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Green Function

Green function in solid-state physics is a mathematical tool used to solve quantum systems like the Hubbard model. A Green function represents the phase accumulated by particles as they move and can be used to describe physical properties like self-energy. Diagrammatic approaches allow calculating the Green function by summing single-particle and two-particle diagrams represented by bare Green functions and interaction lines. Self-consistent calculations are needed to approximate the Green function and self-energy in order to solve models of real materials.

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SupriyoNaskar
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202 views27 pages

Green Function

Green function in solid-state physics is a mathematical tool used to solve quantum systems like the Hubbard model. A Green function represents the phase accumulated by particles as they move and can be used to describe physical properties like self-energy. Diagrammatic approaches allow calculating the Green function by summing single-particle and two-particle diagrams represented by bare Green functions and interaction lines. Self-consistent calculations are needed to approximate the Green function and self-energy in order to solve models of real materials.

Uploaded by

SupriyoNaskar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Green function in solid-state physics

GPU meeting

Shuxiang Yang
October 25, 2012

Outline

Introduction

Green function

Definition (mathematical and physical)

Properties

Diagrammatic approach to calculate G

Single-particle level

Two-particle level

Conclusion
2

Introduction

Introduction

Physics research
Materials

Physics experiments
Modeling
Theoretical & numerical analysis

Sovle model
Interpret results
4

Modeling

(Zhang and Rice, PRB 1988,


P.W. Anderson)

Models: Ising model, Heisenberg model, Hubbard model, etc.

2-D Hubbard model (quantum system model)


Simplest model able to capture the low energy physics of cuprates
5

Solve the model

We need to solve the Schrodinger equation


for quantum system
Equation of motion

Note that the hamiltonian is time-independent, we can


separate the two variables as

Then we just need to solve a simpler equation

Solve the model

How to solve this equation

operator??

scalar

vector

It can be represented as a matrix if a basis is chosen

Four possible configurations per-site


(occupation number representation)

Number of configurations: 4^Nc


7

Solve the model

Eigen-value and-vector problem

matrix

scalar

vector

Wave-function based

H: linear dimension: 4^Nc

Nc: number of sites (atoms), 10^23 for real materials

This puts a severe constraint on the solving of this equation


both in computational time and in memory
e.g. Nc=16, memory requirement for
wave function vector:16GB; Hamiltonian matrix: 7x1010GB !

We need a smarter way of solving this model

Outline

Introduction

Green function

Definition (mathematical and physical)

Properties

Diagrammatic approach to calculate G

Single-particle level

Two-particle level

Conclusion
9

Green function in mathematics


Named after the British mathematical physicist George Green.

Inhomogeneous differential equation


Linear differential operator

examples:

Green function is defined as

George Green
(07/14/1793~03/31/1841)

10

Green function in mathematics

Once the Green function is calculated,


the solution of equation
is
This can be checked by applying L on both sides and
using the definition of G

11

Green function in physics

We only need the following replacement


Green function in physics is defined as (frequency space)

solution:

for the time space, it is

12

Green function in physics

Formal definition in physics

Operator in the Heisenberg representation

Measurement

Other names
propagator, correlation function

13

Physical meaning of Green function


Represents the phase accumulated when particles move

Green function

Self-energy

long-ranged
Short-ranged

Related by Dyson eq
14

Different Green functions

Real time/frequency vs imaginary time/frequency

Real space vs momentum space

Single-particle vs two-particle

Homogeneous vs inhomogeneous system

...

15

Examples of Green function

Bare (non-interacting) Green function

Dressed (interacting) Green function

self-energy

16

Outline

Introduction

Green function

Definition (mathematical and physical)

Properties

Diagrammatic approach to calculate G

Single-particle level

Two-particle level

Conclusion
17

Dyson equation

other forms:

Dyson equation

Taylor expansion

18

Diagrammatic representation

Dyson equation
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1)

(2)

(3)

19

Diagrammatic representation

Two elements:

Bare Green function


Contains frequency and dispersion information

Interaction:

20

contains Coulomb interaction effect

Green function diagram examples

Question: how to generate and sum these diagrams efficiently?

21

Self-consistent calculation
Approximation on
Green function
Approximation on
self-energy

Self-consistent
calculation

22

Two-Particle Quantities

Scattering Process and Vertex

23

Parquet Formalism

1-particle formalism + 2-particle formalism

Vector: G, T,

Rank-3 Tensor: , F, ,
24

Hierarchy of Approximate Methods

HPC
needed
25

Conclusion

Green function

Phase accumulated when particles move

A language to describe and a tool to solve physical system

Diagrammatic approach to sum up diagrams

Single-particle level

Two-particle level

26

Thank you!
Questions??

27

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