TFO wheel end maintenance

A complete guide to trouble-free operation of heavy duty bearings, seals,

hubcaps, lubricants and more.

A systems approach to total

wheel end maintenance

All contents copyright 2009 SKF Group TFO and Trouble-Free Operation are registered trademarks of SKF Group.

SKFs Trouble-Free Operation (TFO) Program is a proven systems approach to

heavy duty maintenance. By providing fleets with detailed instructional materials,
and making hands-on training available to your technicians, this program has
made a significant contribution to many fleets overall productivity.
This wheel end maintenance guide, central to the TFO program, is based on our
core experience with bearings and seals over several decades and literally billions
of over-the-road truck miles.
Through our investigation of thousands of premature seal leaks and/or bearing failures, weve learned that
improper removal and installation are by far the leading causes of these premature failures. Armed with the
right information and tools, and using the step-by-step procedures in this manual, you can extend the service
life of bearings and seals, protect your trucks from costly damage, and make your fleet safer in the process.

About TFO

Why a systems approach?

Extended warranties
Program overview
General guidelines

Product overview

Seals
SKF tapered bearings
ConMet PreSet wheel ends
Hubcaps

Pages 3-6

Pages 7-12

Disassembly/
Re-assembly

Seals
Bearings
Hubcaps
Lubrication

Failure analysis

Seals
Bearings
Hubcaps

Pages 13-24

Pages 25-41

Interchanges
Pages 43-45

Tapered bearings
Half stand bearings
Hubcaps
Scotseal family of wheel seals

About TFO
3

Why a systems approach?

SKFs Trouble-Free Operation (TFO) Program is a proven systems approach to heavy duty maintenance. By providing
fleets with detailed instructional materials, and making hands-on training available to your technicians, this program has
made a significant contribution to many fleets overall productivity.

Storing and handling components properly maximizes

component life. Even a particle of hair can lead to bearing
degradation.

Lubrication plays a critical role throughout the life of the

wheel end. Understanding which lubes should be used can
lead to optimized wheel end life.

Following the prescribed bearing adjustment procedure and

verifying the end play with a calibrated dial indicator maximizes
the vehicles uptime and productivity.

Using genuine, high-quality OEM approved products protects

against turning a seemingly low-cost acquisition into a high
cost service later.

Using the correct tools that are properly calibrated protects

against component damage and leads to extended wheel
end life.

Understanding the functionality of wheel end components

and following the correct maintenance procedures is critical
to vehicle safety and extending wheel end life.

About TFO
5

The TFO wheel end solution overview

Subject

Situation/problem

TFO solution

Just as the equipment needs of long

haul commercial fleets vary from those
of heavy duty construction fleets, so does
the matchup of the right seal for the
driving environment. A good seal can
fail prematurely if used in the wrong
application.

SKF recognizes the need for more than one

type of seal for every purpose. The TFO program
analyzes seal matchup to your fleets needs and
recommends the optimum seal selection for your
operation.

Handling wheel bearings correctly at every

stage is critical to trouble-free operation. A
bearing that fails unexpectedly can be not
just inconvenient, but costly and dangerous.

The TFO program details the proper removal

and installation of bearings, including procedures
for cleaning, lubricating and assuring correct
end-play adjustment.

Hubcaps work through the constant

exposure of the environment, including
hot, cold, wet, dry and road salt conditions.
Some of the hubcaps roughest treatment
comes from inside due to lack of lube or
an over-tight bearing adjustment, causing
a cooked hub and permanent damage.

SKF offers replacement hubcaps that are approved

by all major OE truck and most trailer builders, and
are compatible with all popular oils and greases.
The TFO program outlines the importance of
proper hubcap installation, and details the process
of matching the correct hubcap with the lubricant
being used on a specific application.

You can tell a lot about why a bearing or

seal has failed prematurely by examining
the failed component. This guide provides
photographs of failed bearings, hubcaps and
seals, along with explanations for the failures.

SKF has examined thousands of damaged seals

(from all manufacturers) and has analyzed their
major causes of damage. This knowledge has
been distilled into the TFO programs Failure
Analysis section. This includes inspection and
analysis of your fleets wheel-end failures to
help avoid similar failures in the future.

Tools for removal and installation of wheel

end seals are critical to seal performance
(imagine how wrong it would be to install a
new piston with a sledge hammer). Related
tools such as wheel dollies and end-play
calibrators also play a role in the correct
or incorrect installation process.

SKFs specialized tooling is designed for errorless,

damage-free removal and installation of seals,
with procedures that can be easily understood.
These tools, and the training on how to use
them properly, are part of the TFO programs implementation process.

Professional training of shop personnel is

the silver bullet to improved maintenance
efficiency and the reduction of premature
seal and bearing failure. To put training in
its proper perspective, as much as 90% of
all wheel end seal failures are a result of
improper installations.

The TFO program puts an emphasis on training,

issuing TFO Qualified certificates to participating
shop maintenance personnel. Knowledgeable and
experienced SKF personnel provide hands-on
learning, tooling demonstrations, videos and user
manuals, placing a prominent focus on wheel end
systems and their critical role in the safety and
productivity of the vehicle.

Seals

Bearings

Hubcaps

Failure analysis

Tooling

This certificate acknowledges that

______________________________________________________________

has successfully completed specialized training on the subject of

Wheel End Maintenance, Seal Installation and Wheel Bearing Adjustment

SKF Representative
Date

2005 SKF Group. Printed in U.S.A.

Training

457977

rev 4/05

Warranties under the TFO program

In addition to helping your fleet reduce wheel end maintenance and its associated costs, you can also benefit from
special extended warranties on selected products when certain requirements are met. The following warranties are
provided for the SKF line of Scotseals purchased under the TFO program.

Scotseal Classic

Scotseal Longlife

Scotseal PlusXL

Tractor

1 year or
100,000 miles

2 years or
150,000 miles

3 years or
300,000 miles

Trailer

1 year
Unlimited

2 years
Unlimited

3 years
Unlimited

Severe
Service

1 year or
50,000 miles

1 year or
100,000 miles

1 year or
150,000 miles

The following conditions are required for warranty coverage under the TFO program:

SKF hubcaps must be used

Coverage applies to genuine SKF Scotseals and hubcaps only

User must follow current TMC maintenance procedures

SKF representative to conduct training at each fleet maintenance facility

Wheel end maintenance records are to be monitored by SKF and fleet

Note: For further details on the warranty program, contact your local SKF representative.

Caution: Beware of counterfeit seals.

Unscrupulous manufacturers are flooding the global market with poorly engineered and cheaply
manufactured seals that have deliberately been made to resemble premium quality SKF Scotseals.
Most obvious is the use of green paint (not Bore-Tite) that can flake off and enter the hub, actually
causing bearing damage. The warranties detailed above apply only to genuine SKF brand Scotseals. A
few words of caution:
A seals running surfaces are critical to performance. Historically, the running surfaces of counterfeit
seals have been demonstrated to be well below SAE standards.
Testing has shown these counterfeit seals to be of substantially inferior quality and highly
questionable reliability.
Premature seal failure can lead to unexpected wheel end failures that can cause vehicle downtime
and damage, serious personal injury and even fatalities.

Product overview
7

An SKF Scotseal for every application

Scotseal PlusXL
The Scotseal PlusXL design with extended life capabilities
is the SKF premium performance seal, offering maximum
sealing life under virtually all driving conditions. The new
high-temperature, synthetic lubricant-friendly material of
the new Scotseal PlusXL, Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene
Rubber (HNBR), is an excellent choice for frequent braking
applications. HNBR elastomeric material provides heat
resistance up to 300 F and broad compatibility with todays
synthetic lubrication fluids. The unsurpassed exclusion
properties allow the Scotseal PlusXL to perform in very harsh conditions. The new Scotseal
PlusXL with the unique hand-installable design includes a wide footprint ensuring stability on
the shaft. Worn hubs and spindles are not a problem for the Scotseal PlusXL.

Scotseal Longlife
Building upon the success of the original Scotseal design,
SKF engineers had a great start in their development
of a new extended life seal. Computer aided design (CAD)
of lip geometry and the addition of an axial dirt excluder
lip was combined with a newly formulated material to
produce the Scotseal Longlifea premium performance seal
with the characteristics required by many of todays
demanding heavy duty environments.

Scotseal Classic
The original Self Contained Oil Type Seal, Scotseal Classic
became the trucking industry standardand the best value
for more than 40 years. With literally trillions of road miles
to its credit, Scotseal Classic has proven to be a solid choice
for dependable, long lasting service. Time and time again,
field studies show that when properly installed, using SKF
tools and procedures, Scotseal Classic is a reliable performer
for meeting the sealing requirements between brake
maintenance intervals.

SKF Scotseal descriptions and fitting information

Scotseal PlusXL
SKF Scotseal PlusXL is a rubber unitized, one piece design.
The Scotseal PlusXL consists of four sealing lips; a spring loaded
primary sealing lip with patented Waveseal design that is factory
pre-lubed, a radial and axial dirt lip, plus an outer bumper lip that
acts as a preliminary dirt excluder. Scotseal PlusXL requires no special
installation tools and maintains a rubber-to-metal contact between
the seal O.D. and the hub bore surface as well as a rubber-to-metal
contact between the packing I.D. and spindle. (See Figure 1).
Figure 1

Scotseal Longlife

Figure 2

SKF Scotseal Longlife is a unitized, one piece design consisting

of a sealing element (packing) that is assembled between a metal
outer and inner case. The Scotseal Longlifes packing consists of four
sealing lips; a spring-loaded primary sealing lip that is factory pre-lubed,
a radial and axial dirt lip, plus an outer bumper lip that acts as a
preliminary dirt excluder. The Scotseal Longlife is pressfit into the hub
bore using Scotseal Installation Tools. The Scotseal Longlife maintains
a metal-to-metal contact between the seal O.D. and the hub bore
surface as well as a metal-to-metal contact between the packing I.D.
and the spindle. (See Figure 2).

Scotseal Classic
SKF Scotseal Classic is a unitized, one piece design consisting of a sealing
element (packing) that is assembled between a metal outer and inner case.
The packing consists of three sealing lips; a spring-loaded primary sealing
lip that is factory pre-lubed, a dirt exclusion lip, and an outer bumper lip
that acts as a preliminary dirt excluder. The seal is pressfit into the hub
bore using Scotseal Installation Tools. The Scotseal Classic maintains a
metal-to-metal contact between the seal O.D. and the hub bore surface
as well as a metal-to-metal contact between the packing I.D. and the
spindle. (See Figure 3).
Figure 3

Product overview
9

The quality of SKF bearings

Bearing sets
SKF tapered bearings are engineered and manufactured to the highest quality standards.
Their design and superior materials provide a significant increase in operational reliability
under heavy loads and misaligned conditions.
Made from the highest quality steel and engineered for longer service intervals, the
construction of the SKF tapered bearings handle a combination of radial and thrust loads.
Each tapered bearing set contains a precision matched cup and cone that are specifically
designed to maximize bearing performance and life.
Additionally, the SKF part numbers follow
industry-established numbers, allowing for
easy look-up and identification for
specific applications.

SKF tapered bearing sets:

Help the installer do the job right
Ensure longer bearing life
Help prevent premature failure
Increase truck and trailer uptime
Available for all popular applications.

Two-piece wheel nut

Securex, the OE two-piece wheel nut by
MacLean-Fogg/Metform for hub piloted wheels
SKF has teamed with MacLean-Fogg /Metform, U.S. manufacturer of the original equipment
two-piece Securex wheel nut, to provide this OEM solution to the aftermarket. The Securex
wheel nut is designed to provide increased clamp force through more torque while maintaining
optimized torque/tension, reducing operating costs with extended life and improved fuel economy.
Securex M22 X 1.5 two-piece wheel nuts, available in 33mm and 38mm OD, fit most tractors and
trailers with hub piloted wheels.

Benefits of the SKF two-piece wheel nut include:

Reduced potential for catastrophic failure loosened wheel nuts

can result in wheel-off conditions, as well as reduce the operating
life of the wheel ends seals and bearings.

Reduced operating costs wheel nut effects overall tire life

and wheel end life, ultimately reducing fuel usage and costs.

Quality design and manufacturing U.S. manufactured

to precise tolerances and meets the stringent requirements of J1965.

Extended nut life SAE 4140 alloy steel metallurgy and

PTFE coating protects against corrosion and reduces friction.

10

SKF TF replacement hubcaps

Lightweight, super-strong Zytel resists impact
damage, chemicals, road salt, UV radiation,
flooded docks, and ozone

Plated, pre-assembled
retention bolts (included)
protect against leaks at the
bolt holes

O-ring on the side-fill

plug provides extra
leak protection

Proven center-fill, ventedplug design; closed except

when venting

Magnetic side-fill
plug traps metal
particles to protect
seals and bearings

Upgraded Splashguard
protection also available

Cloud-free window is
fusion-bonded to body
no screws to shake loose
and no leaking

Molded pressure ridge on flange

bites into sealing gasket to ensure
leak-proof fit

Oil bath design

Slotted bolt-hole gasket

Embedded, solid aluminum

ring distributes an even, leakproof load against the hub

SKF Splashguard

Elongated bolt holes accommodate multiple bolt circle patterns

Upgraded vent system and protection

Hard shell
resists power washing, road debris

Extended surface
adds coverage between
window plug for better sealing

Multiple labyrinth
prevents contaminants
from reaching wheel end

Side tabs
allow for easy removal

Pressure sensitive vent

vent closed unless releasing pressure
eliminates entry path for contaminants

SKF also offers PSI compatible type hubcaps.

Product overview
11

Extend the life of your PreSet hub assembly

with the SKF rebuild kit
PreSet reliability and SKF quality
in one convenient box
ConMet introduced the PreSet hub assembly in 1995. And
since 2002, the SKF Scotseal PlusXL has been the primary
wheel seal in the OE wheel-end system. Now that these
units are approaching their first service intervals, SKF, the
aftermarket leader, worked closely with ConMet to provide
the only all-inclusive rebuild kit on the market.
SKF rebuild kits contain everything needed for servicing,
including specific, tighter toleranced SKF tapered bearing
sets, SKF Scotseal PlusXL wheel seal, SKF TF hubcap (if
applicable), and precision machined PreSet bearing spacer.

SKF half stand

tapered bearing sets (2)
Original equipment approved
Precision manufactured with
dimensional tolerances specified
by ConMet
Superior design and materials reduce
friction and provide excellent reliability
under heavy loads and misaligned
conditions
Global OE supplier

SKF Scotseal PlusXL

The most advanced generation Scotseal,
standard in PreSet hub assemblies
since 2002
Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
(HNBR) construction is ideal for frequent
braking applications
Heat resistance up to 300 F;
compatible with synthetic lubricants
Excellent exclusion properties, even
in harsh conditions
Hand-installable design includes a fat
footprint ensuring stability on the shaft

12

Why install the kit, instead of off-the-shelf components?

While you could pull the spacer and rebuild your PreSet wheel end with individual components
from several suppliers, there are some compelling reasons to install the SKF rebuild kit for PreSet:
Reduce fleet downtime Unlike off-the-shelf components, all of the kits parts are manufactured
to SKFs and ConMets specifications, ultimately reducing downtime and lowering operating costs.
Simpler installation One procedure regardless of axle type, eliminating potential failures due to error;
no need for complicated torquing and use of a dial indicator.
Extended 3-year warranty In addition, by installing the ConMet approved SKF rebuild kit for PreSet,
you will receive an extended 3-year warranty on these SKF wheel end components.
Longer service life Because the kit meets the exact specifications of the original PreSet system
components, you can expect the same kind of reliability and performance from your rebuilt wheel end.

Precision machined
PreSet spacer

SKF TF hubcap

Manufactured of high-strength alloy to

precise tolerances

Lightweight DuPont Zytel material is

stronger than aluminum, resisting impact
damage, chemicals, UV and ozone

Eliminates need for manual end-play

adjustment

Embedded, solid aluminum ring distributes

an even, leak-proof load against the hub

Proprietary machined bearing spacer along

with the SKF specifically toleranced bearings
provides the most reliable bearing end-play
setting, optimizing wheel end life

Cloud-free window is fusion-bonded to body

no screws to shake loose and no leaking

Eliminates the need to verify

adjustment with a dial indicator

Molded pressure ridge on flange bites into

sealing gasket to ensure leak-proof fit
Zytel is a DuPont material.

SKF rebuild kit for PreSet hub assemblies warranty information

SKF believes in the SKF rebuild kits for PreSet so much that we offer a 3-year extended warranty. All the components within the kit are SKF with the exception of the spacer which
is the original equipment PreSet spacer by ConMet.
In each box is a card to fill out and return. The policy and registration form will then be forwarded to the mail or e-mail address provided. All components supplied in the kit
must be used in the service of the wheel end. This is important because the end-play target is a result of the precision tolerancing of the bearing sets and spacer. Not using all
components could result in a wheel end leak or end-play outside of the TMC recommended range of .001 to .005 and thus void the warranty. The installation instructions must be
followed explicitly.
The SKF rebuild kit for PreSet warranty policy will provide full details of the warranty program. This will come after the warranty card is filled out and returned.
ConMet and PreSet are registered trademarks of Consolidated Metco, Inc.

Disassembly / Re-assembly
13

Wheel end inspection and maintenance

It is important to inspect a vehicles wheel ends periodically for safety and to maximize over-the-road performance.
SKF recommends inspecting wheel ends every 100,000 miles or every 12 months using SKFs inspection check list
found at www.vsm.skf.com. After inspection you may determine that a wheel end repair is necessary.
ConMet PreSet hub assemblies require service at 500,000 miles or every 2nd brake service.

Use a proper supporting device to support the

vehicle. Carefully release air spring brakes.

When inspecting wheel ends, be sure to block

wheels and lift axle.

WARNING: Never work under a unit supported by only a jack. Always support the vehicle with stands.
Block the wheels and make sure the unit will not roll before releasing brakes. Always wear eye protection.

Helpful hints before you start.

Stay organizeda messy shop is dangerous and inefficient.

Do not use chisels, impact wrenches and torches

Keep loose components together

Do not use hammers directly on seals or bearings

It is important to not mix wheel-end components bearings are

mates that wear together. This includes new bearings.

Hub removal
Using a proper hub support, remove spindle nut
and pull hub assembly off spindle.

14

Inspection of spindle and hub

1. Inspect the spindle and spindle threads for damage,
and remove light frett. Also check for the following:

Spalling

Corrosion pits

Discoloration from overheating

Punch marks / chisel marks

Weld beads

Upset metal

Note: Damaged threads can be

repaired using a pitch thread
file or die nut.

2. Inspect the fastener / Locknut / Bearing adjustment nut / Washer

(The use of these spindle end components varies by truck or trailer manufacturer. See illustrations below
of the various nut systems you may encounter.)
Look for chisel marks or other deformation as a sign of improper installation, or an attempt to make temporary repairs.

Standard nut system

Stamped nut system

Castle nut system

Inner
spindle nut
Locking spindle
washer

Cotter
pin

Cotter pin

Double nut pack system

D Lock
washer

Washer,
retaining

Retainer
washer
Castle
nut

Steering knuckle
spindle

Outer
spindle nut

Adjusting nut

D-flat
retaining washer

Dowel
pin

Jam nut or
Adjusting nut
Stamped
locking nut

3. Inspect the inside and the outside of the hub.

Look for the following:

Broken fasteners / bolts

Cracks in the housing

Damage to the hub and bore

Note: If the bearing cup is loose in the hub, this indicates a serious
condition and the hub must be replaced.

Jam nut

Disassembly / Re-assembly
15

Seal and bearing removal

The SKF SRT-1 Seal Removal Tool is recommended
for removal of most tractor, truck, dolly or trailer
wheel seals. With the wheel hub assembly removed
from the axle, simply insert the hook tip of the tool
between the seal and bearing. The unique design
of the tool allows you to use leverage to easily and
safely remove the seal, without damaging the spindle.
Remember performing seal failure analysis
will ensure improved performance. See pages
25-33 for seal failure analysis information.

WARNING: Do not
add a handle extension
to the tool. This tool is to
be used for seal removal
only.
Simple design, rugged construction and ergonomic features
increase your productivity and eliminate costly bearing damage.

Saves time no more laborious prying

against bearings or driving out seals.

Saves bearings tool grabs seal

only and bearings go undamaged.

Easy to use wedges and long handle

provide exceptional leverage.

Rubber grip for security in handling.

Heavy duty construction for long life

and dependability.

Works with steer, drive and trailer wheel seals.

Seal is removed intact allowing for proper seal

inspection, and failure analysis if required.

Bearing inspection
Once the seal is removed, inspect
the bearing cone and cup for any
nicks, burrs or spalling. Reference
the failure analysis section in the
back of this guide.
Bearings must be cleaned for
inspection and can be re-used. Use
only clean solvents effectiveness
of solvent in removing old lubricant
depends on how clean the solvent
is.
Good cleaning requires proper
equipment such as:
A solvent bath
A filter system and regular
changes of the solvent and
the filters

Note: Do not allow bearing to sit

on the bottom of the container to
avoid contact with sediment.
Bearing cup removal
If the bearing cone or cup is
damaged, you must replace both. To
remove the cup, follow one of the
procedures below based on the type
of hub you are working with.
Ferrous hubs:
Use hydraulic press
Aluminum hubs: Weld bead around
face of the bearing cup. Allow to
cool for 15 minutes and remove.
DO NOT USE hydraulic press.

16

Bearing installation
There are two main types of serviceable wheel hub assemblies manually adjusted and pre-adjusted. The
re-assembly instructions are different for both so be sure to follow the correct procedure for each wheel end type.
The pre-adjusted hub assembly, such as ConMets PreSet, includes a spacer between the inner and outer
bearings. The bearings are specially tolerenced in order to achieve the targeted adjustment setting. The
specific installation instructions for PreSet are included in the SKF rebuild kit for PreSet and can also be
found on-line at www.vsm.skf.com or at www.conmet.com.
Care in handling components and proper tooling are always the critical factors in all procedures which lead to
trouble-free operation.
Bearing installation
Bearing installation is handled differently depending on whether you are working with a ferrous hub
or an aluminum hub. With either hub, never directly hammer on the bearing.
For ferrous hubs:
Use the SKF HD1 tool to install the bearing cups into the hub.
For aluminum hubs:
Heat the hub in boiling water or in an oven to no more
than 300 F. Do not use localized heat. Chill the bearing cup
in a freezer. The hub will expand and the cup will contract.
Place the cup into the hub.

For oil lubricated wheel ends, coat the bearing cones

with a light oil film before inserting them into the
hub. Always use the same lubricant being retained
in the hub. Do not mix lubricants. Install the inner
bearing cone into the hub.

Disassembly / Re-assembly
17

Seal installation
Scotseal PlusXL
This seal is hand installable. No special tools are required.

Caution: Do not install the Scotseal PlusXL directly onto the spindle.
 lace the hub (wheel) assembly flat or at least a 45
P
angle for seal installation. Clean bore of any particles, rust or grease.

Lightly lubricate the OD and ID

with the fluid being retained.

1. Pre-lube the inner bearing cone with the lubricant that is being retained and place
it into the hub.

2. Lightly lubricate the seal O.D. and I.D. evenly with the fluid that is being retained.
Also apply a thin layer of oil on the hub bore that the seal is being pressed into.
NEVER INSTALL DRY.

3. Press the seal by hand evenly into the bore. A rubber mallet or other soft-faced

tool may be used to gently tap the seal into place. Be sure that the seal is evenly
seated and bottomed in the bore. As in any seal installation, apply an even driving
force to avoid cocking the seal or damaging the flange surface.

Press the seal into the bore

evenly by hand.

4. Allow seal to set for about 5 minutes prior to installing hub assembly onto spindle.
Watch the
Scotseal PlusXL
installation video.

Caution:
Install a new seal if the seal is cocked or
damaged during or after installation.

A rubber mallet may be used

to tap into place.

Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife

When installing a Scotseal Classic or Longlife seal, it is important to use the proper installation tool to set the seal
correctly into the hub. The SKF installation tool is specifically contoured to fit the profile of the seal. Refer to the seal
installation tool charts on the following page.
1.

2.

3.

Caution: Do not install the Scotseal directly onto the spindle.

Place the hub (wheel) assembly against a solid surface or bench at a 45 angle for seal
installation. This aids in centering the bearing and seal in the hub bore. Clean bore of any
particles, rust or grease.

4.

Watch the
Scotseal Classic
installation video.

1. Pre-lube the inner bearing cone with the lubricant that is being retained and place it into the hub.
2. Place the Scotseal Classic or Scotseal Longlife into the hub bore and insert the tool assembly with centering plug into
the seal. Note: Be sure to wear proper eye protection.

3. Hold the tool handle firmly and straight, and drive the seal with firm hammer strokes until the seal is squarely seated.
Continue driving the seal into the hub until the sound of impact changes.

4. After the seal is bottomed in the bore, check for freedom of movement by manually moving the packing of the seal up
and down. Ensure that the inner bearing rotates freely.

Caution: Install a new seal if the seal is cocked or damaged during or after installation.

18

The Scotseal toolboard

Keeps tools orderly and
lessens chances of tools being
misplaced or damaged

Sturdy metal construction

mounts easily on shop wall
Fitting chart included
Just order Part No. TB-2

Installation tooling:
Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife
Standard plug
bushing

Standard tool handle (#450237)

Washer

Seal drive plate

Centering plug

(These components are

interchangeable. See chart
below)

Tool selection
SKF Scotseal Classic and Scotseal Longlife are to be installed
using only SKF Scotseal installation tools. (See Chart A below)

Nut

Chart A
Drive plate & seal matchups

(Drive plates in bold numbers with matching seal numbers)

Centering the seal

Precisely matched centering plugs are engineered to fit within the
inside diameter of the inner bearing cone and allow accurate centering
of the Scotseal in the bore of the hub, as well as preventing cocking
of the seal. Chart B below provides correct matchup of bearing
cone and centering plug.

Chart B
Matchup of bearing cones &centering plugs
Bearing
cone no.

Centering
plug no.

Bearing
cone no.

Centering
plug no.

Bearing
cone no.

Centering
plug no.

495AX
497
539
555S
557A
559
560
567
568
575
580
582
593
594
594A
595
596
598
598A
639
641
659
663
663A
664
665
665A
681A
683
687

708
711
701
702
703
704
706
707
731
708
710
710
712
715
715
710
711
714
714
704
706
708
710
710
732
711
711
714
715
718

749
749A
749S
756A
758
759
760
776
780
3778
3982
3984
4595
5557
5760
6379
6386
6386A
6389
6461
6461A
6559
6580
28995
33281
33287
33895
39578
39580
39581

719
710
719
709
711
712
717
715
718
730
704
706
701
721
708
705
706
706
706
708
708
710
712
703
716
707
701
701
702
702

39585
42688
45284
45285
47678
47685
47686
47687
52400
52401
JH217249
JM205149 A
JM207049 A
JM511946
JM716649
JM718149
JM719149
HM212044
HM212046
HM212047
HM212049 X
HM212049
HM215249
HM218248
HM516449
HM518445
H715345

704
708
700
700
708
710
710
710
718
718
719
722
723
724
719
713
733
703
704
704
706
706
707
713
710
712
716

427
34387
36274
36285
36358
36365
428
31175
31244
31264
31266
31281
31307
32470
435
47690
47693
47696
47697
47698
48000
436
34975
35000
35001
35060
35066
35072
35075
35102
35103

441
40086
40090
445
39380
39420
39425
42550
42672
42800
446
43860
43865
43875
46390
47483
48297
48298
48690
48792
48794
48796
48884
50124
448
38709
39988
39990
449
47686

451
46305
46306
46308
452
42623
42624
42630
42631
453
50190
52660
52664
457
40040
40136
40139
40146
40147
461
45152
45160
45162
45163
462
38747
38750
38780
38782
38783

463
27438
28758
28820
28832
465
43752
43764
43765
43800
472
39380
(w/disc
brks.)
474
52658
484
44922
44964
45010
45099
45100
45103
45108
42625

Disassembly / Re-assembly
19

Installing hub assembly

Do not attempt to install the hub assembly by hand!
Whether the hub is with or without the tire, do not install it without mechanical support.

Axle spindle
(shaft)

1. When installing the hub assembly over the axle

spindle be sure to align the hub bore to the center
of the spindle. Mechanical supports will allow you
to do this without scraping or otherwise damaging
the spindle, the threads and in particular the seal.
2. Install the outer bearing cone and adjusting nut.
Tighten nut only until it is snug against the bearing
cone. DO NOT USE A PNEUMATIC TOOL during
this part of the procedure. Be sure to maintain
support of the hub assembly until the adjusting nut
is secure. Failure to do so may cause damage to
the seal and subsequent leakage of lubricant.
3. Remove the hub support so that the hub is
resting on the bearings. Check for free rotation
of the bearings. Never allow hub to rest on seal.
4. Follow wheal bearing adjustment as
instructed on following page.

20

Wheel bearing and end play adjustment procedures

Wheel bearing adjustment procedure

Step 1: Lubricate the wheel bearing with clean axle lubricant of the same type used in the axle sump or hub assembly.
Note: Never use an impact wrench when tightening or loosening lug nuts or bolts during the procedure.

Back off
Initial
adjusting nut
torque

Initial
back off

Final
adjusting nut
torque

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Axle type

Steer
(front)
non-drive
200 lbft
(271Nm)
While
rotating
wheels

One full
turn

50 lbft
(68Nm)
While
rotating
wheels

Threads
per inch

Jam nut torque

Final
back off

Nut size

Step 5

Step 6

Step 7

12

1/6 Turn *

18

1/4 Turn *

Install cotter pin to lock

axle nut in position

14

1/2 Turn

18
12

1/4 Turn

Drive
16
Trailer

Torque
specifications

12

1/4 Turn

16

Less than
2 5/8"
(66.7mm)

200-300 lbft
(271-407 Nm)

Dowel type
washer

300-400 lbft
(407-542 Nm)

Tang type
washer**

200-275 lbft
(271-373 Nm)

2 5/8
(66.7mm)
and over

200-300 lbft
(271-407 Nm)

Acceptable
end play

Step 8
.001".005"
(.025mm.127mm)

As measured
per procedure
with dial
indicator

* If dowel pin and washer (or washer tang and nut flat) are not aligned, remove the washer,
turn it over, and reinstall. If required, loosen the inner (adjusting) nut just enough for alignment.
** Bendable type washer lock only: Secure nuts by bending one wheel nut washer tang over the inner
and outer nut. Bend the tangs over the closest flat perpendicular to the tang.
Printed with permission of the TMC, Reference RP618A

PreSet wheel bearing adjustment procedure

ConMet PreSet hub assemblies are equipped with specially, half-toleranced bearings and a spacer, and require a
specific bearing adjustment procedure. Use the OEM seal, Scotseal PlusXL, when servicing a PreSet hub assembly.
1) Lubricate the wheel bearing with clean axle lubricant of the same type used in the axle sump or
hub assembly. Never use an impact wrench when
tightening or loosening lug nuts or bolts during this
procedure.
2a) For one-piece spindle nut systems, torque the nut to
a minimum of 300 ft. lbs. Do not back off the spindle
nut. Advance the nut until engagement takes place
and the nut is locked.

2b) For a double nut or jam nut system, torque the inner
nut to 300 ft. lbs. Do not back off the spindle nut.
Install the outer nut with 200 ft. lbs. of torque.

Note: Be sure to engage any locking device.

2c) Per ConMet Service Manual, rev 2011, ConMet

does not recommend the use of a one-piece castellated type nut system for use with PreSet hubs.

Disassembly / Re-assembly
21

Wheel bearing end play verification

Wheel bearing end play is the free movement of the wheel assembly along the spindle axis.
It is recommended, for verification purposes, that wheel bearing end play be measured with
a dial indicator. (Example in photo below.)

Step 1 Make sure the brake drum to hub fasteners are tightened to the manufacturers specifications.

Step 2 Attach a dial indicator with its magnetic base at the bottom of the hub or brake drum.

Step 3 Adjust the dial indicator so that its plunger or pointer is against the end of the spindle with its
line of action approximately parallel to the axis of the spindle.

Note: For aluminum hubs, attach the magnetic base of the indicator to the end of the
spindle with the plunger against the hub or brake drum.

Step 4 Set the dial indicator to zero by rotating the gauge face so the zero mark lines up with the
gauge needle. For digital indicators, push the zero-out button.

Step 5 Grasp the wheel assembly at the 3 oclock and 9 oclock positions, while oscillating it to seat
the bearings. Read bearing end play as the total indicator movement.

Note: If end play is not within specifications, refer to the readjustment
procedure on the previous page.

Printed with permission of the TMC, Reference RP618.

Bearing life chart

Bearing life

Increasing life

TMC endplay

-0.008 -0.004

Clearance range
+0.001 to +0.005

+0.004

+0.008

Wheel end setting

+0.012

+0.016

22

Hubcap installation procedure

Oil fill

Procedure
1. Hub mating surface must be free of dirt,
burrs and radial score lines.
2. Hub mating surface, hubcap flange and
gasket should not be greased or oiled.
3. Always install and re-install a hubcap
with a new gasket.
4. When using a Tamper Proof system with
synthetic grease, never fill hubcap with grease.

Bolt on hubcaps
 Use the plated SEMS bolts included with the TF Zytel
hubcaps. The pre-assembled washers bite into the
flange and protect the wheel end from exposure to
contaminants.
Use grade 5 bolts for the steel hubcaps with conical or
internal toothed washers. Do not use flat washers.
Thread all bolts loosely, then tighten down
bolts uniformly in a star pattern per the following
recommended torque values:
TF (Zytel) Hubcap with
embedded metal ring

12-16 lbs./ft.

Stamped Steel Hubcaps

10-14 lbs./ft.

Plastic Hubcap with

external metal ring

6-10 lbs./ft.

Through center fill port

Fill wheel end assembly through
centerfill port with the specified grade
of oil. Wheel hub configurations vary,
allowing different amounts of oil to
be added depending on design. Allow
for the oil to seep through the outer
bearing and fill the hub cavity. Continue
to add oil until the oil reaches the oil level fill line as
indicated on the hubcap.
Install center fill hubcap plug.

Through side fill port

Fill wheel end assembly through side fill port with
the specified grade of oil. Wheel hub configurations
vary, allowing different amounts of oil to be added
depending on design. Allow for the oil to seep through
the outer bearing and fill the hub cavity. During this fill
operation, DO NOT ALLOW THE OIL TO GO ABOVE
THE CENTERLINE OR WEEP HOLE. This may result in
a weeping condition that may be perceived as a leaking
hubcap. Continue to add oil until the oil reaches the oil
level line as indicated on the hubcap.

Threaded hubcaps
Lightly lubricate the threads of the hubcap and the
O-ring, with the lubricant that is being retained.
Install the O-ring onto the hubcap.
Install the hubcap assembly onto the hub.
Using an 8-point 4 13/16 opening x 4 1/4 high
socket, torque to the following recommended values:
Lexan 50-60 lbs./ft. (Note: Do not use solventbased cleaners on Lexan hubcaps.)

Install side fill hubcap plug per the following

recommended torque values:
3/8 - 18 NPT
Pipe Plug

100-140 lbs./in.

3/4 - 16 UNF (Zytel)

Side Fill Plug

15-25 lbs./in.

Clean up any overspills that would

give the appearance of a leaky hubcap.
Grease fill: See TMC RP631
Recommendations for Wheel End Lubrication and the
vehicle manufacturers recommendation for proper fill
procedure.

Disassembly / Re-assembly
23

TFO Good practice tips

To prevent wheel end leakage problems, be a good detective ... look for clues.
Our experience has shown that there are many causes of wheel end leakage beyond the oil seal. If you look,
you will find that leaking wheel ends leave clues pointing to which component or components are the culprits.
Follow the guidelines of the checklist below as you service the wheel end. You may find that just changing the
seal may not be your permanent solution.

Inspect for indications of leakage:

Under vehicle inspection
Oil present past the seal
Oil contaminated hub, brake
hardware, brake shoes
External leakage
Oil present around hubcap,
in wheel cavity
Oil present around axle flange
(drive axle)

Disassembling the wheel end

(Caution: Block wheels, support
vehicle on stands)

Check condition of hubcap.

Check flange, window and
centerfill plug
Check bolts and axle flange
area on drive axle

Remove hubcap
(Axle flange on drive axle)
Check condition of lube
Cloudy or milky indicates
water
Shiny indicates bearing wear
Metal flakes present could
indicate loose shavings from
an axle component
Grit and sand indicates
lube contamination

Smells burnt indicates
overheating
Check condition of fastening system
Verify end-play measurement
before removing fastener
Examine outer nut, washer
(dowel, tang or D type), inner
nut, cotter pin

Remove outer bearing

Inspect for signs of damage

Remove wheel or hub assembly,

using a wheel dolly
Check spindle
Threads damaged
Chamfer damaged
Set bearings aside for inspection

Remove seal
Check hub
Condition of chamfer
Nicks, burrs, damage
Consult the Failure Analysis
section of the Users Manual

24

The importance of proper lubricants

Running conditions (Road surface, weather, terrain, speed and load)

Lube on the
brakes
Hardening
or destruction
of seal lip

Higher
temperatures

The
hub is
a heat
sink

Lube
leakage

Lube
deterioration

Hot running causes

physical damage

Inspection of lubricant
Inspection of grease or oil can provide a clue
to other problems. Remove a
sample from the wheel end
and check for the following:
Presence of
contaminants

Prior to re-installing
bearings, always check
for the proper lubricant.
Wheel end lubricants are formulated to match the
requirements of the truck and bearing manufacturer.
Always use specified lubricant
Do not mix lubricants

Burnt aroma

Chemical interaction between lubricants

and seal materials can damage the seal

Presence of water

Whenever possible, use a grease packer

Grease and
oil lubricants
The truck or trailer
manufacturer has
pre-determined that the
Always use lubricants wheel-end assembly is to be
as recommended by the lubricated by grease or oil.
The importance of following
manufacturer.
the manufacturers specifications
cannot be over emphasized
never change or mix grease
and oil in the same assembly!

Grease lubricated wheel ends

For proper lubrication, the grease must
be packed into the cavities between
the rollers and cage of the bearing
cone. A mechanical grease packer
is recommended in order to improve
on the common procedure of filling the
grease by hand. Also
apply a light film of grease to
the axle spindle for corrosion
protection.

Typical mechanical grease packer

Failure analysis
25

Failure analysis:

An important step in achieving wheel end TFO.

Failure analysis of prematurely failed seals is one
of the best means to discover the cause of failure
and to avoid a similar fate for the replacement seal.

Scotseal PlusXL

The cross sectional drawings at right illustrate the

critical components of each member of the Scotseal
family. The captions identify these components as
described in the following pages.
For Scotseal PlusXL, failures most likely result
from these common errors:
Improper installation

O.D. and/or I.D. not lubed

Lube contamination
Spindle not fully prepped
Use of a hammer

Scotseal Longlife

Note: replacing a narrow footed seal like the Scotseal

Classic and Scotseal Longlife requires cleaning
the spindle along the new area where the wider
ScotsealPlusXL will sit.
Below are the key failure modes for Scotseal Classic
and Scotseal Longlife. These account for the lions
share of premature seal failures.
Improper installation

Wrong or no tool used

Cocked installation
Lubricant contamination

Metal flakes

Dirt or water

Mixing of lube types

Scotseal Classic

Improper bearing adjustment

Seal spinning on spindle

Damaged spindle

Hub imperfections
Installed over a wear ring

Consult the following pages for examples of failure analysis.

26

Failure analysis:
Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife
External inspection outer diameter

Normal scuffing: The surface will show some

scraped areas, thats normal. But signs of nicks,
scratches metal particles, or any foreign material
are warning flags that something else is amiss.
Make sure the hub bore is smooth and free of
burrs or nicks.

O.D. radial grooves: If the Bore-Tite film has

been scored all the way across the width of the
seal, you should inspect the hub for burrs or
damage. Before installation, the hub should be
inspected and cleaned with emery cloth or a fine
file.

Lines in the Bore-Tite: If you see lines around the seal,

several things could have happened. If the lines are etched
to the metal, the seal could have spun as a result of
being the wrong application or, more likely, it was installed
crooked or cocked.

As you can see in this example, the grooves

run from high on the left to low on the right, indicating a
cocked installation. Most likely, the seal was not properly
bottomed-out or a centering tool was not used
common causes of premature seal failure.

Shiny leading edge: Occasionally someone will

try to improve seal installation by changing the
shape of the seal. They'll round off the leading
edge of the outer cup on a grinder. This distorts
the outer diameter and can possibly cause the
seal to disassemble.

Outer cup damage: If you see dents, nicks,

or a bent casing you can bet that the seal was
installed without the proper tool or the tool was
damaged. Gashes indicate the use of a sharp
object, like a screwdriver or punch.

Failure analysis
27

Failure analysis:
Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife

Reference the Scotseal installation wall poster (457626) as a convenient seal and bearing installation guide.

External inspection inner diameter

I.D. wear: If the I.D. of the packing is shiny, or

has axial scratches, the seal has spun on the
shaft. That can be caused by not bottoming-out
the seal properly, leaving it cocked in the bore or
installing the wrong part number.

Installed backwards: The only way that the

packing can be worn shiny, as shown here, is
by rubbing against the bearing race. The only
way that can happen is by putting the seal in
backwards.

Severely damaged I.D.: Scratches or dents in

the I.D. are signs that the seal has struck the
spindle or axle tube during installation. Rushing
the installation and not lining up the wheel dolly
is the usual suspect. Or a rough shop floor may
be the problem.

Distorted packing: One way to damage the

packing of a Scotseal is to try to install it over
a wear ring. The wear ring will deform the
inner surface and ruin the seal. Any previously
installed wear ring must be removed prior to
installing a Scotseal.

Foreign matter on I.D.: Occasionally, you will

come across a seal with a shaft leak that has
a mysterious, tacky substance on it. Most likely
someone added a silicone sealant to improve
the seal. Old habits die hard.

28

Failure analysis:
Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife
Internal inspection
Opening a Scotseal

Use pliers or end cutters and work

your way all the way around the seal,
straightening the outer cup flange.

Remove the inner cup. Be sure to

wear gloves or use a shop rag to
protect your hands, the open flange
edges are sharp.

Remove the packing without

disturbing the lip surfaces,
as shown.

Internal inspection the major clues

Factory
Applied
Grease

Lip grease: Every Scotseal comes with grease

between the primary and dirt lip. If its not there,
its very likely oil has washed it away. Suspects
are excessive end-play, a cocked seal or improper
ventilation of the wheel end (dirt, corrosion or
paint-plugged vent).

Brittle primary seal lip: After cleaning the entire

seal, use your fingers to curl the primary seal
lip back. Run your finger completely around the
circumference. The oil lip should be smooth and
pliable. If not, the seal has overheated; lack of
lubrication or overtightened bearing adjustment
could be the cause. Be sure to inspect bearings
carefully.

Broken dirt lip: Using the same technique,

check the dirt lip. If its dry and brittle, most
likely its been baked. It will probably split
away from the seal at some point around the
circumference.
Lack of lubrication may have fried the bearings
as well.

Failure analysis
29

Failure analysis:
Scotseal Classic / Scotseal Longlife
Internal inspection wear tracks
Primary
Lip Wear
Pattern

Dirt Lip
Wear
Pattern

Contamina
tion Being
Excluded

Good pattern: What you will see in a good

Scotseal are the two parallel lines that look
like theyve been drawn with a sharp pencil.
Theyre approximately the same size and equidistant
from the edge all the way around the inside
of the outer cup.

Wide, wide: If both lines are wider than pencil

lines, it means that the primary lip and dirt
lip have been allowed to move in and out on
the outer cup. The cause of this is excessive
end-play, indicating that the bearing end-play is
greater than the recommended range of .001
and .005.

Metal shavings in lip area: Before cleaning

the seal, inspect the seal area for traces of metal
particles. A magnet can attract metal particles.
Sharp edges of metal may have cut the seal primary
lip causing the seal to leak.

Cocked sealinner markings: Holding

the outer cup just below eye level and flat,
like a bowl, rotate your wrist through 360.
If the seal has run cocked, the two lines will
be parallel to each other, but they appear to
move closer and then farther from the
outer cup flange.

30

Failure analysis:
Scotseal PlusXL
External inspection checking the beads

Normal exterior: The tough nitrile covering

on the Scotseal PlusXL doesnt supply clues as
readily as Bore-Tite does. But it can still reveal
problems and lead to corrective measures. There
should be lubrication in each of the O.D., I.D.
beads.

Dry exterior: If, in good illumination, you cannot

see any residual lubrication between the beads
of the outer sleeve, the seal may have been
installed dry. A Scotseal PlusXL does not need
special tools, but it does need lubrication for
proper installation.

Damaged O.D. beads: If the external ridges

appear damaged, most likely someone has tried
to force the seal in place without proper
lubrication. Burrs or dirt in the bore can also
cause problems, but theyre not as visible with
the thick nitrile rubber protection.

Worn I.D. beads: A worn I.D. indicates the seal

has been slipping on the spindle. Look for three
main causes: a cocked seal, a bent seal section,
or poor spindle preparation in changing from
another seal to the Scotseal PlusXL.

Damaged I.D. beads: Cuts or scarring in

the I.D. is caused by jamming the seal into
the spindle or axle tube. Misaligning the wheel
dolly is usually the result of haste, however the
work area should be checked to make sure the
floor is smooth and free of clutter.

Dented, scarred sleeve assembly: A dimpled

or dented surface indicates damage caused by
a problem during installation. Lack of lubrication
would be a prime suspect, but a poorly prepared
hub or the use of hard-faced tools or seal driver
could be the culprit.

Failure analysis
31

Failure analysis:
Scotseal PlusXL
Opening a Scotseal PlusXL

Use pliers to straighten the flange on the sleeve

section. Be sure to wear gloves or use a shop
rag to protect your hands. The opened flange
is extremely sharp.

Pull the two components apart. Then set the

sleeve assembly aside (the top component shown
above). Place it carefully where it is out of the
way, but wont be disturbed.

Internal inspection sealing lip condition

Factory
Applied
Grease

Check for grease: Locate the primary sealing lip

and radial dirt lip. If the area between them is
dry, something has allowed oil to wash away the
grease. The cause could be excessive end-play or
a cocked seal. Or internal pressure from
a blocked vent.

Normal lip flexibility: Check the primary sealing

lip and dirt lips by pressing downward on them
with your thumbs, sliding them around the entire
circumference. The rubber should remain soft
and flexible in normal use.

Cracked lips: If, when you check the primary

and dirt lips the nitrile feels rough and dry, it
has probably been subjected to excessive heat.
Loss of lubrication and overtightened bearing
adjustment are the prime suspects.

Flattened bumper lip: Scale or rust on the

spindle will prevent the wider Scotseal PlusXL from
sealing properly. This creates extra pressure on
the bumper and axial dirt lips. The spindle must
be fully cleaned and all wear rings removed
before installing a Scotseal PlusXL.

32

Failure analysis:
Scotseal PlusXL
Internal inspection

Primary and radial dirt lip wear patterns

Good primary lip pattern: You should see two parallel
lines. The primary lip line is slightly wider than the radial
lip marking, because its a SKF Waveseal design.

Primary
lip wear
pattern

Radial
dirt lip wear
pattern

Primary
lip wear
pattern

Radial
dirt lip wear
pattern

Primary
lip wear
pattern

Radial
dirt lip wear
pattern

Wide, wide: If both of the tracks formed by the primary

and dirt lips are wide, chances are the whole wheel
assembly is moving in and out at an excessive rate.
End-play like this causes leaks as well as increased tire
wear. The solution, of course, is proper bearing adjustment.

Wide, thin: If the primary seal lip line (bottom) is extra

wide, while the radial dirt lip line (top) is light, there is
excessive pressure on the primary lip. For steer and trailer
axles that can be a plugged vent, on drive axles the tube
vent may be locked.

Failure analysis
33

Failure analysis:
Scotseal PlusXL
Internal inspection

Axial dirt lip and bumper lip wear patterns

Axial
Dirt Lip
Pattern

Bumper
Lip Wear
Pattern

Good axial and bumper lip patterns: When you

examine the axial face, you have two more wear
patterns to learn from. About half way up on
the face you should see a pencil line track from
the axial lip, and at the top edge a gently scuffed
pattern from the bumper lip.

Wide, shiny: If both lines are wide or polished clean,

then you should suspect that the seal has been
compressed. This will happen if the I.D. of the seal
isnt lubricated before installation, if the sleeve wasnt
sealed fully on the spindle, or if the bearing
adjustment is too tight.

Hard
Contact

Uneven patterns:

If the bumper lip path is shiny in

one sector but dull in the opposite
sector, you can be sure the seal
was cocked.
The bumper lip is making
hard contact through half the
revolution and almost no contact
through the rest of it.

No
Contact

34

Inspection:
Bearing cup
The most commonly damaged portion of the bearing cup
is the tapered raceway surface inside the cup. Make a careful
inspection and look for the following:

Evidence of corrosion

Metallic debris

Pitting of the surface

Metallic flakes

Any other signs of damage or foreign matter

Race

Severe sliding wear due to

presence of hard abrasives.

Etching of metal generally

indicates water contamination, allowing oxidation to
attack the surface.

Dent across the race indicates

a sharp high impact.

Cup shows considerable

corrosion. This will develop
in spalling.

Heavy grooving by large

hard particles in the lubricant.

Dings and dents in the bearing

surfaces indicates a drift was
used during installation.

Typical surface appearance

with repeated effects of vibration (called false brinelling).

Surface appearance caused by

electrical arcing during welding.

Failure analysis
35

Inspection:

Rollers

Bearing cone

Cage

The cone of the bearing is a composite assembly consisting

of taper rollers and a metal or polymer cage. This cage
Shaft
contains the rollers and an inner ring which is the interface
surface with the shaft or spindle.
mating
Since there are many moving parts on the cone, you should
slowly rotate the cone assembly for proper inspection of all
surfaces of the components.

surface

Make a careful inspection and look for the following:

Corrosion
Metallic debris
Pitting

Inner ring

Metallic flakes
Other signs of damage or wear

Roller end fracture due to

heavy stress peaks caused by
slackness of too loose bearing
adjustment.

Scoring indicates contamination

by dirt, grit or metallic particles.

Roller end wear caused by

over tightening, lubrication
degradation, or lack of
lubricant.

Roller end cracks indicate

excessive loading or excessive
misalignment.

Coloration indicates an
overheated bearing - from
straw brown to deep purple.
Causes are lack of lubricant,
misadjustment or excessive
loading.

Wear marks in bands

are due to foreign particles
causing mild abrasive wear.
NOTE: Not to be confused
with honing marks, which
occur in the manufacturing
process that produces a
precision surface.

36

Inspection:
Bearing cage and inner ring

The bearing cage is made of either pressed steel

or polymer and is therefore subject to various forms
of damage.
These cages are deformed due to rough handling
(dropping on the floor, being thrown in a box with other
hard components, etc.) or poor installation with shock
loads caused by hammering during removal or
installation.

Inspection of the inner ring often requires a sharp

eye because the damage can be very subtle. The most
common types of fatigue damage are shown below.

Dirt

Examine the inner ring raceway by

holding the bearing against a light and
turning the cage slowly. Look for pitting,
flaking, discoloration and corrosion.

Misalignment

Insufficient lubricant

Failure analysis
37

Failure analysis for bearings

Improper bearing adjustment

Large end of roller shows scoring, the result of

excessive preload.

Large end of the roller shows spalling, the

result of insufficient lubrication and/or excessive
preload.

Pitting

Small end of the roller shows excessive wear,

the result of loose bearing adjustment.

Pitting of the race, as a result of debris in the

lube causing surface deformation.

Misalignment

Misalignment occurs when the center lines

of the two bearings are not parallel to each other.
The causes can be an improperly seated bearing,
where dirt or burrs prevent a flush mount; an
outer cup installed without the proper tool; a
warped shaft; or nut faces that are out of line.

38

Failure analysis for bearings

Misalignment

Uneven wear on the roller, the result of improper

installation.

Contamination

Circular wear in the race, the result of hard particle

contamination in the lube.

Circular wear on the roller, the result of hard particle

contamination in the lube.

Vertical etching on the race, the result of moisture

contamination within the lube.

Failure analysis
39

Failure
analysis for bearings
Lubrication

Peeling, the tearing away of metal from the race, the

result of the breakdown of lubrication.

Discoloration indicates high levels of heat,

the result of improper lubrication or
improper bearing adjustment.

Installation damage

Deformation of the cage, the result of improper

installation or mishandling prior to installation.

Cage damage, the result of abuse prior to

or during installation.

Cracked cone, the result of misapplication

or cocking the cone at installation.

Damage to the cup front face, the result

of installation damage through use of a
hardened driver.

40

Failure
analysis for bearings
Brinelling
Brinelling

Brinelling, the result of severe impact to the bearing,

causing one or more of the roller bodies to deform
the surface of the race.

Other damage

Fretting corrosion of the outer surface is often the

result of a worn hub or spindle.

Spalling, the wearing away of metal from the bearing

surface, the result of contamination, brinelling,
improper installation, improper lubrication, or the
normal end of bearing life.

Light pitting can be caused by electrical arcing.

The probable cause is electrical welding grounded
through the shaft.

Failure analysis
41

Failure
analysis for hubcaps
Lubrication

Inspection of lubricant and hub cap

The hub cap is constantly exposed to the environment. That means hot, cold, wet, dry and salty. But some of its
roughest treatment can come from inside. A lack of lube or an over-tight bearing adjustment can cook the hub cap
and permanently damage it. Here are a few of the clues to indicate why a hub cap has failed.

Distorted bolt hole: Bolt hole, or flange distortion, may

be the result of excessive bolt torque during installation.
The use of an impact wrench may damage the flange at
the bolt hole area during assembly.

Milky window: The view window in the hub cap will

become nearly opaque white when subject to heat.
The heat comes from inside and spells trouble.
Youll want to pull the wheel and check the bearing
adjustment, check for low lube or a change to an
incompatible lubricant.

Melted window: With the hub cap removed,

inspect the edges of the view window for damage
or discoloration. If the edge has a rippled look,
chances are it has started to melt from excessive
heat. Heat build-up could be from running low on
lube, excessive pre-load on bearing or a recent
switch to an incompatible lubricant.

Warped Flange: Place hubcap on a flat surface. When

flange is distorted it will not hold contact all the way
around. Proper torque specifications may not have
been followed.

42

Notes

Interchanges
43

Half stand interchanges

PreSet half stand interchanges
SKF
set No.

ConMet
set No.

SKF
cone

SKF
cup

Timken
PreSet set no.

Timken
cone

Timken
cone

SET427
SET427
SET428
SET429
SET430
SET431
SET432

107500
107500
107501
107502
107503
107504
107506

RBT10433
RBT10433
RBT10429
RBT10434
RBT10431
RBT10430
RBT10426

LBT10433
LBT10433
LBT10429
LBT10434
LBT10431
LBT10430
LBT10426

SET427
SET427
SET428
SET429
SET430
SET431
SET432

NP899357
NP899357
NP874005
NP034946
NP840302
NP965350
NP174964

NP026773
NP026773
NP435398
NP363298
NP053874
NP503727
NP593561

Position
Inner FF front
Outer TN trailer
Outer FF front
Inner R drive
Outer R drive
Inner TN trailer
Inner/Outer TP trailer

LMS half stand interchanges

SKF
set No.

ConMet
set No.

SKF
cone

SKF
cup

Timken LMS
set no.

Timken
cone

Timken
cone

SET427
SET427
SET428
SET429
SET430
SET431
SET432

107500
107500
107501
107502
107503
107504
107506

RBT1-0433
RBT1-0433
RBT1-0429
RBT1-0434
RBT1-0431
RBT1-0430
RBT1-0426

LBT1-0433
LBT1-0433
LBT1-0429
LBT1-0434
LBT1-0431
LBT1-0430
LBT1-0426

SET433
SET433
SET434
SET435
SET436
SET437
SET438

NP431952
NP431952
NP555065
NP588900
NP577914
NP022333
NP417549

NP378092
NP378092
NP720703
NP107783
NP975161
NP250023
NP156827

Position
Inner FF front
Outer TN trailer
Outer FF front
Inner R drive
Outer R drive
Inner TN trailer
Inner/Outer TP trailer

Cone/Cup and spacer not sold separate.

SKF Hubcap interchange reference chart

SKF TF/Zytel

Stemco

National Oil Dual Dynamics

SKF

Sentinel
Oil

Grease

Application

Oil

1282 2
1600
1608 1
1612 1
1613 1
1623
1627
1627
1630 1
1642
1643
1643
1644 1

1284 2

Pro-Par Trailer
Trailer/Hubo
Steer
Steer
Steer
Trailer
Trailer
Steer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer/Steer
Trailer
Trailer
Steer
Steer
Trailer
Steer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer
Trailer

343-4075

1311 1

1331
1343
1343
1343
1343W

1665
1669 1
1670 1
1681
1691 1
1696 1399
1399W
1698
1698
1943 3 1443 3
1996 3 1499 3
Black design

Lexan design

347-4009
340-4065
340-4024
340-4249
340-4066
340-4002
340-4019
340-4014
340-4013
340-4009
340-4046
340-4009
340-4042
340-4025
340-4034
340-4029
340-4098
340-4195
340-4059
340-4080

Oil

Oil
276-P

275-G

302-P

301-G

343-4065
HU-065A
343-4024 350-4024
HU-024A
343-4249 350-4249
HU-149A
343-4066
HU-066A
343-4002
343-4019
HU-019A
343-4014
343-4013
348-4013 349-4013 HU-013A
343-4009
348-4009 349-4009 HU-009A
343-4046
HU-046A
343-4009
348-4009 349-4009
342-4009
343-4042
HU-042A
343-4025 350-4025
HU-036A
343-4034 350-4034
HU-034A
343-4029
HU-028A
343-4098
343-4195
348-4195 349-4195
342-4195
343-4059
343-4080
343-4370
340-4350
343-4372
340-4352

Designed for P.S.I. system

Grease

348-4075 349-4075 HU-075A

Grease Steel

1711
1703
1723
1727

202-G
282-P
203-P
303-P

283-G
304-G

1742
1743
1743
1765
1770

257-P

255-G

1790
1796
1798

207-P
260-P

401-G
456-G

44

Tapered bearing sets

Competitive interchange
Components

SKF Set No.

General bearing application

Cone No.

Cup No.

BCA Set No.

Timken Set No.

SET401
SET402
SET403
SET404

R Drive Axle (outer)

R Drive Axle (outer)-Mack
R Drive Axle (inner)
R Drive Axle (inner)-Mack
Trailer Axle (inner) & Rear
Drive Axle/Trailer Axle (outer)
FF Steer Axle (outer)
Rear Axle (inner) &
Front Steer Axle (outer)
L Drive Axle (outer)
Front Steer Axle (outer)-Mack
Front Steer Axle (inner)
L Drive Axle (inner)
FF Steer Axle (inner) &
N Trailer Axle (outer)
FF Steer Axle (inner) &
N Trailer Axle (outer)
N Trailer Axle (inner)
P Trailer Axle (inner & outer)
Trailer Axle
Trailer Axle
Front Steer Axle (inner)
Front Steer Axle (inner)
Front Steer Axle (inner)
Rear Axle (inner)-Mack
Rear Axle (inner)-Mack
FL Steer Axle (inner)
FL Steer Axle (outer)
Front Steer Axle/Trailer Axle
(inner) & Rear Axle (outer)-Mack
Rear Axle (outer)-Mack
HD Tapered Set
FF Steer Axle (inner)-Volvo
HD Tapered Set

BR580
BR582
594-A
598-A

BR572
BR572
592-A
592-A

HD206
HD211
HD203
HD204

SET401
SET402
SET403
SET404

BR663

BR653

HD207

SET405

BR3782

BR3720

HD205

SET406

BR28682

BR28622

HD213

SET407

BR39590
BR45280
BR45284
BR47686

BR39520
BR45220
BR45220
BR47620

HD210
HD219
N/A
HD209

SET408
SET409
SET410
SET411

HM212047

HM212011

HD202

SET412

HM212049

HM212011

HD200

SET413

HM218248
HM518445
BR45291
BR47890
H715334
H715343
H715345
HM516449-A
HM516449-C
6461-A
555-S

HM218210
HM518410
BR45220
BR47820
H715311
H715311
H715311
HM516410
HM516410
BR6420
552-A

HD201
HD208
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
HD214
HD212
HD218
HD217

SET414
SET415
SET416
SET417
SET418
SET419
SET420
SET421
SET422
SET423
SET424

BR567

BR563

HD216

SET425

BR47679
BR594
HM212049-X
BR687

BR47620
592-A
HM212011
BR672

HD215
N/A
N/A
N/A

SET426
N/A
SET439
N/A

SET405
SET406
SET407
SET408
SET409
SET410
SET411
SET412
SET413
SET414
SET415
SET416
SET417
SET418
SET419
SET420
SET421
SET422
SET423
SET424
SET425
SET426
SET433
SET439
SET499

Interchanges
45

Scotseal family interchanges

Stemco
Guard. / G.G.*
wheel sets

Stemco
(seal w/ring)

Stemco
Voyager

Stemco
Discover

---------

--308-0866
--309-0935/
392-9035

--(2164/1008)
--(2728/1728)
(2057/1062)

383-0175
383-0166
383-0176
---

---------

370132A

---

308-0863/
382-8063

(2721/1721)
(2133/1036)

---

---

35000

370169A

---

392-9036/
392-9111

(2057/1063)

---

---

35058

35066

370001A

380001A

308-0836/
382-8036

(2702/1702)
(2036/1036)

383-0136

383-0236

---

370011A

---

382-8071

(2216/1034)

383-0171

---

---

36358/
36365
38750

370024A

---

309-0915/
392-9099

(2102/1501)

393-0115

---

38776

38780

370023A

380023A

393-0212

--39988
w/456301

--370033A/
w/AR-12

-----

(2707/1707)
(2102/1501)
--(2039/1038)
(2039/1011)

393-0112

39426s
39979
w/456301

309-0912/
392-9099
--382-8039/
382-8023

--383-0139

--383-0239

40091
40129

40086
40136

370066A
370349A/
370036A

--380036A

382-8001
307-0713/
372-7098

(2086/1013)
(2704/1704)
(2109/1507)
(2109/1013)

383-0101
373-0113

--373-0213

42627

42623

370065A/
376590A

380065A/
386590A

307-0723/
372-7099

(2705/1705)
(2023/1503)

373-0123

373-0223

42673

42672

370031A

380031A

309-0904/
392-9112/
392-9130

(2718/1705)
(2132/1515)

393-0104

393-0204

43754

43752

370338A/
370037A

---

307-0744/
372-7095

(2709/1709)
(2118/1510)

373-0144

---

43761

43764

370182A/
370048A

380048A

308-0864/
382-8064

(2711/1711)
(2137/1037)

383-0164

383-0264

---

43860

370019A

---

309-0965/
392-9096

(2713/1713)
(2114/1508)

---

---

44916

44922

370124A

---

308-0853/
382-8053

(2708/1708)

383-0153

---

---

370178A

---

392-9033

---

---

---

45093

44964/
45010
45099

370022A

380022A

309-0903/
392-9094

(2706/1706)
(2129/1511)

393-0103

393-0203

45095

45103

370131A

380131A

308-0855/
308-0856/
382-8056

(2710/1710)
(2710/1706)

383-0156

---

45157

45160

370021A

---

309-0964/
392-9088

(2712/1712)
(2113/1517)

---

---

46300

46305

370025A

380025A/
386002A

307-0743/
372-7097

(2701/1701)
(2110/1504)
(2110/1048)

373-0143

373-0243

47691**/
47692
48002

47697

370003A

380003A

393-0273

370005A/
370173A

---

(2703/1703)
(2106/1502)
(2717/1761)
(2009/1079)

393-0173

48000

309-0973/
392-9131
309-0960/
392-9081

---

---

---

48690

370195A

---

392-9054

---

393-0134

---

Scotseal
PlusXL

Scotseal
Classic

National

National
5 Star

23590
28759
29480
34384

--28758
--34387

370199A
370150A
370211A
370047A

34971

34975

34994

* Guard. (Guardian HP) / G.G. (Grit Guard)

** Narrow OE version

Scotseal Plus design

46

SKF
technical training trucks
Lubrication

Delivering practical knowledge to heavy duty fleets everywhere.

SKF heavy duty training trucks cover everything from proper wheel end maintenance practices to technical training for
conventional hubs, the SKF Rebuild kit for PreSet, lug lock, two-piece wheel nut, Scotseals, hubcaps and more. This
hands-on training based on the successful TFO (Trouble-Free Operation) Program is ideal for industry professionals
to master the SKF heavy duty product line. Technicians benefit from:
Detailed heavy duty product cutaways
Heavy duty technical tips and new product information
Interactive heavy duty vehicle system assemblies
Heavy duty product videos and support materials
On-site, hands-on training includes detailed inspection,
removal, installation and bearing adjustment
A Wheel End Certificate from SKF indicates a technicians
completion of a TFO Training clinic, contributing to a fleets
training requirements

A look inside the truck

Detailed product displays provide an inside look at

product design and assembly

Vehicle system assemblies allow for interactive and

hands-on training

On the road to bring you SKF knowledge

There are many ways for todays technicians to develop their skills, learn about new products and procedures, and
determine best practices for safe, efficient maintenance. While eLearning and technical manuals have their place, nothing
beats a face-to-face training session with a technical expert.
SKF technical training trucks deliver hands-on technical training to industry professionals just about anywhere. SKF
training trucks are a great resource for learning about SKF heavy duty products and services.
Contact an SKF representative for details about having the technical training truck visit your location!

SKF offers a complete line of heavy duty aftermarket products designed to keep
your fleet moving and your drivers safe. Turn to SKF for safe and reliable wheel
end solutions by accessing product information and technical tips through one
of these outlets.

www.vsm.skf.com
Download literature, access technical tips
and view product information

Mobile parts look up

Access our mobile parts look up website
for all the latest part numbers at
www.skfpartsinfo.com
View detailed technical and product videos
at www.skfpartsinfo.tv

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Follow us on Twitter @skfpartsinfo to stay
on top of all the latest technical and product
information.

Download SKF apps for access to product

information, cross reference, instruction
sheets, application data and brochures.

SKF is a registered trademark of SKF Group

Scotseal, TFO and TF are registered trademarks of SKF Group
SKF Group 2013
The contents of this publication are the copyright of the publisher and may not
be reproduced (even extracts) unless permission is granted. Every care has been
taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication but
no liability can be accepted for any loss or damage whether direct, indirect or
consequential arising out of the use of the information contained herein.
Publication 457975 (rev. 07/14)
Printed in U.S.A.

SKF VSM
890 N. State Street
Suite 200
Elgin, IL 60123
800-882-0008
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