Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila
FIRST DIVISION
G.R. No. 203984

June 18, 2014

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.
MEDARIO CALANTIAO y DIMALANTA, Accused-Appellant.
DECISION
LEONARDO-DE CASTRO, J.:
This is an appeal from the January 1 7, 2012 Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 04069,
affirming in toto the July 23, 2009 Decision of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Caloocan City, Branch 127, finding
accused-appellant Medario Calantiao y Dimalanta (Calantiao) guilty beyond reasonable doubt of violating Section
11, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165 or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.
1

On November 13, 2003, Calantiao was charged before the RTC of violation of Section 11, Article II of Republic Act
No. 9165 in an Information, the pertinent portion of which reads: That on or about the 11th day of November, 2003
in Caloocan City, Metro Manila, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named
accused, without any authority of law, did then and there willfully, unlawfully and feloniously have in his possession,
custody and control two (2) bricks of dried marijuana fruiting tops with a total weight of 997 .9 grams, knowing the
same to be a dangerous drug.
3

The facts, as synthesized by the RTC and adopted by the Court of Appeals, are as follows:
EVIDENCE OF THE PROSECUTION
On November 13, 2003[,] at around 5:30 x x x in the afternoon, while PO1 NELSON MARIANO and PO3
EDUARDO RAMIREZ were on duty, a certain EDWIN LOJERA arrived at their office and asked for police assistance
regarding a shooting incident. Per report of the latter, it appears that while driving a towing truck and traversing
along EDSA, Balintawak, Quezon City, he had a traffic dispute (gitgitan) with a white taxi cab prompting him to
follow said vehicle until they reached along 8th Avenue Street corner C-3 Road, Caloocan City. Thereat, the
passengers of said taxi cab, one of them was accused Calantiao, alighted and fired their guns. Surprised, Lojera
could not do anything but continued his driving until he reached a police station nearby where he reported the
incident.
The police officers on duty then were PO1 NELSON MARIANO and PO3 EDUARDO RAMIREZ. PO1 Mariano
testified that they immediately responded to said complaint by proceeding to 5th Avenue corner 8th Street, Caloocan
City where they found the white taxi. While approaching said vehicle, two armed men alighted therefrom, fired their
guns towards them (police officers) and ran away. PO1 Mariano and PO3 Ramirez chased them but they were
subdued. PO1 Mariano recovered from Calantiao a black bag containing two (2) bricks of dried marijuana fruiting
tops and a magazine of super 38 stainless with ammos, while PO3 Ramirez recovered from Calantiaos companion
[a] .38 revolver.
The suspects and the confiscated items were then turned over to SPO3 PABLO TEMENA, police investigator at
Bagong Barrio Police Station for investigation. Thereat, PO1 Mariano marked the bricks of marijuana contained in a
black bag with his initials, "NM". Thereafter, said specimen were forwarded to the PNP Crime Laboratory for
chemical analysis. The result of the examination conducted by P/SINSP. JESSSE DELA ROSA revealed that the
same was positive for marijuana, a dangerous drug.
The foregoing testimony of PO1 MARIANO was corroborated by PO3 RAMIREZ who testified that he personally
saw those bricks of marijuana confiscated from the accused. He confirmed that he was with PO1 Mariano when they
apprehended said accused and his companion and testified that while PO1 Mariano recovered from the accused a
black bag containing marijuana, on his part, he confiscated from accuseds companion a .38 revolver.
MR. CRISENDO AMANSEC, the driver of the taxi where the suspects boarded was also presented in open court
and testified as to what he knows about the incident. He confirmed that on that date, two (2) persons boarded on his
taxi and upon reaching C-3 Road, they alighted and fired three (3) shots and ran away.
Aside from the oral testimonies of the witnesses, the prosecution also offered the following documentary evidence to
boost their charge against the accused:
Exh. "A" Request for Laboratory Examination dated November 12, 2003
Exh. "B" Physical Sciences Report No. D-1423-03 dated November 12, 2003
Exh. "C-1" Picture of First brick of marijuana fruiting tops

Exh. "C-2" Picture of Second brick of marijuana fruiting tops

Exh. "D" Referral Slip dated November 12, 2003
Exh. "E" Pinagsamang Sinumpaang Salaysay dated November 12, 2003 of PO3 Eduardo Ramirez and
PO1 Nelson Mariano
Exh. "E-1" Their respective signatures
Exh. "F" Sinumpaang Salaysay of Crisendo Amansec (Erroneously marked as Exh. "E")
EVIDENCE OF THE DEFENSE
The accused offered a different version of the story. According to his testimony, this instant case originated from a
traffic mishap where the taxi he and his companion Rommel Reyes were riding almost collided with another car.
Reyes then opened the window and made a "fuck you" sign against the persons on board of that car. That prompted
the latter to chase them and when they were caught in a traffic jam, PO1 Nelson Mariano, one of the persons on
board of that other car alighted and kicked their taxi. Calantiao and Reyes alighted and PO1 Mariano slapped the
latter and uttered, "Putang ina mo bakit mo ako pinakyu hindi mo ba ako kilala?" Said police officer poked his gun
again[st] Reyes and when Calantiao tried to grab it, the gun fired. Calantiao and Reyes were then handcuffed and
were brought to the police station. Thereat, they were subjected to body frisking and their wallets and money were
taken. PO1 Mariano then prepared some documents and informed them that they will be charged for drugs. A
newspaper containing marijuana was shown to them and said police officer told them that it would be sufficient
evidence against them. They were detained and subjected to medical examination before they were submitted for
inquest at the prosecutors office.
4

Ruling of the RTC

On July 23, 2009, the RTC rendered its Decision giving credence to the prosecutions case. The dispositive portion
of the Decision reads:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered declaring accused MEDARIO CALANTIAO y
DIMALANTA, GUILTY BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT of the offense of Violation of Section 11, Article II, R.A.
9165, for illegally possessing997.9 grams of marijuana fruiting tops. Henceforth, this Court hereby sentences him to
suffer the penalty of life imprisonment and a fine of Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php500,000.00).
5

In convicting Calantiao, the RTC held that the illegal drug seized was admissible in evidence as it was discovered
during a body search after Calantiao was caught in flagrante delicto of possessing a gun and firing at the police
officers. Moreover, the RTC found all the elements of the offense to have been duly established by the prosecution.

Aggrieved, Calantiao appealed his conviction to the Court of Appeals, assigning the following errors:
7

I
THE COURT A QUOGRAVELY ERRED IN FINDING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT GUILTY BEYOND
REASONABLE DOUBT FOR VIOLATION OF SECTION 11, ARTICLE II, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9165,
NOTWITHSTANDING THE FACT THAT THE ALLEGEDLY SEIZED ITEMS ARE INADMISSIBLE IN
EVIDENCE.
II
THE COURT A QUOGRAVELY ERRED IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT DESPITE THE
ARRESTING OFFICERS PATENT NON-COMPLIANCE WITHTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROPER
CUSTODY OF SEIZED DANGEROUS DRUGS.
III
THE COURT A QUOGRAVELY ERRED IN CONVICTING THE ACCUSED-APPELLANT DESPITE THE
PROSECUTIONS FAILURE TO PROVE THE PROPER CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF THE SEIZED
DANGEROUS DRUGS.
8

Ruling of the Court of Appeals

The Court of Appeals found no reason to overturn Calantiaos conviction. It found that there was sufficient reason to
justify a warrantless arrest, as the police officers were acting on a legitimate complaint and had a reasonable
suspicion that the persons identified at the scene were the perpetrators of the offense. Likewise, the Court of
Appeals held that the search and subsequent seizure of the marijuana in question was lawful and valid, being
incidental to a lawful arrest. Finding that all the elements of the charge of illegal possession of dangerous drugs to
be present and duly proven, the Court of Appeals, on January 17, 2012, promulgated its Decision, affirming in toto
the RTCs ruling.
9

10

Undaunted, Calantiao is now before this Court praying for an acquittal, adding the following arguments in support of
his position:

First, the plain view doctrine is not an exception to a search incident to a valid warrantless arrest.
xxxx
Second, Calantiao did not waive the inadmissibility of the seized items.
xxxx
Finally, the seized items custodial chain is broken.

11

In essence, Calantiao is questioning the admissibility of the marijuana found in his possession, as evidence against
him on the grounds of either it was discovered via an illegal search, or because its custodial chain was broken.
Ruling of this Court
This Court finds no merit in Calantiaos arguments.
Search and Seizure of
Marijuana valid
This Court cannot subscribe to Calantiaos contention that the marijuana in his possession cannot be admitted as
evidence against him because it was illegally discovered and seized, not having been within the apprehending
officers "plain view."
12

Searches and seizure incident to a lawful arrest are governed by Section 13, Rule 126 of the Revised Rules of
Criminal Procedure, to wit:
Section 13.Search incident to lawful arrest. A person lawfully arrested may be searched for dangerous weapons or
anything which may have been used or constitute proof in the commission of an offense without a search warrant.
The purpose of allowing a warrantless search and seizure incident to a lawful arrest is "to protect the arresting
officer from being harmed by the person arrested, who might be armed with a concealed weapon, and to prevent the
latter from destroying evidence within reach." It is therefore a reasonable exercise of the States police power to
protect (1) law enforcers from the injury that may be inflicted on them by a person they have lawfully arrested; and
(2) evidence from being destroyed by the arrestee. It seeks to ensure the safety of the arresting officers and the
integrity of the evidence under the control and within the reach of the arrestee.
13

In People v. Valeroso, this Court had the occasion to reiterate the permissible reach of a valid warrantless search
and seizure incident to a lawful arrest, viz:
14

When an arrest is made, it is reasonable for the arresting officer to search the person arrested in order to remove
any weapon that the latter might use in order to resist arrest or effect his escape. Otherwise, the officers safety
might well be endangered, and the arrest itself frustrated. In addition, it is entirely reasonable for the arresting officer
to search for and seize any evidence on the arrestees person in order to prevent its concealment or destruction.
Moreover, in lawful arrests, it becomes both the duty and the right of the apprehending officers to conduct a
warrantless search not only on the person of the suspect, but also in the permissible area within the latters reach.
Otherwise stated, a valid arrest allows the seizure of evidence or dangerous weapons either on the person of the
one arrested or within the area of his immediate control. The phrase "within the area of his immediate control"
means the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence. A gun on a table
or in a drawer in front of one who is arrested can be as dangerous to the arresting officer as one concealed in the
clothing of the person arrested. (Citations omitted.)
In Valeroso, however, the Court held that the evidence searched and seized from him could not be used against him
because they were discovered in a room, different from where he was being detained, and was in a locked cabinet.
Thus, the area searched could not be considered as one within his immediate control that he could take any
weapon or destroy any evidence against him.
15

In the case at bar, the marijuana was found in a black bag in Calantiaos possession and within his immediate
control. He could have easily taken any weapon from the bag or dumped it to destroy the evidence inside it. As the
black bag containing the marijuana was in Calantiaos possession, it was within the permissible area that the
apprehending officers could validly conduct a warrantless search.
Calantiaos argument that the marijuana cannot be used as evidence against him because its discovery was in
violation of the Plain View Doctrine, is misplaced.
The Plain View Doctrine is actually the exception to the inadmissibility of evidence obtained in a warrantless search
incident to a lawful arrest outside the suspects person and premises under his immediate control. This is so
because "[o]bjects in the plain view of an officer who has the right to be in the position to have that view are subject
to seizure and may be presented as evidence." "The doctrine is usually applied where a police officer is not
searching for evidence against the accused, but nonetheless inadvertently comes across an incriminating object x x
x. [It] serves to supplement the prior justification whether it be a warrant for another object, hot pursuit, search
incident to lawful arrest, or some other legitimate reason for being present unconnected with a search directed
against the accused and permits the warrantless seizure."
16

17

The Plain View Doctrine thus finds no applicability in Calantiaos situation because the police officers purposely
searched him upon his arrest. The police officers did not inadvertently come across the black bag, which was in
Calantiaos possession; they deliberately opened it, as part of the search incident to Calantiaos lawful arrest.
Inventory and Chain of
Custody of Evidence
Calantiao claims that even if the search and seizure were validly effected, the marijuana is still inadmissible as
evidence against him for failure of the apprehending officers to comply with the rules on chain of custody, as the
item was marked at the police station.
18

The pertinent provisions of Republic Act No. 9165 provide as follows:

Section 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized, and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources
of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory
Equipment. The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory
equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after seizure
and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the
person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a
representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall
be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof[.]
Its Implementing Rules and Regulations state:
SECTION 21. Custody and Disposition of Confiscated, Seized and/or Surrendered Dangerous Drugs, Plant Sources
of Dangerous Drugs, Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals, Instruments/Paraphernalia and/or Laboratory
Equipment. The PDEA shall take charge and have custody of all dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory
equipment so confiscated, seized and/or surrendered, for proper disposition in the following manner:
(a) The apprehending officer/team having initial custody and control of the drugs shall, immediately after
seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the same in the presence of the accused or
the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a
representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public official who shall
be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof; Provided, that the physical
inventory and photograph shall be conducted at the place where the search warrant is served; or at the
nearest police station or at the nearest office of the apprehending officer/team, whichever is practicable, in
case of warrantless seizures; Provided, further, that non-compliance with these requirements under
justifiable grounds, as long as the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items are properly
preserved by the apprehending officer/team, shall not render void and invalid such seizures of and custody
over said items[.] (Emphasis supplied.)
This Court has held that the failure to strictly comply with Section 21, Article II of Republic Act No. 9165, such as
immediately marking seized drugs, will not automatically impair the integrity of chain of custody because what is of
utmost importance is the preservation of the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items, as these would
be utilized in the determination of the guilt or innocence of the accused.
19

Section 21 and its IRR do not even mention "marking." What they require are (1) physical inventory, and (2) taking
of photographs. As this Court held in People v. Ocfemia :
20

What Section 21 of R.A. No. 9165 and its implementing rule do not expressly specify is the matter of "marking" of
the seized items in warrantless seizures to ensure that the evidence seized upon apprehension is the same
evidence subjected to inventory and photography when these activities are undertaken at the police station rather
than at the place of arrest. Consistency with the "chain of custody" rule requires that the "marking" of the seized
items to truly ensure that they are the same items that enter the chain and are eventually the ones offered in
evidence should be done (1) in the presence of the apprehended violator (2) immediately upon confiscation.
The prosecution was able to establish the chain of custody of the seized marijuana from the time the police officers
confiscated it, to the time it was turned over to the investigating officer, up to the time it was brought to the forensic
chemist for laboratory examination. This Court has no reason to overrule the RTC and the Court of Appeals, which
both found the chain of custody of the seized drugs to have not been broken so as to render the marijuana seized
from Calantiao inadmissible in evidence.
21

Furthermore, unless it can be shown that there was bad faith, ill will, or tampering of the evidence, the presumption
that the integrity of the evidence has been preserved will remain. The burden of showing the foregoing to overcome
the presumption that the police officers handled the seized drugs with regularity, and that they properly discharged
their duties is on Calantiao. Unfortunately, Calantiao failed to discharge such burden.
22

It is worthy to note that these arguments were only raised by Calantiao on his appeal. He himself admits this. His
theory, from the very beginning, was that he did not do it, and that he was being framed for having offended the
police officers. Simply put, his defense tactic was one of denial and frame-up. However, those defenses have
always been frowned upon by the Court, to wit:
23

The defenses of denial and frame-up have been invariably viewed by this Court with disfavor for it can easily be
concocted and is a common and standard defense ploy in prosecutions for violation of Dangerous Drugs Act. In
order to prosper, the defenses of denial and frame-up must be proved with strong and convincing evidence. In the
cases before us, appellant failed to present sufficient evidence in support of his claims. Aside from his self-serving
assertions, no plausible proof was presented to bolster his allegations.
24

Hence, as Calantiao failed to show clear and convincing evidence that the apprehending officers were stirred by
illicit motive or failed to properly perform their duties, their testimonies deserve full faith and credit.
25

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court hereby AFFIRMS the January 17, 2012 Decision of the Court of
Appeals in CA-G.R. CR.-H.C. No. 04069.
SO ORDERED.
TERESITA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO
Associate Justice
WE CONCUR:
MARIA LOURDES P.A. SERENO
Chief Justice
Chairperson
LUCAS P. BERSAMIN
Associate Justice

MARTIN S. VILLARAMA, JR.

Associate Justice
BIENVENIDO L. REYES
Associate Justice
C E R TI F I C ATI O N

Pursuant to Section 13, Article VIII of the Constitution, I certify that the conclusions in the above Decision had been
reached in consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Court's Division.
MARIA LOURDES P. A. SERENO
Chief Justice