Valves

VALVES
Contents:
Introduction to values
Boiler valve types
Pressure reducing value

Materials of construction
Value maintenance
Control values
Cryogenic value
Pressure relief value
Control value maintenance
INTRODUCTION TO VALVES
objective.
Sketch and describe the standard valve designs.
Describe the design and operation of specialized boiler
valves.
Sketch and describe the piping arrangement, the
design and operation of steam system pressurereducing valves.
State the common materials of construction for valves
and describe valve identification markings.
Describe typical valve maintenance requirements.
Various types of valves are required in any piping
system in order to regulate the fluid flow within that

system.
Types:
1. the gate valve,
2. globe valve,
3. needle valve,
4. butterfly valve,
5. ball valve,
6. plug valve,
7. check valve.
8. A special service valve,
9. the boiler non-return valve
Valves can be manually operated or they can have an
actuator to change and control the valve opening.

The actuator may be :
pneumatically,
hydraulically, or
electrically operated.
The valve must be carefully selected with

consideration of the following details:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
working pressure and temperature,

type of fluid (corrosive or erosive),
rate of flow,
valve characteristics desired (percentage valve travel
to rate of flow),
whether for isolation purposes only (wide open or
closed),
the cost of installation and
maintenance.
Valve design
1-
Gate Valves
Gate valves are not suitable for

throttling service because
excessive wear due to wire
drawing (erosion) occurs on the
gate and gate seats.
They are suitable as stop
(or isolating) valves, where
conditions require either
full flow or no flow. They
have the advantage that,
when fully opened, the resistance
to flow is low with a minimum of
pressure drop, as the fluid flow
moves in a straight line.
In the case where a gate valve is to be used, but head
room is limited, then the non-rising stem, inside screw

design is used.
As the stem is turned,
the gate climbs up the

threaded part of the
stem, which is inside
the valve body
2- Globe Valves
The globe valve is constructed in such a way as to cause
the flow of the fluid passing through it to change

direction twice. The disc and the seat are parallel to
the main flow path, and the disc is moved toward, or
away from, the seat by means of a threaded stem.
Advantages:
1. The globe valve is ideal for throttling or regulating
flow with a minimum of wire drawing and seat
erosion.
2. It is cheaper to manufacture than the gate valve
3- Needle Valves
Needle valves are designed to allow precise flow
control. Its name is derived from the sharp pointed

disc and matching seat.
They are extensively used for continuous blow off or
chemical feed control services.
4- Butterfly Valves
A butterfly valve consists of the valve body, disc, shaft,
and the necessary packing and bushings for shaft

support.
The body is frequently a solid ring type, which is
mounted between pipe flanges. The disc is generally
cast in one piece.
Correct alignment of this valve is required to prevent
binding of the swing-through disc.
The thickness of the disc is determined by the pressure
drop across the valve (throttling or closed position).
Butterfly valves come in sizes from 25 to 3800 mm (1 to
152 inches) and are designed for pressures up to 13800

kPa and temperatures up to 1100C.
The flat disc can be rotated through 90 from the wide
open to the fully closed position.
The butterfly valve is commonly used in thermal and
hydroelectric power stations, oil and gas processing
industries, oil and gas transmission, and in water and
sewage plants.
Advantages:
relatively light weight,
ease of operation, self cleaning, and negligible
pressure drop across the valve when it is fully open
Power operated butterfly valve
5- Ball Valves
The ball valve contains a spherical plug with a passage
bored through it.

The basic type of ball valve requires a quarter turn from
the fully open to the fully closed position. The valve can
be operated by means of a lever, which also serves as an
open or shut indicator, or by the use of an automatic
actuator.
manual-automatic operation for this particular valve.
The ball valves are manufactured in sizes from 3 to

1000 mm (1/8 to 40 in.) and for pressures up to 69 000
kPa with service temperatures from -185C to 550C.
Manual-automatic positioning
6- Plug Valves
The plug valve is a quarter turn valve
Plug valves are rotary valves in which a plug-shaped
closure member is rotated through increments of 90

to engage or disengage a porthole or holes in the plug
with the ports in the valve body.
The shape of the plug may thereby be cylindrical,
7- Check Valves
The check valve is a valve which prevents reversal of
flow in piping. The flow of fluid keeps the check valve

open while gravity and reversal of flow will cause the
valve to close.
The two basic types of check valves are the swing
check and the lift check.
BOILER VALVE TYPES

The ASME Code, Section I, states that each outlet from
a power boiler (except safety valve connections) must

be fitted with a stop valve, located as close as
practicable to the boiler.
The two types of valves commonly used on the steam
outlet of a boiler are
1. the gate valve and
2. the globe valve
The pressure in the header is greater than that in the
boiler; thus the valve or disc is shown in the closed

position.
Non-return Stop
Valve
Piping Arrangements:
Various arrangements of piping from boiler to header
Safety valves
27
Safety valve term should be limited to compressible

fluid application (gas, vapor, steam).
The two general types of protection encountered in
industry are thermal protection and flow protection.
1.
thermal protection:
For liquid-packed vessels, thermal relief valves are
generally characterized by the relatively small size of
the safety valve necessary to provide protection from
excess pressure caused by thermal expansion.
28
1.
In the petroleum refining, petrochemical and

chemical manufacturing, natural gas processing and
power generation industries, the term safety valve is
associated with the terms pressure relief valve
(PRV), pressure safety valve (PSV) and relief
valve. The generic term is Pressure relief valve(PRV)
or Pressure safety valve (PSV)
Relief valve (RV): automatic system that relief by
static pressure on a liquid. It specifically open
proportionally with pressure increasing.
29
2. Safety valve (SV): automatic system that relief by
static pressure on a gas. It specifically open almost

straight to full lift after a pop sound.
3. Safety relief valve (SRV): automatic system that
relief by static pressure on both gas and liquid.
4. Pilot-operated safety relief valve (POSRV):
automatic system that relief by remote command
from a pilot on which the static pressure (from
equipment to protect) is connected
5. Low pressure safety valve (LPSV): automatic
system that relief by static pressure on a gas. The
pressure is small and near the atmospheric pressure.
30
6. Vacuum pressure safety valve (VPSV): automatic
system that relief by static pressure on a gas. The

pressure is small, negative and near the atmospheric
pressure.
7. Low and vacuum pressure safety valve (LVPSV):
automatic system that relief by static pressure on a
gas. The pressure is small, negative or positive and
near the atmospheric pressure.
31
The Safety valve construction:
32
33
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Materials of construction for valve bodies will be determined mainly
by the pressure, temperature, and type of fluid in the application. For
example:
Cast iron is used for low pressure and temperature applications.
Bronze is used for moderate pressures and temperatures up to 280 C.
Carbon steel is used for services up to 425 C.
Alloy steel is used for high pressure applications and temperatures up
to 650 C.
Special alloy steels are used for temperatures in excess of 650 C.
Stainless steel is used for corrosive services.
The body can have screwed or flanged ends or be welded into the
piping system.
Valve packing material, depending on the service, is
made of Teflon, Teflon impregnated asbestos,

graphitized asbestos, or semi metallic packing.
VALVE MAINTENANCE
Valve Leaks
A leak in a valve often can be remedied in a simple and

fast way.
Stem Leaks
These can normally be fixed by slightly tightening the
packing nut or gland.
Bonnet and Flange Leaks
These leaks can be caused by insufficient tightening of
the bolts or by bolts loosening under service strain.
Control Valve
The following data must be known to select the right valve:
Operating Conditions
Temperature of fluid
Viscosity of the fluid
Specific gravity of the fluid

Flow capacity required
Inlet pressure
(maximum and minimum).

(maximum and
minimum).
Outlet pressure
(maximum and
minimum).
Pressure drop during normal flowing conditions
Pressure difference at shutoff
Maximum permissible noise level
Valve Bodies
Single-Ported Valves
Double-Seated Valve
Valve Actuators
Reverse-Acting Diaphragm Actuator
Air to Close Valves
Air to Open Valves
Solenoid Valves

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VALVES

Pressure reducing value

Control value maintenance

Various types of valves are required in any piping

system in order to regulate the fluid flow within that

Valves can be manually operated or they can have an

actuator to change and control the valve opening.

The valve must be carefully selected with

working pressure and temperature,

Gate valves are not suitable for

In the case where a gate valve is to be used, but head

room is limited, then the non-rising stem, inside screw

the gate climbs up the

the flow of the fluid passing through it to change

control. Its name is derived from the sharp pointed

and the necessary packing and bushings for shaft

Butterfly valves come in sizes from 25 to 3800 mm (1 to

152 inches) and are designed for pressures up to 13800

Power operated butterfly valve

bored through it.

manual-automatic operation for this particular valve.

The ball valves are manufactured in sizes from 3 to

closure member is rotated through increments of 90

flow in piping. The flow of fluid keeps the check valve

BOILER VALVE TYPES

a power boiler (except safety valve connections) must

The pressure in the header is greater than that in the

boiler; thus the valve or disc is shown in the closed

Safety valve term should be limited to compressible

In the petroleum refining, petrochemical and

2. Safety valve (SV): automatic system that relief by

static pressure on a gas. It specifically open almost

6. Vacuum pressure safety valve (VPSV): automatic

system that relief by static pressure on a gas. The

The Safety valve construction:

Alloy steel is used for high pressure applications and temperatures up

Valve packing material, depending on the service, is

made of Teflon, Teflon impregnated asbestos,

A leak in a valve often can be remedied in a simple and

Specific gravity of the fluid

(maximum and minimum).

Reverse-Acting Diaphragm Actuator

Air to Close Valves

Air to Open Valves

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