the workers of Department of Strength of
    Materials of Lodz University of Technology, where among the literature and topic
    review, the examples of the dynamic stability analyses are presented [6].
    1.2.

    Dynamic buckling

    Dynamic stability (dynamic response) is the phenomenon of losing the stability


    of structures subjected to time-dependent impact. As mentioned in the literature
    review, the phenomenon of dynamic buckling of the structures has been started
    being investigated in the sixties. Since this time many criteria basing on geometrical
    or energetic assumptions have been developed. The most common are presented by
    Volmir [7], BudianskyHutchinson [8], Ari Gur and Simonetta [9], Petry Fahlbush
    [10].

    Figure 1 Illustration of highway rollover [1]

    Dynamic Response of Viscoplastic ThinWalled ...

    303

    It is stated, that dynamic buckling appears in members subjected to impulse loading of certain time duration, close to the period of fundamental natural exural
    vibrations. In the current article, the Budianski and Hutchinson criterion will be
    considered, that states: the dynamic stability loss occurs, when the maximum deection grows rapidly at a small variation in the load amplitude.
    2.

    Formulation of the problem

    The rails modeled as beams of the same length (600 mm), simply supported at
    the ends but of dierent crosssection shapes are taken into consideration. Thus,
    the C channel presented in Fig. 2a, Rectangular Fig. 2b, hybrid ones Internal
    Tandem Fig. 2c and External Tandem Fig. 2d are within this paper interest.
    The dimensions of the prole are modied in a way, to achieve the same value of
    perimeter (crosssection area).

    a)

    b)

    c)

    d)

    Figure 2 Considered crosssections of the prole with dimensions: a) C channel, b) Rectangular,


    c) Internal tandem, d) External tandem

    Mr
    oz, A.

    304

    The proles are made of isotropic, linear elastic material - aluminium alloy 6060
    which mechanical properties are presented in Table 1.
    Table 1 Mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 6060 [11]

    Density
    [g/cm3 ]

    Melting range
    [0 C]

    Modulus of elasticity
    [MPa]

    Shear
    [MPa]

    2,7

    585-650

    69 500

    26 100

    modulus

    The proles/rails are subjected to axial uniform compression zimp on one end
    with the another constrained. The time duration of the impulse varies from 0.5 to
    1.0 of natural period Tnp (Fig. 3).

    a)

    b)

    For 0 ? t ? Tnp szz = szz


    sz

    imp.

    For t ? Tnp

    sz imp.

    Timp.
    imp.

    22Timp.
    Timp.

    szz = 0

    Figure 3 Loading details: a) C channel boundary conditions, b) The rectangular impulse loading
    characteristics

    3.

    Results of numerical analysis

    The results of numerical computations are the evidence of meaningful inuence of


    the prole crosssection shape on its natural fundamental frequencies (presented
    in Fig. 4.) and critical stress value (Fig. 5). This is especially distinctive when
    comparing the value of critical stress of the open Cchannel to the rectangular

    Frequency of natural vibrations


    [Hz]

    Dynamic Response of Viscoplastic ThinWalled ...

    305

    1600
    1400
    1200
    1000

    C channel

    800
    600

    rectangular

    400
    200

    external tandem

    internal tandem

    0
    1

    Figure 4 First 5 lowest natural frequencies for the beams of dierent cross sections

    Figure 5 First 5 lowest values of critical stress for the axially compressed beams of dierent
    crosssections

    prole critical stress. The closed crosssection brings the increase of critical stress
    more than 5 times. The hybrid solution of the crosssection is a way to improve
    the rail stability by 30%. However there is no distinct distortion between internal
    and external tandem.
    When taking into consideration the transient dynamic analysis, the critical
    value of Dynamic Load Factor is on comparable order of magnitude for both compared proles. The buckling modes are presented in Fig. 6 where the graphs
    presenting the dependence between DLF and deection in Internal Tandem, for
    dierent impact duration are presented in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8.

    Mr
    oz, A.

    306

    b)

    a)

    d)

    c)

    Figure 6 Dynamic response to impulse compression pressure of the prole with cross section: a)
    C channel, b) Rectangular, c) Internal tandem, d) External tandem

    40,00

    UY

    30,00
    20,00
    1T (|max|)
    10,00
    0,00
    0,8

    1,2

    1,4

    1,6

    DLF

    Figure 7 Dynamic deection obtained with the FEM for Internal tandem- time duration of
    compression impulse equals 1 x natural period (of 1st mode)

    Dynamic Response of Viscoplastic ThinWalled ...

    UY

    8,00
    7,00
    6,00
    5,00
    4,00
    3,00
    2,00
    1,00
    0,00

    307

    0,5T (|max|)

    0,8

    1,2
    1,4
    DLF

    1,6

    Figure 8 Dynamic deection obtained with the FEM for Internal tandem- time duration of
    compression impulse equals 0.5 x natural period (of 1st mode)

    The deection was determined for displacement in perpendicular to the midplane


    for the same node for all types of the proles. The duration of the pulse load plays
    a fundamental role on the buckling character. For long lasting impulse (1 Tnp ) the
    magnitude of the displacement is almost 5 times higher than for the load lasting
    of 0.5 Tnp. The value of the critical DLF is comparable, however for the shorter
    impact, it is almost 8% higher. The results for all proles are presented in Tab. 2.
    Table 2 Determined Dynamic Load Factor for dierent cross-sections

    time duration of
    compression
    impulse equals 1 x
    natural period
    time duration of
    compression
    impulse equals 0.5 x
    natural period

    4.

    C channel

    Rectangular
    1,4

    Internal
    tandem
    1,3

    External
    tandem
    1,1

    1,5

    1,6

    1,8

    1,4

    1,4

    Conclusion

    The article is the introduction of the authors involvement in dynamic stability of the
    roof rails in automotive application. The proposed numerical model was consciously
    simplied in order to investigate the inuence of the beams crosssection shape on
    the dynamic stability and the obtained results conrmed the initial statement.

    Mr
    oz, A.

    308

    Figure 9 Rollover crash test of Volvo XC90 [7]

    The next steps which will be taken, will concern the correlation between the natural frequencies and buckling mode in order to characterize the appropriate pulse
    duration and to make the phenomenon more dynamic. Moreover, the shape of
    the impulse will be modied in order to make it more realistic to the ones occurring
    during the crash (records from decelerator meters from crash test).
    In addition to this, nonlinear material characteristics achieved from laboratory
    tensile test, will be considered and the aging process of the aluminium will be taken
    into account and modeled in FEM analysis.
    References
    [1] Eichler, R. C.: The causes of injury in rollover accidents, Accident Reconstruction
    Journal, 2003.
    [2] Koning, C. and Taub, J.: Impact buckling of thin bars in the elastic range hinged
    at both ends, NACA TM, 748, 1934.
    [3] Teter, A.: Wielomodalne wyboczenie cienkosciennych uebrowanych slup
    ow
    obciaz onych impulsem sciskajcym, Wydawnictwo Politechniki L
    odzkiej, L
    odz, (in polish), 2010.
    [4] Kolakowski, Z. and Kubiak, T.: Interactive dynamic buckling of orthotropic thin
    walled channels subjected to inplane pulse loading, Composite Structures, 81, 222232,
    2007.
    [5] KowalMichalska, K. (Ed.): Dynamic Stability of Composite Plate Structures,
    WNT, Warszawa, 2007.
    olak, M. and Mania, R. J. (Eds.): Stability of Thin-Walled Plate Structures,
    [6] Kr
    Vol.1 of Static, Dynamic and Stability of Structures, A Series of Monographs, TUL,
    2011.
    [7] http://auto.howstuworks.com/cardrivingsafety/accidentshazardous
    conditions/28002rolloveraccidentsexplained.htm

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