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    Solution 104 9

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    HanzDucNguyen
    This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

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    Solution 104 9

    Uploaded by

    HanzDucNguyen
    62 views3 pages
    This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

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    This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    62 views3 pages

    Solution 104 9

    Uploaded by

    HanzDucNguyen
    This document contains solutions to problems regarding integrals and integrability. Solution 1 proves that the function f(x)=x^2 is integrable on the interval [0,b] and computes its Darboux integrals. Solution 2 proves that if a function f is integrable on [a,b] then a function g that differs from f at only one point is also integrable. Solution 3 extends this result to subintervals of [a,b].

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    MATH 104-06: INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS

    SOLUTION 9

    (1) P279, 32.2


    Proof. (a) For partition P = {0 = t0 < t1 < t2 < < tn = b} of [0, b], we
    compute the upper and lower Darboux sum of P . Since M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) = tk and
    m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) = 0, we have
    U (f, P ) =

    n
    X

    M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =

    n
    X

    tk (tk tk1 )

    k=1

    k=1

    and
    L(f, P ) =

    n
    X

    m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =

    k=1

    n
    X

    0 (tk tk1 ) = 0.

    k=1

    P
    P
    2
    t2 t2
    t2 t2
    t +t
    Since U (f, P ) > nk=1 k 2k1 (tk tk1 ) = nk=1 k 2k1 = n 2 0 = b2 for any
    2
    partition P , so we have that the upper Darboux integral U (f ) b2 . Actually, for
    P
    n
    the decomposition given by tk = kb
    k=1 tk (tk tk1 ) =
    n , we have U (f, P ) =
    P
    2
    Pn kb b
    b (n+1)
    n
    b2
    b2
    k=1 k =
    k=1 n n = n2
    2n , which goes to 2 when n goes to infinity, so the
    2
    Darboux integral U (f ) equals b2 .
    For the lower Darboux integral, since each partition has lower Darboux integral
    equals 0, we have the lower Darboux integral L(f ) equals 0.
    (b) Since U (f ) =
    integrable on [0, b].

    b2
    2

    and L(f ) = 0 which are not equal to each other, so f is not


    

    (2) P280, 32.7


    Proof. We can first suppose that f and g only differ by one point x0 [a, b], then
    the proof for the general case follows by induction.
    Since f is integrable on [a, b], f is bounded on [a, b], so there exists M > 0 such
    that |f (x)| < M for any x [a, b]. Since g only differs from f at one point, we can
    also enlarge M such that |g(x)| < M also holds for any x [a, b].
    For any > 0, since f is integrable on [a, b], we can find a partition P of [a, b]
    such that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < . By adding x0 to the partition P , we get a finer
    partition P P . Let P = {a = t0 < < tk1 < tk = x0 < tk+1 < < tn = b},

    . If tk+1 x0 (or x0 tk1 ) is greater than , then we add a new


    and let = 4M
    point in (x0 , x0 ) (or a point in (x0 , x0 + )) to P to get a new partition P P ,
    with U (f, P ) L(f, P ) U (f, Q) L(f, Q) < .
    Now we estimate the upper and lower Darboux sums for g about P . We still
    denote the partition P by {a = t0 < < tk1 < tk = x0 < tk+1 < < tn = b}
    1

    with tk+1 x0 , x0 tk1 < . Then


    n 

    X
    

    M (g, [tm1 , tm ]) M (f, [tm1 , tm ]) (tm tm1 )


    |U (g, P ) U (f, P )| =

    m=1








    M (g, [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) + M (g, [tk , tk+1 ]) M (f, [tk , tk+1 ]) (tk+1 tk )

    <2M + 2M = .

    So we have that |U (g, P ) U (f, P )| < and the same estimation implies that
    |L(g, P ) L(f, P )| < . So we have that U (g, P ) L(g, P ) < U (f, P )
    L(f, P ) + 2 < 3, which implies that g is integrable on [a, b]. Moreover, we
    Rb
    Rb
    have that a f a g U (f, P ) L(g, P ) < U (f, P ) L(f, P ) + < 2 and
    Rb
    Rb
    Rb
    Rb

    P ) L(f, P )U (f, P ) > 2. So | a f a g| <


    a f a g L(f, P )U (g,
    Rb
    Rb
    2 holds for any > 0, so a f = a g holds.
    
    (3) P280, 32.8
    Proof. We need only to show that for any > 0, there is a partition P of [c, d] such
    that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < .
    Since f is integrable on [a, b], there is a partition Q of [a, b] such that U (f, Q)
    L(f, Q) < . By adding c and d to the partition Q, we get a finer partition Q such
    that Q Q , and U (f, Q ) L(f, Q ) U (f, Q) L(f, Q) < .
    Let Q = {a = t0 < < tm = c < < tn = d < < tk = b}, then
    P = {tm = c < < tn = d} is a partition of [c, d]. Then we have
    > U (f, Q ) L(f, Q ) =

    k 
    X
    l=1

    n
    X

    l=m+1

    
    M (f, [tl1 , tl ]) m(f, [tl1 , tl ]) (tl tl1 )

    
    
    M (f, [tl1 , tl ]) m(f, [tl1 , tl ]) (tl tl1 ) = U (f, P ) L(f, P ).

    Then U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < implies that f is integrable on [c, d].


    
    (4) P289, 33.4
    Proof. Let f : [0, 1] R be defined by
    
    1 x [0, 1] Q
    f (x)
    1 x [0, 1] \ Q
    Then |f |(x) = 1 for any x [0, 1], which is a continuous function. So |f | is
    integrable on [0, 1].
    However, for any partition P = {0 = t0 < < tn = 1}, we have M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) =
    1 and m(f,P
    [tk1 , tk ]) = 1. So we can compute the
    Pn upper and lower Darboux sums:
    U (f, P ) = P nk=1 M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) =
    P k=1 (tk tk1 ) = tn t0 = 1 and
    L(f, P ) = nk=1 m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) = nk=1 (1) (tk tk1 ) = (tn t0 ) =
    1. Then the upper and lower Darboux integrals are U (f ) = 1 and L(f ) = 1,
    which are not equal. So f is not integrable on [0, 1].
    
    (5) P289, 33.7

    Proof.
    for any interval [c, d] [a, b], M (f 2 , [c, d])m(f 2 , [c, d])
     (a) We first show that 
    2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) holds.

    For any > 0, there exists x, y [c, d], such that f 2 (x) > M (f 2 , [c, d]) and
    f 2 (y) < m(f 2 , [c, d]) + . So we have M (f 2 , [c, d]) < f 2 (x) + and m(f 2 , [c, d]) <
    f 2 (y) + , which implies
    M (f 2 , [c, d]) m(f 2 , [c, d]) < f 2 (x) f 2 (y) + 2
    
    
    |f (x) + f (y)| |f (x) f (y)| + 2 2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) + 2.

    Since
    the inequality holdsfor any > 0, we have M (f 2 , [c, d]) m(f 2 , [c, d])
    
    2B M (f, [c, d]) m(f, [c, d]) .
    So for P = {a = t0 < t1 < < tn = b}, we have
    n 
    
    X
    2
    2
    U (f , P ) L(f , P ) =
    M (f 2 , [tk1 , tk ]) m(f 2 , [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 )
    k=1

    n
    X
    k=1

    
    
    
    2B M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 ) = 2B U (f, P ) L(f, P ) .

    (b) For any > 0, since f is integrable on [a, b], there exists a partition P of
    [a, b] such that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < . Then the previous inequality implies that
    U (f 2 , P ) L(f 2 , P ) < 2B, so f 2 is also integrable on [a, b].
    
    (6) P290, 33.9
    Proof. For any > 0, since (fn ) uniformly converges to f on [a, b], there exists N
    such that for any n > N , we have |fn (x) f (x)| < for any x [a, b]. We fix an
    n > N , since fn is integrable on [a, b], there is a partition P = {t0 = a < t1 < <
    tk = b} such that U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) < .
    Now we estimate |U (fn , P ) U (f, P )| and
    |L(fn , P ) L(f, P )|. Since |fn (x)



    f (x)| < for any x [a, b], we have that M (fn , [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) <




    and m(fn , [tk1 , tk ]) m(f, [tk1 , tk ]) < for any k {1, , n}. So
    n

    X


    |U (fn , P ) U (f, P )|
    M (fn , [tk1 , tk ]) M (f, [tk1 , tk ]) (tk tk1 )
    k=1

    n
    X

    (tk tk1 ) = (b a).

    k=1

    The same estimation gives that |L(fn , P ) L(f, P )| (b a).


    So we have that U (f, P ) L(f, P ) < U (fn , P ) L(fn , P ) + (b a) + (b a) =
    (1 + 2(b a)), so f is integrable on [a, b].
    Since f and fn are both integrable on [a, b], |fn f
    on [a, b]. Since
    R
    R | is also integrable

    b
    b
    |fn (x)f (x)| < for any x [a, b], we have that a (fn f ) a |fn f | (ba).
    Rb
    Rb
    So limn a fn = a f holds.
    

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