PRACTICAL

file

Department: Computer Science and Engineering

Session:

January - June

Subject:

Simulation and Modeling Lab

Subject Code: BTCS 607

Semester:

6th

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Syllabus

1.

Programming in MATLAB: Introduction, Branching statements,

loops, functions, additional data types, plots, arrays, inputs/outputs etc.

2. Introduction regarding usage of any Network Simulator.

3. Practical Implementation of Queuing Models using C/C++.

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

List of Practical
Sr. No.

Topic

1.

Introduction to MATLAB

2.

3.

Programming in Matlab:
Introduction, Branching statements,
loops, functions, additional data
types, plots, arrays, inputs/outputs
etc.
Program to display a Matrix

4.

Program to Addition of matrix

5.

Program to transpose of a Matrix.

6.

Introduction regarding usage of any

Network Simulator.

7.

Practical Implementation of
Queuing Models using C/C++.

8.

*Applications of Matlab

*Learning Beyond Syllabus Applications of Matlab

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 1
AIM : Introduction to MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB is widely used in all areas of applied mathematics, in education and research at
universities, and in the industry. MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory and the software is
built up around vectors and matrices. This makes the software particularly useful for linear
algebra but MATLAB is also a great tool for solving algebraic and differential equations and for
numerical integration. MATLAB has powerful graphic tools and can produce nice pictures in
both 2D and 3D. It is also a programming language, and is one of the easiest programming
languages for writing mathematical programs. MATLAB also has some tool boxes useful for
signal processing, image processing, optimization, etc.

How to start MATLAB

Mac: Double-click on the icon for MATLAB.
PC: Choose the submenu "Programs" from the "Start" menu. From the "Programs" menu, open
the "MATLAB" submenu. From the "MATLAB" submenu, choose "MATLAB".

Unix: At the prompt, type matlab.

You can quit MATLAB by typing exit in the command window.
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:
Math and computation
Algorithm development
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which
together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university
environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in
mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for highproductivity research, development, and analysis.
MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to
most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology.
Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the
MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are
available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others.

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

The MATLAB language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming
in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the
large" to create complete large and complex application programs.

The MATLAB working environment.

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It
includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting
data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files,
MATLAB's applications.

Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics
as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

The MATLAB mathematical function library.

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse,
matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It
include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a
computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 2
AIM : Programming in MATLAB
Branching
When an "Algorithm" makes a choice to do one of two (or more things) this is
called branching. The most common programming "statement" used to branch is
the "IF" statement.

The If Statement
In a computer program, the algorithm often must choose to do one of two things
depending on the "state" of the program. If the grade is greater than 90, then give
the student an A, otherwise if the grade is greater than 80, give the student a B,...
etc.
The most used way to make a decision in a program is the "IF" statement. The
statement looks like:
if ( something is true )
do this code;
do all code before the end or else;
do not do anything in the else "block" of code
else
% if the something is false (NOTE: we don't have to test this)
do other code;
end

The ELSE statement

The else statement shown above is optional... if "NOTHING" is to be done when
the condition is false, then the else statement should not be used! For example,
below we only congratulate our good students, we do not chastise our bad
students.
grade = % some_number;
if ( grade > 75 )

fprintf('congrats, your grade %d is passing\n', grade);

end
The ELSEIF statement
Because we often break problems into several sub paths, Matlab provides an
"elseif" control statement. For example, if we have 5 dollars go to the dollar
theater, "else if" we have 10 dollars go to the regular theater, "else if" you have 100
dollars, go to a Broadway play, else if you have 1000000 dollars, buy a theater...
The code in Matlab would look like:
if (money < 5)
do this;
elseif (money < 10)
do that;
elseif (money < 1000)
do a lot of stuff;;
else
do a default action when nothing above is true;
end

Loop Control Statements

With loop control statements, you can repeatedly execute a block of code. There
are two types of loops:
for statements loop a specific number of times, and keep track of each
iteration with an incrementing index variable.
For example, preallocate a 10-element vector, and calculate five values:
x = ones(1,10);
for n = 2:6
x(n) = 2 * x(n - 1);
end
while statements loop as long as a condition remains true.
For example, find the first integer n for which factorial(n) is a 100-digit
number:
n = 1;

nFactorial = 1;
while nFactorial < 1e100
n = n + 1;
nFactorial = nFactorial * n;
end
Each loop requires the end keyword.
It is a good idea to indent the loops for readability, especially when they are nested
(that is, when one loop contains another loop):
A = zeros(5,100);
for m = 1:5
for n = 1:100
A(m, n) = 1/(m + n - 1);
end
end
You can programmatically exit a loop using a break statement, or skip to the next
iteration of a loop using a continue statement. For example, count the number of
lines in the help for the magic function (that is, all comment lines until a blank
line):
fid = fopen('magic.m','r');
count = 0;
while ~feof(fid)
line = fgetl(fid);
if isempty(line)
break
elseif ~strncmp(line,'%',1)
continue
end
count = count + 1;
end
fprintf('%d lines in MAGIC help\n',count);
fclose(fid);

Useful functions and operations in MATLAB

Using MATLAB as a calculator is easy.
Example: Compute 5 sin(2.53-pi)+1/75. In MATLAB this is done by simply typing
5*sin(2.5^(3-pi))+1/75

at the prompt. Be careful with parantheses and don't forget to type * whenever you
multiply!
Note that MATLAB is case sensitive. This means that MATLAB knows a
difference between letters written as lower and upper case letters. For example,
MATLAB will understand sin(2) but will not understand Sin(2).
Here is a table of useful operations, functions and constants in MATLAB.

Operation, function or constant

+ (addition)
- (subtraction)
(multiplication)
/ (division)
|x| (absolute value of x)
square root of x
ex
ln x (natural log)
log10 x (base 10 log)
sin x
Cos x
Tan x

MATLAB
command
+
*
/
abs(x)
sqrt(x)
exp(x)
log(x)
log10(x)
sin(x)
cos(x)
tan(x)

cot x
arcsin x
arccos x
arctan x
arccot x
n! (n factorial)
e (2.71828...)
(3.14159265...)
i (imaginary unit, sqrt(-1))

cot(x)
asin(x)
acos(x)
atan(x)
acot(x)
gamma(n+1)
exp(1)
pi
i

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 3
AIM : Program to display a Matrix

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 4
AIM : Program to addition of Two Matrix

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 5
AIM : Program to transpose of a Matrix.

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 6
AIM : Introduction regarding usage of any Network Simulator.
OPNET provides a discrete event simulation engine. MATLAB is software for numerical
calculations and provides communication engineers with a vast library for implementing
communication systems such as channel models and beam forming algorithms. By integrating
MATLAB simulation with OPNET we are able to reuse the beam forming algorithms developed
in MATLAB and analyze their performance and effect on the upper layers
(specifically, data link and network layers) of the communication system. This would be difficult
to realize without a discrete event simulator. In this thesis, we have interfaced MATLAB and
OPNET so as to reuse the antenna beam steering algorithms, which were developed in
MATLAB, and use the graphics library of MATLAB to provide the capability to observe the
dynamic changes in the antenna patterns during simulation execution. For interfacing OPNET
and MATLAB, we made use of the MX interface provided by MATLAB, which allows C
programs to call functions developed in MATLAB. This is illustrated in Figure 3.1. For calling
MATLAB functions the user needs to include following files in the bind_shobj_libs environment
attribute.
1. libmat.lib
2. libeng.lib
3. libmex.lib
4. libmx.lib

The directory where the above files are present is included in bind_shobj_flags. After including
the necessary files into the include path, the MATLAB engine is started by OPNET simulation at
the beginning of the simulation by using the function engOpen(). This provides the OPNET
simulation with a pointer to a memory location that can be us ed to pass MATLAB commands to
the MATLAB engine. The engine pointer can be shared among different processes by declaring

the engine pointer in a header file common to all process models. Variables can be exchanged
between OPNET and MATLAB using functions engPutArray() and engGetArray().
Network Modeling Using OPNET
OPNET is among the leading discrete event network simulators used both by the commercial and
research communities. It provides a comprehensive framework for modeling wired as well as
wireless network scenarios
Simulation models are organized in a hierarchy consisting of three main levels: the simulation
network, node models and process models. The top level refers to the simulation scenario or
simulation network. It defines the network layout, the nodes and the configuration of attributes of
the nodes comprising the scenario. OPNET ModelerTM uses an object-oriented approach for the
development of models and simulation scenarios. The models can be identified as a CLASS,
which can be reused any number of times in the simulation by creating its different
instantiations, just like the creation of objects in any object-oriented programming language.
Besides allowing the creation of multiple instances, OPNET allows the user to extend the
functionality of the basic models already available as part of the model library. Thus, by defining
the value of the attributes of the basic model the user can develop customized models following
particular standards or vendor specifications.

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 7
AIM : Practical implementation of Queuing Models using C/C++

Program1
#ifndef SIMULATION
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
#include <list>

#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
class SimulateClass

{
private:
typedef list<int> eventList;
typedef queue<int> bankQueue;
void processArrival(int, ifstream& , eventList&, bankQueue& );
void processDeparture(int, eventList&, bankQueue& );
int arrivalCount;
void displaySimulation();
int waitingTime;
int waitingTime;
int departureCalls;
int newEvent;
SimulateClass();
void simulateBank();
};
#endif

SRI SUKHMANI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Affiliated to PTU, & Approved by AICTE

Experiment 8
AIM : Applications of Matlab
You can use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal processing and
communications, image and video processing, control systems, test and measurement,
computational finance, and computational biology. More than a million engineers and scientists
in industry and academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing.
Numeric Computation
MATLAB provides a range of numerical computation methods for analyzing data, developing
algorithms, and creating models. The MATLAB language includes mathematical functions that
support common engineering and science operations. Core math functions use processoroptimized libraries to provide fast execution of vector and matrix calculations.

Available methods include:

Interpolation and regression
Differentiation and integration
Linear systems of equations
Fourier analysis
Eigenvalues and singular values
Ordinary differential equations (ODEs)
Sparse matrices
MATLAB add-on products provide functions in specialized areas such as statistics,
optimization, signal analysis, and machine learning.

Refinement of gridded data using 2-D cubic interpolation.

Data Analysis and Visualization

MATLAB provides tools to acquire, analyze, and visualize data, enabling you to gain insight
into your data in a fraction of the time it would take using spreadsheets or traditional
programming languages. You can also document and share your results through plots and reports
or as published MATLAB code.

Acquiring Data
MATLAB lets you access data from files, other applications, databases, and external devices.
You can read data from popular file formats such as Microsoft Excel; text or binary files; image,

sound, and video files; and scientific files such as netCDF and HDF. File I/O functions let you
work with data files in any format.

A mixed numeric and text file for import into MATLAB using the Import Tool. MATLAB
automatically generates a script or function to import the file programmatically.
Using MATLAB with add-on products, you can acquire data from hardware devices, such as
your computer's serial port or sound card, as well as stream live, measured data directly into
MATLAB for analysis and visualization. You can also communicate with instruments such as
oscilloscopes, function generators, and signal analyzers.
Analyzing Data
MATLAB lets you manage, filter, and preprocess your data. You can perform exploratory data
analysis to uncover trends, test assumptions, and build descriptive models. MATLAB provides
functions for filtering and smoothing, interpolation, convolution, and fast Fourier transforms
(FFTs). Add-on products provide capabilities for curve and surface fitting, multivariate statistics,
spectral analysis, image analysis, system identification, and other analysis tasks.

Fitting a surface to data with a custom model using MATLAB and Curve Fitting Toolbox.
Visualizing Data
MATLAB provides built-in 2-D and 3-D plotting functions, as well as volume visualization
functions. You can use these functions to visualize and understand data and communicate results.
Plots can be customized either interactively or programmatically.
The MATLAB plot gallery provides examples of many ways to display data graphically in
MATLAB. For each example, you can view and download source code to use in your MATLAB
application.

Editing the title of a surface contour plot using the MATLAB interactive plotting environment.
Documenting and Sharing Results
You can share results as plots or complete reports. MATLAB plots can be customized to meet
publication specifications and saved to common graphical and data file formats.
You can automatically generate a report when you execute a MATLAB program. The report
contains your code, comments, and program results, including plots. Reports can be published in
a variety of formats, such as HTML, PDF, Word, or LaTeX.

MATLAB program (left) published as HTML (right) using the MATLAB Editor. Results that
display in the Command Window or as plots are captured and included, and the code comments
are turned into section
Programming and Algorithm Development
MATLAB provides a high-level language and development tools that let you quickly develop
and analyze algorithms and applications.
Key Features
Numeric Computation
Data Analysis and Visualization
Programming and Algorithm Development
Application Development and Deployment
Programming and Algorithm Development
MATLAB provides a high-level language and development tools that let you quickly develop
and analyze algorithms and applications.

The MATLAB Language

The MATLAB language provides native support for the vector and matrix operations that are
fundamental to solving engineering and scientific problems, enabling fast development and
execution.
With the MATLAB language, you can write programs and develop algorithms faster than with
traditional languages because you do not need to perform low-level administrative tasks such as
declaring variables, specifying data types, and allocating memory. In many cases, the support for

vector and matrix operations eliminates the need for for-loops. As a result, one line of MATLAB
code can often replace several lines of C or C++ code.
MATLAB provides features of traditional programming languages, including flow control, error
handling, and object-oriented programming (OOP). You can use fundamental data types or
advanced data structures, or you can define custom data types.

A communications algorithm that generates 1024 random bits, converts the vector to a
transmitted signal, adds complex Gaussian noise, and plots the result in nine lines of MATLAB
code.
You can produce immediate results by interactively executing commands one at a time. This
approach lets you quickly explore multiple options and iterate to an optimal solution. You can
capture interactive steps as scripts and functions to reuse and automate your work.
MATLAB add-on products provide built-in algorithms for signal processing and
communications, image and video processing, control systems, and many other domains. By
combining these algorithms with your own, you can build complex programs and applications.
Development Tools
MATLAB includes a variety of tools for efficient algorithm development, including:
Command Window - Lets you interactively enter data, execute commands and
programs, and display results
MATLAB Editor - Provides editing and debugging features, such as setting breakpoints
and stepping through individual lines of code
Code Analyzer - Automatically checks code for problems and recommends
modifications to maximize performance and maintainability
MATLAB Profiler - Measures performance of MATLAB programs and identifies areas
of code to modify for improvement
Additional tools compare code and data files, and provide reports showing file dependencies,
annotated reminders, and code coverage.

MATLAB program running in debug mode to diagnose problems.

Application Development and Deployment
MATLAB tools and add-on products provide a range of options to develop and deploy
applications. You can share individual algorithms and applications with other MATLAB users or
deploy them royalty-free to others who do not have MATLAB.
Designing Graphical User Interfaces
Using GUIDE (Graphical User Interface Development Environment), you can lay out, design,
and edit custom graphical user interfaces. You can include common controls such as list boxes,
pull-down menus, and push buttons, as well as MATLAB plots. Graphical user interfaces can
also be created programmatically using MATLAB functions.

GUIDE layout of a wind analysis user interface (top) and the completed interface (bottom).
Deploying Applications
To distribute an application directly to other MATLAB users, you can package it as a MATLAB
app, which provides a single file for distribution. Apps automatically install in the MATLAB
apps gallery for easy access.
To share applications with others who do not have MATLAB, you can use application
deployment products. These add-on products automatically generate standalone applications,

shared libraries, and software components for integration in C, C++, Java, .NET, and Excel
environments. The executables and components can be distributed royalty-free.
MATLAB Production Server lets you run MATLAB programs packaged with MATLAB
Compiler within your production systems, enabling you to incorporate numerical analytics in
web, database, and enterprise applications.
Generating C Code
You can use MATLAB Coder to generate standalone C code from MATLAB code. MATLAB
Coder supports a subset of the MATLAB language typically used by design engineers for
developing algorithms as components of larger systems. This code can be used for standalone
execution, for integration with other software applications, or as part of an embedded
application.

MATLAB code (left) and code generation report (right) showing generated C code.