The document provides an overview of the architecture of Intel microprocessors, including:
- Memory is needed to store data and instructions in RAM and ROM. ROM contents cannot be changed, while PROM and EPROM can be reprogrammed.
- Addressing allows referring to specific memory locations numbered from 0000H to the highest address. With 12 address lines, 4096 unique addresses are possible.
- The accumulator is often used register whose contents are altered by operations. General-purpose registers are similar but don't perform two-data operations. The program counter tracks the next instruction location.
- The status register tracks arithmetic and logical operation outcomes through flags to enable condition testing and branching. The stack
The document provides an overview of the architecture of Intel microprocessors, including:
- Memory is needed to store data and instructions in RAM and ROM. ROM contents cannot be changed, while PROM and EPROM can be reprogrammed.
- Addressing allows referring to specific memory locations numbered from 0000H to the highest address. With 12 address lines, 4096 unique addresses are possible.
- The accumulator is often used register whose contents are altered by operations. General-purpose registers are similar but don't perform two-data operations. The program counter tracks the next instruction location.
- The status register tracks arithmetic and logical operation outcomes through flags to enable condition testing and branching. The stack
The document provides an overview of the architecture of Intel microprocessors, including:
- Memory is needed to store data and instructions in RAM and ROM. ROM contents cannot be changed, while PROM and EPROM can be reprogrammed.
- Addressing allows referring to specific memory locations numbered from 0000H to the highest address. With 12 address lines, 4096 unique addresses are possible.
- The accumulator is often used register whose contents are altered by operations. General-purpose registers are similar but don't perform two-data operations. The program counter tracks the next instruction location.
- The status register tracks arithmetic and logical operation outcomes through flags to enable condition testing and branching. The stack
The document provides an overview of the architecture of Intel microprocessors, including:
- Memory is needed to store data and instructions in RAM and ROM. ROM contents cannot be changed, while PROM and EPROM can be reprogrammed.
- Addressing allows referring to specific memory locations numbered from 0000H to the highest address. With 12 address lines, 4096 unique addresses are possible.
- The accumulator is often used register whose contents are altered by operations. General-purpose registers are similar but don't perform two-data operations. The program counter tracks the next instruction location.
- The status register tracks arithmetic and logical operation outcomes through flags to enable condition testing and branching. The stack
Block Diagram of a Complete Computer with Peripheral Devices
(Arrows indicate Data Flow)
We learned that memory was needed so that there would be a place for data & instructions to be stored. Data & programs which can be lost after power is removed are stored in RAM. Data & instructions which must never be lost, even after the power is turned off, are stored in ROM. Remember that ROM is a type of memory which cannot have its contents changed once the ROM chip is manufactured. PROM & EPROM are used in much the same way as ROM but can be reprogrammed after manufactured but require special equipment to program them.
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Addressing Since there are many memory locations (or, addresses), it is necessary to have a means of referring to specific locations. This is done through addressing. Typically, RAM addresses are numbered 0000H (in hex) to the highest addressable memory. For example, using 12 binary digits, how many unique memory locations would be possible?
212 = 4096 unique addresses from
0000 0000 0000 up to 1111 1111 1111 or 0 0 0 hex F F F
P Architecture Accumulator: one of the most often used parts of a P is the accumulator a register which often has its contents altered in some way. For example, we can add the contents of the accumulator to the contents of a RAM address. Usually, the result of an operation is also placed in the accumulator. Width of Registers: maximum size of bits is generally, 8, 16, 32, or 64
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General-Purpose Registers: are similar to the
accumulator, and are temporary storage locations. They differ from accumulator in that operations involving two pieces of data are usually not performed in them with the result going back into the register itself, as the case of the accumulator. Program Counter (PC) or Instruction Pointer (IP): considering the fact that there can be millions of RAM locations, its obvious that the P must keep track of the location from which it will be getting its next instruction. This is the job of the PC or IP.
Status Register: sometimes called condition code
register, or flag register, is a special register which keeps track of certain facts about the outcome of arithmetic, logical, & other operations. This register makes it possible for the P to be able to test for certain conditions, & then to perform alternate functions based on those conditions. This is done through the use of flags. Stack Pointer: the structure of a stack is a first-in-lastout (FILO), where unlike main memory, where you can access data item in any order. The stack is designed so that you can only access (through stack pointer) the top of the stock. We can push an item (save operation) onto the stack so that we can later pop them (retrieve operation)
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Intel 8086/8088 P Programming Model
Address RAM The diagram on the left is a complete programming model of the 8086/8088 Ps in addition to the RAM address available for programmers but only starting at address 0100H
0100
HH
0101
HH
0102
HH
0103
HH
0104
HH
0105
HH
0106
HH
Name
32-bit names EAX EBX ECX EDX ESP EBP EDI ESI
AH AX AL BH BX BL CH CX CL DH DX DL SP BP DI SI 32 bits
16 bits
EIP EFlags
IP
Instruction pointer
CS
Code segment Data segment Extra segment Stack segment
DS ES
SS FS
: FFFF
Accumulator Base index Count Data Stack pointer Base pointer Destination index Source index
HH
GS
Lesson Check-Up 1. Describe how the 8088/8086 accumulator is labeled. 2. How many 8-bit general-purpose registers does 8088 have? 3. In the 8088 what has the same function as the program counter in 8-bit Ps? 4. If we had 20,00010 memory address lines, what would be the last address line needed to describe an item in hex 2 bytes wide?
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5. In simplest terms, what are generalpurpose registers?
6. A register which helps Ps to work with tables of data? 7. When a flag register is . . . . . . this indicates that the condition which the flag tests has not come true. 8. When a flag register is . . . . . . this indicates that the condition which the flag tests has come true.
9. Refer to Figure shown. If we POP data item #2 (twobytes) from the stack, will the stack pointer (SP) increment or decrement? What hex value will appear in the SP? 10. Refer to the same Figure, if we PUSH three data items onto the stack 1-byte each, will the SP increment or decrement? What hex value will appear in the SP?
