SSR

he ground Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) equipment incorporates a transmitter and
receiver respectively operating in the following frequencies (transmitter; receiver):

1090 MHz; 1090 MHz
1090 MHz; 1030 MHz
1030 MHz; 1090 MHz
1030 MHz; 1030 MHz
Interrogation 1030, response 1090
With SSR, interrogation and response signals:

are separated by 63 MHz
must be set by the pilot but are always 60 MHz apart
are at standard frequencies separated by 60 MHz
are at variable frequencies set by the controller but are always 63 MHz apart
With regard to SSR: The interrogator is on the ground and the transponder is in the
aircraft.
The frequency of an SSR ground transmission is: 1030 +/- 0.2 Mhz
The ATC transponder system excluding Mode S contains: two modes, each 4096
codes
Meaning A and C. Mode A has 4096 possible codes because there are four digits in the
transponder code, each digit can be anywhere from 0 to 7, a total of 8. The number of
combinations is 8 x 8 x 8 x 8 = 4096. This is sent to the ground station in a 12 bit pulse
stream which, not by coincidence, can also handle 4096 combinations of numbers. The
Mode C response is actually three digits from FL000 to FL999, a total of 1000 possible
sequences but it uses the same 12 bit pulse train as Mode A. Source:
[http://www.atpforum.eu/showthread.php?t=1263]
With normal SSR mode A coding the aircraft replies by sending back a train of up to 12
pulses contained between 2 framing pulses with:
4096 codes in 4 boxes
The accuracy of SSR height as displayed to the air traffic controller is:
+/- 25 ft
+/- 50 ft
+/- 75 ft
+/- 100 ft
SSR Mode C Correspondence Error. As the Mode C transponder reports the Flight Level,
which has a resolution of 100 ft, the error introduced from this resolution is a maximum of
50 ft (on the basis that Flight Level data are rounded to the nearest 100 ft).
When a Mode C check is carried out, and assuming the equipment is working without
error, the Mode C will report a pressure altitude of 35.064 ft as flight level:
350
35064
3506
351
Why is the effect of returns from storms not a problem with SSR?
The frequency is too high
SSR does not use the echo principle
The PRF is jittered
By the use of MTI to remove stationary and slow moving returns
Secondary radars use different frequencies for transmission and reception therefore they
are not susceptible to reflections from very active clouds.
The electronic principle on which radar operates is very similar to the principle of soundwave reflection. If you shout in the direction of a sound-reflecting object (like a rocky
canyon or cave), you will hear an echo. If you know the speed of sound in air, you can then
estimate the distance and general direction of the object. The time required for an echo to
return can be roughly converted to distance if the speed of sound is known. The radiofrequency (rf) energy is transmitted to and reflected from the reflecting object. A small
portion of the reflected energy returns to the radar set. This returned energy is called an
ECHO, just as it is in sound terminology. Radar sets use the echo to determine the direction
and distance of the reflecting object. Source:
[http://www.radartutorial.eu/01.basics/rb06.en.html]
When Mode C is selected on the aircraft SSR transponder the additional information
transmitted is:
height based on QFE

altitude based on regional QNH
aircraft height based on sub-scale setting
flight level based on 1013.25 hPa
With regard to the advantages of SSR which of the following statements is correct?
Little power is required to effect longish range
No aircraft manoeuvres are necessary for identification
Range, bearing and height can be calculated from reply signals
All of the above
The two main design functions of Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) Mode S are:
the elimination of ground to air communications and the introduction of automatic
separation between aircraft using TCAS II
collision avoidance using TCAS II and improved long range (HF) communication capability
continuous automatic position reporting using Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and
collision avoidance using TCAS II
air to ground and ground to air data link communications and improved ATC
aircraft surveillance capability
The code transmitted by a SSR transponder consists of:

phase differences
pulses
frequency differences
amplitude differences
The aircraft's response on 1090 MHz is a stream of pulses 20.3 micro seconds long framed
by two frame pulses. Between the frame pulses there is space for 12 additional pulses,
known as a 12 bit code. The pulse train is effectively a binary code in which 2^12 or 4096
possible number combinations can be sent.
The availability of 4096 codes in SSR is applicable to mode:

A
C
S
All
Which statement regarding Mode S transponders is most correct?

Mode S transponders reduce RT traffic and provide a datalink facility
Mode S transponders are used with TCAS III
Mode S transponders are used to assist GPS positioning
Mode S and Mode C transponders operate on different frequencies
Why is a secondary radar display screen free of storm clutter?

The principle of echo return is not used in secondary radar
The frequencies employed are too high to give returns from moisture sources
A moving target indicator facility suppresses the display of static or near static returns
The frequencies employed are too low to give returns from moisture sources
Which of the following Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) codes is used to indicate
transponder malfunction? 0000
With reference to SSR, what code is used to indicate transponder altitude failure? 0000
Which one of the following Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) codes should be used by
aircraft entering airspace from an area where SSR operation has not been required? 2000
The SSR conspicuity code is: 7000

Conspicuity codes are for aircraft which have not been allocated a transponder setting. It is
7000 for aircraft operating within UK airspace and is 2000 for aircraft coming into UK
airspace from another FIR.
In order to indicate unlawful interference with the planned operation of the flight, the
aircraft Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transponder should be selected to: 7500
What transponder code is selected in the event of radio failure: 7600
In order to indicate an emergency situation, the aircraft Secondary Surveillance Radar
(SSR) transponder should be set to: 7700
Which one of the following switch positions should be used when selecting a code on the
Transponder?
NORMAL
OFF
STBY (Standby)
IDENT (Identification)
SSR uses wide aperture aerials to:

reduce side lobe effects
improve bearing discrimination
improve range discrimination
reduce the vertical beam width
SSR, in ATC use: is complementary to primary radar
In the SSR response, the operation of the transponder ident button:

transmits the aeroplanes registration or flight number as a data coded sequence
sends a special pulse after the normal response pulse train
sends a special pulse before the normal response pulse train
sends a special pulse in the X position on the pulse train
An additional identification pulse can be transmitted 4.35 micro seconds after the pulse train
which causes the return on the radar screen to bloom for 25 seconds. This extra pulse is
known as ident or Special Position Identification (SPI).
Data transmission and exchange is conducted in:

Mode A
Mode C
Mode D
Mode S
Garbling is caused by:

an aeroplane's transponder responding to side lobes or reflections of the interrogation
signal
aeroplane is in close proximity responding to the same interrogation
aeroplane at range responding to interrogations from another ATC, SSR
Doppler effect on targets moving radially towards or away from the SSR
If two aircraft are on the same bearing from the ground station and closer together than
1.7NM they may produce overlapping replies to the ground interrogator. This is garbling.
Fruiting is caused by:

Aeroplanes in close proximity responding to the same interrogation
An aeroplane's transponder responding to side lobes or reflctionsof the interrogation signal
Aeroplane at range responding to interrogations from another ATC, SSR
Doppler effect on targets moving radially towards or away from the SSR
FRUIT (False Replies Unsynchronized with Interrogator Transmissions or alternatively False
Replies Unsynchronized In Time). If aircraft are in range of two ground interrogators they
may reply to both. The received replies may be for the wrong station, this is called fruiting.
A mode S transponder will:

not respond to interrogations made on mode A
respond normally to mode A/C interrogations
respond to mode A interrogations but not mode C
not respond to mode A/C as it is on the different frequency
Following the transition to this new configuration both modern Mode S and legacy Mode A/C
transponders will continue to reply to interrogations, as Mode S is backward compatible - a
Mode A/C transponder will respond A/C to a Mode S interrogation.
Why do clouds not appear on secondary radar screens:

Too high a frequency
Too low a frequency
They do not provide an echo by returning signals
The transmit and receive signals are on different frequencies
In SSR, the interrogations use different modes. If altitude reporting is required, the
aeroplane's transponder should be set to ALT and will respond to:
Mode C interrogations only
Mode A interrogations only
Mode C and A interrogations

Mode C and Ident interrogations
A mode A/C transponder will:

Not respond to interrogations made on mode S
Respond to mode S interrogations but cannot send data
Respond to mode S interrogations with limited data
Not respond to mode S as it is on a different frequency

SSR

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he ground Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) equipment incorporates a transmitter and

receiver respectively operating in the following frequencies (transmitter; receiver):

With SSR, interrogation and response signals:

height based on QFE

The code transmitted by a SSR transponder consists of:

The availability of 4096 codes in SSR is applicable to mode:

Which statement regarding Mode S transponders is most correct?

Why is a secondary radar display screen free of storm clutter?

The SSR conspicuity code is: 7000

What transponder code is selected in the event of radio failure: 7600

In order to indicate an emergency situation, the aircraft Secondary Surveillance Radar

(SSR) transponder should be set to: 7700

SSR uses wide aperture aerials to:

SSR, in ATC use: is complementary to primary radar

In the SSR response, the operation of the transponder ident button:

Data transmission and exchange is conducted in:

Garbling is caused by:

Fruiting is caused by:

A mode S transponder will:

Why do clouds not appear on secondary radar screens:

Mode C and A interrogations

A mode A/C transponder will:

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