Chapter 3

Analysis of Financial Statements

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

3-1 a. A liquidity ratio is a ratio that shows the relationship of a firm’s

cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. The current
ratio is found by dividing current assets by current liabilities. It
indicates the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those
assets expected to be converted to cash in the near future. The quick,
or acid test, ratio is found by taking current assets less inventories
and then dividing by current liabilities.

b. Asset management ratios are a set of ratios which measure how

effectively a firm is managing its assets. The inventory turnover
ratio is sales divided by inventories. Days sales outstanding is used
to appraise accounts receivable and indicates the length of time the
firm must wait after making a sale before receiving cash. It is found
by dividing receivables by average sales per day. The fixed assets
turnover ratio measures how effectively the firm uses its plant and
equipment. It is the ratio of sales to net fixed assets. Total assets
turnover ratio measures the turnover of all the firm’s assets; it is
calculated by dividing sales by total assets.

c. Financial leverage ratios measure the use of debt financing. The debt
ratio is the ratio of total debt to total assets, it measures the
percentage of funds provided by creditors. The times-interest-earned
ratio is determined by dividing earnings before interest and taxes by
the interest charges. This ratio measures the extent to which
operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its
annual interest costs. The EBITDA coverage ratio is similar to the
times-interest-earned ratio, but it recognizes that many firms lease
assets and also must make sinking fund payments. It is found by adding
EBITDA and lease payments then dividing this total by interest charges,
lease payments, and sinking fund payments over one minus the tax rate.

d. Profitability ratios are a group of ratios which show the combined

effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt on operations. The
profit margin on sales, calculated by dividing net income by sales,
gives the profit per dollar of sales. Basic earning power is
calculated by dividing EBIT by total assets. This ratio shows the raw
earning power of the firm’s assets, before the influence of taxes and
leverage. Return on total assets is the ratio of net income to total
assets. Return on common equity is found by dividing net income into
common equity.

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 1
 e. Market value ratios relate the firm’s stock price to its earnings and
book value per share. The price/earnings ratio is calculated by
dividing price per share by earnings per share--this shows how much
investors are willing to pay per dollar of reported profits. The
price/cash flow is calculated by dividing price per share by cash flow
per share. This shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar
of cash flow. Market-to-book ratio is simply the market price per
share divided by the book value per share. Book value per share is
common equity divided by the number of shares outstanding.

f. Trend analysis is an analysis of a firm’s financial ratios over time.

It is used to estimate the likelihood of improvement or deterioration
in its financial situation. Comparative ratio analysis is when a firm
compares its ratios to other leading companies in the same industry.
This technique is also known as benchmarking.

g. The Du Pont chart is a chart designed to show the relationships among

return on investment, asset turnover, the profit margin, and leverage.
The Du Pont equation is a formula which shows that the rate of return
on assets can be found as the product of the profit margin times the
total assets turnover.

h. Window dressing is a technique employed by firms to make their

financial statements look better than they really are. Seasonal
factors can distort ratio analysis. At certain times of the year a
firm may have excessive inventories in preparation of a “season” of
high demand. Therefore an inventory turnover ratio taken at this time
as opposed to after the season will be radically distorted.

3-2 The emphasis of the various types of analysts is by no means uniform nor
should it be. Management is interested in all types of ratios for two
reasons. First, the ratios point out weaknesses that should be
strengthened; second, management recognizes that the other parties are
interested in all the ratios and that financial appearances must be kept
up if the firm is to be regarded highly by creditors and equity investors.
Equity investors are interested primarily in profitability, but they
examine the other ratios to get information on the riskiness of equity
commitments. Long-term creditors are more interested in the debt ratio,
TIE, and fixed-charge coverage ratios, as well as the profitability
ratios. Short-term creditors emphasize liquidity and look most carefully
at the liquidity ratios.

3-3 The inventory turnover ratio is important to a grocery store because of

the much larger inventory required and because some of that inventory is
perishable. An insurance company would have no inventory to speak of
since its line of business is selling insurance policies or other similar
financial products--contracts written on paper and entered into between
the company and the insured. This question demonstrates the fact that the
student should not take a routine approach to financial analysis but
rather should examine the particular business he or she is dealing with.

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 2 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
3-4 Given that sales have not changed, a decrease in the total assets turnover
means that the company’s assets have increased. Also, the fact that the
fixed assets turnover ratio remained constant implies that the company
increased its current assets. Since the company’s current ratio
increased, and yet, its quick ratio is unchanged means that the company
has increased its inventories.

3-5 Differences in the amounts of assets necessary to generate a dollar of

sales cause asset turnover ratios to vary among industries. For example,
a steel company needs a greater number of dollars in assets to produce a
dollar in sales than does a grocery store chain. Also, profit margins and
turnover ratios may vary due to differences in the amount of expenses
incurred to produce sales. For example, one would expect a grocery store
chain to spend more per dollar of sales than does a steel company. Often,
a large turnover will be associated with a low profit margin, and vice
versa.

3-6 Inflation will cause earnings to increase, even if there is no increase in

sales volume. Yet, the book value of the assets that produced the sales
and the annual depreciation expense remain at historic values and do not
reflect the actual cost of replacing those assets. Thus, ratios that
compare current flows with historic values become distorted over time.
For example, ROA will increase even though those assets are generating the
same sales volume.
When comparing different companies, the age of the assets will greatly
affect the ratios. Companies whose assets were purchased earlier will
reflect lower asset values than those that purchased the assets later at
inflated prices. Two firms with similar physical assets and sales could
have significantly different ROAs. Under inflation, ratios will also
reflect differences in the way firms treat inventories. As can be seen,
inflation affects both income statement and balance sheet items.

3-7 ROE, using the Du Pont equation, is the return on assets multiplied by the
equity multiplier. The equity multiplier, defined as total assets divided
by owners’ equity, is a measure of debt utilization; the more debt a firm
uses, the lower its equity, and the higher the equity multiplier. Thus,
using more debt will increase the equity multiplier, resulting in a higher
ROE.

3-8 a. Cash, receivables, and inventories, as well as current liabilities,

vary over the year for firms with seasonal sales patterns. Therefore,
those ratios that examine balance sheet figures will vary unless
averages (monthly ones are best) are used.

b. Common equity is determined at a point in time, say December 31, 2001.

Profits are earned over time, say during 2001. If a firm is growing
rapidly, year-end equity will be much larger than beginning-of-year
equity, so the calculated rate of return on equity will be different
depending on whether end-of-year, beginning-of-year, or average common
equity is used as the denominator. Average common equity is
conceptually the best figure to use. In public utility rate cases,
people are reported to have deliberately used end-of-year or beginning-

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 3
 of-year equity to make returns on equity appear excessive or
inadequate. Similar problems can arise when a firm is being evaluated.

3-9 Firms within the same industry may employ different accounting techniques
which make it difficult to compare financial ratios. More fundamentally,
comparisons may be misleading if firms in the same industry differ in
their other investments. For example, comparing Pepsico and Coca-Cola may
be misleading because apart from their soft drink business, Pepsi also
owns other businesses such as Frito-Lay, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and KFC.

3-10 Total Effect

Current Current on Net
Assets Ratio Income

a. Cash is acquired through issuance of

additional common stock. + + 0

b. Merchandise is sold for cash. + + +

c. Federal income tax due for the previous

year is paid. - + 0

d. A fixed asset is sold for less than

book value. + + -

e. A fixed asset is sold for more than

book value. + + +

f. Merchandise is sold on credit. + + +

g. Payment is made to trade creditors for

previous purchases. - + 0

h. A cash dividend is declared and paid. - - 0

i. Cash is obtained through short-term bank

loans. + - 0

j. Short-term notes receivable are sold at

a discount. - - -

k. Marketable securities are sold below cost. - - -

l. Advances are made to employees. 0 0 0

m. Current operating expenses are paid. - - -

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 4 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
 Total Effect
Current Current on Net
Assets Ratio Income

n. Short-term promissory notes are issued to

trade creditors in exchange for past due
accounts payable. 0 0 0

o. Ten-year notes are issued to pay off

accounts payable. 0 + 0

p. A fully depreciated asset is retired. 0 0 0

q. Accounts receivable are collected. 0 0 0

r. Equipment is purchased with short-term

notes. 0 - 0

s. Merchandise is purchased on credit. + - 0

t. The estimated taxes payable are increased. 0 - -

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 5
 SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

CA CA - I
3-1 CA = $3,000,000; = 1.5; = 1.0;
CL CL

CL = ?; I = ?

CA
= 1.5
CL
$3,000,000
= 1.5
CL
1.5 CL = $3,000,000
CL = $2,000,000.

CA - I
= 1.0
CL
$3,000,000 - I
= 1.0
$2,000,000
$3,000,000 - I = $2,000,000
I = $1,000,000.

3-2 DSO = 40 days; ADS = $20,000; AR = ?

AR
DSO =
S
360
AR
40 =
$20,000
AR = $800,000.

3-3 A/E = 2.4; D/A = ?

 
D  1 
= 1 - 
A  A
 
 E
D  1 
= 1 - 
A  2.4 
D
= 0.5833 = 58.33%.
A

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 6 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
3-4 ROA = 10%; PM = 2%; ROE = 15%; S/TA = ?; A/E = ?
ROA = NI/A; PM = NI/S; ROE = NI/E

ROA = PM × S/TA
NI/A = NI/S × S/TA
10% = 2% × S/TA
S/TA = 5.

ROE = PM × S/TA × TA/E

NI/E = NI/S × S/TA × TA/E
15% = 2% × 5 × TA/E
15% = 10% × TA/E
TA/E = 1.5.

3-5 We are given ROA = 3% and Sales/Total assets = 1.5×.

From Du Pont equation: ROA = Profit margin × Total assets turnover

3% = Profit margin (1.5)
Profit margin = 3%/1.5 = 2%.

We can also calculate the company’s debt ratio in a similar manner, given
the facts of the problem. We are given ROA(NI/A) and ROE(NI/E); if we use
the reciprocal of ROE we have the following equation:

E NI E D E
= _ and = 1- , so
A A NI A A
E 1
= 3% _
A 0.05
E
= 60% .
A
D
= 1 - 0.60 = 0.40 = 40% .
A

Alternatively,

ROE = ROA × EM
5% = 3% × EM
EM = 5%/3% = 5/3 = TA/E.

Take reciprocal:

E/TA = 3/5 = 60%;

therefore,

D/A = 1 - 0.60 = 0.40 = 40%.

Thus, the firm’s profit margin = 2% and its debt ratio = 40%.

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 7
 $1,312,500
3-6 Present current ratio = = 2.5.
$525,000

$1,312,500 + ∆ NP
Minimum current ratio = = 2.0.
$525,000 + ∆ NP

$1,312,500 + ∆NP = $1,050,000 + 2∆NP

∆NP = $262,500.

Short-term debt can increase by a maximum of $262,500 without violating a

2 to 1 current ratio, assuming that the entire increase in notes payable
is used to increase current assets. Since we assumed that the additional
funds would be used to increase inventory, the inventory account will
increase to $637,500, and current assets will total $1,575,000.

Quick ratio = ($1,575,000 - $637,500)/$787,500 = $937,500/$787,500 = 1.19×.

Current assets $810,000

3-7 1. = 3.0× = 3.0×
Current liabilities Current liabilities

Current liabilities = $270,000.

Current assets - Inventories $810,000 - Inventories

2. = 1.4× = 1.4×
Current liabilities $270,000

Inventories = $432,000.

Current Marketable Accounts

3. assets = Cash + Securities + receivable + Inventories

$810,000 = $120,000 + Accounts receivable + $432,000

Accounts receivable = $258,000.

Sales Sales
4. = 6.0× = 6.0×
Inventory $432,000

Sales = $2,592,000.

Accounts receivable $258,000

5. DSO = = = 36 days.
Sales/ 360 $2,592,000 / 360

3-8 TIE = EBIT/INT, so find EBIT and INT.

Interest = $500,000 × 0.1 = $50,000.
Net income = $2,000,000 × 0.05 = $100,000.
Pre-tax income = $100,000/(1 - T) = $100,000/0.7 = $142,857.

EBIT = $142,857 + $50,000 = $192,857.

TIE = $192,857/$50,000 = 3.86×.

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 8 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
3-9 ROE = Profit margin × TA turnover × Equity multiplier
= NI/Sales × Sales/TA × TA/Equity.

Now we need to determine the inputs for the equation from the data that
were given. On the left we set up an income statement, and we put numbers
in it on the right:

Sales (given) $10,000,000

Cost na____
EBIT (given) $ 1,000,000
INT (given) 300,000
EBT $ 700,000
Taxes (34%) 238,000
NI $ 462,000

Now we can use some ratios to get some more data:

Total assets turnover = 2 = S/TA; TA = S/2 = $10,000,000/2 = $5,000,000.

D/A = 60%; so E/A = 40%; and, therefore,

Equity multiplier = TA/E = 1/(E/A) = 1/0.4 = 2.5.

Now we can complete the Du Pont equation to determine ROE:

ROE = $462,000/$10,000,000 × $10,000,000/$5,000,000 × 2.5 = 0.231 = 23.1%.

3-10 Known data:

TA = $1,000,000
BEP = 0.2 = EBIT/Total assets, so EBIT = 0.2($1,000,000) = $200,000.
kd = 8%
T = 40%
D/A = 0.5 = 50%, so Equity = $500,000.

D/A = 0% D/A = 50%

EBIT $200,000 $200,000
Interest 0 40,000*
EBT $200,000 $160,000
Tax (40%) 80,000 64,000
NI $120,000 $ 96,000

NI $120,000 $96,000
ROE = = = 12%; = 19.2%.
Equity $1,000,000 $500,000

Difference in ROE = 19.2% - 12.0% = 7.2%.

*If D/A = 50%, then half of assets are financed by debt, so Debt =
$500,000. At an 8% interest rate, INT = $40,000.

3-11 Statement a is correct. Refer to the solution setup for Problem 3-10 and

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 9
 think about it this way: (1) Adding assets will not affect common equity
if the assets are financed with debt. (2) Adding assets will cause
expected EBIT to increase by the amount EBIT = BEP(added assets). (3)
Interest expense will increase by the amount kd(added assets). (4) Pre-tax
income will rise by the amount (added assets)(BEP - kd). Assuming BEP >
kd, if pre-tax income increases so will net income. (5) If expected net
income increases but common equity is held constant, then the expected ROE
will also increase. Note that if kd > BEP, then adding assets financed by
debt would lower net income and thus the ROE. Therefore, Statement a is
true--if assets financed by debt are added, and if the expected BEP on
those assets exceeds the cost of debt, then the firm’s ROE will increase.
Statements b and c are false, because the BEP ratio uses EBIT, which is
calculated before the effects of taxes or interest charges are felt, and d
is false unless kd > BEP. Of course, Statement e is also false.

3-12 a. Currently, ROE is ROE1 = $15,000/$200,000 = 7.5%.

The current ratio will be set such that 2.5 = CA/CL. CL is $50,000,
and it will not change, so we can solve to find the new level of
current assets: CA = 2.5(CL) = 2.5($50,000) = $125,000. This is the
level of current assets that will produce a current ratio of 2.5×.
At present, current assets amount to $210,000, so they can be
reduced by $210,000 - $125,000 = $85,000. If the $85,000 generated is
used to retire common equity, then the new common equity balance will
be $200,000 - $85,000 = $115,000.
Assuming that net income is unchanged, the new ROE will be ROE2 =
$15,000/$115,000 = 13.04%. Therefore, ROE will increase by 13.04% -
7.50% = 5.54%.

b. 1. Doubling the dollar amounts would not affect the answer; it would
still be 5.54%.

2. Common equity would increase by $25,000 from the Part a scenario,

which would mean a new ROE of $15,000/$140,000 = 10.71%, which would
mean a difference of 10.71% - 7.50% = 3.21%.

3. An inventory turnover of 2 would mean inventories of $100,000, down

$50,000 from the current level. That would mean an ROE of
$15,000/$150,000 = 10.00%, so the change in ROE would be 10.00% -
7.5% = 2.5%.

4. If the company had 10,000 shares outstanding, then its EPS would be
$15,000/10,000 = $1.50. The stock has a book value of
$200,000/10,000 = $20, so the shares retired would be $85,000/$20 =
4,250, leaving 10,000 - 4,250 = 5,750 shares. The new EPS would be
$15,000/5,750 = $2.6087, so the increase in EPS would be $2.6087 -
$1.50 = $1.1087, which is a 73.91% increase, the same as the
increase in ROE.

5. If the stock was selling for twice book value, or 2 x $20 = $40,
then only half as many shares could be retired ($85,000/$40 =
2,125), so the remaining shares would be 10,000 - 2,125 = 7,875, and

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 10 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
 the new EPS would be $15,000/7,875 = $1.9048, for an increase of
$1.9048 - $1.5000 = $0.4048.

c. We could have started with lower inventory and higher accounts

receivable, then had you calculate the DSO, then move to a lower DSO
which would require a reduction in receivables, and then determine the
effects on ROE and EPS under different conditions. Similarly, we could
have focused on fixed assets and the FA turnover ratio. In any of
these cases, we could have had you use the funds generated to retire
debt, which would have lowered interest charges and consequently
increased net income and EPS.
If we had to increase assets, then we would have had to finance this
increase by adding either debt or equity, which would have lowered ROE
and EPS, other things held constant.
Finally, note that we could have asked some conceptual questions
about the problem, either as a part of the problem or without any
reference to the problem. For example, “If funds are generated by
reducing assets, and if those funds are used to retire common stock,
will EPS and/or ROE be affected by whether or not the stock sells
above, at, or below book value?”

3-13 a. (Dollar amounts in thousands.)

Industry
Firm Average

Current assets $655,000

= = 1.98× 2.0×
Current liabilities $330,000

Accounts receivable $336,000

DSO = = = 75 days 35 days
Sales/ 360 $4,465.28

Sales $1,607,500
= = 6.66× 6.7×
Inventory $241,500

Sales $1,607,500
= = 5.50× 12.1×
Fixed assets $292,500

Sales $1,607,500
= = 1.70× 3.0×
Total assets $947,500

Net income $27,300

= = 1.7% 1.2%
Sales $1,607,500

Net income $27,300

= = 2.9% 3.6%
Total assets $947,500

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 11
 Industry
Firm Average

Net income $27,300

= = 7.6% 9.0%
Common equity $361,000

Total debt $586,500

= = 61.9% 60.0%
Total assets $947,500

b. For the firm,

$947,500
ROE = PM × T.A. turnover × EM = 1.7% × 1.7 × = 7.6%.
$361,000
For the industry, ROE = 1.2% × 3 × 2.5 = 9%.

Note: To find the industry ratio of assets to common equity, recognize

that 1 - (total debt/total assets) = common equity/total assets. So,
common equity/total assets = 40%, and 1/0.40 = 2.5 = total
assets/common equity.

c. The firm’s days sales outstanding is more than twice as long as the
industry average, indicating that the firm should tighten credit or
enforce a more stringent collection policy. The total assets turnover
ratio is well below the industry average so sales should be increased,
assets decreased, or both. While the company’s profit margin is higher
than the industry average, its other profitability ratios are low
compared to the industry--net income should be higher given the amount
of equity and assets. However, the company seems to be in an average
liquidity position and financial leverage is similar to others in the
industry.

d. If 2001 represents a period of supernormal growth for the firm, ratios

based on this year will be distorted and a comparison between them and
industry averages will have little meaning. Potential investors who
look only at 2001 ratios will be misled, and a return to normal
conditions in 2002 could hurt the firm’s stock price.

3-14 1. Debt = (0.50)(Total assets) = (0.50)($300,000) = $150,000.

2. Accounts payable = Debt – Long-term debt = $150,000 - $60,000

= $90,000

Total liabilities
3. Common stock = and equity - Debt - Retained earnings

= $300,000 - $150,000 - $97,500 = $52,500.

4. Sales = (1.5)(Total assets) = (1.5)($300,000) = $450,000.

5. Inventory = Sales/5 = $450,000/5 = $90,000.

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 12 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
 6. Accounts receivable = (Sales/360)(DSO) = ($450,000/360)(36)
= $45,000.

7. Cash + Accounts receivable = (0.80)(Accounts payable)

Cash + $45,000 = (0.80)($90,000)
Cash = $72,000 - $45,000 = $27,000.

8. Fixed assets = Total assets - (Cash + Accts rec. + Inventories)

= $300,000 - ($27,000 + $45,000 + $90,000) = $138,000.

9. Cost of goods sold = (Sales)(1 - 0.25) = ($450,000)(0.75) = $337,500.

3-15 a. (Dollar amounts in millions.) Industry

Firm Average

Current assets $303

Current ratio = = = 2.73× 2×
Current liabilities $111

Debt to Debt $135

total assets = = = 30% 30%
Total assets $450

Times interest EBIT $49.5

earned = = = 11× 7×
Interest $4.5

EBITDA $61.5
coverage = = = 9.46× 9×
$6.5

Inventory Sales $795

turnover = = = 5× 10×
Inventory $159

Accounts receivable $66

DSO = = = 30 days 24 days
Sales/ 360 $795 / 360

F. A. Sales $795
Turnover = = = 5.41× 6×
Net fixed assets $147

T.A . Sales $795

Turnover = = = 1.77× 3×
Total assets $450

Net income $27

Profit margin = = = 3.40% 3%
Sales $795

Return on Net income $27

total assets = Total assets
=
$450
= 6.00% 9%

Return on
common equity = ROA × EM = 6% × 1.43 = 8.58% 12.9%

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc. Answers and Solutions: 3 - 13
 Alternatively,

Net income $27

ROE = = = 8.6%.
Equity $315

b. ROE = Profit margin × Total assets turnover × Equity multiplier

Net income Sales Total assets

= × ×
Sales Total assets Common equity

$27 $795 $450

= × × = 3.4% × 1.77 × 1.43 = 8.6%.
$795 $450 $315
Firm Industry Comment
Profit margin 3.4% 3.0% Good
Total assets turnover 1.77× 3.0× Poor
Equity multiplier 1.43 1.43* Good

D E
* 1 - =
TA TA
1 – 0.30 = 0.7
TA 1
EM = = = 1.43.
E 0.7

Alternatively, EM = ROE/ROA = 12.9%/9% = 1.43.

c. Analysis of the Du Pont equation and the set of ratios shows that the
turnover ratio of sales to assets is quite low. Either sales should be
increased at the present level of assets, or the current level of
assets should be decreased to be more in line with current sales.
Thus, the problem appears to be in the balance sheet accounts.

d. The comparison of inventory turnover ratios shows that other firms in

the industry seem to be getting along with about half as much inventory
per unit of sales as the firm. If the company’s inventory could be
reduced, this would generate funds that could be used to retire debt,
thus reducing interest charges and improving profits, and strengthening
the debt position. There might also be some excess investment in fixed
assets, perhaps indicative of excess capacity, as shown by a slightly
lower-than-average fixed assets turnover ratio. However, this is not
nearly as clear-cut as the overinvestment in inventory.

e. If the firm had a sharp seasonal sales pattern, or if it grew rapidly

during the year, many ratios might be distorted. Ratios involving
cash, receivables, inventories, and current liabilities, as well as
those based on sales, profits, and common equity, could be biased. It
is possible to correct for such problems by using average rather than
end-of-period figures.

3-16 a. Here are the firm’s base case ratios and other data as compared to the

Answers and Solutions: 3 - 14 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2002 by Harcourt, Inc.
 industry:

Firm Industry Comment

Quick 0.8× 1.0× Weak
Current 2.3 2.7 Weak
Inventory turnover 4.8 7.0 Poor
Days sales outstanding 37 days 32 days Poor
Fixed assets turnover 10.0× 13.0× Poor
Total assets turnover 2.3 2.6 Poor
Return on assets 5.9% 9.1% Bad
Return on equity 13.1 18.2 Bad
Debt ratio 54.8 50.0 High
Profit margin on sales 2.5 3.5 Bad
EPS $4.71 n.a. --
Stock Price $23.57 n.a. --
P/E ratio 5.0× 6.0× Poor
P/CF ratio 2.0× 3.5× Poor
M/B ratio 0.65 n.a. --

The firm appears to be badly managed--all of its ratios are worse than
the industry averages, and the result is low earnings, a low P/E, P/CF
ratio, a low stock price, and a low M/B ratio. The company needs to do
something to improve.

b. A decrease in the inventory level would improve the inventory turnover,

total assets turnover, and ROA, all of which are too low. It would
have some impact on the current ratio, but it is difficult to say
precisely how that ratio would be affected. If the lower inventory
level allowed the company to reduce its current liabilities, then the
current ratio would improve. The lower cost of goods sold would
improve all of the profitability ratios and, if dividends were not
increased, would lower the debt ratio through increased retained
earnings. All of this should lead to a higher market/book ratio and a
higher stock price.

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