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    Systems and Symmetry

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    林冠揚
    The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

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    Systems and Symmetry

    Uploaded by

    林冠揚
    114 views13 pages
    The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

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    Interesting problems on Vieta's relations and applications. Good for AMC / AIME level prep.

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    The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    114 views13 pages

    Systems and Symmetry

    Uploaded by

    林冠揚
    The document discusses symmetric polynomial expressions, which do not change when permuting variables. It introduces fundamental symmetric sums that can be used to express any symmetric polynomial in terms of variables. It also discusses Vieta's formulas relating the coefficients and roots of a polynomial, Newton's identities relating symmetric polynomial sums of roots, and several problems involving systems of polynomial equations.

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    Systems and Symmetry

    Mathematical Tapas
    Level C

    When solving systems of equations, one faces quite often symmetric polynomial expressions. These are polynomial expressions f (a, b, c, ) in several
    variables, which do no change when permuting the variables a, b, c, . For
    example, a2 + b2 + c2 , ab + bc + ac + (a + b + c)2 are symmetric polynomial
    expressions in a, b, c, since they obviously do not change when permuting a,
    b, and c. If x1 , x2 , xn are variables, then there is a class of fundamental
    symmetric expressions in x1 , x2 , , xn . They are given by the fundamental
    symmetric sums.
    X
    k =
    xi1 xi2 xik
    1i1 <i2 <<ik n

    Vietas Formulas

    For any polynomial in the form


    an xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0
    with its roots being r1 , r2 , , rk , the possible subproducts of the roots are
    X
    ank
    )
    (1)k (
    an
    1i1 <i2 <<ik n

    where it can be rewritten as the following


    r1 + r2 + r3 + + rk =

    an1
    an

    ..
    .
    r1 r2 r3 rk = (1)n

    ao
    an

    Symmetric Polynomial

    Let p(x1 , x2 , , xk ) be a symmetric polynomial expression in x1 ,x2 , ,xn .


    Then we can find a polynomial expression q(y1 , y2 , , yn ) such that
    p(x1 , x2 , , xn ) = q(x1 , x2 , , xn )
    where k = k (x1 , x2 , , xn ).
    Simply less formally, any symmetric polynomial expression in x1 , x2 , , xn is
    a polynomial expression in the fundamental symmetric sums 1 , 2 , , n , is
    associated to x1 , x2 , , xn .

    Newtons Identity

    Let x1 , x2 , , xn be the solutions of the equation xn + a1 xn1 + a2 xn2 + +


    an = 0, where a1 = a2 = = an are given real numbers. Define
    Sk = xk1 + xk2 + + xkn
    Then for all k 1, 2, , n we have the following
    Sk + a1 Sk1 + + ak1 S1 + kak
    while for all k > n we have
    Sk + a1 Sk1 + + an Skn = 0

    Discussion Problems
    1. Express a2 (b+c)+b2 (a+c)+c2 (a+b) in terms of a+b+c and ab+ac+bc.

    2. Pairwise distinct real numbers satisfy


    a(a2 abc) = b(b2 abc) = c(c2 abc)
    Prove that a + b + c = 0.

    3. Let x1 and x2 be the roots of the function x2 + 3x + 1. Compute


    (

    x1 2
    x2 2
    ) +(
    )
    x2 + 1
    x1 + 1

    without finding the roots of the original function.

    4. Let a, b, and c be the solutions of the equation x3 x 1 = 0. Compute


    1a 1b 1c
    +
    +
    1+a 1+b 1+c

    5. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be the roots of the polynomial x3 + 3x + 1. Compute


    x21
    x22
    x23
    +
    +
    (5x2 + 1)(5x3 + 1) (5x1 + 1)(5x3 + 1) (5x1 + 1)(5x2 + 1)

    6. Let a, b, c, and d be positive integers such that the equation


    x2 (a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + 1)x + (ab + bc + cd + ad) = 0
    has an integer solution. Prove that the other solution is an integer too
    and both solutions are perfect squares.

    7. The equation x4 18x3 + kx2 + 200x 1984 = 0 has two solutions whose
    product is 32. Find k.

    8. Let A, B be real numbers and let a, b, and c be the solutions of the


    equation x3 + Ax + B = 0. Prove that
    (a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 = (4A3 + 27B 2 )

    9. Solve in real numbers of the system


    1
    3
    1
    y z2 z =
    6

    x y2 z =

    10. Find all triples (x, y, z) of real numbers satisfying the system of equations
    2x z 2 = 7
    4y x2 = 7
    6z y 2 = 14

    11. Find all real numbers x, y such that


    x3 3xy 2 + 2y 3 = 2011
    2x3 3x2 y + y 3 = 2012

    12. Solve in real numbers of the system


    x2 yz + xz + xy = 9
    y 2 xz + xy + yz = 19
    z 2 xy + yz + xz = 30

    13. Find all triples (x, y, z) of real numbers such that


    (x + y)(x + y + z) = 72
    (y + z)(x + y + z) = 96
    (x + z)(x + y + z) = 120

    14. Solve in real numbers


    2x2 + 3xy 4y 2 = 1
    3x2 + 4xy 5y 2 = 2

    15. Find all positive real numbers x, y, and z such that


    x+

    1
    =4
    y

    4
    =3
    z
    9
    z+ =5
    z

    y+

    16. Find all pairs (x, y) of real numbers satisfying


    x2 xy = 90
    y 2 xy = 9

    17. Find all triples (x, y, z) of positive integers satisfying the system of equations
    x + yz = 2011
    xy + z = 2012

    18. Find all triples (x, y, z) of positive real numbers such that
    xy
    1
    =
    x+y
    5
    1
    yz
    =
    y+z
    8
    xz
    1
    =
    x+z
    9

    19. If a, b, and c are real numbers such that


    (a b)(a + b c) = 3
    (b c)(b + c a) = 5
    find (c a)(c + a b).

    20. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


    x2 + 6xy + 2y 2 = 1
    y 2 + 6yz + 2z 2 = 2
    z 2 + 6xz + 2z 2 = 3

    21. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


    xyz
    = 2
    x+y
    xyz
    =3
    y+z
    xyz
    =6
    x+z

    22. Find all real numbers x, y, and z such that


    x2 3 = (y z)2
    y 2 5 = (x z)2
    z 2 15 = (x y)2

    10

    23. Solve in real numbers of the system of equations


    x(y 2 + xz) = 111
    y(z 2 + xy) = 155
    z(x2 + yz) = 116

    24. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


    x y = 2016
    x+y
    xy = 72
    2

    11

    25. Solve in real numbers the system of equations


    x2 + y = 5y 6z
    y 2 + 7 = 10z + 3z
    z 2 + 7 = 3y x

    26. Solve in real numbers the system of eqations


    x2 + xy + xz = 20
    y 2 + xy + yz = 30
    z 2 + xz + yz = 50

    12

    27. Solve in nonzero complex numbers the system


    x y
    9
    + =
    y
    x
    z
    y
    z
    16
    + =
    z
    y
    x
    z
    x
    25
    + =
    x z
    y

    28. Let a, b, c be nonzero numbers such that a2 + b2 = c2 . Solve the system


    x2 + y 2 = z 2
    (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = (z + c)2

    13

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