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    Classes of Antibiotics Summary

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    hanzukik
    antibiotics

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    Classes of Antibiotics Summary

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    antibiotics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    1K views1 page

    Classes of Antibiotics Summary

    Uploaded by

    hanzukik
    antibiotics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    DIFFERENT CLASSES OF ANTIBIOTICS - AN OVERVIEW

    Key:

    COMMONLY ACT AS BACTERIOSTATIC AGENTS, RESTRICTING GROWTH & REPRODUCTION

    COMMONLY ACT AS BACTERICIDAL AGENTS, CAUSING BACTERIAL CELL DEATH

    -LACTAMS

    AMINOGLYCOSIDES

    chloramphenicol

    glycopeptides

    ansamycins

    streptogramins

    MOST WIDELY USED ANTIBIOTICS


    IN THE NHS

    FAMILY OF OVER 20 ANTIBIOTICS

    COMMONLY USED IN LOW INCOME


    COUNTRIES

    COMMON DRUGS OF LAST RESORT

    CAN ALSO DEMONSTRATE


    ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

    TWO GROUPS OF ANTIBIOTICS THAT


    ACT SYNERGISTICALLY

    O
    O

    O
    HO
    O

    HO

    HO

    O HO
    O

    HO

    HN

    OH

    H2N

    O
    All contain a beta-lactam ring
    EXAMPLES
    Penicillins (shown) such as
    amoxicillin and flucloxacillin;
    Cephalosporins such as cefalexin.
    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit bacteria cell wall biosynthesis.

    DISCOVERY

    N
    N

    NH2

    OH

    NH2
    NH2

    OH

    N+

    OH

    HO

    O-

    HO

    O
    O

    HO

    N
    H

    OH

    O
    NH

    HO

    All contain aminosugar substructures

    Distinct individual compound

    EXAMPLES
    Streptomycin (shown), neomycin,
    kanamycin, paromomycin.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit synthesis of proteins,
    preventing growth.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit the synthesis of proteins by
    bacteria, leading to cell death.

    No longer a first line drug in any


    developed nation due to increased
    resistance and worries about safety.

    1940

    OCH3

    O
    OH

    N
    H

    H3CO

    Cl
    Cl

    NH2

    1930

    OH

    OH
    O

    H
    N
    O

    N
    H
    H2N

    H
    N

    N
    H

    OH

    HN

    O
    H3CO

    NH2

    OH

    EXAMPLES
    Vancomycin (shown), teicoplanin.
    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit bacteria cell wall biosynthesis.

    1960

    HN

    Consist of carbohydrate linked to a


    peptide formed of amino acids

    1950

    O
    HO

    NH

    OH

    OH

    Cl
    O

    Cl

    O
    O

    All contain an aromatic ring bridged by


    an aliphatic chain.

    Combination of two structurally differing


    compounds, from groups denoted A & B

    EXAMPLES
    Geldanamycin (shown), rifamycin,
    naphthomycin.

    EXAMPLES
    Pristinamycin IIA (shown),
    Pristinamycin IA.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit the synthesis of RNA by
    bacteria, leading to cell death.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit the synthesis of proteins by
    bacteria, leading to cell death.

    1970

    1980

    sulfonamides

    tetracyclines

    macrolides

    oxazolidinones

    quinolones

    lipopeptides

    FIRST COMMERCIAL ANTIBIOTICS


    WERE SULFONAMIDES

    BECOMING LESS POPULAR DUE TO


    DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE

    SECOND MOST PRESCRIBED


    ANTIBIOTICS IN THE NHS

    POTENT ANTIBIOTICS COMMONLY


    USED AS DRUGS OF LAST RESORT

    RESISTANCE EVOLVES RAPIDLY

    INSTANCES OF RESISTANCE RARE

    O
    H2N

    S
    O

    H
    H

    All contain the sulfonamide group


    EXAMPLES
    Prontosil, sulfanilamide (shown),
    sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole.
    MODE OF ACTION
    Do not kill bacteria but prevent their
    growth and multiplication. Cause
    allergic reactions in some patients.

    OH

    OH O
    OH

    O
    NH2

    HO

    OH
    N

    HO

    OH

    OH

    C2H5

    HO
    O

    O
    O
    CH3

    CH3

    OCH3

    O
    O

    H
    N

    N
    O

    OH

    O
    F

    F
    N

    HO

    O
    H2N

    H
    N

    C9H19
    O

    N
    H

    O
    HN

    NH
    O

    NH

    OH

    HN

    HN
    NH2 O
    H
    N
    N
    H
    O
    OH

    O
    N
    H
    NH

    OH
    O
    NH

    HN

    OO

    HN

    OH
    O
    OH

    NH

    All contain 4 adjacent cyclic


    hydrocarbon rings

    All contain a 14-, 15-, or 16-membered


    macrolide ring

    All contain 2-oxazolidone somewhere


    in their structure

    All contain fused aromatic rings with a


    carboxylic acid group attached

    EXAMPLES
    Tetracycline (shown), doxycycline,
    limecycline, oxytetracycline.

    EXAMPLES
    Erythromycin (shown),
    clarithromycin, azithromycin.

    EXAMPLES
    Linezolid (shown), posizolid,
    tedizolid, cycloserine.

    EXAMPLES
    Ciprofloxacin (shown), levofloxacin,
    trovafloxacin.

    All contain a lipid bonded to a peptide

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit synthesis of proteins by
    bacteria, preventing growth.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit protein synthesis by bacteria,
    occasionally leading to cell death.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Inhibit synthesis of proteins by
    bacteria, preventing growth.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Interfere with bacteria DNA
    replication and transcription.

    MODE OF ACTION
    Disrupt multiple cell membrane
    functions, leading to cell death.

    COMPOUND INTEREST 2014 - WWW.COMPOUNDCHEM.COM | Twitter: @compoundchem | Facebook: www.facebook.com/compoundchem


    Shared under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence.

    NH2

    EXAMPLES
    Daptomycin (shown), surfactin.

    BY

    NC

    ND

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