During Study of Electrical Protective Relays

During study of electrical protective relays, some special terms are
frequently used. For proper understanding, the functions of different

protective relays, the definition of such terms must be understood
properly. Such terms are,
1.
2.
Pick up current.
Current setting.
3.
4.
Plug setting multiplier (PSM).

Time setting multiplier (TSM).
Pick Up Current of Relay

In all electrical relays, the moving contacts are not free to move. All
the contacts remain in their respective normal position by some
force applied on them continuously. This force is called controlling
force of the relay. This controlling force may be gravitational force,
may be spring force, may be magnetic force. The force applied on
the relays moving parts for changing the normal position of the
contacts, is called deflecting force. This deflecting force is always in
opposition of controlling force and presents always in the relay.
Although the deflecting force always presents in the relay directly
connected to live line, but as the magnitude of this force is less than
controlling force in normal condition, the relay does not operate. If
the actuating current in the relay coil increases gradually, the
deflecting force in electro mechanical relay, is also increased. Once,
the deflecting force crosses the controlling force, the moving parts
of the relay initiate to move to change the position of the contacts
in the relay. The current for which the relay initiates it operation is
called pick up current of relay.
Current Setting of Relay

The minimum pick up value of the deflecting force of an electrical
relay is constant. Again the deflecting force of the coil is
proportional to its number of turns and current flowing through the
coil.
Now, if we can change the number of active turns of any coil, the
required current to reach at minimum pick value of the deflecting
force, in the coil also changes. That means if active turns of the
relay coil is reduced, then proportionately more current is required
to produce desired relay actuating force. Similarly if active turns of
the relay coil is increased, then proportionately reduced current is
required to produce same desired deflecting force.
Practically same model relays may be used in different systems. As
per these systems requirement the pick up current of relay is
adjusted. This is known as current setting of relay. This is achieved
by providing required number of tapping in the coil. These taps are
brought out to a plug bridge. The number of active turns in the coil
can be changed by inserting plug in different points in the bridge.
The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of
relay pick up current to rated secondary current of CT.
That means,
For example, suppose, you want that, an over current relay should
operate when the system current just crosses 125% of rated
current. If the relay is rated with 1 A, the normal pick up current of
the relay is 1 A and it should be equal to secondary rated current of
current transformer connected to the relay.
Then, the relay will be operated when the current of CT secondary
becomes more than or equal 1.25 A. As per definition,
The current setting is sometimes referred as current plug setting.
The current setting of over current relay is generally ranged from
50% to 200%, in steps of 25%. For earth fault relay it is from 10%
to 70% in steps of 10%.
Plug Setting Multiplier of Relay

Plug setting multiplier of relay is referred as ratio of fault
current in the relay to its pick up current.
Suppose we have connected on protection CT of ratio 200/1 A and

current setting is 150%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 150 % = 1.5 A
Now, suppose fault current in the CT primary is 1000 A. Hence, fault
current in the CT secondary i.e. in the relay coil is, 1000 1/200 =
5A
Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33
Time Setting Multiplier of Relay

The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two
factors :
1.
How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the

relay for closing relay contacts and
2. How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.
So far adjusting relay operating time, both of the factors to be
adjusted. The adjustment of travelling
distance of an
electromechanical relay is commonly known as time setting. This
adjustment is commonly known as time setting multiplier of
relay. The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps 0.05
sec. But by adjusting only time setting multiplier, we can not set the
actual time of operation of an electrical relay. As we already said,
the time of operation also depends upon the speed of operation. The
speed of moving parts of relay depends upon the force due to
current in the relay coil. Hence it is clear that, speed of operation of
an electrical relay depends upon the level of fault current. In other
words, time of operation of relay depends upon plug setting
multiplier. The relation between time of operation and plug setting
multiplier is plotted on a graph paper and this is known as time /
PSM graph. From this graph one can determine, the total time taken
by the moving parts of an electromechanical relay, to complete its
total travelling distance for different PSM. In time setting multiplier,
this total travelling distance is divided and calibrated from 0 to 1 in
steps of 0.05. So when time setting is 0.1, the moving parts of the
relay has to travel only 0.1 times of the total travelling distance, to
close the contact of the relay. So, if we get total operating time of
the relay for a particular PSM from time / PSM graph and if we
multiply that time with the time setting multiplier, we will get, actual
time of operation of relay for said PSM and TSM. For getting clear
idea, let us have a practical example. Say a relay has time setting
0.1 and you have to calculate actual time of operation for PSM 10.
From time / PSM graph of the relay as shown below, we can see the
total operating time of the relay is 3 seconds. That means, the
moving parts of the relay take total 3 seconds to travel 100%
travelling distance. As the time setting multiplier is 0.1 here,
actually the moving parts of the relay have to travel only 0.1
100% or 10% of the total travel distance, to close the relay
contacts. Hence, actual operating time of the relay is 3 0.1 = 0.3
sec. i.e. 10% of 3 sec.
Time vs PSM Curve of Relay

This is relation curve between operating time and plug setting
multiplier of an electrical relay. The x-axis or horizontal axis of the
Time / PSM graph represents, PSM and Y-axis or vertical axis
represents time of operation of the relay. The time of operation
represents in this graph is that, which required to operate the relay
when time setting multiplier set at 1. From the Time / PSM curve of
a typical relay shown below, it is seen that, if PSM is 10, the time of
operation of relay is 3 sec. That means, the relay will take 3
seconds to complete its operation, with time setting 1. It is also
seen from the curve that, for lower value of plug setting multiplier,
i.e. for lower value of fault current, the time of operation of the
relay is inversely proportional to the fault current. But when PSM
becomes more than 20, the operating time of relay becomes almost
constant. This feature is necessary in order to ensure discrimination
on very heavy fault current flowing through sound feeders.
Calculation of Relay Operation Time

For calculating actual relay operating time, we need to know these
following operation.
1. Current setting.
2.
3.
Fault current level.

Ratio of current transformer.
4.
5.
Time / PSM curve.

Time setting.
Step 1
From CT ratio, we first see the rated secondary current of CT. Say
the CT ratio is 100 / 1 A, i.e. secondary current of CT is 1 A.
Step 2
From current setting we calculate the trick current of the relay. Say
current setting of the relay is 150% therefore pick up current of the
relay is 1 150% = 1.5 A.
Step 3
Now we have to calculate PSM for the specified faulty current level.
For that, we have to first divide primary faulty current by CT ratio to
get relay faulty current. Say the faulty current level is 1500 A, in
the CT primary, hence secondary equivalent of faulty current is
1500/(100/1) = 15 A
Step 4
Now, after calculating PSM, we have to find out the total time of
operation of the relay from Time / PSM curve. From the curve, say
we found the time of operation of relay is 3 second for PSM = 10.
Step 5
Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time

setting multiplier, in order to get actual time of operation of relay.
Hence say time setting of the relay is 0.1.
Therefore actual time of operation of the relay for PSM 10, is 3
0.1 = 0.3 sec or 300 ms.

During Study of Electrical Protective Relays

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During Study of Electrical Protective Relays

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During study of electrical protective relays, some special terms are

frequently used. For proper understanding, the functions of different

Plug setting multiplier (PSM).

Pick Up Current of Relay

Current Setting of Relay

Plug Setting Multiplier of Relay

Suppose we have connected on protection CT of ratio 200/1 A and

Time Setting Multiplier of Relay

How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the

Time vs PSM Curve of Relay

Calculation of Relay Operation Time

Fault current level.

Time / PSM curve.

Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time

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