arXiv:0807.4796v1 [cond-mat.

stat-mech] 30 Jul 2008

Phase diagram of the asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg

chain
J.S. Valverde, Onofre Rojas and S. M. de Souza
Departamento de Ciencias Exatas, Universidade Federal de Lavras
Caixa Postal 3037, CEP: 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil

July 30, 2008

Abstract
The asymmetric tetrahedron is composed by all edges of tetrahedron represented by Ising interaction except
one, which has a Heisenberg type interaction. This asymmetric tetrahedron is arranged connecting a vertex which
edges are only Ising type interaction to another vertex with same structure of another tetrahedron. The process
is replicated and this kind of lattice we call the asymmetric Ising-Heisenberg chain. We have studied the ground
state phase diagram for this kind of models. Particularly we consider two situations in the Heisenberg-type
interaction, (i) The asymmetric tetrahedral spin(1/2,1/2) Ising-XYZ chain, and (ii) the asymmetric tetrahedral
spin-(1/2,1) Ising-XXZ chain, where we have found a rich phase diagram and a number of multicritical points.
Additionally we have also studied their thermodynamics properties and the correlation function, using the decorated transformation. We have mapped the asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg chain in an effective Ising
chain, and we have also concluded that it is possible to evaluate the partition function including a longitudinal
external magnetic field.

Keywords: Spin chain models; mathematical physics; decorated Ising-Heisenberg model.

1 Introduction
Low dimensional systems based on magnetic material have attracted considerable attention lately in a number
of subjects such as condensed matter physics, material science and inorganic chemistry. In these particular areas
quantum ferrimagnetic chains (QFC) were discussed, due to that they exhibit a relevant combination of ferromagnetic (F) and antiferromagnetic (AF) states. Experimental synthetization of the compound Cu(3-Clpy)2 (N3 )2 [1]
with Clpy indicating Chloropyridine had been investigated. This compound could be mapped into a spin-1/2
tetramer chain with F-F-AF-AF bond alternation[2]. Recently diamond type chain structures have been intensively
investigated theoretically and experimentally[3]. The natural candidates to describes these kinds of materials are
the quantum anisotropic Heisenberg model or even Ising type models. Certainly the rigorous mapping of those
compounds into Heisenberg type models could become very complex systems which usually have non exact solution. However some particular case of models could become exactly solvable such as the Ising-Heisenberg model
considered by Jascur and Strecka[4], a more detailed discussion also considered by Canova et al.[5]. The method
used to solve this kind of models is the historical Fishers work[6] of decorated transformation method, proposed
in 50s decade, the improvement of the method is discussed in reference [7]. Many other quasi-unidimensional
Ising type models were solved using this methods[8, 9].
Recently, theoretical investigation of strongly geometrical frustration materials[10] have been performed, particularly focused on the diamond chain structure, using several numerical approaches[11, 12]. These theoretical results could enhance the other experimental realizations provided by the polymeric compounds such as
Cu2OSO4[13] and M3(OH)2 (with M=Ni, Co, Mn)[14, 15]. Other quasi-unidimensional Heisenberg models were
studied using numerical results such as discussed in references [12, 16] and some analytical series expansion also
has been performed[17] for similar systems.
This work aim is to present the frustrated properties of the asymmetric tetrahedron Ising Heisenberg (ATIH)
chain, this models can be solved exactly mapping for an effective Ising chain with spins 1/2 or 1 using the method
presented by Fisher[6]. This work is organized as follow, in section 2, we present the ATIH chain, considering
Heisenberg interaction with spin 1/2 and 1. In section 3, we discuss the phase diagram at zero temperature
shown a rich phase diagram and several critical points, for the spin-(1/2,1/2) Ising-XYZ chain and spin-(1,1/2)
Ising-XXZ chain. In section 4, we discuss the thermodynamics properties for Ising-Heisenberg chain with Ising
spin s=1/2 or 1 and Heisenberg interaction spin S=1/2 or 1, we also considered the correlation function using the
decorated transformation method[6]. Finally in section 5, we present our conclusions.

2 The model
The asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg (ATIH) chain is composed by all edges of tetrahedron (dashed line
Fig.1) represented by Ising type interaction except one which is represented by Heisenberg type interaction (solid
line in Fig. 1), which can be viewed also as Ising-Heisenberg diamond chain. To obtain the ATIH chain we coupled
the vertex composed only by the Ising type interaction edge, we call from now on just as Ising interaction vertex,
and connecting to another Ising interaction vertex of other tetrahedron. On the other hand the asymmetric edge of
the tetrahedron are represented by Heisenberg type interaction, that we simply call as Heisenberg interaction edge
(interaction between sites a, b in Fig.1).
Sa

Sa
J
J

sc

sc

Sa
Jab

Sb

J
Sb

sc

sc
Sb

Figure 1: The schematic representation of the coupled asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg. All edges
(dashed line) of tetrahedral are represented by the Ising interaction vertex except one (solid line) which is represented by Heisenberg interaction edge.
The schematic representation of the ATIH model is given in Fig.1. The Hamiltonian for the ATIH chain discussed above could be written by the following expression
X
X



z
z
(1)
(sc,i + sc,i+1 ) + Jsc,i sc,i+1 + HiXY Z .
J Sa,i
+ Sb,i
Hi,i+1 =
H=
i

with sc,i being the spin of Ising interaction vertex, where J is the interaction parameter. The last term included in
eq.(1) correspond to the Heisenberg interaction edge, which is given by
y
y
z
z
x
x
,
Sb,i
Sb,i
+ Jy Sa,i
Sb,i
+ Jz Sa,i
HiXY Z = Jx Sa,i

(2)

being Si the spin matrices with = x, y, z and J are their interaction parameter among sites a and b. We can also
include the longitudinal external magnetic field in the Hamiltonian (1), which read as

X  h0


z
z
(sc,i + sc,i+1 ) + h Sa,i
+ Sb,i
,
(3)
Hm =
2
i

here h0 is an external magnetic field acting on spin sc , whereas h is an external magnetic field acting on Saz and
Sbz . Note that we are considering different external magnetic fields because we assume that the gyromagnetic
factor acting on sc could be different from that gyromagnetic factor acting on Saz and Sbz , which we report as
h0 = gh with g being their relative gyromagnetic factor. The eq. (1) is symmetric Hamiltonian in relation to the
z
z
exchange sc,i sc,i+1 and Sa,i
Sb,i
. On the other hand we note that the Hamiltonian (1) also has an internal
spin symmetry H(sc,i , sc,i+1 ) = H(sc,i , sc,i+1 ).

2.1 The XYZ interaction edge with spin-1/2

To perform the partial summation over decorated site, we need to diagonalize the XYZ interaction edge Hamiltonian (2), to evaluate this, we introduce the notations J+ = Jx + Jy and J = Jx Jy . For the spin S = 1/2, we
obtain the diagonalized Hamiltonian


(1)
(2)
(2)
(1)
(4)
Hi,i+1 = diag + , + , , ,
with diag() we represents diagonal elements of the Hamiltonian (1), and conveniently we use the notation for
simplicity sc = sc,i and sc = sc,i+1 . Thus the eigenvalues are given by
q
1
1
(1)
2,
162 + J
= + Jz
4
4
1
1
(2)
= Jz J+ ,
(5)
4
4

with
(sc , sc ) =J sc z + sc
(sc , sc ) =Jsc z sc

z

+ h,
h0
z

+
sc z + sc ,
2

(6)
(7)

here (sc , sc ) and (sc , sc ) are dependents of the spins sc and sc , thus we write from now on just as and
respectively. Each eigenvalues are given by eq.(5) which depend of sc and sc , then we have 16 eigenvalues.
After diagonalize the Hamiltonian function we get the corresponding set of eigenvectors also, thus the new
basis are given by
1
(+)
|v1 (sc , sc )i = p
(e1 | + +i + | i),
1 + e21
1
(+)
|v2 i = (|+i + |+i) ,
2

1
()
|v1 (sc , sc )i = p
(e2 | + +i + | i),
1 + e22
1
()
|v2 i = ( |+i + |+i) ,
2

where the factors e1 , e2 depends of spins sc and sc which are given by the following values
q
q
2 + 4
2 + 4
162 + J
162 + J
e1 e1 (sc , sc ) =
,
e2 e2 (sc , sc ) =
,
J
J
()

()

()

(8)
(9)

(10)

()

the normalized eigenvectors |v1 (sc , sc )i and |v2 i belonging to the eigenvalues 1 and 2 given by (5).
()
We also remark that the eigenvectors |v2 i are independents of the spins sc and sc or we can say it is four-fold
degenerated.
At this point we would like to comment about the relations of the e1 (sc , sc ) and e2 (sc , sc ) factors. From (10), it
is not difficult to note that these factors transform one eigenvector of eq.(8) into the other one, when we exchange
the following values,

sc sc

sc sc
(+)
()
(11)
= |v1 (sc , sc )i |v1 (sc , sc )i,
J

h h

this property could be valid in more general situation, even in the presence of an external magnetic field. However,
it is important to point out that the eigenvalues of eq.(5) does not have a similar transformation. The eigenvalues
(1)
(1)
+ will always be at higher energy level than the eigenfunction . In the case of null magnetic field (h =
0, h0 = 0) we have these coefficients given by
e1 (, ) = e2 (, ) = 1,
q
2 4J
16J 2 + J
e1 (, ) =
,
J

e2 (, ) =

q
2 4J
16J 2 + J
J

(12)
.

(13)

These properties will be useful when we discuss the phase diagram properties.

2.2 The XXZ interaction edge with spin-1

Now we can consider XXZ interaction among sites a and b (see fig.1), with spin S = 1 case. We diagonalize the
Hamiltonian analogous to the previous case. After diagonalizing the Hamiltonian depends only of sc and sc and
read as


(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
(14)
Hi,i+1 = diag + , + , + , + , (5) , , , , ,

with diag() we represents diagonal elements of the Hamiltonian (1), whereas the eigenvalues are given by
(1)

= 2 + + Jz ,
1
(2)
= + + J+ ,
2
1
(3)
= + J+ ,
2
q
1
1
(4)
2,
= Jz
Jz2 + 2J+
2
2
(5) = Jz ,

(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)

where and already was defined by the eqs.(6) and (7).

Now for a complete analyze of the ATIH model, we shall turn our attention to study the XXZ interaction
edge for the decorated spin-1. In this situation we have nine eigenvector after diagonalizing the Hamiltonian,
corresponding to the eigenvalues (15-19), thus the normalized eigenvectors are
|u+
1 i =|1, 1i,
1
|u+
2 i = (|1, 0i + |0, 1i) ,
2
1
+
|u3 i = (|1, 0i + |0, 1i) ,
2
1
|u+
(|1, 1i + | 1, 1i + f1 |0, 0i) ,
4 i =p
2 + f12
1
|u5 i = (|1, 1i + | 1, 1i) ,
2

|u
1 i, =| 1, 1i,
1
|u
2 i = (|0, 1i + | 1, 0i) ,
2
1

|u3 i = (|0, 1i + | 1, 0i) ,

2
1
|u
(|1, 1i + | 1, 1i + f2 |0, 0i) ,
4 i =p
2 + f22

(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)

where f1 and f2 are respectively given by

f1 =

Jz +

p
Jz2 + 8Jx2
,
2Jx

f2 =

Jz

p
Jz2 + 8Jx2
,
2Jx

(25)

at this point, we have a similar situation as was pointed out in eq.(11), i.e., these factors transform as
Jz Jz , Jx Jx

then |u+
4 i |u4 i,

(26)

again this conclusion is valid even when an external magnetic field is included.
After rewritten the Heisenberg interaction edge Hamiltonian in the diagonal form we are able to discuss the
phase diagram for whole quasi-unidimensional chain for both cases XYZ interaction edge with spin-1/2 and XXZ
interaction edge with spin-1.

3 The Phase diagrams of the ATIH chain

3.1 The asymmetric tetrahedral spin-(1/2,1/2) Ising-XYZ chain
To study the phase diagram of the asymmetric tetrahedral spin-(1/2,1/2) Ising-XYZ chain we use the diagonalized
version of the Hamiltonian presented in the previous section 2.1. We would like to note that for the present
considered model, we have a set of sixteen different state vectors, nevertheless, when the translation and the
global spin inversion symmetry are taking into account, we obtain that only eight state vectors have different
phases.
(+)
As we mentioned above some state vectors are physically equivalents, for example, the state vectors |v1 (+, +)i
(+)
and |v1 (, )i corresponding to the same state when we consider the global spin inversion. Once the eigenval(2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
ues satisfy the relations (sc , sc ) = (sc , sc ) and (sc , sc ) = (sc , sc ), which restrict the eigenvectors to only eight relevant energy states. So we obtain the following eight states vectors for the asymmetric

tetrahedral spin-(1/2,1/2) Ising-XYZ chain

N 
E
Y

(+)
|QF OI i =
+, v1 (+, +) ,
k

k=1

|QF OII i =
|QF OIII i =
|QF OIV i =
|F RUI i =
|F RUII i =
|F RUIII i =
|F RUIV i =

N 
E
Y

()
+, v1 (+, +) ,
k

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
,
+, v2

k=1

N 
E
Y

()
,
+, v2

k=1

N/2 

E
Y
(+)
(+)
+, v1 (+, ) , , v1 (+, ) ,
k

k=1

N/2 

E
Y
()
()
+, v1 (+, ) , , v1 (+, ) ,
k

k=1

N/2 

E
Y
(+)
(+)
,
+, v2 , , v2

k=1

N/2 

E
Y
()
()
,
+, v2 , , v2

k=1

2
1 e1 1
2 e21 +1

m0 =0.5,

m1 =

m0 =0.5,

m1 =

m0 =0.5,

m1 = 0,

(29)

m0 =0.5,

m1 = 0,

(30)

2


1 e2 1
2 e22 +1

(27)

(28)

m0 =0,

m1 = 0,

(31)

m0 =0,

m1 = 0,

(32)

m0 =0,

m1 = 0,

(33)

m0 =0,

m1 = 0,

(34)

where the first element inside the product corresponds to the Ising interaction taking two possible values (1),
and the next element represent the XYZ interaction edge considered in the previous section. All products are carried
out over all spin sites. In these relations the single Ising site magnetization m0 is given for the spin-1/2 and m1
is the single Heisenberg magnetization for the a, b sites (Heisenberg interaction edge). The first two states (27) and
(28) are new states and arise when we consider the total Ising-XY Z case and their magnetization m1 depends of
the parameters J, J and h. These states we will call in general Quantum ferromagnetic (QFO) states of type
I and II, respectively, which are not degenerated and from (8) it is possible to see that the probability of the spin
alignment, defined by the functions e1 (sc , sc ) and e2 (sc , sc ) are not equivalents for the up and down orientation.
Worth remark that this Quantum ferromagnetic state could become Quantum Ferrimagnetic state when m1
or m2 is negative. The energy states of (29) and (30) also have the structure of the first two states but now the
probability of the up and down orientation are equivalent, these states are non-degenerated, we call also these
state as QFO states of type III and IV respectively. The states (31)-(34) display four frustrated (FRU) states of types
I, II, III and IV respectively, and are non-degenerated. For these states we use an extended modified unitary cell
necessary for the identification of equivalent vector states.
In Fig.2, we show the ground-state phase diagram for the system in the absence of the magnetic field (h = h0 =
0). In Fig.2a let us to consider the following re-parametrization for the interaction parameters, without loosing
any physical generality,
J = sin(x), Jz = sin(y), J+ = 4cos(y), J = 4cos(x).
(35)
Here we represent the interaction parameter by means of two new parameters x and y. For the first two states
(eq. 27 and 28) we obtain that the Heisenberg interaction edge magnetization takes the value, m1 = sin(x)/2, thus
for x = 0, we have m1 = 0, and for x = /2 we obtain m1 = 1/2.
Certainly, by using this new parameters we restrict the values of interaction parameters as follows: |J| 6 1,
|Jz | 6 1 and |J | 6 4. In this limited region we have competing interaction parameters, leading to several ground
state energies. Out of this region there are no new phases.
It is possible to see that in this phase diagram, we have five tricritical points where converge three states and
two four-critical points where converge four states. In the last case we have that these points are located in the
vertical line x = , for this position the value obtained from (35) is J = 0, Jz = 0.8, i.e., in this region the system
has pure Heisenberg interaction for a, b sites, and in general, this region is defined by the line where a continuous
phase transitions occurs. We are able to calculate the other interaction parameters corresponding to these two
critical points (x, y), thus we have that for the points (, 0.9273) and (, 2.2143) the interaction parameters takes
the values Jx = 1.7, Jy = 2.3 and Jx = 3.2, Jy = 0.8, respectively. In principle we must plot in Fig.2a for
the parameters x and y in the interval [0, 2]. But in order to highlight the rich region in the interval [0, ], we
considered it only up to 3/2 the x parameter, since we have the continuation of the states QF OIII , QF OII and

QF OIV . On the other hand, in the y axis we have also repeated states (F RUI , F RUII , F RUIV and QF OII ) which
are also present in the interval considered in Fig. 2a. We will use the same considerations in the next figures.
In the region where the axis takes the values x < , we have that the interaction parameter J > 0, i.e. it is
positive defined, and for the region x > we obtain a negative value for the parameter J < 0. In general negative
values for interaction parameters favors the anti-parallel alignment for the spin ordered system. Thus define the
type of phase ordered state whatever is F RU or QF O sates (left and right side at the axis x = in the diagram).
At this stage it is necessary to point out that the phase state QF OII appears in both sectors (grey sector of Fig.2a),
basically this occurs by the fact that the constant e2 (sc , sc ) is different from zero. As will be mentioned below, if
the constant e2 (sc , sc ) comes close to zero, the region QF OII of the left hand side disappears.
The other five tricritical points can be found by a simple substitution, for example the point (/2, /2) is where
the phase states F RUIII , F RUIV and QF OII coexist. Other tricritical points are (0.9273, 1.4679), (0.9273, 1.6735),
(2.2143, 1.4679), (2.2143, 1.6735).

5/6

/6

6
QFO IV
FRU

2.5

FRUIV

QFO
5

3/2

FM

2.2143
2

1.5

QFO
QFO

FRU

FRU

0.9273

0.5

QFO IV

FRI

FM

FRU IV

FRU

/2

(a)

(b)

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the phase diagram. (a) For the ATIH chain using the new parameters x and
y defined by (35). (b) For the ATIH chain using the new parameters x and y defined by (36).
If we impose the condition Jx = Jy , i.e. for the XXZ model, the eight states reduce to seven, six of them will
appear in the phase diagram. This is possible because in the limit (J 0) the constants e1 (sc , sc ) and e2 (sc , sc )
become 1 and 0 respectively, doing the states F RUI F RUII equivalent.
We give in Fig.2(b), the ground-state energy for regions resulting from the substitution J = 0 and where six
(+)
phases for the ground-states energy are shown. It is easy to see that the states vectors become |v1 (sc , sc )i |++i
()
and |v1 (sc , sc )i | i. For convenient reasons we use the following realization
J = sin(x), Jx = 2cos(y), Jz = sin(y),

(36)

and obtain now a ferromagnetic (F M ) and ferrimagnetic (F RI) states. It is possible to see that the x = axis
still present in these phase configuration. On this line three critical points are shown where four ground-states
converge. The phase diagram displayed in Fig.2, shows several states due to the presence of the Jsc,i sc,i+1 interaction, i.e. the (sc , sc ) term (with h0 = 0) given by (7) allows us to consider this interaction. In reference [5] the
term Jsc,i sc,i+1 was considered null. If we put (sc , sc ) = 0 and at the same time impose the equality of some of
the interaction parameters, we obtain a very simple phase diagram. This is graphically displayed in Fig.3. The
Fig.3(a) shows that in the case (sc , sc ) = 0, Jx = Jy , some states are degenerated, so we identify the QF OIV
and F RUIV as having the same energy. The same occurs with the QF OIII and F RUIII states. The F M and F RI
states also appear in this diagram. The Fig.3b shows that for the case (sc , sc ) = 0, Jx = Jy = Jz we obtain the
more simple configuration with three phases, the F M , F RI and F RU states. Only one three-critical point where
these states converges is present in (, /2). At this stage we would like to remark that a very similar ground
state configuration was obtained in [5], however, the realizations used in our work (35) and (36) are different from
those used in [5], because we did not include the external magnetic field.

7/6

5/6

6
QFO IV
FRU IV

5
FM
4

FM

FRI

QFO III
FRU III

2.4

FRI

1.6

2
FRI

FM

0.8

FRU

0
3/2

2.5

(a)

3.5

4.5

(b)

Figure 3: Schematic representation of the phase diagram, for ATIH chain, where we consider = 0 and J = 0.
In (a) we display a ferromagnetic F M and ferrimagnetic F RI states, however the quantum ferromagnetic QF O
and the frustrated F RU phases are also present. In (b), we fixed the condition Jx = Jy = Jz obtaining only three
states phase energy. The F M , F RI and F RU sectors converges into one tricritical point (, /2).

3.2 The asymmetric tetrahedral spin-(1/2,1) Ising-XXZ chain

To obtain all states we need to consider the coupling of the decorated vector states (20-24) with the Ising interaction
vertex with spin-1/2, this enable us to write down the total vector states of the system. We will restrict the conditions over the interaction parameters without losing the generality, using the following values for the interaction
parameters
J = Jz = sin(x), Jx = 2 sin(y),
(37)
in the following lines we also restrict the system to the case when the external magnetic field is absent (h0 = 0,
h = 0). From all possible twenty-four ground-states energy, which can be obtained from the system only fifteen
eigenvalues have different values. In this situation the ground-state eigenvectors for the asymmetric spin-(1/2,1)

Ising-XXZ chain, that would appear in the phase diagrams are given by
|F M i =
|F RIi =
|QF OI i

|QF OII i

|QF OIII i

|QF II i

|QF III i

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
+, u1

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
, u1

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
+, u2

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
+, u3

k=1

N 
E
Y

()
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0,
+, u4

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
, u2

k=1

N 
E
Y

(+)
, m0 = 0.5, m1 = 0.5,
, u3

k=1

|F RU i =

N/2 

E
Y
()
()
, m0 = 0 m1 = 0,
+, u4 , u4

k=1

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

where the first element inside the product corresponds to the Ising interaction taking two possible values (1),
and the next element represents the XXZ interaction edge considered in the previous section 2.2. The eq.(38) represents a ferromagnetic (FM) state, eq.(39) indicate a ferrimagnetic (FRI) state, whereas eqs. (40)-(42) corresponds
to Quantum ferromagnetic (QFO) state of type I, II and III respectively. We also have two types of quantum ferrimagnetic (QFI) states given by eq.(43) and (44), and finally eq.(45) represents a frustrated (FRU) state. All these
states given by (38-45) are displayed in the phase diagram presented in Fig.4(a). It is remarkable that the line
x = divides the QF O states from the other ones. Therefore in this case we have a seven-critical point in (, )
where all states converge.
In order order to display the first vector state (38), which not present in fig.4a, we change the restriction over
the interaction parameters and fixed as follow
J = Jz = sin(x), Jx = 2 sin(y),

(46)

the phase diagram is given in the Fig.4(b), where the F M state appears, the other states were already presented
in the Fig.4(a).
Finally it is quite interesting to mention that the state given by eq.(38) also appear when the next nearest
interaction parameter considered is null, such as considered in reference [5] i.e. when = 0, and the restriction is
extended over the decorated interaction parameters, for example, if we put
J=

1
sin(x), Jx = Jy = Jz = 4 sin(y), = 0,
5

(47)

we obtain the more simple phase diagram with four states as displayed in the Fig.5. The F M and the F RI states
are separated by the x = line and they end up in the QF OIII and F RUI . Similar phase diagram was presented
in the work [5] with zero external magnetic field and zero next-nearest interaction parameter. In the work [5]
they also consider an external magnetic field but with zero next nearest interaction parameter where a similar
phase diagrams were obtained, as displayed in the Fig.4 and 5(a). So we conclude that the inclusion of the (sc , sc )
interaction enable us to investigate a rich number of states even in the absence of an external magnetic field. Both
restrictions (46-47) give the value for the ground-state energy E0 = 0.

QF

FRU I

QFO III

QFOIII

QFO I

3.5
QFO I

FM

FRU

FRI

QFO II

2.5
2

QFO II

I II

QF

2.5

3.5

4.5

2.5

(a)

3.5

4.5

(b)

Figure 4: Phase diagram for the ATIH with spin-(1/2,1) chain. In (a) we have obtained it, in more general case,
seven phase diagrams, using the parameters given by eq.(37) . In (b) we have obtained it, restricting the interaction
parameters to J = Jz = sin(x), Jx = Jy = 2 sin(y), given by eq.(46).

4 The ATIH chain thermodynamics

Thermodynamics properties could be studied using the known decorated transformation spin proposed in reference [6, 7]. Let us write the partition function as follow
Z=

N
XY

Tr{S} eHi,i+1 =

N
XY

w(sc , sc ),

(48)

{sc } i=1

{sc } i=1

where N is the number of decorated bounds, whereas the Tr{S} stands for the trace of the central decorated
system or Heisenberg interaction edge (in our case), while by w(sc , sc ) we represent the Boltzmann weight. One
should notice that the transformation (48) is rather general, since it is valid for arbitrary spin values contained in
the decorated site. The set {sc } represents the Ising interaction vertex and would take any spin value too. In this
section we study the Ising-Heisenberg chain where the Ising interaction vertex take the spin values S = 1/2 or 1.
The ATIH chain partition function can be expressed as
Z = f N Z0 ,

(49)

where Z0 is the partition function of the effective Ising chain with arbitrary spin-S, whereas f means a constant
for the effective Ising chain.
When decorated Heisenberg interaction edge sites are occupied by spin-1/2 or 1, it is necessary to perform the
partial trace over all those decorated spin sites.

4.1 The Ising interaction vertex with spin-1/2

In order to map the ATIH chain into an effective Ising chain, let us consider the Ising interaction vertex with spin1/2. For this case the associated Boltzmann weight function w(sc , sc ) has the form
(1)

(2)

(2)

(1)

w(sc , sc ) = e+ + e+ + e + e ,
(1)

(50)

(2)

where and are given by eq.(5) for S = 1/2 (spin of decorated sites) whereas the associated Boltzmann
weight for spin S = 1 could be obtained using the eqs.(15)-(19), then the ATIH chain model considered here is
written by
q

1


2 + 2e( 14 Jz ) cosh( 1 J ),
2e(+ 4 Jz ) cosh 1 162 + J
S = 1/2
4
4 +
q
w(sc , sc ) =

e eJz + 2e 2 Jz cosh J 2 + 2J 2 + 4 cosh( J ) cosh() + 2eJz cosh(2)
,
z
+
2
2 +

(51)
S=1

3.5

3.4

FRI

FM

3.3

3.2

3.1

QFO III
FRU

Figure 5: Schematic representation, for the connectors with spin-1/2 and decorated Heisenberg spin-1, of the
phase diagram for the decorated XXZ spin-1 model showing the presence of the F M state. We fixed the parameter interaction Jx = Jy = Jz = 4 sin(y), J = 1/5 sin(x) and = 0, obtaining only three states. The F M , F RI are
non-degenerated while the QF O and F RU are two-fold degenerated. These sectors converge into one tricritical
point (, ).
The effective Ising chain partition function is represented by their Boltzmann weight function w(s
e c , sc ) which
read as
w
e (sc , sc ) = f exp { (Ksc sc + B(sc + sc ))} ,
(52)
Using decorated transformation, we obtain the new parameters for the effective Ising chain,
q
1
)
w( 12 , 12 )w( 1
f 2 =w( 12 , 1
2
2 , 2 ),
 1 1
1 
w( 2 , 2 )w( 1
2 , 2 )
K =4 ln
,
2
w( 12 , 1
2 )


w( 12 , 21 )
1
,
B = ln
1
2
w( 1
2 , 2 )

(53)

where the new effective parameters of Ising chain can be expressed as a function of the parameter of the original
Hamiltonian. Thus f is just a constant, whereas K means a coupling parameter and finally B corresponds to the
external magnetic field.
The expression for the partition function of ATIH chain results in
Z = f N Z0 = f N

N
XY

e (Ksc sc +B(sc +sc )) .

(54)

{sc } i

Using the eq.(54) we are able to map the asymmetric tetrahedral spin-(1/2, S) Ising-Heisenberg chain, into an
effective spin-1/2 Ising chain. Where the spin S of Heisenberg interaction edge could be 1/2 or 1.

4.2 The Ising interaction vertex with spin-1

Another case that we consider will be the Ising interaction vertex with spin-1. Thus the asymmetric tetrahedral
spin(1,S) Ising-Heisenberg chain, will be mapped into an effective spin-1 chain. Similar to the previous case we
obtain the following Boltzmann weight expressed as follow
o

2
2
(55)
w(s
e c , sc ) = f exp (K1 sc sc + B(sc + sc ) + D(sc 2 + sc 2 ) +E(sc 2 sc + sc sc ) + K2 sc 2 sc ) ,

where K1 , K2 , B, D and E are the parameter to be determined.

The new parameters of eq.(55) can be expressed using the associated Boltzmann weight, which is written as
f =w(0, 0),


w(1, 1)w(1, 1)
1
,
K1 = ln
4
w(0, 0)2


1
w(1, 0)
B = ln
,
2
w(1, 0)


w(1, 0)w (1, 0)
1
,
D = ln
2
w(0, 0)2


1
w (1, 1) w(1, 0)2
E = ln
,
4
w (1, 1) w(1, 0)2
1
K2 = ln
4

w (1, 1, ) w (1, 1) w(0, 0)2

w (1, 0)2 w (1, 0)2

(56)
(57)
(58)
(59)
(60)
!

(61)

Similar to the previous case f means just a constant in the new effective Hamiltonian, while K1 being the
coupling parameter, whereas B corresponds to the external magnetic field, the parameter D represents the singleion anisotropy, whereas E correspond to the interaction of quadratic and linear interaction among the nearest spin
and finally K2 are the parameter of the biquadratic interaction.
In this case if we consider a null magnetic field, we have w(1, 1) = w(1, 1) and w(1, 0) = w(1, 0). Under
this condition the eqs.(58) and eq.(60) leads to B = 0 and E = 0, respectively, then the Boltzmann weight function
w(sc , sc ) defined by eq.(55), reduce the following relation


2
2

,
(62)
w(s
e c , sc ) = f exp K1 sc sc + D(sc 2 + sc ) + K2 sc 2 sc

Finally we have concluded that, our mapping of the asymmetric tetrahedral spin-(1,S) Ising-Heisenberg chain
can be expressed as an effective spin-1 Ising chain. Where as before the spin S of Heisenberg interaction edge could
be 1/2 or 1.

4.3 The ATIH chain correlation functions

We can notice that the partition function of the ATIH chain obtained above, by mapping into Ising spin chain is
limited. We cannot obtain directly the correlation function because the mapped Ising chain does not depend of
the decorated spin. Then we can use the method presented by Fisher[6], where the correlation function for the
ATIH chain can be obtain using the decoration transformation in a similar way as was performed the partition
function, assuming we known the correlation function of the effective spin-1 Ising chain.
Using the definition given in reference [6], we have
hSi sk1 sk2 ...i =

1 X X
Si sk1 sk2 . . . eH ,
Z

(63)

{skj } Si

here Si represents the decorated spin at site i, and skj are any spins of the systems along the chain, it could be
either decorated spins S or undecorated spins sc . With Z as the total partition function of the system and H the
total Hamiltonian. It is possible to split the above relation in two parts, one of this being independent on the spin
Si and the other one containing the Si dependence. Thus we write down the total Hamiltonian (1) as
H = H0 (Si , sc,1 , sc,2 , ...) + Hn (sc,1 , sc,2 , ...) H0 + Hn ,

(64)

where the H0 contains the dependence of the spins (Si , sc,1 , sc,2 , ...) and Hn contains only combinations of the
spins (sc,1 , sc,2 , ...). Actually, in the case when [H0 , Hn ] = 0, we have
hSi sk1 sk2 ...i =

1 X
sk1 sk2 ...eHn (sc,i sc,i+1 ),
Z

(65)

{skj }

and as was pointed out by Fisher[6], it is possible to prove that (sc,i sc,i+1 ) can be represented as
X
(sc,i sc,i+1 ) =
Si eH0 .
Si

(66)

We give some values for the correlation functions of the asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg model in the
case when the Ising interaction vertex with spins are equal to sc = 1/2 or sc = 1 and the decorated spin could be
equal to 1/2 or 1. In the case of spin sc = 1/2, it is possible to obtain an equivalent form[6] for the right hand side
of (66),
X



(sc,i , sc,j ) = q0 + q0,1 sc,i + sc,j + q1,1 sc,i sc,j
(67)
eH0 .
Si

As an example, let us apply to evaluate the following correlation, with arbitrary sites i and j, instead of
performing only among next nearest sites[5], considering Saz could be spin 1/2 or 1, thus the correlation read as


z
hSa,i
sc,j i = q0 hsc,j i + q0,1 hsc,i sc,j i + hsc,i+1 sc,j i + q1,1 hsc,i sc,i+1 sc,j i
(68)
where the coefficients qs can be obtained solving the system equation (65) and (68), from where we verify their
solution is given as a derivative of the parameters obtained in (53) respect to magnetic field h, which read as
q0 =

1
ln f,
2 h

q1,0 =

1 B
,
2 h

and

q1,1 =

1 K
,
8 h

(69)

then it is possible to write as a combination of the correlation function of the effective Ising chain with up to
three-body spin correlations, this correlation is given explicitly as follow


hsc,i sc,j i =hsc i2 + 1 hsc i2 e(ij)/
(70)




(71)
hsc,i sc,i+1 sc,j i =hsc i3 + hsc i 1 hsc i2 e(ij)/ + e1/ (1 + e(ji)/ )

where is the correlation length of the effective(standard) Ising chain[18].

The auto correlation function of the h(Saz )2 i when we consider the Ising interaction vertex sc = 1/2, simply
becomes a constant equal to 1/4, but when we consider spin-1, this expression becomes non-trivial and we can
obtain analogous to previous correlation discussed, then the general expression can be write as
D

E
z 2
Sa,i
= Q0 + 2Q1,0 hsc,i i + Q1,1 hsc,i , sc,i+1 i
(72)
onces again the coefficients Qs can be obtained using the following relation


1
M ( 21 , 12 ) + M ( 12 , 21 ) + 2M ( 21 , 21 ) ,
4

= 12 M ( 21 , 21 ) M ( 21 , 12 ) ,

Q0 =
Q1,0

Q1,1 =M ( 21 , 12 )
with
M (sc,i , sc,i+1 ) =

M ( 21 , 21 )

(73)
(74)

2M ( 12 , 21 ),

(75)

1 2 w(sc,i , sc,i+1 )
1 w(sc,i , sc,i+1 )
+ 2
,

Jz
2
h2

(76)

whereas w(sc,i , sc,i+1 ) already was defined in eq.(51). Other correlation functions like hSa,i
Sb,i
i, are null when

6= . Whereas for = , the correlation function can be obtained directly using the derivatives of the free
energy instead of using the previous iterative method such as the one performed by Canova[5], particularly we
show the following nearest correlation,

hSaz i =


=
Sa,i Sb,i

1 ln(Z)
h
1 ln(Z)

,
J

(77)
with

= {x, y, z}.

(78)

We remark that above conclusion are also valid even for spin sc = 1. Similar analysis could be performed to
obtain the correlation function when sc = 1, in this case the (sc,i , sc,i+1 ) function will be defined as







(sci , sc,j ) = q0 + q0,1 sc,i + sc,j + q1,1 sc,i sc,j + q1,2 sc,i s2c,j + s2c,i sc,j + q0,2 s2c,i + s2c,j

+q2,2 s2c,i s2c,j eH0 ,
(79)
using this relation, together with the correlation function of the effective Ising chain with spin-1, we can obtain
other correlations functions for sc = 1, using the same recipes above.
Alternatively we can obtain this kind of correlation using the direct transfer matrix formalism such as performed in reference [19], meanwhile the advantage of this method could be a non-iterative calculation.

5 conclusions
The phase diagrams of the asymmetric tetrahedral Ising-Heisenberg (ATIH) chain were studied for the case when
the Ising interaction vertex is spin-1/2. Firstly we considered the XYZ interaction edge with spin-1/2, and null
external magnetic field (h = h0 = 0). The diagrams displayed in Fig. 2a, have shown seven states appearing in
the model, with five critical transition points (x, y) having three phase state converging and two critical transition
points, where four phase states converge. These states have shown their quantum nature for the XYZ interaction
edge (decorated sites), for example, for the vector states (27) and (28) we see that up and down orientation in the
decorated sites have different probabilities defined by the factors e1 (sc , sc ) and e2 (sc , sc ). We also have analyzed
the particular case when J = 0, constructing the phase diagram and showing that F M and F RI states appear
(Fig. 2b). Other situations have been also studied, particularly, the case where = 0, Jx = Jy and for the more
simple configuration = 0, Jx = Jy = Jz , (Fig. 3). Secondly, when the XXZ interaction edge (decorated) spin is
1, we have also obtained a rich phase diagram for the ground-state energy, even when an external magnetic field
and the next nearest interaction are absent. These phase diagrams are shown in the figures 4 and 5. The x = line
appears to be the limit of the QF O and the other states, so for the critical point (, ) the energy takes the value
E0 = 0. Some particular case of our results obtained have been compared with those obtained in reference [5].
We have noticed that using a decorated Ising model mapping transformation, initially given by Fisher [6], the
calculation of the partition function for the ATIH chain is reduced to a closed expression of Ising spin chain. We
have considered some particular cases to discuss the thermodynamic properties, such as Ising interaction vertex
with spin 1/2 and 1, whereas the interaction edge could be XYZ with spin-1/2 and XXZ with spin-1 respectively.
The results for correlation function are presented generally for the situation when we have the Ising interaction
vertex with spin-1/2 or 1 and the Heisenberg interaction edge with spins 1/2 or 1. We have observed that some
correlation function could be obtained using the derivative related to some parameter instead of using the decorated transformation used in reference[5], we also considered a long range correlation function where we used
the decorated transformation to obtain the result.

Acknowledgments
J.S.V. thanks FAPEMIG for full financial support, O. R. and S.M. de S. thank CNPq and FAPEMIG for partial
financial support.

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