20090916

Dynamics 4600:203
Homework 02
Due: September 16, 2009
Name:
Please denote your answers clearly, i.e., box in, star, etc., and write neatly. There are no
points for small, messy, unreadable work. . . please use lots of paper.
Problem 1: Hibbeler, 1220
A stone A is dropped from rest down a well
of depth 80 ft, and in 1 s another stone B is
dropped from rest. Determine the time interval between the instant A strikes the water
and the instant B strikes the water. Also, at
what speed do they strike the water?
B
y
A
= 80 ft
Solution:
The time interval required for particles a and B to fall the depth of the well is identical.
Therefore, if B is released 1 s after A, then B will strike the water 1 s after A, regardless
of how long it actually takes to travel that distance.
We describe the position of the particle A with respect to
the ground with the coordinate y, so that its acceleration is
defined as aA =
y . A free-body diagram for the particle is shown to the right, and the gravitational force is the
only force acting on the particle as it falls. Therefore, the
equation of motion reduces to
X
F = m g = m y = m aA ,
m g
which yields, in the direction, y = g. Notice that the gravitational force produces a
positive second-derivative. Can you explain why?
From the equation of motion, with y(0)
= 0 and y(0) = 0, the velocity and position

of the particle become
g t2
y(t)
= g t,
y(t) =
.
2
The particle strikes the water when y(tf ) = = 80 ft, which occurs at time
s
2
tf =
= 2.23 s,
g
2 g = 71.8 ft/s. The velocity at this instant is

vA (tf ) = y(t
f ) = 71.8 ft/s .
and at this instant y(t

f) =

The acceleration of a rocket traveling upward is given by a = (6 +
0.02 s) m/s2 , where s is the distance traveled in meters. Determine
the time needed for the rocket to reach an altitude of s = 100 m.
Initially, v = 0 and s = 0 when t = 0.
Solution:
Note that we have the acceleration as a function of position, so that:
Z s
Z v
(6 + 0.02 s) ds,
v dv =
0
v2
2
6 s + 0.01 s2 ,
and so that solving for the speed

v=
12 s + 0.02 s2 .
To determine the position as a function of time, we integrate again:

Z s
Z t
ds
,
d =
v(s)
0
0
Z s
Z s
ds
ds
= 50
t =
2
12
s
+
0.02
s
600
s + s2
0
0
To solve this integral we use the following
Z
hp
1
ai
+ C.
du = ln
a u + u2 + u +
2
a u + u2
With this, the above integral reduces to
i

hp
t = 50 ln
600 s + s2 + s + 300 ln(300) .
Therefore, the time required to travel an altitude of s = 100 m is t = 5.62 s .
The v t graph for the motion of a train
as it moves from station A to station B is
shown. Draw the a t graph and determine
the average speed and the distance between
the stations.
x (ft/s)
40
30
Solution:
2
90
120
t (s)
The displacement of the train along its direction of travel can be described with the
coordinate x, so that its velocity and acceleration are given as x and x
respectively.
For the given xt
graph, the acceleration

is constant from 0 t < 1 = 30 s as the
train moves from rest to velocity v =
40 ft/s, with a value
x
= a0
a0
4
v
= ft/s2 .
1
3
For the interval of constant velocity from

1 = 30 s t < 2 = 90 s, the acceleration is zero, and for the final interval the
acceleration is x
= a0 . The x
t graph
is shown to the right.
t (s)
a0
The distance d1 traveled by the train during the initial acceleration and final deceleration
are identical, and determined to be
v 1
= 600 ft.
d1 =
2
During the middle interval of duration t = 2 1 60 s and constant velocity v , the
train covers a distance
d2 = v t = 2400 ft.
Therefore the total distance s between stations is
s = 2 d1 + d2 = 3600 ft .
As a result, the average velocity is x average = 30 ft/s .
Show that if a projectile is fired at an angle from the horizontal
with an initial velocity v0 , the maximum range the projectile can
travel is given by Rmax = v02 /g, where g is the acceleration of gravity.
What is the angle for this condition?
Solution:
The position of the ball is described by rP O =
x(t) +y(t) . When subject to gravity, and initial
velocity,
v0
(x(t), y(t))
+ y(0)
vP = x(0)
= v0 (cos + sin ) ,
the equations for the motion of the particle are
written as
x(t) = (v0 cos ) t,
y(t) = g
t2
+ (v0 sin ) t.
2
Therefore, when y is written as a function of x, this reduces to

v02 sin(2 )
sin
gx
g
2
x
.
x
+
x
=
y(x) = 2
2 v0 cos2
cos
v02 (1 + cos(2 ))
g
3
The range occurs when y = 0, or solving for x

R=
v02 sin(2 )
.
g
The maximum range thus occurs for 2 = 90 , or

= 45 ,
Rmax =

The catapult is used to launch a ball such
that it strikes the wall of the building at the
maximum height of its trajectory. If it takes
1.5 s to travel from A to B, determine the velocity vA at which it was launched, the angle
of release , and the height h.
v02
.
g
See text for figure.
Solution:
We measure the position of the ball as rAO = x(t) + y(t) with respect to the base of
the catapult. Because the ball is launched at a height a = 3.5 ft above the ground, the
initial position is given as
x(0) = 0 ft,
y(0) = a = 3.50 ft.
In addition, the initial velocity is given as vA (0) = v0 (cos +sin ), so that the initial
vlaues of x and y are
x(0)
= v0 cos ,
y(0)
= v0 sin ,
where v0 is the initial speed and is the initial inclination of the trajectory. With these
the velocity and position of the ball can be written as
x(t)
= v0 cos ,
y(t)
= g t + v0 sin ,
g
y(t) = t2 + (v0 sin ) t + a.
2
x(t) = (v0 cos ) t,
When the ball reaches its maximum height at t = tf = 1.5 s, the following conditions
hold
x(tf ) = b = 18 ft,
y(t
f ) = 0 ft/s,
and y(tf ) = h. We can use these to find that

v0 cos =
b
= 12 ft/s,
tf
v0 sin = g tf = 48.3 ft/s.
From these, the initial speed v0 and inclination are

v0 =
s
b
tf
2
+ (g tf ) = 49.8 ft/s ,
tan =
g t2f
= 4.02 = 76.0 .
b
Finally, we can evaluate y(t) at the final time to find that

y(tf ) = h =
g 2
t + a = 39.7 ft .
2 f

The Ferris wheel turns such that the speed of
the passengers is increased by v = (4 t) ft/s2 ,
where t is in seconds. If the wheel starts from
rest when = 0 , determine the magnitude
of the velocity and acceleration of the passengers when the wheel turns = 30 .
r = 40 ft
Solution:
The velocity and acceleration of the passengers can be described in terms of normal and
tangential coordinates as
t ,
vP = v e
t +
aP = v e
v2
n ,
e
where v is the given speed and the radius of curvature is simply the radius of the wheel,
i.e., = r = 40 ft. When the wheel starts from rest the speed can be determined to be
Z t
v(
) d = (2 t2 ) ft/s,
v(t) = v(0) +
0
while the distance s that the passengers travel is given by s = v, so that

Z t
2 3
s(
) d =
s(t) = s(0) +
ft.
t
3
0
In terms of the angle this distance can also be expressed as s(t) = r (t), so if during
a time t = tf the wheel turns by an angle (tf ) = /6 rad = 30 , the time tf required
can be determined as
1/3

3 r (tf )
2 3
ft, tf =
t
= 3.16 s.
r (tf ) = s(tf ) =
3
2
Finally, at this time the speed becomes v(tf ) = 19.9 ft/s, while v(t)
= 12.6 ft/s2 , so that

the magnitude of the velocity and acceleration are
kvP (tf )k = v(tf ) = 19.9 ft/s ,
kaP (tf )k =
v 2 (tf ) +
v 2 (tf )
r
2
= 16.0 ft/s ,

A truck is traveling along the horizontal circular curve of radius r = 60 m with a speed of
20 m/s which is increasing at 3 m/s2 . Determine the trucks radial and transverse components of acceleration.
P
rP O
Solution:
Given the path of the truck, it is natural to describe its position in terms of polar coordinates,
so that
rP O
vP
aP
r ,
= re
+ r e
,
= r e

r

2
r + r + 2 r e
.
=
r r e
r
e
P
rP O
With constant radius of the curve, r = 0 and

r = 0, so that the kinematics reduce to
rP O
vP
aP
,
= re
r
,
=
r e

r + r e
.
=
r 2 e
The speed of the truck, 20 m/s, is given in terms of the coordinates as

kvP k = r = 20 m/s,
while its rate of change is
d
(kvP k) = r = 3 m/s2 .
dt
Notice that the rate of change of the speed is different from the magnitude of the
acceleration. From these, we can determine and as
1
= rad/s,
3
1
=
rad/s2 .
20
Finally, with these values the acceleration of the truck can be written as

20
= m/s2 e
r + 3 m/s2 e
.
r + r e
aP = r 2 e
3
6

The slotted link is pinned at O, and as a
result of the constant angular velocity =
3 rad/s it drives the peg P for a short distance along the spiral guide r = (0.4 ) m,
where is in radians. Determine the velocity and acceleration of the particle at the instant it leaves the slot in the link, i.e., when
r = 0.5 m.
See text for figure.
Solution:
a) In terms of the polar coordiantes r and , velocity and acceleration of the peg are

r + r e
r ,
r + r + 2 r e
r .
vP = (r)
e
aP = r r 2 e
While behavior of the angular coordinate is given directly as
= 3 rad/s,
= 0 rad/s2 ,
the radial coordinate r is given in terms of . However, r can be determined through

the chain rule as
r =
dr
dt
=
=
dr d
,
d dt
(0.4 m) (3 rad/s) = 1.2 m/s.
Likewise, r = 0 m/s2 , so that when the particle leaves the slot at r = 0.5 m, the velocity
and acceleration of the particle are

r + r e
r = (1.2 m/s) e
r + (1.5 m/s) e
r ,
vP = (r)
e

r + r + 2 r e
r ,
r + 7.2 m/s2 e
r = 4.5 m/s2 e
aP = r r 2 e
At the instant the particle leaves the slot, its speed is v = 1.92 m/s and the magnitude
of its acceleration is a = 8.49 m/s2 .

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Dynamics 4600:203

= 0 and y(0) = 0, the velocity and position

2 g = 71.8 ft/s. The velocity at this instant is

and at this instant y(t

Problem 2: Hibbeler, 1223

and so that solving for the speed

To determine the position as a function of time, we integrate again:

graph, the acceleration

For the interval of constant velocity from

Therefore, when y is written as a function of x, this reduces to

The range occurs when y = 0, or solving for x

The maximum range thus occurs for 2 = 90 , or

Problem 5: Hibbeler, 1285

See text for figure.

y(0) = a = 3.50 ft.

x(t) = (v0 cos ) t,

and y(tf ) = h. We can use these to find that

v0 sin = g tf = 48.3 ft/s.

From these, the initial speed v0 and inclination are

Finally, we can evaluate y(t) at the final time to find that

Problem 6: Hibbeler, 12110

while the distance s that the passengers travel is given by s = v, so that

= 12.6 ft/s2 , so that

kvP (tf )k = v(tf ) = 19.9 ft/s ,

Problem 7: Hibbeler, 12145

With constant radius of the curve, r = 0 and

The speed of the truck, 20 m/s, is given in terms of the coordinates as

Problem 8: Hibbeler, 12149

See text for figure.

the radial coordinate r is given in terms of . However, r can be determined through

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