EwaGlos, which has been developed in eleven languages,

highlights the crucial role that professionally developed

multilingual vocabularies play in international preservation
tance of a common language in the conservation field, and
the role that international cooperation plays in creating
this common terminology.
The core of the glossary comprises approximately 200 definitions of terms frequently used in specifications in the
field of conservation-restoration of wall paintings and architectural surfaces. The forewords and preface of the book
introduce professionals, students and decision-makers to
complex issues encountered in the development, and use,
of such terminologies. The book concludes with an extensive bibliography in this specialised field.

EWAGLOS EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF CONSERVATION TERMS

FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

campaigns. The illustrated glossary stresses the impor-

17

EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY
OF CONSERVATION TERMS FOR WALL PAINTINGS
AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG

EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF CONSERVATION TERMS
FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES
English definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French,
German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish

SERIES oF PuBlICaTIonS By THE HoRnEmann InSTITuTE

Edited by angela Weyer
Volume 17

EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY
OF CONSERVATION TERMS
FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES
English definitions with translations into Bulgarian, Croatian, French,
German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Spanish and Turkish

edited by
angela Weyer, Pilar Roig Picazo, Daniel Pop, Joann Cassar,
aysun zkse, Jean-marc Vallet, Ivan Sra

MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG

To all those who have dedicated their lives to the conservation of our cultural heritage

Cover illustrations:
Relief, p. 92; Exposed concrete, p. 46; underpaint, p. 60; Scagliola, p. 116; levelling coat, p. 54;
Tempera, p. 88; Brick masonry, p. 34; Rising damp, p. 156; Varnish, p. 64

IMPRINT

EwaGlos European Illustrated Glossary of Conservation Terms for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces
Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2015, Germany

michael Imhof Verlag GmbH & Co. KG

Stettiner Strae 25 | 36100 Petersberg | Germany
Tel.: 0661/2919166-0 | Fax: 0661/2919166-9
www.imhof-verlag.com | info@imhof-verlag.de

Texts: Institutions and persons mentioned on page 5

Photos /Illustrations: Institutions and persons mentioned in the captions
Layout: meike Krombholz, michael Imhof Verlag (layout of chapters a C based on a draft by Carolin Taebel, Hannover)
Reproduction: michael Imhof Verlag
Printing: Schreckhase Werbedruck GmbH, Spangenberg
Printed in the Eu
ISBn: 978-3-7319-0260-7

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
FOREWORDS
ECCo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
CEn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
ICCRom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
PREFACE
User Documentation and Introduction to EwaGlos European Illustrated Glossary
of Conservation Terms for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Overview scheme

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

THE GLOSSARY: DEFINITIONS AND COMMENTS

A) Art and Craft Techniques
Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Surface Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Construction aids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
B) Condition
Deterioration Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Deterioration Phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
C) Interventions
Documentation and Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Preventive Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
D) Materials Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

ANNEX
Indices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Bulgarian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Croatian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
English Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
French Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
German Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Hungarian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Italian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Polish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Romanian Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Spanish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Turkish Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

COORDINATOR
DE Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Gttingen (HAWK)
responsibilities: project management, English terms, translations into German and Italian
Hornemann Institute:
angela Weyer, Sophie Haake-Harig, Barbara Hentschel, Barbara neubauer, Valeria Corradetti, Karin Schinken, nadia Thalguter
Faculty of architecture, Engineering and Conservation:
ursula Schdler-Saub, nicole Riedl-Siedow, anneli Ellesat

CO-ORGANISERS
ES Universitat Politcnica de Valncia (UPV)
responsibilities: English terms, translations into Spanish
Pilar Roig Picazo, maria del Pilar Bosch Roig, Jos antonio madrid Garca, mercedes Snchez Pons, maria Pilar Soriano Sancho,
Juana C. Bernal navarro, Jos luis Regidor Ros, Juan C. Valcrcel andrs, Julia osca Pons, Ignacio Bosch Roig
RO University of Art and Design, Cluj-Napoca (UAD)
responsibilities: English terms, translations into Romanian
Theo-Sandu murean, Vasile Daniel Pop, adrian Rauca, Gil Turcule
MT University of Malta (UM)
responsibilities: English terms, English revision
Joann Cassar, Shirley Cefai, Roberta De angelis, oriana aquilina, matthew Bonett, Semira Bugeja, Christine Caruana, James Farrugia
TR Karabk niversitesi (KBU)
responsibilities: English terms, translations into Turkish
aysun zkse, oana Gui, Eray ahbaz, Kerim Tan, aye Hilal Tan
FR Centre Interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP)
responsibilities: English terms, translations into French
Jean-marc Vallet, Emilie Checroun, nicolas Bouillon, Fabien Fohrer, odile Guillon, Isabelle locoge, Elise Bouvet
CR Croatian Conservation Institute (HRZ)
responsibilities: English terms, translations into Croatian
Ivan Sra, Katarina Gavrilica, Kristina Kruli, Fani upan, Bruno nahod

ASSOCIATED PARTNERS
BG Stefan Belishki, national academy of arts, Sofia (naa) | responsibility: translations into Bulgarian
DE Drthe Jakobs, landesamt fr Denkmalpflege im Regierungsprsidium Stuttgart (RPS)
DE Roland lenz, akademie der Bildenden Knste Stuttgart (aBK)
IT mariarosa lanfranchi, opificio delle Pietre Dure (oPD)

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FOREWORD

Heritage in Europe is a key element in the cultural identity of

the many nations on our small continent. Conservation-restoration as a discipline and profession is directly involved in the
safeguarding of this heritage for future generations. The discipline has a long history evolving over many centuries and
spreading across Europe. Today, conservator-restorers share
common professional principles and although communication
is not always easy in a continent rich in languages, a professional terminology has developed both at national level and international level.
Terminology at national level may have some specific features,
often related to the regional techniques and materials used, or
specific characteristics of the cultural heritage in a particular
country. This fact reflects the diversity of our heritage, but at
the same time it can cause difficulties in communication. It is
critical for the professionals in conservation-restoration to be
able to understand each other in what is now a highly professionalised field and to communicate correctly, explicitly and
easily. Clear and exact communication not only guarantees
better results, but helps avoid misunderstandings and reduces
the risk of malpractice in the conservation and restoration of
cultural heritage.

Wall paintings and architectural surfaces are a significant part

of the European heritage. The traditions of conservationrestoration within this facet of heritage can be traced back to
the Renaissance. In spite of the cultural diversity, the principles
in the conservation and restoration of wall paintings and architectural surfaces are the same around the continent. nevertheless, there is no multilingual dictionary to help professionals in their practice and use of language.
Several attempts were made in the last decade to create such
a dictionary, but without success so far. The EwaGlos project is
an admirable initiative in this direction. With its eleven languages, this is going to be the most ambitious dictionary to
date. It will be an important instrument for communication
which, undoubtedly, will benefit both conservator-restorers
and other professionals involved in the preservation of wall
paintings and architectural surfaces. last but not least, the dictionary will facilitate and encourage mobility and joint initiatives between conservator-restorers throughout Europe.

Susan Corr
President of ECCO (European Confederation
of Conservator-Restorers Organisations), July 2015

FOREWORD

Work on the preservation of cultural objects, in all domains

and in their broadest sense, has grown immensely over the
last 40 years. The preservation (and often restoration) of printed works and archival material had been a concern (inter alia,
to libraries and archives) for a long time, but only made a massive impact when the dramatic deterioration of such material
became a wide-spread phenomenon. This may be somewhat
true for the broader field which encompasses the discovery,
analysis and protection of all types of historical monuments,
which work has been ongoing for a long time but which
gained vital momentum around 1975, with the rediscovery
of the importance of monuments and municipal architecture.
International organisations, or specialised sectors within
them, together with specific programmes that did not exist
50 years ago, arose (and supported upcoming projects); this
is due to the ever-growing importance and recognition of this
society-wide duty of heritage preservation. new and now very
respectable disciplines, such as conservation science and
(study of ) material culture, have arisen and are another clear
expression of this development. But still, such endeavours often remained somewhat sector-specific (and language-specific) and within the limits of the very particular contexts
which gave rise to their existence.
This is only one side of the coin of that impetuous development. and there is, of course, also another, earlier side. as with
every branch within the division of labour in society, and as
for the formation of every new professional discipline, a large
number of project and practice related documents, reports,
journal articles, guidelines and textbooks were necessarily created as part of that process an impressive volume of professional experience and of professional documents on good
practice related to such undertakings has now been available
for quite a long time. Such skilled practical work and scientific
study necessarily bring along with them the development,
step-by-step, of new terminology, in different languages: practice and procedures give rise to linguistic expression, specialized terms emerge, and as new phenomena are discovered,
all these call for adequate phraseology and terminology. This
is the point where the long standing, centuries-old terminology associated with the skills and the craft and wisdom of art
history and the care of monuments come together, with the
addition of more recent specialised technical language in the
field. at this point, besides the ordering and restructuring of
terms, clarification or re-evaluation of long-standing concepts
and of the terms expressing them may at times be acceptable
and called for. and this is also the point where traditions related to documentation (in our case, recording, compiling lists
and describing cultural objects) reaching back as far as long
before the 1900s -, as well as art history, conservation science,

and their specialised terminology, come together in forming

a new practical discipline.
The new fields of practice, and later of science, in a specific domain first generate, slowly, special linguistic expressions, which
later become lists of specialised words. Subsequently, these
words often need an explanation to be understood, within and
outside their context, so glossaries are added to the literature.
These are usually specific and event- based. Thus, the first systematic dictionaries start being compiled. next, the need for
translation from and into other languages follows. later, even
more accuracy (i.e., via the creation of definitions) is needed, and
hence a desire arises for an overview of the whole specialised
field (i.e., a concept system) which also allows for the retrieval of
specific technical words required at a given moment. Good definitions are always the combination of comprehensive subject
knowledge and trained terminological abilities, because certain
precisely defined features are required of a good definition. In
addition, picture dictionaries can help the correct understanding of the meaning of certain terms. and then, when the sometimes lean though carefully structured systematic terminologies have been created, there is still a hunger for more information: can we not add some more flesh to the bones, besides
and around the pure concepts and terms presented? The moment for lexicon-based articles, partial and complete encyclopedias has come nevertheless, gently and softly, during this
process, something of Terminology as an organised discipline
and practice comes into play here and this also includes the
science on which it is based of good use of language within a
field, the procedures involved, resulting in exact scientific recording and data interchange (as possibilities). It is no miracle that
the establishing of some general and methodical foundations
for such work with words is also taking place at the same time.
Terminology has evolved from the early 1930s onwards, as has
the professional practice which has been framing and helping
(sometimes guiding) language-based descriptions. and it may
as well today offer quite some help to the many dictionary compilers in so many professions. a few existing terminology
method standards (also adopted by CEn), like ISo 10241Presentation of terminological entries in vocabularies (new edition
2015), but certainly with ISo 704 Terminology work: Principles
and methods (latest edition: 2009) are leading the way, and
some others are also at hand. and finally, at a very advanced
stage, the knowledge contained in all of these sources can be
refined and systematically grouped, if needed and so desired, in
tools like thesauri (as just one example, the online aaT art and
architecture Thesaurus provided by the Getty Trust in los angeles). In this way, ever-increasing and better understanding
and communication in the more and more complex technical
fields can be achieved in an up-to-date way.

It is, then, very appropriate that at this moment a project enters

the scene that strives to present the carefully elaborated, upto-date terminology of Wall paintings and architectural surfaces, one area in the study of, and care for, an important field
in cultural heritage nurturing and monument conservation. The
formation of a group of experts and the undertaking of a project to bring together, from appropriate and skilled minds, a unified form of this knowledge as it now stands, and a negotiated
common understanding of the professional language in the
field, is a logical consequence. Such careful work on
technical/professional language naturally in itself then also
brings with it some kind of standardisation, i.e. a clarification
and unification of the use of this language and its terms and
concepts the way every good, systematic dictionary does.
Carefully researched dictionaries of every kind are always an indispensible requisite for any kind of standardised work procedure, guidelines, or standards themselves.
Standardisation of cultural issues? That sounds strange or dangerous does it not? But there is no reason for concern here.
Standardisation does and shall always concern only a limited,
clearly defined range of individual technical procedures, never
the contents of cultural institutions, the artistic appreciation of
the individual cultural object or the interpretation of the objects.
Indeed, common endeavours of this type and the joining of
forces arrived even later when it comes to cultural heritage;
here, condensed technical knowledge, a unified approach to
structuring it and making it accessible to the technical community as a whole, also have their natural place in the national and
transnational bodies of standardisation. It was only in 2002 that
CEn (the Comit europen de normalization) was the first
such body to create a (new) Technical Committee 346 on the
Conservation of cultural property which now has over 50 projects and some 20 published standards the majority of the
standards dealing, very concretely, with methods and components of conservation science and the care of monuments and
cultural heritage connected with them, both indoors and outdoors. among the standards CEn is issuing in the field of cultural heritage are e.g., En 16095 on preparing Condition reports
on movable cultural objects and En 16096 Condition reports
on non-movable cultural objects where, obviously, technical
terms, and good use of professional language, play an important role. There are also quite a number of standards for test
methods, but particular attention might be drawn to En 15898
Conservation of cultural property : main terms and definitions
which contains 50 fundamental definitions of the cornerstones

10

of cultural heritage preservation, such as conservation, remedial conservation, restoration, repair, value etc. and offers
them to the community for testing, use, and all and any improvements resulting from possible implementation. all CEn
standards as opposed to ISo standards which are only in English and sometimes in French are issued specifically and exclusively as national editions, like BS En in the uK, aFnoR En in
France, DIn En in Germany, etc., and thus from the very start in
several (ideally: all) of the different languages of Europe. all this
brings them and EwaGlos even closer together .
and now, to cut a long story short: EwaGlos unites a great many
of all these features described above, and compensates for the
individual shortcomings of many of them. It is based on a carefully selected word list of the most important technical terms
in the field of wall paintings, its entries aptly combine a short
delimiting definition with a subsequent lexicon-style explanation and information useful and required for the full understanding of each issue and its associated term. EwaGlos is organised on a subject-oriented basis; it is substantially multilingual, and each entry spans over two facing pages so that easy
overview over all of the entries is guaranteed. In addition, it has
images for each of the phenomena which are listed through
their terms and which are so explained. Thus, EwaGlos should
indeed be a very valuable means of reference, a means of communication among those working in the field, a help in professional education and development, and also a good presentation of its specific subject field to a general audience. It is certainly the basis from which further useful tools for the conservation community could be developed, such as possibly word
lists (authorities) for incorporation into conservation-related
databases and IT tools. EwaGlos is a respectable achievement
and a big step to bring forward the work, the insights and the
academic education of future experts who are still currently undertaking academic and practical studies.
I do wish EwaGlos a warm response, success in its professional
field, and I should like to thank its authors and its editor for accepting the burden of developing such a sophisticated product
while additionally also considering fundamental technical standards in the field of such work.

Axel Ermert
Member of the German delegation to CEN/TC 346/WG 1
Conservation of cultural heritage, WG 1 Foundations and
vocabulary; Institute for Museum Research, State Museums
Berlin, Foundation Prussian Heritage (SPK), Berlin, August 2015

FOREWORD
Wall paintings and decorated architectural surfaces form a significant component of the worlds cultural heritage spanning
cultures and languages, stretching back through time to feature
among the first known instances of human artistic expression.
a key element in the understanding and care of this global heritage is that this requires interdisciplinary and often international teamwork, and therefore rests on good communication.
The EwaGlos project, and this publication which arises as a result of it, represents an important step to create a much needed
tool to facilitate communication across cultures and languages
through the medium of word and image. This task is not easy,
as the extensive discussions and deliberations within the working groups of the EwaGlos project bore witness since to define
meaning with clarity and precision, not just in one language
but in many, is a semantic challenge which requires exactness
not only of language but of concept. The exercise opens up
hitherto unexplored territory, as drawing a distinction between
what is true and what is false can prove something of a conundrum, owing to the inevitable multiplicity and mutability of
meanings across cultural contexts and over time:
there are at least twenty-four possible aspects of any single
statement, depending on where you are standing at the time or
on what the weathers like. A categorical statement I find will
never stay where it is and be finite. It will immediately be subject
to modification by the other twenty-three possibilities of it.

I suggest there can be no hard distinctions between what is real and

what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false. A thing is
not necessarily either true or false; it can be both true and false.
Pinter, Harold, Introduction: Writing for the Theatre. Harold
Pinter, Plays: one. london, Eyre methuen (1978) pp. 9-16.
Bearing in mind the difficulties expressed by Pinter refer to the
navigation of meaning within a single language when multiplied across many, the challenge becomes Herculean!
a primary purpose of a glossary is to explain, the act of which not
only facilitates communication, but also furthers thinking. The link
between explaining and understanding is vital, not only in the
sense of being something of fundamental importance, but also in
that it is alive. Deeper understanding comes through explaining,
but to do so requires a process of re-examination of words and
concepts which challenges any reliance on all too easily (and for
some of us long ago) accepted notions, and through this comes
greater awareness of how usage and meaning continue to evolve.
at the same time, wall painting as a form of cultural and artistic

expression also continues to evolve. In addition to the terminology related to historic wall paintings and their conservation, new
words are entering the field for example, in relation to contemporary street art and so, no doubt, future glossaries in this area
will include terms such as buffing, tagging, reverse graffiti, legal
wall etc. and their associated counterparts in other languages.
In addition to its textual definitions, EwaGlos is a plentiful resource for images to clarify and communicate, and contains a
wealth of references to important bibliographic sources and
as such will no doubt prove a valuable tool for didactic purposes. Indeed, EwaGlos draws upon a rich tradition of technical
reference literature for wall paintings conservation in many languages (for example, the various language editions of mora,
mora and Philippots seminal work The conservation of wall
paintings (mora et al. 1984), and the ICCRom GraDoc publication (GRaDoC 2000), to name but a few), which have served
this community well in the past but require revision and update,
as well as previous initiatives to produce illustrated glossaries
for wall paintings conservation, and other visual glossaries produced in related fields (for example the IComoS, ISCS Illustrated
glossary on stone deterioration patterns (Glossary on Stone
2008)). However, EwaGlos takes these initiatives in wall paintings conservation a step further not only in the array of languages covered eleven in total but also in making its results
available online as an open access publication under a creative
commons licence, thereby producing a resource that is through
the internet freely available and open to all.
For many years ICCRom has campaigned for improved communication and dialogue across languages, cultures and disciplines. From a global and historical perspective, the EwaGlos
project represents a valuable and noteworthy effort to draw together the international community to create a usable tool.
looking forward, this platform offers an opportunity for ongoing development to extend and improve the current first edition. It is to be hoped that this will be the starting point for future initiatives to develop and enlarge EwaGlos, to extend its
scope beyond Europe. The inclusion of further languages and
terms, and ongoing revision and development of the collected
definitions will create a living communication tool for the global
wall paintings conservation community, which reflects and
serves a professional field and a form of cultural expression
which is not static but rather very much alive.
Alison Heritage
ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation
and Restoration of Cultural Property)
Rome, September 2015

11

PREFACE
User Documentation and Introduction to EwaGlos
European Illustrated Glossary of Conservation Terms
for Wall Paintings and Architectural Surfaces

The mobility of conservation specialists across Europe and contract tendering at European level are increasing at the same rate
as the publics interest in its cultural heritage and its preservation, as shown for example during European Heritage Days. But
communication still remains difficult because cultural heritage
conservation is quite a young academic field and its terminology is not yet standardised across Europe. This leads to enormous problems during activities such as practical work, in the
understanding of scientific publications produced by other
countries and in other disciplines, as well as the inability to
search data increasingly available in digital form.
motivated by this strong practical need in Europe for more
amenable conservation terminology and encouraged by the
example of a very useful illustrated stone conservation glossary1, a consortium of seven academic institutions supported
by associated partners2 and external experts has developed
this richly illustrated glossary of conservation terms for wall

paintings and architectural surfaces. In the so-called EwaGlos,

concise texts and explanatory images and sketches illustrate
concepts as used today in the field.
Preliminary note: according to established international terminology and due to the sometimes negative connotation of
the English term restoration, the word conservation is used
as an umbrella term in the title and in the preface to this book
to refer to the two preservation measures of conservation
and restoration.3 In the glossary itself we follow the custom
of differentiating conservation from restoration to give the
list of terms a better structure.4 Thus, conservation is used in
the narrow sense of to keep, to preserve (conservare), using
techniques and strategies designed to maximise the preservation in situ of existing material, and minimise restoration or
replacement. In contrast, restoration is defined as to re-establish (restaurare), meaning intervention made with the
deliberate intention of revealing or recovering a known ele-

Fig. 1: Participants of the last working meeting in Zagreb, September 2015: Jean-Marc Vallet (FR), Ignacio Bosch Roig (ES), Roland Lenz (DE), Alison Heritage (UK, IT), Maria del
Pilar Bosch Roig (ES), Aysun zkse (TR), Stefan Belishki (BG), JoAnn Cassar (MT), Kerim Tan (TR), Aye Hilal Tan (TR), Oana Gui (RO, TR), Pilar Roig Picazo (ES), Angela Weyer
(DE), Ewa wicka (PL), Adrian Rauca (RO), Fani upan (HR), Sophie Haake-Harig (DE), Kristina Kruli (HR), Mrta Guttmann (RO), Daniel Pop (RO), Drthe Jakobs (DE), Barbara
Neubauer (DE), Ivan Sra (HR), Barbara Hentschel (DE)

12

ment of heritage value that had been eroded, obscured or previously removed.5

Specification
a glossary comprises definitions of terms in a particular domain
of knowledge because no one dictionary can contain all terminology. Therefore, at the beginning of the project, the consortium
defined the scope of the vocabulary, determining first the area of
knowledge to be encompassed and second, the length, structure
and content of the texts for each term6: due to the fact that in the
conservation field terminology varies among specialists in different materials, we established a boundary, namely the field of wall
paintings and architectural surfaces, because this terminology is
of great significance for a large proportion of our heritage, i.e. historic buildings, their surfaces and decorations, from the floor to
the ceiling: this encompasses a completely different sector compared to that which is found in museums and collections.
This glossary is focused on paintings on walls and ceilings, but
also includes architectural surfaces made of plaster, render,
stucco, mosaics, tiles, masonry, etc., because all these surfaces
together with or without polychromy often coincide and
are mostly treated by the same conservators.
However, for this glossary we narrowed down the definition of
wall paintings to paintings on inorganic substrates such as plaster and stone and excluded wall paintings on organic substrates
such as wood, because in many Europeans countries this work
is done by conservators specially trained in the conservation of
panel paintings.7 Therefore, except for wooden construction
materials like half-timber, all other organic substrates such as
wood, leather, or paper are not part of this EwaGlos edition.8 Intangible concepts such as prevention, monument conservation, etc. are also not included.9

Who was involved?

The partners and other contributors
The Coordinator of this Eu Project was the Hornemann Institute
of the HaWK university of applied Sciences and arts
Hildesheim/ Holzminden/Gttingen (project manager: Dr. angela Weyer). The co-organisers included the universitat Politcnica de Valncia (project manager: Prof. Dr. Pilar Roig Picazo),
the university of art and Design, Cluj-napoca (project manager:
Prof. Dr. Daniel Pop), the university of malta (project manager:
Prof. Dr. Joann Cassar), the Karabk niversitesi (project manager: Prof. Dr. aysun zkse), the Centre Interdisciplinaire de
Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine (project manager:
Dr. Jean-marc Vallet) and the Croatian Conservation Institute
(project manager: Prof. Ivan Sra). We were further supported
by many experienced colleagues, also, inter alia, from additional
European countries.10 (Fig. 1, 2)
altogether we were about 70 specialists from different generations and different disciplines, some of us with two or more

mother languages. at first, researchers with teaching experience (mostly from universities) were mainly involved, because
they already had photographs and texts for this purpose. For
methodological advice, we involved CEn (European Committee
for Standardization) and consulted axel Ermert, a member of
the working group/TC 346/WG, who is working on The European Standard En 15 898, Glossary of Damages.
The dissemination was supported by leading non-governmental or intergovernmental organisations in the field: IIC (International Institute for Conservation of Historic and artistic
Works), ICCRom (International Centre for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), WTa (International association for Science and Technology of Building
maintenance and the Preservation of monuments), ECCo (European Confederation of Conservator-Restorers organisations)
and the German national Scientific Committee for the Conservation and Restoration of Wall Paintings and architectural Surfaces of IComoS (International Council on monuments and
Sites).

Languages
The glossary is published in the eleven mother languages of
the experts involved in the project: English (leading language),
Bulgarian, Croatian, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish,
Romanian, Spanish and Turkish. Thus, the glossary comprises
the three official European languages German, English and
French. Italian is included due to the long tradition of wall painting conservation in Italy that Italian restorers spread throughout Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries; in addition,
many European restorers were educated in Italy. Spanish is included because of the widespread use of Spanish in the world.
Due to the fact that most existing glossaries concentrate mainly
on Western European languages, it was the intention from the
beginning to complement the glossary with some Eastern European languages. The three Eastern European countries Croatia, Romania and the candidate for Eu membership, Turkey,
brought very important aspects from their great wealth of valuable wall paintings and architectural surfaces into the project,
due to the different materials, artistic techniques, artistic styles
(Byzantine art) and craftsmanship employed there. The same
was also true for malta in the south of Europe, which also offered additional expertise in the English language.

Objectives and target groups

The main focus of this book is to clarify the current use of a term
within different cultures and languages. The goal is to convey
the essence and to be accurate, but not to be exhaustive.
The Culture Programme (20072013) of the Eu provided 50%
of the finances. Due to the fact that the Culture Programme is
not primarily a research but rather a communication programme involving also the public, EwaGlos strongly focuses on

13

intercultural dialogue. It intends to foster transnational co-operation between state offices, conservation institutions, universities, as well as building trades, tradesmen and the construction industry. The terminology should improve communication
and co-operation among the different trades on site, and communication among the multidisciplinary professionals/lecturers
and during lectures to the public.
Therefore, this glossary addresses a widely diverse range of
readers:
* Professionals, to help them with their daily work, especially
if their work extends to other European countries;
* administrative authorities, to give them a tool for communicating their tasks;
* Conservation students in Europe, to provide them with common educational material;
* Individuals, to aid them in understanding deterioration and
preservation processes within their built environment.
The target group can include, for example, a person who needs
to write or answer a European request for tender. This need is
increasing because more and more large preservation projects
are carried out today by international and multidisciplinary
teams. In addition, universities should prepare their students
to enter other foreign universities and possibly also pursue an
international work career.
For dissemination to the target groups, we chose two formats:
a book as a printed version and a free PDF e-publication. The
book will appeal to those who would like to have a physical object in their hands; the PDF to those who prefer a full-text search
option or who do not wish to buy the book.

Specific challenges of terminology in the

conservation field
Due to the cultural diversity within every profession in the field
of European cultural heritage, the meanings of the terms are
not identical in different languages and countries; sometimes
there are differences, sometimes the meanings overlap.
In the conservation field, these problems might be greater than
in other cultural areas because it is still a young discipline: its
terminology is influenced by the natural sciences, the arts and
humanities, the engineering sciences, but also by traditional
craftsmanship and artistic traditions. moreover, it does not
stand alone, as is obvious from the different professions working together on construction and conservation sites nowadays.
This applies in particular to the conservation of wall paintings
and architectural surfaces, because connections with the construction industry and the traditional trades continue to be actively promoted in heritage conservation.
Today, from region to region, the development of this profession reveals differences in content and context. on a European
(and on a national) level this has led to the use of often confusing, mistaken terminology (including the incorrect use of foreign language terms), which has made communication very
difficult not only between tradespeople, restorers, conservators
and scientists, but also with building owners and users. Conflicts and misunderstandings can arise especially when people
make use of the typical mixes of terminology from different languages.
a very simple example of inconsistent meaning is the term
restoration itself. For some colleagues, the English term restora-

Fig. 2: Kick-o meeting of the consortium in Karabk (TR), February 2014 (on the right) Aysun zkse, Shirley Cefai; (on the other side) Pilar Roig Picazo, Maria
del Pilar Bosch Roig, Jean-Marc Vallet, Oana Gui, Daniel Pop, Kerim Tan; Photo: KBU

14

Fig. 3: During the kick-off meeting the

first draft of the chosen terms was
projected onto a wall and discussed,
standing: Sophie Haake-Harig,
February 2014; Photo: Oana Gui

tion still has a negative reputation resulting from the restoration methods of the nineteenth century that focused more or
less on reconstructions.11 Even though the history of restoration
in the nineteenth century in Italy and Germany shows similar
bad and falsifying interventions on precious historic monuments, the terms restauro and Restaurierung as well as the
French restauration and the Polish restauracja underwent
a positive update during the course of the twentieth century.12
Even the term wall painting has various meanings in Europe.
For EwaGlos, we defined wall paintings as paintings on inorganic substrates such as plaster and stone. other countries,
however, define them as paintings on the wall which include,
for example, paintings on wooden walls.
The term fresco is used in France today for all kinds of wall
paintings; in other countries, however, it is limited to painting
on fresh lime plaster. The background of this development
might be that most wall paintings outside Italy are a combination of fresco technique and secco technique.
But there are other differences in technical execution for
example, wall paintings in malta can be found applied directly
to the stone without a preparatory plaster layer.
moreover, they are executed in oil paint, which in countries
north of the alps is known only in rare cases for wall paintings,
mainly from the 18th to the 19th century. There, oil paint is more
common in the context of polychromy on stone sculpture.
also historic render and masonry materials and techniques vary
regionally. The binding materials, aggregates, fillers and additives
used for a render depend strongly on available regional resources,
as well as on requirements. Depending on the climatic region, the
demands on a render or on brick can be quite different.
In addition, there are terms without an exact equivalent in
another language for example, the German term Befundsicherung, which was translated after long discussions into ar-

chitectural paint research, or Bauforschung, which was left

untranslated in some languages as a similar term does not exist,
to make the end users understand where it came from, and why
it is there.13 Regional names for which we also did not find a
comparable term, including specific plaster types like anatolian
and central asian sweet lime or sweet plaster, were also problematic in this regard.
Terms of Latin derivation are in use in many European languages to define typical phenomena in conservation: in English
as well as in Italian, a loss (for example in a painting surface)
is called a lacuna. In addition, the exchange of restoration
knowledge at a European level and the activities of Italian restorers, in particular in other European countries, go back to the
19th century in many cases. Specialists from Italy were called
in for the detachment of wall paintings in northern European
countries, in order to apply the stacco and strappo methods
and to teach these techniques to other colleagues. Italian
restoration methods were published in journals in other European countries and many European restorers were educated in
Italy.14 Therefore many Italian terms like pontata, tratteggio,
giornata, arriccio or intonaco have spread throughout Europe, but not all of them are still in use today: the use of Italian
terminology in todays practical work has to be decided on a
case by case basis and for every language. languages develop:
when does the current use of a word require revision and who
decides this the practical user or the academic world?
another challenge is to clarify todays usage of words: terms
used in report writing and publications can differ from their current use on site. academics may use different terminology compared to the conservators communicating on the scaffolding.
This situation presented us with the challenge to decide
whether to change our own academic terminology (in favour
of what is actually said in reality, on site).

15

Therefore, whilst the extraction of soluble salts may still be

called desalination on site, we chose to use the modern (more
correct) term salt reduction. on the other hand, we left terms
like chalking unaltered, because it is commonly in use on site,
although it is not a correct academic term.
In addition, of course, we are influenced by what we ourselves
have learnt from our teachers which spanning about three
decades, various countries, and different subjects is necessarily characterised by change. So it was also necessary to sometimes question our own learning traditions and perhaps reevaluate some of our own findings in the context of regional
peculiarities. Therefore, the project used the humanities
method of source criticism, referring to answers derived from
practical restoration work on objects/ the practical experiences
of colleagues, and their comparison with specialised literature.
In the end, so as to solve these language problems we had within the group, we tried to clarify the terms. We started with preliminary definitions and as a second step enhanced the definitions with photographs or sketches of the material state of
an object.

Selection of the terms and their structure

The number of chosen terms was a pragmatic consequence of
the desire to produce an affordable book at the end of the project. That meant approximately 450 pages with an English introduction, the illustrated glossary, a materials appendix (practically without figures), and eleven indices (one for each language), as well as a bibliography.
Based on practical conservation work and lectures, the selection of terms attempted to identify approximately 200 of the
most important currently used terms in this field in Europe,
which need to be explained in many languages. The selection

focused on the current state of cultural heritage, and on up-todate common treatment methods and materials, not on historical methods. There was also room for some terms often needed
on site, which seem to be so colloquial that they are almost never explained elsewhere, like for example edging repair, levelling coat, brick dust or sand.
The terms are meant to be free standing, and not overlapping
in meaning. The delineation of terms like plaster and render
or bleaching and fading, for instance, was a challenge. another objective was not to judge or assign value by putting a
term in a particular context, and to decide whether a term
should be included in the definition of a generic term or
whether it needs to be explained separately. For example,
could/should stacco and strappo be defined under detachment of wall paintings? or should egg tempera and casein
tempera be defined under tempera painting?
Self-explanatory words as, for example, a protecting roof were
not considered, although they have been used successfully for
centuries for preservation purposes.
after a long process of reflection, we subdivided the glossary
into three chapters and a materials appendix that we distinguished by different colours to make them user friendly:
a) art and Craft Techniques: Construction, Surface Design, Construction aids
B) Condition: Deterioration Sources, Deterioration Phenomena
C) Interventions: Documentation and Investigation, Preventive
Conservation, Conservation, Restoration
D) materials appendix
Within the three chapters, EwaGlos has neither hierarchical
structures, nor a thesaurus which would combine terms according to their relationships:15 when we collected the terms and
made our selection, we did not think too much about a logical
order but rather preferred a logical succession of terms. We
mainly wanted to have important terms in the glossary (Fig. 3).

Preventive Conservation

Environmental assessment

Cleaning

Indoor climate study

Salt reduction

Fixing

Monitoring

Sacrificial render

Injection of grout

Environmental management
Drainage

Poulticing

Conservation
and Restoration

16

Consolidation

Neutral reintegration

Emergency measure

Infilling

Tratteggio

Maintenance and care

Repointing

Pointillism

Edging repair

Tonal adjustement / glazing

Dutchman repair

Mimetic reintegration

Uncovering

Astrazione cromatica

Reintegration

Selezione cromatica

Detachment

Transfer

Fig. 4: Tree diagram of the hierarchical structure of the

conservation and restoration terms (according to Spanish
methodology); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a
draft by UPV (Jose Antonio Madrid Garca)

First selection of existing definitions and definition proposals for German EwaGlos-Work Package
state: august 2014 Hornemann Institute
Developed by: Sophie Haake, Barbara Hentschel, Barbara neubauer, angela Weyer
Render
(auenputz)

mortars 2011, 606

a plastic mixture, primarily of inorganic binder(s) and aggregate or fillers that can set to form a
uniform, protective exterior surface finish for masonry.

mortars 2011, 87

The terms render and plaster have often been used interchangeably. nicholson (1823) distinguished between plastering on laths and rendering on brick and stone, which in the 19th century could be exterior or interior work. There were other terms to describe the different forms of external render, but these also varied over time. In the latter part of the 20th century render has
evolved to describe external applications, with plaster now generally reserved for internal work.
External render was integral to design of many buildings. Its primary function was to protect
against the weather, but it could also disguise the method of construction or make the building
appear to be of a more prestigious material.

Harris 1983, 454

Rendering: a coat of plaster directly on an interior wall or stucco on an exterior wall.

Harms 1983, 511

Stucco: an exterior finish, usually textured, composed of Portland cement, lime, and sand, which
are mixed with water.

Cocke et. al. 2009, 35

Rendering: the covering of outside walls with a uniform surface or skin for protection from the
weather.

oxford Dictionary 2010, 1503

Cover (stone or brick) with a coat of plaster: external walls will be rendered and tiled.
a first coat of plaster applied to a brick or stone surface.

aaT render (1.5.2014)

a plaster (usually a mix of sand, stone, lime, and water) applied directly to structural walls as a
decorative or weather-resistant finish; the coating so produced.

mora et. al. 1984, 10

The rendering or ground on which the mural painting is generally executed is often composed of
two layers. In this case, one can usually distinguish a first coarser layer applied to even out the
surface of the wall and sometimes (in the case of frescoes) to hold moisture; a second, thinner
and finer layer receives the painting. The two layers of rendering make up the ground or rendering; they anchor the painting to the wall and provide a flat smooth surface for painting upon.

Kollmann 2013, 16

auenputze: auf Innenflchen angebrachte Putze (DIn V 18550). materialen und Putzsysteme fr
den auengebrauch (DIn En 998-1)

The conservation dictionary

2001

See stucco.
Stucco: Stucco is a traditional decorative plaster based on lime. Its surface may be lined out in imitation of ashlar stone.

oED: Render (9.5.2014)

Plastering. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with a first coating of plaster

Fig. 5: The German team started work on its work package with a collection of quotations from sources from different countries

In the designated three chapters, the order of the terms is determined by different organisational strategies for example,
in Construction the order follows the structure of a wall. In
Restoration we have a sequence building up according to the
impact of the interventions from uncovering, to reintegration with their different techniques, ending with very seldom
used and risky methods like detachment and transfer (Fig.
4). The materials appendix is arranged alphabetically.16

Definitions and comments

We have built on pre-existing resources; indeed, the definitions and comments are regarded only as further work on
that which was already there (Fig. 5). We do not intend to replace the generally excellent national glossaries. The whole
point of EwaGlos is that the definitions and comments are intended to define a multilingual organised vocabulary accessible to an international audience. They need to be generic

and acceptable to the worldwide conservation community.

Due to the numerous existing national glossaries and the fact
that this glossary is written by different authors from twelfe
countries, the sources used are not fully identical.
The goal of a definition is to be as concise as possible. The
length of each definition/ comment, in every language, was
limited by the layout of one double-sided page for the illustrated terms in chapters aC and therefore consists of up to
730 characters. If there was space after the translation and a
need for national additions, these were placed at the end of
the translations. The content thus restricts itself to the conservation of wall paintings and architectural surfaces and does
not include other fields of conservation. For systematic correctness, we tried to use terms in the definitions (and their
translations) that are themselves also defined in the glossary;
however this proved to be very difficult due to the large number of authors and the parallel working process.
We learnt from CEn that the definitions should explain a meaning (concept), not a word. For example, a wood hammer is a

17

Fig. 6: Workshop of authors and translators in

Valencia (ES), September 2014, during a discussion on the definitions of the terms: (from
left) Mrta Guttman,
Sophie Haake-Harig,
Ursula Schdler-Saub,
Mercedes Snchez
Pons, Adrian Heritage,
Jean-Marc Vallet, Angela Weyer; Photo: Stefan
Belishki

tool made of wood with a cylindrical head used to beat or

knock is a concept definition, but a wood hammer is a hammer for hammering wood is only a definition of a word (Fig. 6).
To reach a consistent, clear format we tried to employ a hierarchy within our definitions, starting with a broad definition like
painting technique, and continuing with more specific details
like the binding medium of this painting technique.
The definition needed to comprise the function and generic
materials used and needed to be very much related to the illustration, making the illustration clear without further explanations.
The comment may contain:
- examples of use and of specific materials,
- historic references to the concept/ the material (not to the term),

- different meanings,
- relationships to other terms,
- local characteristics, if these are important for a larger part of
Europe,
- adoptions from another language,
- synonymous terms,
- terms not to be confused with.

Cross-references
Cross-references at the end are used to link terms that have a
similar meaning, that give additional information, or that are
sometimes confused. This collection of the cross-references

Fig. 7: Discussion on the

selection of the photographs, standing: Axel
Ermert and Barbara
Hentschel, sitting (from
left) Drthe Jakobs, Stefan Belishki, JoAnn Cassar, Ewa wicka, Aysun zkse, Jean-Marc
Vallet, Angela Weyer,
Mercedes Snchez
Pons, Maria del Pilar
Bosch Roig, Ursula
Schdler-Saub, Mrta
Guttman, Roland Lenz,
Daniel Pop (hidden);
Marseille (FR), February
2015; Photo: Adrian
Rauca

18

does not claim to be complete, because sometimes editing had

to take place for the sake of brevity: the text had priority.

Painting
Preparatory drawing

Selection of the illustrations

a picture is worth a thousand words, is a very true saying: we
tried to select pictures that illustrate a term very accurately and
without the need for further explanation: the term as it is defined. This was not very easy, because most photographs can
communicate several issues. of course, the diversity of European cultural heritage throughout the centuries should be
mapped, too (Fig. 7). The infographics were particularly useful
to emphasise salient features of a term (Fig. 8).

Sinopia on arriccio
Masonry

Translations
The leading (or dominant) language of this glossary is (European) English and so the definitions and comments were first
written in English and then translated into the mother languages of the researchers involved, sometimes with additions
especially in the materials appendix. We are aware of the fact
that this selection of a leading language reduced the possibility of documenting the full range of European cultural diversity,
but any alternative to deal with terms of all eleven languages
was impractical within the framework of this project. However,
if space was left, there was the possibility of adding national remarks to the comments.
as already mentioned above, due to the cultural diversity within
every cultural profession, the meaning of the terms (the so
called concepts) are not 100% the same across different languages and certain terms might be missing or unknown in a
particular language.17 Certain terms may also have a broader
or narrower meaning in different languages, or meanings may
overlap: one term may cover (parts of ) several terms in the target language.
If we had a term with an inconsistent meaning in a particular
language, the translators used a foreign (so called loan) term
and a term in the mother language, separated by a slash. none
of our translators opted for the possibility of indicating the different meanings of a term by numbering them (1), (2), etc. For
English terms with double equivalents in a particular language,
we mostly included the second possibility as a synonym at the
end of the comment. In the single case of the German term
Bauforschung, that is without an English equivalent, we chose
Building archaeology, a so-called coined term, because it is
a newly invented term (as a translation from the German term)
that does not exist in English. For synonyms, one of the terms
or names was generally chosen as the preferred term for the
heading and used in the text. If there was no equivalent in a
particular language, there was the possibility to leave the term
blank but none of the EwaGlos translators used that option either.

Fig. 8: Only a few illustrations show the context of several of the terms: here the
scheme of the construction of a fresco; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Herber based
on a draft by Knoepfli et al. 1990, p. 63

Indices
an important issue for us was that different end users specialists and non-expert users should be able to find their way
to the definitions they are looking for. accordingly, we did not
choose an automated method for compiling the indexed
terms, but rather the authors were free to select the indexed
terms for their mother language indices to broaden the search
and to facilitate end-user access: each index comprises all
main terms, the mentioned sub-terms, most synonyms and
terms not to be confused with the main term. In EwaGlos,
synonyms are terms for which meanings and usage are identical (true synonyms) or nearly identical (near synonyms)
in a wide range of contexts. They may include terms of different linguistic origin, dialectical variants, scientific and common terms for the same concept or names in different languages. If, for example, Italian terms are no longer in practical
use in a particular country but still appear in academic literature, authors could put them in the index of the language of
that country. By placing terms, that are not to be confused
with the main term, in the index, too, access for a broad range
of users is enhanced without constraining them to search for
the right term. The indices may also comprise broader and
narrower terms, because non expert users, and also the interdisciplinary community, often do not know the exact term

19

dexed terms. However, with the help of author guidelines, we

harmonized some essentials: except for the headings, the
terms are normalised to all lowercase letters (=ISo) unless the
national rule is different. We used unicode to have a set of diacritics required by the various alphabets of the many languages used. Instead of chemical symbols we used the element or compound name. Due to the very limited space available, only the male occupational titles are mentioned in the
glossary, unfortunately, but of course females are included
too.

Fig. 9: Proof reading by authors and translators in Zagreb (HR), September

2015, here: Mrta Guttmann and Ewa wicka; Photo: Drthe Jakobs

used by a conservation specialist. Due to the fact that the indices were constructed with the help of Excel, the sorting follows its rules being a word-by-word sorting.

Writing
Due to the fact that this glossary is written by ca. 45 authors
from ten countries, a consistent style, grammar, and sentence
structure has been nearly impossible as well as the order of
the sources, the selection of the cross references, and the in-

Quality management
Due to the short duration of the project (24 months) and the
difficulties in accessing the results of other multilingual projects in the conservation field over the past 20 years (i.e. the
projects Caleidoscopio, artis, Raphael, lmCR, The Conservation Dictionary, CRISTal),18 we wish to place a special focus
on the limitations of the work and quality management. These
included:
- accomplishing realistic tasks within given timeframes,
- involving only specialised scientific and conservation staff,
who were primarily staff of the partner institutions, so that
the content was developed by a national or international
team and not by a single freelancer,
- adding some of the consulted sources to every term,

Fig. 10: Speakers at the final conference in Zagreb (HR), September 2015: (from left) Barbara Hentschel, Maria del Pilar Bosch Roig, Sophie Haake (hidden), JoAnn
Cassar, Angela Weyer, Adrian Rauca, Stefan Belishki, Ivan Sra; Photo: Drthe Jakobs

20

- involving associated partners and external interested experts

(without Eu administrative issues),
- pre-publishing the glossary online in april 2015 seeking critical comments from the scholarly community.

Responsibilities
Due to the chosen quality management format, the content
was developed by teams. We divided the list of terms into work
packages. Each partner institution assumed responsibility for
one work package until the end of the project and for one or
two languages.19 (Fig. 9)
It is important to note that this glossary is not intended as a
practical conservation handbook. The teams that have worked
on these definitions, comments, and translations hope that it
will provide a useful scientific basis which will enable easier
communication within international conservation teams, the
reading and understanding of tenders and specialist papers
and books in the conservation field more effectively as well as
finding needed information in our digital scientific cultural heritage resources because they need streamlined vocabularies to
reach worldwide multiple audiences.
In addition, we have tried to inform of the possible damage that
might be caused through the use of a particular method or material. However, any communication or publication related to this
glossary shall indicate that it reflects only the views of the responsible team. The consortium and the Eu are not responsible for
any use that may be made of the information it contains (Fig. 10).

Fig. 11: Screenshot of the project website www.ewaglos.eu that will be maintained by the
Hornemann Institute until 2020: You can use it to communicate with the consortium.

EwaGlos is a small but important step to aid international cooperation in the conservation of wall paintings through conformity within the fields terminology. This is a very important
endeavour in light of the daily damage to wall paintings and
architectural surfaces in Europe. We are fully aware that the selection of terms or some definitions and comments can be discussed controversially or that some information may be missing. nevertheless, we hope that our compilation will support
colleagues in their international preservation efforts and that
the glossary will be further developed with the aim of proper
use of conservation terminology.

Future perspectives
Terminology is changing over the time. Therefore vocabularies
must be living tools and should be growing resources: after the
project ends we will maintain the project website www.ewaglos.eu to develop an advanced second edition: on the website,
readers can contact us to comment or suggest improvements
for the second edition of EwaGlos (Fig. 11).
Two possibilities to extend EwaGlos are obvious:
To begin with, it might motivate colleagues to add their own
translations in other European languages. or we might extend
the content with all the information that EwaGlos so far could
not provide, such as:
- introduction of new terms,
- differences in historic and current usages of the terms; various techniques and materials used in different countries,
- regional differences in terms and techniques within countries,
- differences between use in the field of wall paintings conservation and standard terminology used in other areas of specialisation,
- historical contexts and origins of terms,
- explanations of historical terms that are not in use anymore,
- differences between Italian terminology used in Italy and its
use in other countries.

We would like to dedicate this glossary to all those who have

devoted their lives to the conservation of our cultural heritage.

Acknowledgements
a special thank you is extended to all the contributors to the
glossary!
First of all, I would like to thank the project managers of my partner institutions who shared the responsibility with me: Joann
Cassar (mT), aysun zkse (TR), Pilar Roig Picazo (ES), Daniel
Pop (Ro), Ivan Sra (HR) and Jean-marc Vallet (FR).
We also wish to thank all the experts involved, hoping the following list is complete:
Roberta De angelis (mT), oriana aquilina (mT), Joanna m. arszyska (Pl), Raniero Baglioni (ES), Elke Behrens (DE), Stefan Belishki (BG), Juana C. Bernal navarro (ES), Istvn Bna (Hu),
matthew Bonett (mT), mlodie Bonnat (FR), Igancio Bosch Roig
(ES), maria del Pilar Bosch Roig (ES), nicolas Bouillon (FR), Elise
Bouvet (FR), Semira Bugeja (mT), Christine Caruana (mT), Shirley
Cefai (mT), Gianluigi Colalucci (IT), Emilie Checroun (FR), Valeria
Corradetti (IT), Florence Crmer (FR), Vincent Detalle (FR),
Glseren Dikilita (TR), anneli Ellesat (DE), axel Ermert (DE),

21

James Farrugia (mT), Fabien Fohrer (FR), Bencze Fruzsina (Ro),

Katarina Gavrilica (HR), maria Jos Gonzlez (ES), oana Gui (TR,
Ro), oana mara Gui (Ro), odile Guillon (FR), mrta Guttmann
(Ro), nikifor Haralampiev (BG), Sophie Haake-Harig (DE), Raimar
Heber (DE), Barbara Hentschel (DE), adrian Heritage (DE, uK), alison Heritage (IT, uK), Drthe Jakobs (DE), Violeta Karailieva (BG),
Dorota Kowalik-Kociszewska (Pl), Kristina Kruli (HR), mariarosa
lanfranchi (IT), Roland lenz (DE), Heike leuckfeld (DE), Isabelle
locoge (FR), ana lozano de la Pola (ES), martion mach (DE), Jos
antonio madrid Garca (ES), Barbara mazzei (IT), Domagoj
mudronja (HR), Theo-Sandu murean (Ro), Bruno nahod (HR),
Barbara neubauer (DE), B. nilgn z (TR), Christoph oldenbourg
(DE), Julia osca Pons (ES), mercedes Sanchez Pons (ES), adrian
Rauca (Ro), Jos luis Regidor Ros (ES), nicole Riedl-Siedow (DE),
Dominique Rogers (FR), Eray ahbaz (TR), Simona Sajeva (IT, FR),

maria mercedes Sanchez Pons (ES), ursula Schdler-Saub (DE),

Karin Schinken (DE), antoinette Singaglia (FR), alexandra
Skedzuhn-Safir (DE), maria Pilar Soriano Sancho (ES), Grayna
Schulze-Gazik (Pl), Ewa wicka (Pl), manfred Stocken (DE),
Erzsbet Szsz (Ro), aye Hilal Tan (TR), Kerim Tan (TR), nadia
Thalguter (DE), Jlia Tvissi (Ro), Francisco arquillo Torres (ES),
Elitsa Tsvetkova (BG), Gil Turcule (Ro), Juan C. Valcrcer andrs
(ES), Jennifer Weber (DE), Fani upan (HR).

Notes

12
13
14
15

Illustrated glossary on stone deterioration patterns, ed. by IComoSISCS: English-French, Paris 2008; English-German, Petersberg 2010;
English-Czech 2011; English-Spanish 2011; English-Korean 2014;
English-Japanese 2014.
2 Every institution chose whether it wanted to be a member of the
consortium or an associated partner.
3 after Caple 2000. For stylistic reasons we could not use the composite term conservation-restoration proposed by E.C.C.o. (European
Confederation of Conservator-Restorers organisations).
4 For an alternative see Fig. 4 in this chapter.
5 Petzet 2009, 17/8; Conservation Basics 2013, 344, 355; Caple 2000,
32, 122. For more information on these changing meanings see
Schdler-Saub 2010 and ICom-CC: Terminology to characterize the
conservation of tangible cultural heritage: www.icom-cc.org/242/
#.VBtlH5SSzak; www.icom-cc.org/330/about-icom-cc/what-is-conservation/conservation:-who,-what-amp;-why/
6 See below under Definitions and comments.
7 For further information see the term wall painting in the chapter
a3: art and Craft Techniques Surface design, 66.
8 Basic literature: mora et al.: la conservation des peintures murales,
Bologne 1977, translated into English 1984, into Romanian 1986, into
Italian 1999, into Spanish 2003; IComoS Principles 2003.
9 For a good academic book on conservation (including the reasons
for preserving the past, the history of conservation, conservation
ethics, and preventive conservation), see Caple 2000; Conservation Basics 2013 with an updated bibliography. For an overview
of the history of modern restoration theory and conservation
methods, see Philippot 1989.
10 you will find the list of the contributors and their responsibilities at
the beginning of this book and all names in alphabetical order at the
end of this introduction.
11 Petzet 2009, 17.

22

Dr. Angela Weyer,

Project Coordinator of EwaGlos
HAWK, Hildesheim, August 2015

16

17

18

19

Schdler-Saub 2010, 3.
See below Translations.
Schdler-Saub 2007, 66.
For now we have not followed the thesaurus idea because some
chapters and groups of terms could not be organised well in such a
hierarchy, with single terms that did not fit anywhere in the structure
of the thesaurus. Some terms were not related that well with others
and were thus unallocated.
For the structure of the terms of the chapter Documentation and
Investigation see the illustration of Phenomenological approach,
228.
This procedure is based on the advice of axel Ermert from CEn during the project meetings and the following literature: Harping 2010,
5.4.; 7.2 -7.5; lanzi 1998; Getty Vocabulary Program 2003; Brief Rules
2007.
*Caleidoscopio, 1994-1995, ICCRom archiv; *artis (art and Restoration techniques Interactive Studio), from 1997; *Raphael. analysis,
Protection and Preservation of medieval Wall Paintings, 1999-2001;
niederschsisches landesamt fr Denkmalpflege, Hannover (published in July 2015 on the website); *argos (art and Restoration Glossary operating System), www.argosprospect.org was not active in
2014; *lmCR (lessico tecnico multilingue di conservazione e restauro, dipinti su tela supporto) 20012007; assoziatione Secco Suardo;
*The conservation dictionary, CD, not commercially available (athens
2001), 19992001, contains a shift in the tables using various languages, so that for a particular word the wrong term is shown in a
different language; *Plaster architecture, from 2000: the website
www.plasterarc.net was not active in 2014; *CRISTal (Conservation
Restoration Institutions for Scientific Terminology dedicated to art
learning, 19992000 (only the Italian part was published: nimmo,
2001).
See the overview of all terms and the responsible institution on page
23 and the list of contributors on page 67.

THE OVERVIEW SCHEME:

the English terms and the partners responsibilities
Art and Craft Techniques

Condition

Interventions

Materials Appendix

Construction

Deterioration Sources

Documentation and Investigation

Acrylic

HAWK

Cave

KBU

Intrinsic cause of deterioration

UM

Phenomenological approach

CICRP

Additive

Masonry

KBU

Extrinsic cause of deterioration

UM

Historical investigation

CICRP

Aggregate

Natural stone masonry

KBU

Soiling / Dirt

UM

Building and site survey

CICRP

Binder

Ashlar stone masonry

KBU

Humidity

UM

Structural examination

CICRP

Brick

Rubble masonry

KBU

Condensation

UM

Object investigation

CICRP

Brick dust

ABK

Brick masonry

KBU

Hygroscopicity / Deliquescence

UM

Site investigation

CICRP

Calcite crust

HRZ

Adobe

KBU

Infiltration

UM

Metric survey

CICRP

Carbonation

HRZ

Joint

KBU

Rising damp

UM

Building archaeology

CICRP / HAWK

Casein

Pietra rasa

KBU

Freeze-thaw cycles

UM

Architectural paint research

CICRP / HAWK

Cement

Wooden structure

KBU

Wet-dry cycles

UM

Stratigraphic investigation

CICRP

Ceramic

Half-timber

KBU

Environmental deterioration

UM

Mapping

CICRP

Chalk

Exposed concrete

KBU
KBU
HAWK
KBU

HRZ
HAWK
KBU
HAWK

KBU

Air pollution

UM

Scientific investigation

CICRP

Clay

Support

HAWK

Soluble salts

UM

Conservation report

CICRP

Consolidant

Plaster

HAWK

Aerosols

UM

Non- invasive investigation

CICRP

Crushed brick

Render

HAWK

Biological growth

UM

Contactless investigation

CICRP

Drying oil

Levelling coat

HAWK

Anthropically induced deterioration

UM

Photodocumentation

CICRP

Filler

KBU

Rough cast (Roughcast)

HAWK

Inappropriate historic interventions

UM

Raking light

CICRP

Glue

HAWK

Ground

HAWK

Overpaint

UPV

Scientific images

CICRP

Grout (injection)

KBU

Structural interventions

UM

Sampling

CICRP

Gypsum

KBU

Drill core sampling

CICRP

Hydraulic binder

KBU

Underpaint

RPS

KBU
HAWK
KBU
HAWK

Glaze

HAWK

Deterioration Phenomena

Varnish

HAWK

Lacuna

UAD

Sample preparation

CICRP

Lime

KBU

Cavity

UAD

Cross section

CICRP

Lime milk

KBU

Surface Design
Wall painting

HRZ

Crumbling

UAD

Thin section

CICRP

Lime mortar

KBU

Painting stratigraphy

HRZ

Abrasion

UAD

Material analysis and examination

CICRP

Lime putty

KBU
HRZ

Corrosion

UAD

Pigment analysis

CICRP

Marble dust

Arriccio

Fresco

HAWK

HRZ

Peeling

UAD

Analysis of binding media

CICRP

Pigment

RPS

Pontata

HAWK

Scaling

UAD

Biological examination

CICRP

Plaster of Paris

KBU

Intonaco

HAWK

Flaking

UAD

Mineralogical examination

CICRP

Pozzolan/ Pozzolana

KBU

Giornata

HAWK

Chalking

UAD

Spot test

CICRP

Sand

HRZ

Final render

HAWK

Deformation

UAD

Treatment trials

CICRP

Terracotta

KBU

Mezzo fresco

HRZ

Bulge

UAD

Preventive Conservation

Secco

HRZ

Static crack

UAD

Environmental assessment

Whitewash
Tempera

HAWK
HRZ

Tesserae
CICRP

Waterglass
Wax

Crack

UAD

Indoor climate study

CICRP

Hairline crack

UAD

Monitoring

CICRP

Pentimento

HRZ

Craquelure

UAD

Environmental management

CICRP

Relief

HRZ

Patina

UAD

Drainage

CICRP

Decorative application

HRZ

White veil

UAD

Emergency measures

CICRP

Encaustic

HRZ

Yellowing

UAD

Maintenance and care

CICRP

Oil painting

HRZ

Darkening

UAD

Conservation

Impasto

HRZ

Colour saturation

UAD

Cleaning

UPV

Scraffito

HRZ

Bleaching

UAD

Salt reduction

UPV

Distemper

HRZ

Fading

UAD

Sacrificial render

UPV

Acrylic painting

HRZ

Pigment alteration

UAD

Poulticing

UPV

Palimpsest

HRZ

Salt efflorescence

UAD

Consolidation

UPV / HAWK

Mineral paints

HRZ

Wind erosion

UAD

Fixing

UPV / HAWK

Mosaic

HRZ

Injection of grout

UPV / HAWK

Stucco

ABK

Infill

UPV / HAWK

Scagliola

HRZ

Repointing

UPV

Glazed decorations

HRZ

Edging repair

UPV

Clapboard / Shingle

KBU

Dutchman repair

UPV

Construction Aids

HRZ
HAWK
HRZ

Restoration

Putlog holes

UM

Uncovering

Sinopia

UM

Reintegration

UPV / HAWK

UPV

Snapped line

UM

Neutral reintegration

UPV / HAWK

Grid

UM

Tratteggio

UPV / HAWK

Preparatory drawing

UM

Pointillism

UPV / HAWK

Spolvero

UM

Tonal adjustment

UPV / HAWK

Direct incision

UM

Mimetic reintegration

UPV / HAWK

Indirect incision

UM

Astrazione cromatica

UPV / HAWK

Keying

UM

Selezione cromatica

UPV / HAWK

Stencil

UM

Detachment

UPV

Transfer

UPV

institutions
ABK Akademie der Bildenden Knste Stuttgart (Stuttgart State Academy of Fine Arts)
CICRP Centre Interdisciplinaire de Conservation et Restauration du Patrimoine, Marseille
HAWK HAWK Hochschule fr angewandte Wissenschaft und Kunst - University of Applied Sciences and Arts - Hildesheim/Holzminden/Gttingen
HRZ Croatian Conservation Institute, Zagreb
KBU Karabk niversitesi
RPS Landesamt fr Denkmalpflege im Regierungsprsidium Stuttgart
UAD University of Art and Design, Cluj-Napoca
UM University of Malta
UPV Universitat Politcnica de Valncia

23

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Rock carved church, arkl Church, Greme (Turkey), 11th century; Photo: 1991, KBU (Aysun zkse)

Cave

EN

Definition: A natural or man-made cavity in

rocks which may be decorated with drawings,
paintings, sculpture, and/or scratched engravings.
Comment: By carving solid rock where it naturally occurs, one can create architecture
and/or sculpture. This kind of activity creates
what is known as rock-cut architecture. Such
architecture can be seen mostly in the
Mediterranean area in places like Cappadocia
(Turkey), Sassi di Matera (Italy) and Petra (Jordan). Modified caves and caverns are not considered rock-cut architecture, but can also
contain imposing decorations.

Abri sous roche

Dfinition: Cavit naturelle ou creuse par

lhomme, qui peut tre dcore de dessins,
peintures, sculptures et/ou gravures.
Commentaires: En sculptant la roche solide
l o elle est naturellement prsente, on peut
crer une architecture et/ou une sculpture. Ce
type dactivit constitue ce que nous appelons larchitecture troglodyte. On retrouve
ce type darchitecture en Cappadoce (Turquie), Matera (Italie) et Petra (Jordanie). Les
grottes et cavernes amnages ne sont pas
seulement considres comme de larchitecture troglodyte mais elles peuvent galement
contenir dimposantes dcorations.

Sources: Brandi, Crea 1979, 5590; Fyfe 2007; orakba 2012

24

FR

Hhle

DE

Definition: Ein natrlicher oder knstlich geschaffener Hohlraum in Felsen, der mit Zeichnungen, Malereien, Skulpturen und/oder eingeritzten Gravuren verziert sein kann.
Kommentar: Durch die Bearbeitung von massivem Naturfelsen kann Architektur und/oder
Skulptur geschaffen werden. Diese Art der Gestaltung wird als Hhlenarchitektur bezeichnet. Man kann sie z.B. im Mittelmeerraum in
Kappadokien (Trkei), Sassi di Matera (Italien)
oder in Petra (Jordanien) besichtigen. Natrliche, baulich nicht vernderte Hhlen werden
nicht als Hhlenarchitektur bezeichnet, knnen aber gleichermaen beeindruckende Dekorationen aufweisen.

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pilja

HR

Definicija: Prirodna ili umjetna upljina u

stijenama koja moe biti ukraena crteima,
slikama, skulpturama i/ili rezbarijama.
Napomena: Klesanjem u vrstoj prirodnoj stijeni moe se stvoriti arhitektura i/ili skulptura.
Ta je vrsta djelovanja poznata kao isklesana
arhitektura. Ona se moe vidjeti uglavnom na
Mediteranu na mjestima poput Cappadocije
(Turska), Sassi di Matera (Italija) i Petre (Jordan). Modificirane pilje i peine mogu sadravati jednako impozantne dekoracije kao i
isklesana arhitektura.

Barlang

Hu

Meghatrozs: Termszetes vagy ember ltal

sziklban vjt reg, ami ltalban rajzokkal,
festssel, faragvnyokkal s/vagy karcolt mintkkal dsztett.

Jaskinia

PL

Definicja: Naturalne lub wykonane przez

czowieka zagbienie w skaach, ktre moe
by zdobione rysunkami, malowidami, rzebami i / lub rytami.
Komentarz: Bywa, e poprzez cicie litej skay
tworzona jest architektura i / lub rzeba. Ten
rodzaj dziaa tworzy tzw. architektur wykut w skale. Tak architektur spotka mona
gwnie w obszarze Morza rdziemnego w
Kapadocji (Turcja), Sassi di Matera (Wochy) i
Petrze (Jordania). Zmodyfikowane jaskinie i
pieczary mog take mieci imponujce dekoracje, podobnie jak architektura wykuta w
skale.

Grot

Ro

Definiie: O cavitate ntr-o roc, natural sau

realizat de om, ce poate fi decorat cu desene, picturi, sculpturi, i / sau incizii.

Megjegyzs: A termszetes elfordulsi helykn kivjt, kifaragott szilrdkzetek ptszeti s/vagy szobrszati alkotsokat eredmnyeznek. Ez sziklaptszetknt ismert. Ilyen
ptszeti emlkeket leginkbb a mediterrn
vezetben, pldul Kappadkiban (Trkorszg), Sassi di Materaban (Olaszorszg) vagy
Petrban (Jordnia) tallunk. Az talaktott
barlangok vagy regek nem szmtanak sziklaptszetnek, de ugyangy tartalmazhatnak
ltvnyos dsztmnyeket.

Adnotare: Prin sculptarea n roc, acolo unde

aceasta apare n mod natural, se pot crea opere de arhitectur i/sau sculptur. Acest tip de
activitate creeaz ceea ce este cunoscut drept
arhitectur rupestr. O astfel de arhitectur
poate fi ntlnit n zona mediteranean n locuri precum Cappadocia (Turcia), Sassi di Matera (Italia) i Petra (Iordania). Grotele modificate de om nu sunt considerate arhitecturi rupestre, ns pot avea decoraii la fel de impuntoare.
Sinonime: cavern, peter

Grotta

Cueva

it

Definizione: Una cavit naturale o artificiale

che pu essere decorata con disegni, pitture,
sculture e/o incisioni.
Commento: Scavando e intagliando la roccia
solida, laddove questa si trova in natura, si pu
creare unarchitettura e/o una scultura. Questa
chiamata architettura negativa. Tali architetture si trovano per esempio in Cappadocia
(Turchia) e a Petra (Giordania). Grotte e caverne naturali successivamente modificate dalluomo non sono considerate architetture negative, ma possono comunque contenere decorazioni grandiose.
Sinonimi: caverna

Maara

tR

Tanm: izimlerle, resimlerle, kazma ve/ya da

oyma desenlerle dekore edilen kayalklardaki
doal ya da insan yapm kovuk.
Yorum: Doal yollardan oluan sert kayalar
oyularak mimari yap ve /veya yontu oluturulabilir. Bu tr alma kaya mimarisi olarak bilinen oluumu yaratr. Bu tr mimari yaplar
Kapadokya (Trkiye), Sassi di Matera (talya)
ve Petra (rdn) gibi yerlerde grlmektedir.
ekillendirilmi maaralar ya da oyuklar kaya
mimarisi olmann yan sra ayn zamanda grkemli sslemeleri de ierebilir.

BG

:
, , ,
/ .
: /
. ..
( ). . (), () (). , .

Es

Definicin: Cavidad natural o realizada por el

hombre sobre rocas, que puede ser decorada
con dibujos, pinturas, esculturas y/o grabados
incisos.
Comentario: Mediante el tallado de la roca
natural, se pueden crear arquitecturas y/o esculturas. Este tipo de actuaciones permite la
creacin de arquitecturas rupestres. Pueden
verse en diversos lugares como, por ejemplo,
la Capadocia (Turqua) y Petra (Jordania). Cuevas modificadas o cavernas no son consideradas arquitecturas rupestres, pero pueden
igualmente contener decoraciones.

25

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Unrendered masonry surface, Church of St. Michael, 11th century; Photo: 2010, HAWK (Clemens Kappen)

Masonry

EN

Definition: The art and craft of building which

creates structures from building blocks (masonry units). These blocks can be extracted or
manufactured, and include stone (rubble or
ashlar), adobe, brick, and concrete. They are
also bonded together with mortar, and possibly grout and/or reinforcement.

Maonnerie

Dfinition: Type de construction base de

blocs de forme rectangulaire (units de maonnerie) qui sont extraits ou fabriqus, tels
que des blocs de pierre, de terre, dargile, de
brique ou de bton. Les blocs sont lis par un
mortier, voire un coulis ou un renforcement.

Mauerwerk

DE

Definition: Eine Konstruktion aus meist rechteckig geformten Bausteinen (Mauersteinen),

die aus Feld- oder Bruchstein, aus bearbeitetem Naturstein oder aus geformten, knstlichen Steinen aus luftgetrocknetem Lehm
(Adobe), Ziegel oder Beton bestehen kann.
Das Mauerwerk wird meist mit Mrtel und
eventuell mit Vergussmrtel und/oder Armierungen zusammengehalten.

Comment: Building is carried out either without mortar (dry wall) or with mortar. Above all,
masonry has a static, structural, and protective
function, and it may also incorporate decorative elements. Masonry provides an architectural surface in itself, but it can also serve as a
support for wall paintings or decorative surfaces made of various plasters or renders.

Commentaires: La construction peut tre

ralise avec du mortier (maonnerie) ou sans
(pierre sche ou joints vifs). La maonnerie a
surtout une fonction statique, structurelle et
de protection. Elle peut galement comporter
des lments dcoratifs. Elle peut montrer
une surface architecturale nue ou servir aussi
de support des peintures murales ou des
surfaces dcoratives faites de mortiers divers.

adobe, ashlar stone masonry, brick, plas-

brique de terrre crue/adobe, brique, enduit,

Kommentar: Errichtet wird es entweder mit

oder ohne Mrtel (Trockenmauer). Mauerwerk hat vor allem eine statische, konstruktive
und schtzende Funktion, kann aber auch dekorative Elemente aufweisen. Das Mauerwerk
hat selbst eine Architekturoberflche, dient
aber auch als Trger fr Wandmalereien oder
fr gestaltete Putzoberflchen.

pierre de taille

Lehmziegelmauerwerk /Adobe, Quadermau-

ter, rubble masonry

maonnerie de mollons, maonnerie de

Sources: Ching 1995, 155; Harris 1984, 300; Langenbach 2009, 128; Hasol 2002,153

26

FR

erwerk, Ziegel, Putz, Feldsteinmauerwerk

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Zidanje

HR

Budownictwo

PL

Definicija: Umjetnost i obrt graenja koje

stvara strukture graevnim blokovima (zidarskim jedinicama). Ti se blokovi mogu vaditi ili
proizvesti te ukljuuju kamen (neobraen ili
priklesan), erpi, opeku i beton. Zajedno se
povezuju mortom te katkad rijetkom bukom
i/ili pojaanjem.

Definicja: Sztuka i rzemioso budowlane, ktre

pozwala tworzy konstrukcje z blokw budowlanych (pojedynczych elementw). Bloki te mog by wycite lub wytworzone, mog to by:
kamienie (nieobrobione lub opracowane), adobe, cega i bloki betonowe. S zwizane ze sob
zapraw, ciek zapraw i / lub wzmocnione.

Napomena: Gradi se mortom s ili bez njega

(suhozid). Prije svega, zidanje ima konstruktivnu, strukturnu i zatitnu funkciju te takoer
moe ukljuivati i dekorativne elemente. Zidanje samo po sebi odreuje arhitekturnu povrinu, ali takoer moe sluiti kao nosa zidnih
slika ili dekorativnih povrina napravljenih od
razliitih vrsta unutarnjih ili vanjskih buka.

Komentarz: Budynek jest albo wykonany bez

zaprawy (suchy mur) albo z zastosowaniem
zaprawy. Budownictwo ma przede wszystkim
funkcje statyczne, konstrukcyjne i zabezpieczajce, moe te zawiera elementy dekoracyjne. Budownictwo samo stanowi powierzchni architektoniczn, ale moe te suy jako podoe malowide ciennych lub dekorowanych powierzchni pokrywanych rozmaitymi tynkami i zaprawami.

erpi, zid od priklesanoga kamena, opeka,

buka, zid od neobraenoga kamena

adobe, mur z obrobionych kamieni, cega,

tynk, mur z surowego kamienia

Fal

Hu

Meghatrozs: Nagyrszt szgletesre alaktott

ptelemekbl (falazblokkokbl) ksztett trhatrol ptmny, vltozatos falazattal (ptss ktsmddal). Az ptelemek lehetnek kitermels ltal nyert ptkvek vagy mestersgesen ellltott vlyogtglk, tglk vagy betonelemek. A falazelemeket leggyakrabban habarcscsal, esetleg folykony habarccsal ktik ssze,
esetenknt megerstseket is hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: A falat rakhatjk habarccsal
vagy anlkl (szrazfalazat). Mindenekeltt teherhord, szerkezeti s vd szerepe van, s
dsztelemeket is hordozhat. A falazat lehet
nmagban ptszeti fellet, de szolglhat
falkpek vagy vakolatbl kszlt klnfle dekoratv felletek hordozjaknt.
vlyogfal, kvderfal, tgla, vakolat,
termsk fal

Zidrie

Ro

Definiie: Arta i meteugul de a crea structuri din blocuri de construcie (elemente de

zidrie). Aceste blocuri pot fi extrase sau fabricate, i includ piatr (brut sau fuit), chirpici, crmid i beton. Blocurile de construcie pot fi legate cu mortar sau cu un alt liant,
i/sau elemente de ranforsare.
Adnotare: Construcia se realizeaz fie fr
mortar (zid uscat), fie cu mortar. Mai presus de
toate, zidria are o funcie static, structural
i de protecie i poate implica, de asemenea
elemente decorative. Zidria ofer o suprafa
arhitectural n sine, ns totodat poate servi
ca suport pentru picturile murale sau pentru
suprafeele decorative realizate din diverse
tencuieli.
chirpici, zidrie din piatr de talie, zidrie

din piatr brut, crmid, tencuial

Muratura

it

Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione fatto di

elementi da costruzione irregolari o rettangolari (unit di muratura) che sono scalpellati o
squadrati oppure fabbricati in modo artigianale o industriale e possono consistere di pietra, mattoni, argilla, pietrame o calcestruzzo.
Commento: La costruzione pu essere eseguita senza malta (muro a secco) o con malta (una
cosiddetta malta di posa per gli elementi da costruzione). Solitamente la muratura portante.
muratura di pietra greggia, muratura a taglio

Fbrica

Es

Definicin: Sistema de construccin realizada

con mampuestos, que son fragmentos o elementos que se obtienen de su extraccin en
canteras o manufacturados, como por ejemplo piedra, adobe, ladrillo y cemento. Los
mampuestos se pueden unir entre ellos con
morteros y/o refuerzos.
Comentario: Este tipo de construccin se realiza sin mortero (fbrica en seco) o con mortero (fbrica ordinaria). Su funcin es, general-

mente, estructural, esttica y de proteccin, y

pueden incluir elementos decorativos. Es una
superficie arquitectnica por s misma, pero
puede tambin ser el soporte de pinturas murales o decoraciones realizadas con diversos
morteros y revoques.
adobe, fbrica de sillera, ladrillo, mor-

tero, revoque, mortero de revestimiento,

mampostera de piedra tosca

Duvar

tR

Tanm: Yap bloklarndan (duvar niteleri) yaratlm olan yap sanat ve zanaati. Bu bloklar
doadan elde edilir veya yapay olarak retilir
ve ta, kerpi, kil, tula, moloz ya da beton bloklar ierebilir. Bunlar ayn zamanda har, muhtemelen erbet ve/veya donat ile birletirilir.
Yorum: Duvar harsz olarak (kuru duvar) ya
da harl ina edilebilir. En nemlisi, duvarlar,
strktrel ve koruyucu ilevinin yannda ayn
zamanda dekoratif elemanlar da ierebilir.
Duvarlar, bal bana bir mimari yzey oluturmann yan sra ayn zamanda duvar resimlerine ya da eitli svalar ya da sslemelerden
yaplan dekoratif yzeylere zemin olarak kullanlr.
kerpi, kesme ta, tula, sva, moloz

ta duvar

BG

: , ( ). ( ), , .

/ .
:
( ) . () ,
. ,
, .
, ,

, , ,

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Mixed stone construction, southern faade, Dormition of the Theotokos Church, Strei (Romania), 13th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Natural stone masonry

EN

Definition: A type of construction made out

of natural stones, which are field-collected or
quarried. These can be self-supporting or
bonded with mortar.
Comment: Common materials include marble, granite, travertine, limestone, and sandstone. The arrangement of stones (with or
without mortar), the different combinations
of stone types, and stone and brick combinations (called composite masonry) create rich
architectural surfaces. Natural stone masonry
does not depend on bonding for stability (in
the case of downward loads). Stability is poor
in the case of loads that exert force at an angle
(such as vaults, arches and domes).
Depending on the degree of shaping of the
stones, it is classified in two main categories:
rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. Natural
stone is a redundant term, but it is used to differentiate from stone imitations.
rubble masonry, ashlar stone masonry, brick

Maonnerie de pierres naturelles

FR

Dfinition: Construction faite de pierres naturelles recueillies sur place ou bien rapportes. Elles peuvent tre assembles sec ou
avec du mortier.
Commentaires: Les matriaux communs
comprennent le marbre, le granite, le travertin, le calcaire et le grs. Lagencement des

pierres (avec ou sans mortier), les diffrents

types de pierres et la combinaison de pierres
et de briques (appele maonnerie composite) crent de riches surfaces architecturales.
La stabilit de la maonnerie de pierres naturelles ne dpend pas du liant (pour les charges
verticales). Elle est faible lorsque les charges
suivent un angle (votes, arches, dmes).
Selon le degr de taille de la pierre, on parle
de blocaille, mollon ou de pierre de taille.
maonnerie de mollons, maonnerie de

pierre de taille, brique

Natursteinmauerwerk

Definition: Konstruktion aus Steinen, die aufgesammelt oder abgebaut wurden. Sie kann
selbsttragend oder mit Setzmrtel gemauert
sein.
Kommentar: Gngige Materialien sind Marmor, Granit, Travertin, Kalk- und Sandstein.
Reiche Architekturoberflchen knnen aus
der Anordnung der Steine (mit oder ohne
Mrtel), aus den Kombinationen von verschiedenen Steinarten sowie aus Stein- und Ziegelkombinationen (Mischmauerwerk) entstehen.
Bei vertikal wirkenden Lasten hngt die Stabilitt nicht von der Verbindung mit Mrtel ab.
Die Stabilitt gegenber Lasten, die schrg
wirkende Krfte ausben, wie bei Gewlben
und Bgen, ist hingegen niedrig. Je nach Ausma der Steinbearbeitung wird es in folgende
Hauptkategorien unterteilt: Feld- oder Bruchsteinmauerwerk und Quadermauerwerk.

Sources: Ching 1995, 158; Harris 1984,117, 328; Hasol 2002, 448; Bechar 2005, 111120

28

DE

Feldsteinmauerwerk, Quadermauerwerk,
Ziegel

Zid od prirodnoga kamena

HR

Definicija: Tip konstrukcije od prirodnoga kamena, skupljanoga ili vaenoga u kamenolomu. Moe biti samonosiva ili vezana mortom.
Napomena: Mramor, granit, travertin, vapnenac i pjeenjak uobiajeni su materijali. Slaganjem kamenja (s mortom ili bez njega), razliitih vrsta kamena i kombinacijom kamena i
opeke (kompozitno zidanje) ostvaruje se bogata arhitektonska povrina. Stabilnost zida od
prirodnoga kamena ne ovisi o vezivu (u sluaju
optereenja prema dolje). Stabilnost je slaba
kod optereenja koje se napree prema uglovima (poput svodova, lukova ili kupola). Ovisno o stupnju oblikovanja kamena, klasificira
se u dvije glavne kategorije: zid od neobraenoga kamena i zid od priklesanoga kamena.
Prirodni kamen opiran je naziv, ali se upotrebljava da bi se razlikovao od imitacija kamena.
zid od neobraenoga kamena, zid od prikle-

sanoga kamena, opeka

termszetes kfal

Hu

Meghatrozs: Termszetes kvekbl ll

ptmny, melyhez a kvet bnybl vagy felszni gyjtsbl nyerik. A fal lehet szrazon rakott vagy habarccsal kttt.

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Megjegyzs: Falazkknt leggyakrabban

mrvnyt, grnitot, travertint, vulkni tuft,
mszkvet vagy homokkvet hasznlnak. A
kvek elrendezse (habarccsal vagy anlkl),
a klnbz ktpusok, vagy a k s tgla prostsa (vegyes falazat) vltozatos, gazdag
ptszeti felletet eredmnyez. Fggleges
terhels esetben, a termszetes kfalak stabilitst a habarccsal val kts nem befolysolja. Ha oldalnyoms van (boltozat, boltv, kupola) a stabilits cskken.
A kvek megmunkltsgtl fggen kt f
kategria ltezik: a termsk, illetve a kvderk fal. A termszetes k redundns kifejezs,
a kutnzatoktl, mktl val megklnbztets cljbl hasznljk.
termsk fal, kvderfal, tgla

Muratura in pietra naturale

it

Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione fatta di

pietre naturali raccolte in campo o estratte da
una cava. Possono essere autoportanti o legate con malta.
Commento: I materiali comuni sono il marmo,
il granito, il travertino, il calcare e larenaria.
Con la disposizione delle pietre (con o senza
malta), i vari tipi di pietra e la combinazione di
pietra e mattone (chiamata muratura mista) si
possono creare superfici architettoniche con
svariati aspetti.
Per i carichi dallalto verso il basso, la muratura
in pietra naturale staticamente autosorreggente e non ha bisogno di una malta di posa.
Invece, per i carichi che esercitano forze angolari (come le volte, gli archi e le cupole), la stabilit scarsa. Secondo il grado di sagomatura
della pietra, questa muratura classificata in
due categorie principali: Muratura di pietrame
e muratura a taglio.
Il termine pietra naturale un termine ridondante, ma utilizzato per poterlo differenziare
dalle pietre artificiali.
muratura di pietra greggia, muratura a taglio

Mur z naturalnych kamieni

rem zoonym) moe tworzy bogate powierzchnie architektoniczne.Naturalna stabilno kamiennego muru nie zaley od typu wizania (w przypadku obcie pionowych). Stabilno jest sabsza w wypadku obcie dziaajcych pod ktem (jak sklepienia, uki i kopuy). Zalenie od stopnia obrobienia kamieni
dzieli si na dwie gwne kategorie: budowle z
kamieni polnych i z ciosw kamiennych.
Kamie naturalny to termin przestarzay, ale
jest uywany dla odrnienia od imitacji kamienia.

Komentarz: Popularne materiay to: marmur,

granit, trawertyn, wapie i piaskowiec.
Sposb spajania kamieni (z uyciem zaprawy
lub bez), zastosowanie rnych rodzajw kamienia, czenie cegy z kamieniem (zwane mu-

fbrica de sillera, mampostera ordinaria,

mortero, ladrillo

Doal ta duvar

tR

mur z surowego kamienia, mur z ciosw ka-

Tanm: Ta ocaklarndan karlan ya da araziden toplanan doal talardan oluan bir tr

yap. Bunlar kendini tayabilir ya da harla
balanabilir.

Zidrie din piatr natural

Yorum: Yaygn malzemeler, mermer, granit,

traverten, kire ta ve kum tadr. Talarn dizimi (harl ya da harsz) farkl ta trlerinin
birleimi ve tula kombinasyonlar (karma
malzeme duvar) zengin mimari yzeyler oluturur. Doal ta duvarlarn dey yklerdeki
dengesi birleme ile ilgili deildir. Kemer, tonoz ve kubbelerde olduu gibi, kedeki yklerde denge zayftr. Talarn ekillendirme leine gre iki ana kategoriye ayrlabilir: moloz ta duvar ve kesme ta duvar.
Doal ta, genel bir terimdir fakat imitasyon
doal olmayan talardan ayrmak iin kullanlr.

miennych, cega

Ro

Definiie: Un tip de construcie realizat din

piatr natural colectat din mprejurimi sau
din cariere de piatr. Aceasta poate fi autoportant sau legat cu mortar.
Adnotare: Materiale frecvent utilizate sunt
marmura, granitul, travertinul, calcarul i gresia. Modul de aranjare a pietrelor (cu sau fr
mortar), diferitele combinaii de tipuri de piatr, precum i combinaiile de piatr i crmid (denumit zidrie mixt) creaz suprafee
arhitecturale bogate. Stabilitatea zidriei din
piatr natural nu depinde de legarea cu mortar (n cazul sarcinilor verticale). Stabilitatea
este minim n cazul ncrcturilor ce exercit
fore la unghiuri (boli, arce i cupole).
n funcie de gradul de modelare a pietrei, zidria din piatr natural este clasificat n dou categorii: zidrie din piatr brut i zidrie
din piatr fuit.
zidrie din piatr brut, zidrie din piatr de

talie, crmid

Mampostera

Es

Definicin: Tipo de construccin que se realiza con piedras naturales no labradas u obtenidas de canteras. Estas pueden sostenerse
unas a otras o estar unidas con mortero.

PL

Definicja: Typ konstrukcji wykonanej z naturalnych kamieni, zebranych lub wydobytych z

kamienioomu. Moe by samonona lub
zwizana zapraw.

Dependiendo de la forma de las piedras y de

su labrado, hay varios tipos de mampostera
que en espaol se denominan: careada, concertada y ordinaria.
No confundir con: imitacin de piedra

Comentario: Los materiales comnmente

usados son el mrmol, el granito, la piedra caliza y la arenisca.
La diversidad de disposicin y rejuntado de
las piedras crea superficies arquitectnicas
dignas de inters.
La mampostera no depende del uso de adhesivos para su estabilidad en el caso de cargas
verticales. La estabilidad es mnima en el caso
de cargas que ejercen una fuerza en los ngulos (bvedas, arcos y cpulas).

moloz ta duvar, kesme ta duvar, tula

/ BG
: , .
.
:
, , , . (
) ( ),
.
( ).
,
(. , ).

,
:
. ,
.
/ ,
,

29

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Coursed ashlar

Random ashlar

Broken-coursed ashlar

Masonry, ancient Roman aqueduct, Kemerhisar (Turkey), 30 BC; Photo: 1995, KBU (Aysun zkse); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana
Gui

Ashlar stone masonry

EN

Definition: A type of stone masonry which

uses regularly cut blocks of stones, of almost
uniform size, usually bigger than bricks (selfsustaining or properly bonded with mortar
with very thin and uniform joints).
It is also finely dressed.
Comment: There are many categories of ashlar masonry, depending on the degree of
stone dressing. These include rough or fine
ashlar, rock or quarry-faced ashlar, or rusticated ashlar. Depending on the course disposition, the terms: random ashlar, coursed ashlar,
and broken range work may be used. Ashlar
facing refers to smooth facing applied over
rough or rubble masonry to obtain improved
aesthetic effects at a lower cost.
masonry, brick, joint, rubble masonry

Maonnerie de pierre de taille

FR

Dfinition: Maonnerie de blocs de coupe

rgulire (uniformes et de taille gnralement plus importante que la brique). Ils peuvent tre assembls joints vifs (sans mortier)
ou avec un mortier (joints trs fins et rgu-

liers). Les pierres sont finement dresses (tailles).

Commentaires: La pierre de taille peut tre
utilise comme parement dcoratif. On parle
de pierre de taille apparente. La maonnerie
de pierre de taille dpend du dressage de la
pierre: grossire ou fine, rocheuse ou de carrire, ou rustique. Arrangement: lappareil peut
tre alatoire ou joints horizontaux continus.
En franais, on parle de rgularit du dressage
pour un parement rgulier ou irrgulier, de dimension moyenne pour un petit, moyen ou
grand appareil.
maonnerie, brique, joint, maonnerie

erwerk mit Kantenschlag oder Polsterquadermauerwerk. Je nach Anordnung von Luferund Binderschichten wird es auch in unregelmiges oder regelmiges Schichtmauerwerk mit gleich hohen oder wechselnden
Schichthhen und Polygonalmauerwerk eingeteilt. Bei Verblendmauerwerk sind glatte
Steine auf rohes Mauerwerk aufgebracht, um
kostengnstig eine sthetisch bessere Wirkung zu erreichen.
Mauerwerk, Ziegel, Fuge, Feldsteinmau-

erwerk

Zid od priklesanoga kamena

quadermauerwerk

DE

Definition: Mauerwerk aus regelmig bearbeiteten Natursteinblcken, die annhernd

gleich gro sind, hufig grer als Ziegel (mit
oder ohne Mrtel, mit sehr dnnen, gleichmigen Fugen). Es ist sorgfltig bearbeitet.
Kommentar: Je nach Ausma der Steinbearbeitung gibt es viele Kategorien: u.a. grobes
oder feines Quader-, Bossen- und Rustikamau-

Definicija: Tip kamenoga zida koji ima pravilno rezane blokove kamena, gotovo jednake
veliine, obino vee od opeka (samonosei
ili pravilno povezan mortom veoma tankih i
jednakih spojnica), te fino obraen.
Napomena: Mnogo je kategorija zida od priklesanoga kamena, ovisno o stupnju obrade,
primjerice grubi ili fini priklesani kamen, priklesani kamen iz stijene ili kamenoloma te rustikalni priklesani kamen. Ovisno o nainu rasporeda blokova, mogu se rabiti nazivi: zid od
slojevitoga poluklesanog kamena, sloeni zid

Sources: Bechar 2005, 111120; Harris 1994, 27; Davies, Jokiniemi 2006, 24; Juracek 2002, 2546, 337; Ching 1995, 158

30

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od poluklesanoga kamena i kamenje razliitih

dimenzija i rasporeda. Obloga od priklesanoga kamena odnosi se na glatku oblogu koja
se stavlja preko grubo obraenoga zida ili zida
od lomljenoga kamena, radi postizanja boljega estetskog dojma po nioj cijeni.
zidanje, opeka, spojnica, zid od neobra-

enoga kamena

Kvderfal

Hu

Meghatrozs: Szablyosra s szinte azonos

mretre formlt, rendszerint tglnl nagyobb mret faragott kelemekbl ptett
falazattpus (lehet szrazon rakott, vagy habarccsal megkttt, vkony, egyenletes fugj). Rendszerint gondosan kidolgozott.
Megjegyzs: A k megmunkltsgnak mrtktl fggen szmos faragott kfaltpus ltezik. Lehet tbbek kzt durva vagy sima, hastott vagy egyengetett fellet, illetve rusztika. A rtegek elrendezstl fggen a szablytalan, vltsoros s soros falazat terminusokat hasznlhatjuk. A kvderburkolat olyan
sima fellet burkolatot jelent, melyet egy
durvbb falazatra hznak fel, ezltal a megfelel eszttikai hatst alacsonyabb ron rik el.
fal, tgla, fuga, termsk fal

Muratura a taglio / Bugnato

it

Definizione: Un tipo di muratura di pietra per

la quale sono utilizzati blocchi di pietra tagliati
regolarmente, di dimensioni pressocch uniformi e di solito pi grandi di mattoni (autoportanti o posati in letti di malta con giunti di
solito molto sottili e uniformi). Richiede una
lavorazione accurata.
Commento: Si possono distinguere molte categorie di muratura a taglio / bugnato secondo il grado di lavorazione della pietra. Queste
includono conci grezzi o fini, bugne rustiche
o fini, con la superficie solo sbozzata o accuratamente levigata. Secondo la messa in opera delle pietre, di piano e/o di punta, e secondo laltezza e la regolarit dei corsi, variano la
struttura e laspetto della muratura e dei giunti. In riferimento alla forma dei giunti, si parla
di muratura a croce o di muratura a fascia. Una
muratura poligonale presenta corsi di pietra
irregolari con altezza variabile.
Il termine inglese ashlar facing definisce il rivestimento di una muratura grezza con lastre
di pietra levigata, per ottenere in modo pi rapido ed economico leffetto di una muratura
a taglio.

Mur z blokw kamiennych

PL

Definicja: Rodzaj budownictwa z kamienia z

uyciem regularnie wycitych blokw kamiennych o moliwie jednakowych wymiarach, zwykle wikszych od cegy (bez spoinowych lub naleycie zwizanych zapraw z jednakowymi, bardzo cienkimi jednolitymi spoinami). Jest te starannie wykoczony.
Komentarz: Istnieje wiele kategorii budownictwa z ciosw, zalenie od stopnia wykoczenia kamieni. Obejmuj surowe lub opracowane bloki skalne, amane lub rustykowane.
Zalenie od trybu opracowania okrelane s
jako: przypadkowe ciosy, regularne ciosy i
przeamane.
Okadzina ciosowa to gadka okadzina naoona na mur z surowych ciosw lub z tucznia dla osignicia podanych efektw estetycznych przy obnieniu kosztw.
budownictwo, cega, spoina, mur z su-

rowego kamienia

Zidrie din piatr de talie

Ro

Definiie: Un tip de zidrie de piatr ce folosete blocuri de piatr tiate regulat i de dimensiuni aproximativ egale, de obicei mai
mari dect crmizile (de sine stttoare sau
legate ntre ele cu mortar, cu mbinri foarte
subiri i uniforme). Are de asemenea o suprafa neted.
Adnotare: Exist mai multe tipuri de zidrie
din piatr de talie n funcie de gradul de finisare: grosier sau finisat, decorat, rusticizat, etc. Zidria aparent se refer la plcile din
piatr de talie aplicate peste zidria din piatr
brut cu scopul de a obine un efect estetic
mbuntit la un cost mai mic.
Sinonime: zidrie din piatr fuit, zidrie
ashlar, zidrie din piatr cioplit
zidrie, crmid, rost, zidrie din piatr

aplantillada, moldurada, almohadillada, decorada.

Dependiendo de la disposicin tambin puede ser aleatoria, trabajada, rota.
Sillera de revestimiento se refiere a revestimientos con aplacado de piezas lisas superpuestas sobre un muro de mampostera sin labrar u otros muros para mejorar su aspecto esttico de manera econmica.
fbrica, ladrillo, junta, mampostera de

piedra tosca

Yonu ta duvar

tR

Tanm: Hemen hemen ayn boyutlarda, genellikle tuladan daha byk (harsz ya da ok
ince harla dzgn ekilde ve derzle balanm) kesme ta bloklarnn dzenli ekilde kullanld bir tr ta duvarcldr. Ayn zamanda mkemmel bir ekilde yontulmutur.
Yorum: Ta ileme derecesine bal olarak kesme ta duvarcln birok tr vardr. Bunlar
kaba ya da ince kesme ta, kaya ya da ocakta
aplanm kesme ta ya da kaba yontulmu
kesme talardr. Dzenleme ekline gre kaba
yonu ta, ince yonu ta ve kiklop rgs vb.
terimler kullanlabilir. Yonu ta yz dk
maliyette gelimi estetik etki elde etmek iin
przl ya da akll duvara uygulanan przsz yzeye verilen isimdir.
E anlam: kesme ta duvar
duvar, tula, har, moloz ta duvar

BG

: ,
, (
).
.

brut

Fbrica de sillera

Es

Definicin: Obra de fbrica compuesta por

piezas de piedra (sillares o sillarejos) de corte
regular, de tamao casi uniforme, generalmente mayores que los ladrillos (unidas con
mortero muy fino, sillera a hueso), con juntas
uniformes y acabados precisos.
Comentario: Existen varios tipos dependiendo de su labra: sillera sin labrar, toscamente
labrada o fina; de piedra de cantera, recta,

: : , , .
:
, .


- .
, , , -

31

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Typical rubble masonry, historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)

Rubble masonry

EN

Definition: A construction type made out of

natural, rough pieces of stone that are selfsupporting or bonded with mortars (coursed
or uncoursed).
Comment: It was used as a stand-alone technique, usually for walls, but also in combination with ashlar masonry and/or brick for creating more regular surfaces, or with timber
beams in a technique called timber-laced,
which confers an increased resistance to
earthquakes. It was also used as an infill between ashlar wall faces. According to the dimensions and the level of the courses of
stone, there are a number of masonry types:
random rubble, squared rubble, cyclopean
rubble, etc. Another traditional use was for
decorative pavements (cobblestones), usually
in courtyards.
Not to be confused with: boulder masonry,
rubble work
ashlar stone masonry, brick

Maonnerie de mollons

FR

Dfinition: Faite de blocs de pierres naturelles

brutes, autoportants ou lis avec des mortiers
(poss en assise ou non).

Commentaires: Technique qui confre une

rsistance accrue aux tremblements de terre,
pour les murs simples ou en combinaison
avec la maonnerie de pierre de taille ou de
briques pour crer des surfaces plus rgulires, avec des poutres en bois (technique de
bois-lac). Aussi utilise en remplissage entre les faces de murs en pierre de taille.
Selon les dimensions et le niveau des assises
de pierre, diffrents types de maonnerie existent: avec des blocs de forme alatoire, carrs,
cyclopens etc. Aussi utilise pour les pavages
dcoratifs, comme dans les cours.
Ne pas confondre avec: maonnerie de blocs
de roche, maonnerie de blocage

Widerstandsfhigkeit gegen Erdbeben verleihen (Murus Gallicus). Es wird auch als Fllung
zwischen Mauerwerksschalen benutzt. Je
nach Gre und Verarbeitung der Steine werden eine Reihe von Typen unterschieden: wildes Mauerwerk, Polygonal-, Zyklopenmauerwerk etc. Auerdem wird es traditionell als dekoratives (Feldstein-) Pflaster verwendet, in der
Regel in lndlichen Innenhfen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Felssteinmauerwerk, Bruchsteinmauerwerk

maonnerie de pierre de taille, brique

Zid od neobraenoga kamena

Feldsteinmauerwerk

DE

Definition: Konstruktion aus natrlichen, groben Steinen, selbsttragend (Trockenmauerwerk) oder mit Mrtel zusammengefgt (als
Schichtenmauerwerk oder in wildem Mauerwerksverband)
Kommentar: Eigenstndige Technik, in der
Regel fr Mauern, aber auch fr Kombinationen mit Quadermauerwerk und/oder Ziegeln
verwendet, um regelmigere Oberflchen zu
erhalten, oder mit Holzbalken, die eine hhere

Quadermauerwerk, Ziegel

Definicija: Konstrukcija od prirodnih, samonoseih ili bukama vezanih grubih kamenih

komada (obraenih ili neobraenih).
Napomena: Obino se rabi za samonosee zidove, ali i za pravilnije povrine u kombinaciji
sa zidom od priklesanoga kamena i/ili opeke
ili s drvenim gredama u tehnici drveni vez,
koje su otpornije na potrese. Takoer se upotrebljava kao ispuna izmeu lica zida od priklesanoga kamena.
Prema dimenzijama i razini obraenoga kamena postoje razliiti tipovi zidanja; kamenom nepravilnoga oblika i nejednake veliine,
etvrtastim kamenom, divovskim kamenom

Sources: Ching 1995,158; Langenbach 2009, 4350; Bechar 2005, 111120; Juracek 2002, 2530; Maropolou et al. 1997

32

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itd. Druga tradicionalna uporaba bila je za

ukraavanje kolnika (oblucima), obino u dvoritima.
zid od priklesanoga kamena, opeka

termsk fal

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes, nyersk darabokbl ksztett ptmnyfajta, mely lehet

nhordoz vagy habarccsal kttt (szablyos
vagy szablytalan).
Megjegyzs: nll technikaknt hasznltk,
ltalban falakhoz, de a termskvet faragott kvel s/vagy tglval is trstottk szablyosabb
felletek ltrehozsa rdekben, vagy fagerendkkal szttk t (Murus Gallicus), ami a fldrengsekkel szemben biztostott nagyobb ellenllst. A kvderk homlokzatok repedseinek kitltsre/vzkitltknt is hasznltk. A kvek
mrete s a krtegek vzszintessge szerint
tbb fle falazat ltezik: szablytalan termsk
fal, szablyos termsk fal, ciklopfal (kklpikus
fal), stb. Egy msik hagyomnyos alkalmazsa
dszt kvezsnl volt, ltalban udvarokon.
kvderfal, tgla

Muratura di pietra greggia

it

Definizione: Costruzione con sassi naturali,

di solito raccolti sul campo, autoportante (muratura a secco) o con i sassi posati in letti di
malta, a corsi regolari o irregolari.
Commento: Questa tecnica di solito usata per
edificare semplici muri in ambiente rurale, ma
si pu combinare anche con conci di pietra o
con mattoni, per ottenere vari effetti costruttivi
e decorativi. Secondo il tipo di lavorazione, la
pietra greggia pu essere utilizzata anche per
muri poligonali o ciclopici o altri. In combinazione con travi di legno, si aumenta la resistenza
della muratura contro terremoti (Murus Gallicus). La pietra greggia (o il pietrisco) serve anche
come materiale da getto, legato con la malta,
per riempire una muratura a sacco. In campagna, la pietra greggia tradizionalmente anche
utilizzata per il selciato decorativo dei cortili.
muratura a taglio, mattone

Mur z surowego kamienia

PL

Definicja: Rodzaj konstrukcji wykonanej z naturalnych, nieobrobionych kawakw kamieni,

samononej lub zwizanej zaprawami (ukadanej warstwowo lub nie).

Komentarz: Stosowany by zwykle do budowy wolno stojcych murw, ale czony te z

blokami kamiennymi i / lub ceg, w celu uzyskania bardziej regularnych powierzchni, lub z
belkami drewnianymi w technice szkieletowej, ktra wykazuje wiksz wytrzymao
podczas trzsie ziemi. Stosowano te do wypenie pomidzy cianami murw z regularnych blokw. Zalenie od wymiarw i ukadu
kamieni rozrnia si typy murw: przypadkowe, regularne, cyklopowe itp.
Tradycyjnie surowy kamie stosowano do wyrobu dekoracyjnych nawierzchni (bruk), zwykle dziedzicw.
mury z surowego kamienia, cega mur z
blokw kamiennych,

Zidrie din piatr brut

Ro

Definiie: Tip de construcie realizat din buci de piatr natural brut fie autoportant
(zidrie uscat), fie legat cu mortar (dispus
n rnduri sau nu).
Adnotare: A fost folosit ca o tehnic de construcie n principal pentru ziduri, dar i n combinaie cu zidria din piatr fuit i/sau crmid cu scopul de a crea suprafee mai regulate, sau
cu grinzi de lemn pentru a conferi o rezisten
crescut la cutremure. Zidria din piatr brut a
fost, de asemenea, utilizat ca o umplutur ntre
pereii de zidrie din piatr fuit. n funcie de
dimensiunea i modul de aranjare n rnduri a
pietrei, exist mai multe tipuri de zidrie din piatr brut: cu dispunere aleatoare, rectangular,
ciclopean, etc. O alt ntrebuinare tradiional
a fost pentru realizarea pavimentelor decorative
(cobblestones), de obicei n curi exterioare.
zidrie, zidrie din piatr de talie

Mampostera de piedra tosca

Es

Definicin: Tipo de construccin realizada

con fragmentos (mampuestos) de piedra natural sin labrar que pueden sostenerse unos
con otros (mampostera en seco) o pueden estar unidos con mortero.
Comentario: Se utilizaba, normalmente, para
muros autoportantes. Tambin se combinaba
con sillares y/o con ladrillos para crear superficies ms regulares, o con travesaos de madera de construccin, lo que le confera mayor
resistencia al sismo. Se usaba tambin para rellenar fbricas de sillera. En funcin de las dimensiones, disposicin, traba, labrado, etc., de
las piedras, hay diversos tipos de mampostera: mampostera ordinaria, mampostera apa-

rejada, mampostera ciclpea, mampostera

concertada, mampostera careada, etc.
Tiene un uso tradicional tambin para decorar
pavimentos (adoquines), normalmente, en
patios.
No confundir con: fbrica de sillera, fbrica de
ladrillo
fbricas de sillera, ladrillo

Moloz ta

tR

Tanm: Har kullanlmadan ya da har ile birletirilmi (sral ya da srasz) doal, przl
ta paralar ile yaplan duvar teknii.
Yorum: Duvar yapmnda tek bana kullanlabilecei gibi daha dzgn yzeyler oluturmak
iin kesme ta duvar ve/veya tula ile veya depreme daha dayankl hale gelmesine yardmc
olan ahap hatllar veya kuaklar kullanlanahap hatl teknii ile birlikte uygulanabilir.
Ayrca kesme ta duvar yzeylerinde dolgu
olarak da kullanlr.
Talarn ebatlarna ve rg trne gre, adi
moloz ta duvar, aplanm duvar, kiklop duvar rgs gibi birka tr vardr. Geleneksel
olarak dier bir kullanm tr ise, genellikle avlularda grlen dekoratif amal kaldrmlar
(parke ta) dr.
Kartrmaynz: kaba ta duvar, moloz ta duvar, kaba duvar.
kesme ta duvar, tula

BG

:
,
( ).
:
, ,

/ - ..
( ), .
.

:
,
, . (), .
,

33

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Brick masonry with decorative elements, Little Chapel, Amasra (Turkey), 9th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Eray ahbaz); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana Gui

Brick masonry

EN

Definition: Construction method which uses

bricks bonded with mortar.
Comment: Both as a craft and as the art of
bonding bricks effectively, the technique offers
nearly endless creative possibilities of achieving outstanding architectural surfaces and volumes (due to the large variety of shapes, textures, and colours of bricks). There are different
types of historical techniques of brick masonry,
e. g. gauged, solid, rendered brickwork, brickand-stud work. The appearance of the architectural surface is also dictated by the bonding
technique, such as English bond, Flemish bond,
the ancient Roman running bond, and diagonal bond (also called dogtooth bond). Bricks
can also be used with other materials: adobe,
timber, tile, ceramic, stone, concrete and steel.
Not to be confused with: adobe
ceramic, adobe

Maonnerie de brique

FR

Dfinition: Construction de briques lies par

un mortier.
Commentaires: Artisanat et art dassemblage, cette technique trs crative permet
dobtenir des volumes et des surfaces architecturales exceptionnels (grande varit de
formes, de textures et de couleurs des
briques). Il y a diffrentes techniques historiques de maonnerie de brique: la maonnerie de brique calibre, en mur double, de
brique enduite ou sur ossature claire-voie.
Lapparence de la surface architecturale est
dicte par la technique dassemblage: lan-

glaise, la flamande, la manire antique romaine ou en diagonale. Les briques peuvent

tre associes la terre, le bois, la terre cuite,
la cramique, la pierre, le ciment et lacier.
Ne pas confondre avec: brique de terre crue/
adobe
brique de terre crue/adobe, cramique

Ziegelmauerwerk

DE

Definition: Bauweise, in der mit Mrtel verbundene Ziegel verwendet werden.

Kommentar: Sowohl als Handwerk wie auch als
Kunst, die Ziegel wirkungsvoll miteinander zu
verbinden, bietet es nahezu endlose knstlerische Mglichkeiten fr herausragende Architekturoberflchen und Volumina durch den groen
Variantenreichtum der Ziegelformen, -texturen
und -farben. Es wird mit verschiedenen historischen Techniken hergestellt, z.B. Gewlbe-, Vollziegel-, verputztes Mauerwerk, Fachwerk. Die
Architekturoberflche wird auch ber die Verbundtechnik gestaltet, u.a. Blockverband, Flmischer Verband, antiker Rmischer Luferverband und Diagonalverband (Fischgrtmuster).
Ziegel knnen auch mit anderen Materialien
kombiniert werden: Lehmziegel (Adobe), Holz,
Fliesen, Keramik, Stein, Beton und Stahl.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Lehmziegelmauerwerk/Adobe
Keramik, Lehmziegelmauerwerk/Adobe

Zidanje opekom

HR

Definicija: Metoda gradnje kod koje se opeke

povezuju mortom.

Napomena: Kao zanat i umjetnost uinkovitoga vezivanja opeka, nudi gotovo beskrajne
kreativne mogunosti postizanja zanimljivih
arhitektonskih povrina i volumena (s obzirom
na veliku raznolikost oblika, teksture i boja
opeke). Razliiti su tipovi povijesnih tehnika
zidanja od opeke, npr.: isklesani, puni, obukani te kao ispuna.
Vanjtina arhitektonskih povrina takoer je
odreena tehnikom vezivanja, poput engleskoga veza, flamanskoga veza, rimskoga dunjakog veza i dijagonalnoga veza (vez pseega zuba).
Opeke se takoer mogu kombinirati i s drugim materijalima poput erpia, drva, ploice,
keramike, kamena, betona ili elika.
Ne smije se mijeati s: erpi
keramika, erpi

tglafal

Meghatrozs: Habarccsal kttt, tglkbl

ll ptmny.
Megjegyzs: Mind a mestersgbeli tuds,
mind a tglaraks fajtja s mdja, csaknem
vgtelen kreatv megvalstsi lehetsget knl kiemelked ptszeti felletek s tmegek
ltrehozsra (a tglk sokfle formjbl, textrjbl, sznbl addan). Tbbfle trtneti falazsmd ismert, mint pldul az idomtgls, tmr, vakolt tglafal s a favzas tglafal. A ktstechnika meghatrozza az ptszeti fellet megjelenst, ltezik gt (lengyel)
kts, holland(i) kts, az kori rmai futsoros
kts, valamint tls kts (farkasfog kts).
Tves megnevezs: vlyogfal
kermia, vlyogfal

Sources: Ching 1995, 1820; Harris 1984, 69; Hasol 2002, p. 466468; Juracek 2002, 4760; Maropolou et al. 1997

34

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Muratura di mattoni

it

Zidrie din crmid

Ro

Definizione: Un metodo di costruzione con

mattoni legati con malta.

Definiie: Tip de construcie ce utilizeaz crmizi legate cu mortar.

Commento: Sia lattivit artigianale che larte

di mettere in posa i mattoni efficacemente offrono infinite possibilit creative per realizzare
superfici architettoniche ed effetti plastici di
gran pregio (il motivo la grande variet di
forme, strutture e colori dei mattoni). Ci sono
diversi tipi di tecniche storiche per le murature
di mattoni, per esempio: la muratura in mattoni pieni, la muratura di mattoni intonacata
e il graticcio.
Laspetto della superficie architettonica determinato dalla forma e anche dalla posa in
opera del laterizio. Si distinguono diverse varianti storiche e regionali, secondo le misure
e le caratteristiche dei corsi, con i mattoni posati di piano e/o di punta, a spina di pesce ecc.
I mattoni possono essere utilizzati con materiali come ladobe (mattoni in terra cruda), il
legno, le piastrelle, la ceramica, la pietra, il calcestruzzo e lacciaio.
Da non confondersi con: adobe

Adnotare: Att ca meteug ct i ca art a zidirii crmizilor, aceasta ofer posibiliti nelimitate de creaie n realizarea volumelor i suprafeelor arhitecturale (datorit varietii de
forme, texturi i culori a crmizilor). Exist o
varietate de tehnici istorice de realizare a zidriei din crmid, cum ar fi: cu crmid calibrat, tencuit, cu elemente de ranforsare Fachwerk. Aspectul suprafeei arhitecturale este
de asemenea dictat de modelul de zidire, precum: modelul englezesc, modelul flamand,
clasicul model roman i modelul n diagonal
(sau modelul n solzi). Crmizile pot fi utilizate
mpreun cu materiale precum chirpiciul, cheresteaua, ceramica, piatra, betonul i oelul.

Mur ceglany

PL

Definicja: Metoda budowania polegajca na

uyciu cegie zwizanych zapraw.
Komentarz: Spoinowana cega, zarwno jako
rzemioso, jak i sztuka, daje nieomal nieskoczone moliwoci twrcze osigania znakomitych powierzchni architektonicznych i przestrzeni (stosownie do wielkiej rnorodnoci
ksztatw, tekstury i kolorw cegie). Istniej
rne typy historycznych technik budowli
ceglanych, cega profilowana, peny mur, tynkowane cegy, licowanie ceg. Wygld powierzchni architektonicznej jest te dyktowany przez sposb ukadania cegie, jak ukad
angielski, flamandzki, ukad antyczny rzymski,
oraz ukad ukony (lub ukad na tzw. psi zb).
Cegy mog wystpowa razem z innymi materiaami, jak adobe, drewno, dachwki, ceramika, kamie, beton i stal.
Nie naley myli z: adobe

tR

Tanm: Tulalar har ile tutturan yap metodu.

Yorum: Tula duvarcl, eitli desenler, dokular ve renklerin kullanld ve etkili biimde
birletirildii snrsz yaratclk sunan duvar zanaat ve sanatdr. Tula duvarclnda farkl
tarihi yapm teknikleri vardr, rnein, kemer,
blok, desenli tula ve gz dolma teknii vb.
Mimari yzeyin grnm balama teknii ile
de anlr; ngiliz ba, Flaman Ba, Antik Roma
ba ve apraz ba (kpek dii ba).
Tulalar kerpi, ahap, ini, seramik, ta, beton
ve elik ile birlikte de kullanlabilir.
Kartrmaynz: kerpi
seramik, kerpi

chirpici, crmid, ceramic

BG

: ,
.
Fbrica de ladrillo

Es

Comentario: Ofrece infinidad de posibilidades creativas, tanto artesanales como artsticas, para realizar superficies y volmenes arquitectnicos debido a la gran variedad de
formas, texturas y colores de los ladrillos.Hay
diferentes tipos de tcnicas histricas para su
ejecucin: ladrillo calibrado, ladrillo macizo,
fbrica para enlucir. El aspecto de la superficie
arquitectnica tambin se determina por el
sistema de aparejo utilizado: ingls, a soga y
tizn (flamenco), a soga (a la romana), en diagonal, a sardinel o en punta de diamante. Los
ladrillos tambin pueden asociarse con otros
materiales como el adobe, la madera, la cermica, la piedra, el hormign y el acero.

: ,

( oo
, ).
, .
, , , .

, ,
, , (
).
: , , , , , .
:

adobe, cermica

Definicin: Mtodo constructivo que usa ladrillos unidos con mortero.

mattone, ceramica, adobe

tula duvar

ceramika, adobe

35

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Half-timber construction with adobe, Yourk village of Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Eray ahbaz)

Adobe

EN

Definition: Unfired clay masonry made of

sun-dried handmade bricks that are formed
from a mixture of clay soil, sand, silt and a
small amount of straw (or other fibrous materials), and water. The raw material can also be
used as a plastering material.
Comment: Since ancient times, adobe brick
has been used as a construction unit in masonry because of its low cost, ease of manufacture, and insulation properties.
brick, clay, masonry, plaster, sand

Brique de terre crue / Adobe

FR

DE

Dfinition: Maonnerie dargile crue faite de

briques fabriques la main et sches au soleil, contenant un mlange de terre argileuse,
de sable, de sdiment et dune petite quantit
de paille (ou autre matriau fibreux) et deau.
Le matriau brut peut aussi tre employ
comme un enduit.

Definition: Mauerwerk aus getrockneten, ungebrannten, handgefertigten Lehmziegeln,

die aus einer Mischung aus Lehm, Sand,
Schluff und kleinen Mengen Stroh (oder anderen Fasermaterialien) sowie Wasser angefertigt werden. Das Rohmaterial kann auch als
Verputzmaterial benutzt werden.

Commentaires: Depuis les temps anciens on

utilise les briques de terre crue comme units
de construction en maonnerie cause de
leur faible cot, leur fabrication simple et leur
proprit isolantes.

Kommentar: Seit dem Altertum werden

Lehmziegel als Bausteine fr Mauerwerk verwendet, weil sie gnstig und einfach zu verarbeiten sind und wrmedmmende Eigenschaften besitzen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Ziegelmauerwerk

brique, argile, maonnerie, enduit, sa-

ble

Sources: Harris 1984, 6; Langenbach 2009, 125; Hasol 2002, 261; Ching 1995, 34; Juracek 2002, 337

36

Lehmziegelmauerwerk / Adobe

Ziegel, Ton, Mauerwerk, Putz, Sand

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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erpi

HR

Definicija: Zid sazidan od runo napravljenih

opeka suenih na suncu, koje su izraene od
smjese gline, pijeska, mulja, male koliine slame (ili drugih vlaknastih materijala) i vode. Sirov materijal takoer se moe upotrebljavati
kao materijal za bukanje.
Napomena: erpi je od davnina rabljen kao
graevna jedinica u zidanju jer je najjeftiniji,
jednostavno se proizvodi te ima izolacijska
svojstva.
opeka, glina, zidanje, buka, pijesak

Vlyogfal

Hu

Adobe

PL

Definicja: Mury z niewypalonej gliny, wykonane z rcznie robionych cegie suszonych na

socu, formowanych z mieszaniny gliniastej
ziemi, piasku, szlamu z niewielkim dodatkiem
somy (lub innych materiaw wknistych)
oraz wody. Surowy materia moe by te uywany do tynkowania.
Komentarz: Od czasw staroytnych adobe
byo uywane w budownictwie jako materia
konstrukcyjny z powodu tanioci, atwoci wytwarzania i wasnoci izolacyjnych.
cega, glina, budownictwo, tynk, piasek

Chirpici

Ro

Meghatrozs: getetlen agyagtglkbl rakott fal. A napon szrtott, kzzel formzott

tglk, agyag, homok, iszap s kis mennyisg
szalma (vagy egyb szlas anyag) keverkbl
kszlnek, vz hozzadsval. A nyers keverk
vakolanyagknt is hasznlhat.

Definiie: Zidrie din argil nears, realizat

cu crmizi fabricate manual i uscate la soare,
obinute dintr-un amestec de argil, nisip, nmol, o cantitate mic de paie (sau un alt material fibros), i ap. Materia prim poate fi de
asemenea folosit ca material de tencuial.

Megjegyzs: A vlyogot hasznltk az kortl kezdve a falazat ptelemeknt, olcssga, knny ellltsa s szigetel tulajdonsga miatt.

Adnotare: nc din antichitate, chirpiciul a

fost folosit ca element de construcie n zidrie
datorit ieftintii sale, uurinei cu care este
produs i a proprietilor sale de izolare.

tgla, agyag, fal, vakolat, homok

crmid, argil, zidrie, tencuial, nisip

Kerpi

tR

Tanm: Kil topra, kum, mil, az miktarda saman (ya da dier lifli malzemeler) ve su karmndan elde edilen gnete kurutulmu el yapm bloklarda oluan pimemi kil yap malzemesidir. lenmemi, hamur halindeki kerpi, sva malzemesi olarak da kullanlabilir.
Yorum: Eski zamanlardan beri kerpi; ucuz olmas, retim kolayl ve yaltm zelliinden
dolay duvarclkta ina eleman olarak kullanlmtr.
tula, kil, duvar, sva, kum

BG

: , ,
, , , ( ) .
.
:

, ,

.
, , /, -

Adobe

it

Adobe

Es

Definizione: Una muratura con mattoni in

terra cruda che composta di mattoni fatti a
mano ed essiccati al sole. Questi sono prodotti
con una miscela di argilla, sabbia, limo e una
piccola quantit di paglia (o altri materiali fibrosi) e acqua. La materia prima pu anche essere utilizzata come malta per un intonaco.

Definicin: Bloques de barro realizados a mano con forma de ladrillo y secados al sol. Estn
compuestos por una mezcla de arcillas, arenas, fangos y pequeas cantidades de paja (u
otros materiales fibrosos) amasados con agua.
Este material, en crudo, tambin puede usarse
como material de revoque.

Commento: Ladobe stato usato nelledilizia

fin dallantichit per la sua economicit, per la
sua facilit di fabbricazione e per le sue propriet disolamento.

Comentario: Desde la antigedad, el adobe

se ha utilizado para la construccin debido a
su bajo coste, su facilidad de fabricacin y sus
propiedades aislantes.

mattone, argilla, muratura, intonaco,

ladrillo, arcilla, fbrica, revoque, arena

sabbia

37

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Flush

Struck

non water shedding

Weathered

Raked

non water shedding

Vee

Concave

Beaded

Extruded

Natural stone masonry joint, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2014, KBU (Aysun zkse); Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Oana Gui

Joint

EN

Definition: The space between masonry

blocks which is filled with mortar. In the case
of unplastered surfaces, mortar joints contribute to the overall appearance of the architectural surface.

Joint

FR

Dfinition: Interstice entre les blocs de maonnerie, rempli de mortier. Sur une surface
non enduite, les joints de mortier contribuent
laspect de la surface architecturale.

Comment: There are many types of joints in

masonry, each of which contribute to the visual effect of an architectural surface depending on the shape, colour, and material used. In
the case of dry stone masonry, the term dry
masonry joint refers to the space between
masonry blocks.
Not to be confused with: dry joint masonry

Commentaires: Il y a de nombreuses sortes

de joints de maonnerie, qui contribuent tous
leffet esthtique dune surface architecturale de par sa forme, sa couleur et sa composition matrielle. Dans le cas dune maonnerie de pierres sches (sans mortier), on parle
de joints-vifs.
Ne pas confondre avec: maonnerie de pierre
sche

masonry

maonnerie

Fuge

Definition: Der mit Mrtel gefllte Raum zwischen zwei Bausteinen wird als Fuge bezeichnet. Bei unverputzten Oberflchen tragen
Mrtelfugen zum Erscheinungsbild der Architekturoberflche bei.
Kommentar: Es gibt viele verschiedene Fugenarten im Mauerwerk, von denen jede
durch ihre Form, Farbe und durch das verwendete Material zur optischen Wirkung einer Architekturoberflche beitrgt. Bei Trockenmauerwerk bezieht sich der Begriff der Fuge auf
den Hohlraum zwischen den Mauersteinen.
Mauerwerk

Sources: Hasol 2002, 140; Harris 1984, 274; Juracek 2002, 25/6, 28, 3237; Ching 1995, 155; Ramos et al. 2004

38

DE

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spojnica

HR

Definicija: Prostor izmeu zidnih blokova

ispunjen mortom. Kod neobukanih povrina
spojnice morta doprinose ukupnom izgledu
arhitektonske povrine.
Napomena: Mnogo je tipova spojnica u zidanju, svaki od njih doprinosi vizualnome dojmu
arhitektonske povrine oblikom, bojom i upotrebljenim materijalom. Kod suhozida, naziv
pritisnuta spojnica zida odnosi se na prostor
meu blokovima.
zidanje

spoina

PL

Definicja: Przestrze pomidzy blokami budowlanymi wypeniona zapraw. W przypadku powierzchni nieotynkowanych spoiny
wpywaj na caociowy wygld powierzchni
architektonicznej.
Komentarz: Jest wiele rodzajw spoin murw, kada z nich wpywa na wizualny efekt architektonicznych powierzchni poprzez ksztat,
kolor i rodzaj uytego materiau. W przypadku
murw bez spoinowych termin spojenia odnosi si do przestrzeni pomidzy blokami budowlanymi wypeniona

Derz

tR

Tanm: Harla doldurulan duvar kalplar arasndaki boluk. Svasz yzeylerde, har derzleri mimari yzeyin grnmne katk salar.
Yorum: Duvarclkta her biri ekli, rengi ve kullanlan malzemesi ile mimari yzeyin grselliine katk salayan birok derz tr vardr. Kuru duvarlarda, kuru duvar derzi terimi, duvar
bloklar arasndaki boluu ifade eder.
duvar

budownictwo

Fuga

Hu

Rost

Ro

Meghatrozs: A falazelemek kztti habarccsal kitlttt hzag. A vakolatlan felletek

esetn a fuga meghatrozza az ptszeti fellet sszkpt.

Definiie: Spaiul dintre blocurile de zidrie

ce este umplut cu mortar. n cazul suprafeelor
netencuite, rosturile contribuie la aspectul estetic general al suprafeei arhitecturale.

Megjegyzs: Szmos fugatpus ltezik, mely

formtl, szntl s anyagsszetteltl fggen hozzjrul az ptszeti fellet vizulis hatsnak kialaktsban. A szraz (habarcs nlkli) kfalak esetn a ,,szraz fal fuga a falazelemek kztti rsre, hzagra vonatkozik.

Adnotare: Exist mai multe tipuri de mbinri

n zidrie, fiecare dintre acestea contribuind la
efectul vizual al suprafeei arhitecturale, prin
form, culoare i materialul utilizat. n cazul zidriei fr mortar (dry stone masonry), termenul dry masonry joint se refer la spaiul dintre blocurile zidriei.

fal

zidrie

BG

: , . ,

.
: .
, . ,
.
/

Giunto

it

Definizione: Lo spazio tra i blocchi di una muratura che riempito con malta. Quando una
superficie architettonica non intonacata, i
giunti di malta assumono anche una funzione
estetica importante.
Commento: Esistono molti tipi di giunti in muratura, ognuno dei quali contribuisce con le
sue caratteristiche specifiche, p. es. la forma, il
colore e il materiale utilizzato, allaspetto della
superficie architettonica. Per le murature a secco il termine giunti di muratura a secco si riferisce allinterstizio tra i blocchi di muratura.
Sinonimo: commessura
Da non confondersi con: giunto di muratura a
secco
muratura

Junta

Es

Definicin: El espacio entre los bloques de sillar, mampuesto o ladrillo que es rellenado
con mortero. En el caso de las superficies sin
revoque, las juntas de mortero contribuyen a
la apariencia general de la superficie arquitectnica.
Comentario: Hay muchos tipos de juntas de
fbrica.Cada uno contribuye al efecto visual
de la superficie arquitectnica a travs de su
forma y color, as como del material usado. En
el caso de la mampostera de piedra seca, el
trmino juntas secas de mampostera se refiere al espacio entre los bloques de mampostera.
fbrica

39

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Detail of external wall of historic Greek Orthodox cemetery, Princes' Islands, Istanbul (Turkey), 18th century; Photo: 2015, KBU (Aysun zkse)

Pietra rasa

EN

Definition: A historical, combined joint plastering and rendering technique applied to

rubble stone walls, characterised by the specific way in which the mortar is used. The mortar is applied so that it forms smooth and flat
surfaces around the protruded ends of the
rubble masonry. After that, a rendering technique (pointing, trowel) is used to create an
enhanced visual effect and also to help stones
remain clear and visible.

Pierre apparente

FR

Dfinition: Technique historique la croise

entre lenduit de jointement et le badigeon,
applique sur les maonneries de blocailles.
Elle se caractrise par un emploi spcifique du
mortier, qui est appliqu de manire crer
une surface lisse et plate autour de la protubrance des mollons de la maonnerie.
Aprs cela, une technique de rendu (pointage,
truelle) est utilise pour crer un effet visuel
amlior et aussi pour laisser les pierres claires
et visibles.

Comment: Rendering styles in pietra rasa,

which vary by region and stone masters, were
used both for structural and ornamental purposes, bringing aesthetic value to rubble masonry surfaces.
Not to be confused with: pointing, testa scoperta

Commentaires: Lenduction avec pierres apparentes, qui varie selon les rgions et les artisans, est utilise la fois des fins structurelles et ornementales, en embellissant les
maonneries de blocailles.
Ne pas confondre avec: testa scoperta

rubble masonry

maonnerie de mollons

Pietra Rasa

Definition: Eine historische Technik, in der

Verfugen mit Verputzen kombiniert wird und
die sich durch den besonderen Mrtelauftrag
auf Feld- und Bruchsteinmauern auszeichnet:
Der berschssige Setzmrtel wird so verteilt,
dass eine ebene Flche um die hervorstehenden Steinoberflchen des Mauerwerks entsteht. Danach wird eine Verputztechnik (Verfugen, Kellenzug) angewandt, mit der man eine gesteigerte optische Wirkung erzielt, und
die hilft, dass die Steinkpfe unbedeckt und
sichtbar sind.
Kommentar: Pietra Rasa Putzarten knnen je
nach Region und Handwerker variieren. Sie
werden sowohl fr konstruktive als auch fr
dekorative Zwecke eingesetzt und steigern
den sthetischen Wert der Oberflchen von
Feldsteinmauerwerk.
Synonym: Pietra-Rasa-Verputz
Feldsteinmauerwerk

Sources: Harris 1984, 372; Emmenegger 1993, 105118; Bielmann 2013, 182/3

40

DE

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Pietra rasa

HR

Definicija: Povijesno kombiniranje bukanja

spojnica i tehnike gruboga bukanja primijenjeno na zidovima od lomljenoga kamena, karakteristino po posebnome nainu koritenja morta. Mort se nanosi tako da oblikuje glatku i ravnu
povrinu oko istaknutih kamena u zidu od lomljenoga kamena. Nakon toga, primjenjuju se
tehnike gruboga bukanja (ispunjavanja spojnica, zidanje licom) za poboljanje vizualnoga
dojma te da kamenje ostane jasno i vidljivo.
Napomena: Stilovi bukanja pietra rasa, koji
variraju ovisno o regiji i klesarima, koriteni su
za strukturne i ornamentne svrhe, donosei
estetsku vrijednost povrinama zida od lomljenoga kamena.
zid od neobraenoga kamena

Pietra rasa

Hu

Meghatrozs:Trtneti vakol s hzagkitlt technika, melyet termsk falaknl alkalmaztak. Jellegzetessgt a habarcs specifikus alkalmazsi mdja adja. A habarccsal kiegyenltik a
kill termskvek kztti hzagokat, amg sk
s sima fellet keletkezik. Ezutn a vakolkanllal fugkat rajzolnak a habarcsba. Ezltal egy
egysgesebb rajzolat keletkezik, ugyanakkor a
kvek is tisztn lthatak maradnak.
Megjegyzs: A pietra rasa vakolsi mdoknak, melyek rgi s kmvesmester szerint
vltoztak, szerkezeti s dszt szerepk volt,
kiemeltk a termsk falak felletnek eszttikai rtkt.
Tves megnevezs: hzagols, testa scoperta
termsk fal

Pietra rasa

it

Definizione: Una tecnica storica dintonacatura combinata di giunti e dintonaco per esterni,
usata per le murature costruite con conci di pietra, caratterizzata dal modo specifico con il quale utilizzata la malta. La malta applicata in
modo che formi superfici lisce e piane intorno
ai conci sporgenti della muratura. Segue una
tecnica dintonacatura (stuccatura, cazzuola)
per creare un effetto visivo gradevole e per fare
in modo che le pietre rimangano visibili.
Commento: Lintonacatura a pietra rasa, che
varia con le regioni e i maestri, stata utilizzata
per scopi strutturali e ornamentali, portando
un valore estetico alle superfici di muratura di
pietrame.

Da non confondersi con: stuccatura, cazzuola,

pietra rasa e testa scoperta
muratura di pietra greggia

Pietra rasa

PL

Definicja: Historyczna technika muru z tuczonych kamieni czca spoinowanie zapraw z tynkowaniem, charakteryzujca si
szczeglnym sposobem zastosowania zaprawy. Zaprawa jest nakadana w taki sposb, by
uformowa gadkie i paskie powierzchnie
wok wystajcych kamieni muru. Nastpnie
uywa si techniki tynkowania (spoinowanie,
kielnia), efekt wizualny jest spotgowany, kamienie s czyste i pozostaj odkryte.
Komentarz: Style tynkowania pietra rasa bardzo rni si w zalenoci od regionu i mistrzw, technika uywana jest zarwno z powodw strukturalnych, jak i w celach dekoracyjnych, podnosi walory estetyczne powierzchni
wykonanej z surowych kamieni.
Nie naley myli z: spoinowanie, testa scoperta
mur z surowego kamienia

Pietra rasa

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic istoric combinat de

tencuire i de modelare a rosturilor, folosit la
zidurile din piatr brut i caracterizat prin
modul specific n care este utilizat mortarul.
Mortarul se aplic n aa fel nct acesta formeaz suprafee netede i plate n jurul bolovanilor din zidria de piatr brut. Dup aceea,
este folosit o tehnic special de tencuire (cu
ajutorul unei mistrii) pentru a crea un efect vizual sporit i, de asemenea, pentru a pune i
mai bine n eviden pietrele din zidrie.
Adnotare: Tehnicile de tencuire n pietra rasa
ce variaz dup regiune i meteri pietrari au
fost folosite att cu scopuri structurale ct i
ornamentale, aducnd valoare estetic suprafeelor zidriei din piatr brut.
A nu se confunda cu: testa scoperta
zidrie din piatr brut, mortar de var

Pietra rasa

Es

Definicin: Tcnica histrica combinada de

revoques y enlucidos de revestimiento aplicada a las juntas de los muros de piedras sin labrar. El mortero se aplica de manera que forme
superficies lisas y planas alrededor de las rocas
protuberantes de la mampostera. Despus de

la aplicacin del mortero, se alisa a paleta creando un efecto visual peraltado que ayuda a
las piedras a quedar despejadas y visibles.
Comentario: El estilo del revoque en pietra
rasa variaba segn las regiones y segn los
maestros albailes. Se usaba con funcin estructural y ornamental y aportaba valor esttico a las superficies de mampostera de piedras sin labrar.
Sinnimo: revoque con juntas enrasadas
mampostera de piedra tosca

Pietra rasa

tR

Tanm: Harcn zel bir ekilde kullanld kaba

tal (sel ta) duvara uygulanan bir tr tarihi
derz svama ve kaba sva tekniidir. Kaba, moloz talar arasnda kalan boluklar doldurarak
daha przsz ve dz yzeyleri elde etmek
iin har uygulamas yaplr. Daha sonra, gelimi grsel efekt yaratmak ayn zamanda talarn net grnr kalmas iin mala ile yzey
uygulamas yaplr.
Yorum: Blgeye ve ta ustalarna gre deien
pietra rasa, hem yapsal amal hem de moloz,
kaba ta duvar yzeylere daha estetik deer
getirmek iin ssleme amacyla kullanlrd.
E anlam: mala derzi
Kartrmaynz: derzleme, testa scoperta
moloz ta duvar

BG

:
,
. ,


. (,
),
.
:
. , ,
.
: ,

41

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Painted wooden structure, Mahmut Bey Mosque, Kastamonu (Turkey), 1336; Photo: 2013, KBU (Aysun zkse)

Wooden structure

EN

Definition: Structural skeleton of a building

made out of wooden elements from the trunk
and the large branches of trees which are then
kept together with various types of joints.
Comment: The structure forms a complex system of parts that have different relationships
with each other and aim at carrying loads as
well as ensuring the stability of the buildng.
Wooden structures can appear as ornamental
architectural surfaces (even without paint or
wall paintings on plaster). Conservation of
wooden structures requires complex analyses
to determine general characteristics such as
configuration, loading, chronology of interventions, and also the influence of the environment, the decay of materials, and the interaction of different materials used for joints.
joint, plaster

ossature en bois

FR

Dfinition: Squelette dun btiment fait dlments de bois venant du tronc et des larges
branches de larbre, assembls de diverses faons.

Commentaires: Lossature forme un systme

complexe dont les lments sont porteurs de
charge. Ils rigidifient ldifice. Les ossatures en
bois peuvent servir de surfaces architecturales
ornementales (mme sans dcor peint). Leur
conservation requiert une analyse complexe
qui dfinisse ses caractristiques principales
(configuration, charges, chronologie dinterventions), mais aussi linfluence de lenvironnement, la dgradation des matriaux et
linteraction entre les diffrents matriaux utiliss pour les joints.

Fuge, Putz

Drvena struktura

DE

Definition: Skelettkonstruktion eines Baus aus

Holzelementen, die aus Stmmen und groen
sten gefertigt und mit verschiedenen Verbindungsarten zusammengefgt werden.
Kommentar: Die Konstruktion ist ein komplexes System aus verschiedenen, zusammenhngenden Teilen, die Lasten tragen und die
Stabilitt eines Gebudes gewhrleisten soll.
Hlzerne Skelettkonstruktionen knnen als
ornamental gestaltete Architekturoberflche
fungieren (auch ohne Farbe oder Wandmalereien auf Putz). Ihre Erhaltung erfordert kom-

Napomena: Strukturu oblikuje sloeni sustav

dijelova razliitih spojeva i svrha im je noenje
optereenja te osiguranje stabilnosti graevine. Drvene konstrukcije mogu se pojaviti kao
ornamentne arhitektonske povrine (ak i bez
boje ili zidnih slika na buci). Konzerviranje drvene strukture zahtijeva sloene analize odreivanja opih znaajka kao to su konfiguracija, optereenje, kronologija intervencija,
utjecaja okolia, propadanje materijala i interakcija razliitih materijala upotrebljenih za
spojnice.
spojnica, buka

Sources: Hasol 2002, 2729; Langenbach 2008; Tobriner 2000; zkse 2001; Tampone 2001; Barnwell, Adams 1995; Brc, Dinescu 1997

42

HR

Definicija: Strukturni kostur graevine napravljen od drvenih elemenata od debla i velikih grana stabala, koji se zajedno dre razliitim vrstama spojnica.

joint, enduit

Hlzerner skelettbau

plexe Untersuchungen, in denen allgemeine

Eigenschaften wie Struktur, Belastung, Manahmenchronologie wie auch Umwelteinflsse, Materialzerfall und Interaktion der verschiedenen Verbindungsmaterialien analysiert werden.

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Faszerkezet

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy fbl kszlt plet vzszerkezete. A fa trzsbl s vastag gaibl

kszlt elemek alkotjk, melyeket klnbz
facsapok, illesztsek tartanak ssze.
Megjegyzs: A szerkezet sszetett rendszert
kpez, melyben az egyes elemek klnbzkppen kapcsoldnak egymshoz s teherhord, illetve stabilizl szerepet tltenek be.
A faszerkezetek dsztfunkcival is brhatnak
(a vakolat festsnek, illetve falfestmnynek
hinyban is). A faszerkezetek konzervlsa
sszetett vizsglatokat felttelez az ltalnos
jellemzk meghatrozsra, mint amilyen a kialakts, terhels, a beavatkozsok idrendje,
a krnyezeti hatsok, az anyagok krosodsnak mrtke, illetve a klnbz fugz anyagok egymsra gyakorolt hatsa.
fuga, vakolat

struttura lignea

it

Definizione: Lo scheletro strutturale di un

edificio fatto di elementi lignei del tronco e dei
rami grandi degli alberi, tenuto insieme con
vari tipi di giunti.
Commento: La struttura un sistema complesso di parti che hanno rapporti differenti
tra di loro, portano i carichi e stabilizzano la
costruzione. Le strutture lignee possono presentare superfici architettoniche ornamentali
(anche senza colori o dipinti murali sullintonaco).
La conservazione delle strutture lignee richiede
analisi complesse per determinare le caratteristiche generali come la configurazione, il carico,
la cronologia degli interventi, linfluenza dellambiente, il degrado dei materiali e linterazione dei materiali diversi utilizzati per i giunti.
costruzione a graticcio, giunto, intonaco

Konstrukcja drewniana

PL

Definicja: Szkielet konstrukcyjny budynku

wykonany z elementw drewnianych, pozyskanych z pni i duych gazi drzew poczonych rnymi typami zcz ciesielskich.
Komentarz: Konstrukcja tworzy zoony system
wzajemnie powizanych ze sob czci, maj
one funkcje none i zapewniaj budynkowi stabilno. Konstrukcje drewniane mona rozwa-

a jako dekoracyjne powierzchnie architektoniczne (nawet bez pomalowania czy malowide

ciennych na tynku). Konserwacja konstrukcji
drewnianych wymaga kompleksowej analizy w
celu ustalenia ich oglnej charakterystyki jak:
ukad, obcienia, chronologia interwencji,
wpyw rodowiska, rozpad materiaw i interakcja rnych materiaw uytych do cze.
spoina, tynk

structur din lemn

Ro

Definiie: Scheletul structural al unei construcii realizate din elemente din lemn, din
trunchi i ramuri mari de copaci asamblate cu
diferite tipuri de mbinri.
Adnotare: Structura formeaz un sistem complex de piese ce au relaii diferite ntre ele i vizeaz preluarea sarcinilor, precum i asigurarea
stabilitii cldirii. Structurile din lemn pot servi
ca suprafee arhitecturale ornamentale (chiar
i lipsite de culoare sau picturi murale executate pe o tencuial). Conservarea structurilor din
lemn necesit analize complexe pentru a determina caracteristici generale precum configuraia, ncrctura, cronologia interveniilor i
influena factorilor de mediu, degradarea materialelor, precum i interaciunea diferitelor
materiale utilizate pentru mbinri.
rost, tencuial

Estructura de madera

Es

Definicin: Esqueleto estructural de un edificio realizado con elementos de madera obtenidos del tronco y las ramas largas de los rboles y unidos mediante varios tipos de juntas.
Comentario: La estructura forma un sistema
complejo de diversas partes que permiten soportar cargas y asegurar la estabilidad del edificio. Pueden aparecer como ornamentacin
de superficies arquitectnicas (incluso sin pinturas ni revoques). La conservacin de las estructuras de madera requiere anlisis complejos para determinar sus caractersticas generales: la configuracin, la carga, las intervenciones cronolgicas, la influencia del ambiente, la degradacin de los materiales y la interaccin entre los diferentes materiales usados
en los ensambles y las juntas.

Ahap iskelet

tR

Tanm: eitli birleme trleri ile bir araya getirilen aalarn byk dallar ve gvdelerinden
karlan ahap elementlerin oluturduu binann strktrel, tayc sistemini oluturan iskelet.
Yorum: Birbiriyle farkl ilikilere sahip paralarn karmak bir yapsn ekillendiren strktr,
binann dengesini salad gibi yk tamay
da amalar. Ahap yaplar mimari yzeyler de
ssleme eleman olarak da bulunabilir (boyasz, dorudan ahap zerine boyal ya da ahap
zeri svaya boyal rneklerde olduu gibi).
Ahap yaplarn korunmas; doku, ykleme,
dnemsel mdahale gemii ayrca evre etkisi, malzemenin rmesi ve birleimler iin
kullanlan farkl malzemelerin etkileimi gibi
genel zellikleri belirlemek iin karmak bir
analiz gerektirir.
E anlam: ahap strktr
birleim, sva

BG

: ,

, .
:
,

.
(
).

, , ,
,
, .
,

junta, revoque

43

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Multistorey half -timber construction, reconstruction of Old Greek Bath House, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2008 (Randolph Langenbach)

Half-timber

EN

Definition: A type of construction made out

of wooden frames which represent the structural part of the building (floor, cross, wall, and
roof frames) and infills (partitions between the
frame work) which are filled with different materials to form floors, walls, ceilings, and roofs.
Comment: The frame structures are formed
of wooden beams with horizontal, vertical,
and diagonal joints. The infills are made of
wattle, daub, bricks, and/or stones which are
usually rendered with clay mortar and plaster.
In post-medieval times, half-timbering originally buried in plaster was uncovered for aesthetic reasons. Fake half-timbering became
popular in the 19th century.
Not to be confused with: joint

Commentaires: Lossature est forme de poutres de bois horizontales, verticales et diagonales. Les comblements sont faits de torchis,
clayonnages, briques et/ou de pierres gnralement lies par un mortier de chaux et enduites. Aprs le Moyen-ge, les colombages
originellement recouverts de pltres ont t
mis nus pour des raisons esthtiques. Les
faux colombages sont devenus populaires au
19me sicle.

FR

Dfinition: Ossature de bois constituant les

parties structurelles de ldifice (sol, croise, mur

Kommentar: Die Rahmenkonstruktionen

werden aus Holzbalken mit horizontalen, vertikalen und diagonalen Verbindungen zusammengefgt. Die Gefache werden mit Flechtwerk, Lehm, Ziegeln und/oder Steinen gefllt,
die blicherweise mit Lehmmrtel und Putz
verputzt sind.
Ursprnglich unter Verputz verborgenes Fachwerk legte man in nachmittelalterlicher Zeit
aus sthetischen Grnden frei. Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Fachwerkimitationen beliebt.
Ziegel, Ton, Putz

Kanatna konstrukcija / Bondruk

brique, argile, enduit

Fachwerk

brick, clay

Colombage

et charpente) et comble de matriaux lgers

(cloisonnements entre les parties structurelles)
qui est remplies laide de matriaux divers
pour former des sols, murs, plafonds et toits.

DE

Definition: Eine Konstruktion aus hlzernem

Trgersystem/Skelett (Boden-, Wand-, Querund Deckentrger bzw. -rahmen) und Fllungen bzw. Gefachen aus verschiedenen Materialien, mit der Bden, Wnde, Decken und Dcher gebildet werden.

Definicija: Konstrukcija od drvenih okvira koji

ine strukturni dio zgrade (kat, zid i krovnu
konstrukciju) i ispuna (dijelovi izmeu okvira),
od razliitih materijala za formiranje podova,
zidova, stropova i krovova.
Napomena: Konstrukcije okvira oblikuju se
od drvenih greda horizontalnim, vertikalnim
i dijagonalnim spojnicama. Ispune su izraene
pleterom od prua i buke i/ili kamena, obino

Sources: Gnay 1998, 66; zkse 2001; Harris 2006, 3/4, 58, 89; Morris et al. 1995; Barnwell, Adams 1995, 2843

44

HR

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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obukanoga glinenim mortom i bukom. Nakon srednjega vijeka kanatna konstrukcija izvorno prekrivena bukom otkrivana je iz estetskih razloga. Lana kanatna konstrukcija postala je popularna u 19. stoljeu.
opeka, glina, buka

Favzas plet

Megjegyzs: A vzszerkezet vzszintes, fggleges s tlsan sszecsapolt gerendkbl

pl fel. A vzkitlt anyag vesszbl, agyagbl, tglbl s/vagy kbl ll, melyet ltalban agyag habarccsal s vakolattal ltnak el.
A kzpkor utni idszakban az eredetileg vakolt favzas pleteknl eszttikai okokbl levlasztottk a vakolatot. Az lfavzas szerkezet ptkezs a 19. szzadban volt npszer.
tgla, agyag, vakolat

it

Definizione: Un tipo di costruzione composto

da intelaiature lignee che formano la struttura
portante delledificio (intelaiature di pavimento, a croce, di pareti e di tetti) e di riempimenti
(spazi tra le intelaiature), che sono riempiti di
materiali diversi per formare pavimenti, pareti,
soffitti e tetti.
Commento: Le strutture dellintelaiatura sono
costituite con travi di legno con giunti orizzontali, verticali e diagonali. I riempimenti sono
fatti di canniccio, fango, mattoni, e / o pietre
che di solito sono intonacati con una malta di
argilla e un intonaco. Per ragioni estetiche
nellepoca post-medievale la costruzione a
graticcio, originariamente coperta dintonaco,
rimaneva scoperta. Limitazione di costruzioni
a graticcio per motivi solo decorativi diventata popolare nel XIX secolo.
Sinonimi: costruzione a traliccio, casa a graticcio, casa a traliccio
mattone, argilla, intonaco

PL

Definicja: Rodzaj struktury wykonanej z

drewnianych ram, stanowicych konstrukcyjn cz budynku (ramy podogi, cian i dachu) oraz z wypenie (przestrzenie midzy
elementami konstrukcji), ktre s zapenione
rnymi materiaami w celu uformowania
podg, cian, stropw i dachw.

Hu

Meghatrozs: Favz alap ptmny, melynl az plet tartszerkezett kpez faelemek (alap, keresztmerevts, fal- s tetszerkezet) kztti rszt klnbz anyagokkal tltik ki a padl, falak, mennyezet s tet kialaktsa rdekben (Fachwerk).

Costruzione a graticcio

Konstrukcja ryglowa

Komentarz: Obramowania konstrukcyjne

skadaj si z belek drewnianych z czeniami
poziomymi, pionowymi i ukonymi. Wypenienia s wykonane z plecionki, narzutu, cegie, i / lub kamieni, zwykle otynkowanych zapraw zawierajc glin lub tynkiem.
Po okresie redniowiecza oryginalne konstrukcje ryglowe ukryte pod tynkiem byy odkrywane z powodw estetycznych. Faszywe
fachwerki stay si popularne w 19. wieku.
Synonimy: fachwerk, mur pruski, konstrukcja
szachulcowa, konstrukcja szkieletowa
cega, glina, tynk

Fachwerk

Ro

Definiie: Un tip de construcie realizat din rame de lemn ce reprezint partea structural a
cldirii (podele, ferestre, perei i arpant) i
umpluturi (ntre elementele ramei din lemn),
care sunt realizate cu diferite materiale pentru
a forma pardoseli, perei, tavane, i acoperiuri.
Adnotare: Structurile cadrelor sunt realizate
din grinzi din lemn cu mbinri orizontale, verticale i diagonale. Umpluturile sunt realizate
din nuiele, argil, crmid i/sau piatr, care
sunt de obicei tencuite cu mortar pe baz de
argil i tencuial. n perioada post-medieval
tipul de construcie fachwerk, aflat iniial sub
tencuial a fost dezvelit din motive estetice.
Reproducerea acestui stil de construcie a devenit popular n secolul al XIX-lea.
crmid, argil, tencuial

Muro de entramado de madera

Es

Definicin: Tipo de construccin hecha con

armazn de madera, que representa tanto la
parte estructural del edificio (armazn de suelos, travesaos, paredes, techos) como los estucados (particiones entre el armazn), y que
es rellenada con diferentes materiales para
formar suelos, paredes, techos y tejados.
Comentario: Las estructuras de madera estn
formadas por travesaos de madera con jun-

tas horizontales, verticales y diagonales. Los

estucados se hacen con barro, ladrillos o piedras revestidas normalmente con mortero de
cal y revoque. En la poca post-medieval, el
entramado de madera, originalmente sepultado en revoque, era desencalado por razones
estticas. En el siglo XIX se hicieron populares
los entramados de madera falsos.
ladrillo, arcilla, revoque

Ahap atk

tR

Tanm: Zemin, duvar, tavan ve at oluturmak

iin farkl malzemelerle doldurulan dolgu (ereve arasndaki boluklar) ve binann yapsal
ksmlarn (zemin, atk, duvar ve at iskeleti)
temsil eden ahap erevelerden oluan yapm tr.
Yorum: Yatay, dikey ve kegen balantl ahap kirilerden oluan tayc sistem erevesi,
iskeleti. Kam, amur, tula ve/veya tatan
oluan dolgular genellikle kil harc ve svas
ile rtlr.
Ge ortaa zamanlarnda, daha nceleri svayla kapatlan ahap elemanlar, estetik nedenlerden dolay ak braklmaya baland.
Sahte ahap atklar 19. yzylda popler oldu.
tula, kil

BG

: ,
,
(,
, )
( ),
, , , .
: ,
. , , / , . , ,
. .
: ( joint, : )
, ,

45

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Different concrete surface finishes, La Cit Radieuse by Le Corbusier, Marseille (France), 1952; Photo: 2015, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Exposed concrete

EN

Definition: A smooth architectural surface

made without plaster. The surface is made of
very fine concrete which consists of fluid cement and small grained aggregate that exposes the forms and structures of the shuttering.
Comment: Since the 1920s, concrete was no
longer simply being used as a structural material, but was also starting to be appreciated
for its decorative appearance as an exposed
architectural surface. There are numerous
methods of making exposed concrete surfaces by means of formwork sheeting: board
shuttering, smooth formwork, form liner, form
moulds or filter fleeces. There are also surface
processing techniques, like washed concrete
surfaces, photo concrete, acidified surfaces,
blasting using solid abrasives and stone-masonry-like treatment.
Synonyms: fair-faced concrete, exposed aggregate, brut concrete, beton brut
plaster, aggregate

Bton apparent

tu de ciment liquide et de charges fines qui

rvle les formes et les structures de la peau
de coffrage.
Commentaires: Depuis les annes 1920, le
bton est utilis comme matriau la fois
structurel et ornemental, laiss nu. Il y a de
nombreuses mthodes de fabrication de bton apparent, au travers de coffrages et de
moules: planches de coffrage, coffrage lisse,
bton moul, en superposition de couches. Il
existe aussi des procds de surfaage
comme le photobton, le lavage, le traitement
acide ou le sablage et le faux- appareillage en
pierre.
Synonymes: bton de parement, bton granulat, bton brut
enduit, granulat (agrgat)

sichtbeton

Definition: Eine glatte Architekturoberflche

ohne Verputz. Die Oberflche wird aus sehr
feinem Beton hergestellt, der aus flssigem
Zement und feinkrnigem Zuschlag besteht
und die Form und Struktur der Schalung zeigt.
Kommentar: Seit den 1920er Jahren wird Beton nicht nur als Baumaterial, sondern auch
fr sein dekoratives Erscheinungsbild als

Sources: Peck, Bosold 2009; Juracek 2002, 329; Hasol 2002, 84; Ching 2006, 47

46

Putz, Zuschlag

otkriveni beton

HR

Definicija: Arhitektonska glatka povrina koja

se upotrebljava bez buke. Ova je povrina izraena od vrlo finoga betona, sastavljenoga
od tekuega cementa i agregata male granulacije koji otkriva formu i strukturu oplate.

DE

FR

Dfinition: Surface architecturale lisse et sans

enduit. Elle est faite dun bton trs fin consti-

sichtbare Architekturoberflche geschtzt. Es

gibt zahlreiche Methoden, Sichtbetonoberflchen mit Hilfe der Schalhaut herzustellen:
Schalungsplatten, glatte Schalungen, Folien,
Strukturmatrizen, Strukturschalungen oder
Filtervliese. Die Techniken zur Oberflchenveredelung sind u.a. Waschbetonoberflchen,
Fotobeton, gesuerte Oberflchen, Strahlen
mit festen Strahlmitteln und steinmetzmige
Bearbeitung.

Napomena: Od 20-ih godina 20. stoljea beton se upotrebljava kao konstrukcijski materijal i u dekorativne svrhe kao vidljiva arhitektonska povrina. Postoje brojni naini izrade
vidljivih betonskih povrina s pomou oplata
za oblaganje: drvena oplata, glatka oplata,
oplata s uzorkom, oplata s kalupom ili graevnim tekstilom. Postoje i tehnike obrade povrina poput: isprane betonske povrine, fotobetonske povrine, povrine obraene kise-

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linom ili abrazivnim mlazom te primjenom

tehnike obrade za kameni zid.
buka, agregat

Ltszbeton

Hu

Meghatrozs: Vakolat nlkli, burkolatlan, sima ptszeti fellet (nyersbeton). Ez a fellet nagyon j minsg, cementet s finomszemcsj
tltanyagokat tartalmaz betonbl kszl,
mely tveszi a zsaluzat formjt s felptst.
Megjegyzs: Az 1920-as vektl kezdden
a betont nemcsak szerkezeti anyagknt alkalmaztk, hanem rtkelni kezdtk a ltszbeton felletek dekoratv megjelenst is. A klnbz ltszbeton felletek kialaktshoz
szmos zsaluhj ltezik: tbls zsaluzat (hagyomnyos), finom fellet zsaluzat, textrlt
felletkpz zsalubett, strukturlt hjak vagy
zsaluszvet alkalmazsa. Egyb felletkpzsi
technikk a mosott beton fellet, a fotbeton,
a savval kezelt fellet, a homokfvsos, csiszolt felletek s a kfalszeren kezelt fellet.
vakolat, tltanyag

Calcestruzzo a vista

Komentarz: Od lat 1920. zaczto stosowa

beton nie tylko do konstrukcji, doceniono te
jego walory dekoracyjne jako eksponowanej
powierzchni architektonicznej.
Jest wiele metod wykonywania betonowych
powierzchni betonu formowanego szalunkiem jak: deskowanie, formowanie gadkich
powierzchni, szalunek ozdobny, stosowanie
form, take z uyciem wkien. S i inne sposoby opracowywania powierzchni jak pukanie betonu, foto beton, wytrawianie powierzchni, piaskowanie z uyciem mocnego
cierniwa i z uyciem metod stosowanych do
obrbki kamienia.
Synonim: beton brutalny
tynk, wypeniacz

Beton aparent

Ro

Definiie: O suprafa arhitectural neted

utilizat fr tencuial. Aceast suprafa este
realizat din beton foarte fin, care const din
ciment fluid i agregate cu o granulaie fin,
care expune formele i structurile cofrajului.

it

Definizione: Una superficie architettonica liscia e senza intonaco. Questa superficie fatta
di calcestruzzo molto fino composto di cemento liquido e di aggregati a grana piccola che rivelano le forme e le strutture della cassaforma.
Commento: Dagli anni 20 del XX secolo il calcestruzzo cominci a essere utilizzato non solo come elemento per la costruzione, ma fu
apprezzato anche per il suo aspetto decorativo per le superfici architettoniche a vista.
Ci sono vari metodi per creare superfici in calcestruzzo a vista con casseforme: casseforme
con tavole lignee, casseforme lisce o filtri di tessuto. Ci sono anche tecniche di lavorazione
specifiche per le superfici, ad esempio le superfici in calcestruzzo lavate, le superfici acidificate,
la sabbiatura con abrasivi solidi e i trattamenti
simili a quelli per la muratura di pietra.
Sinonimo: cemento a vista
Da non confondersi con: calcestruzzo liscio,
aggregati a vista, cemento grezzo, bton brut
intonaco, inerte

Beton eksponowany

wykonana z drobnoziarnistego betonu zawierajcego pynny cement i drobny wypeniacz,

ukazuje form i konstrukcj szalunku.

PL

Definicja: Gadka powierzchnia architektoniczna bez stosowania tynku. Powierzchnia

Adnotare: Din anii 20, betonul a nceput s

fie utilizat nu doar ca un material structural,
dar a fost apreciat i pentru aspectul su decorativ ca suprafa arhitectural aparent.
Exist numeroase metode de realizare a suprafeelor din beton aparent cu ajutorul cofrajelor. Exist, de asemenea, tehnici de prelucrare a suprafeei, cum ar fi splarea suprafeelor de beton, foto-betonul, atacarea suprefeelor cu substane acide, sablarea folosind materiale abrazive solide, precum i tehnici care confer un aspect similar zidriei de
piatr.
tencuial, agregat

Hormign visto

Es

Definicin: Superficie arquitectnica lisa sin

revoque realizada con hormign muy fino formado por cemento, carga fina y agua y que
deja a la vista las formas y las estructuras del
encofrado.
Comentario: A partir de 1920, el hormign se
empez a utilizar no solo como material estructural, sino tambin como material decorativo para superficies arquitectnicas vistas.
Hay muchos mtodos para realizarlo en funcin del encofrado: tabla, liso, deslizante, a

modo de molde, bruido a muequilla. Tambin hay diversas tcnicas de tratamiento de

las superficies: lavado de superficies de hormign, serigrafiado del hormign, tratamiento al cido de la superficie, proyeccin con
abrasivos slidos y tratamientos de simulacin tipo fbrica de sillera o mampostera.
revoque, carga

Brt beton

tR

Tanm: Svasz kullanlan bir tr przsz mimari yzey. Bu yzey akkan imento ve kalbn yapsn ve eklini gsteren kk taneli
agregadan oluan ok ince betondan yaplr.
Yorum: 1920lerden beri, beton sadece yapsal
malzeme olarak deil ayn zamanda plak mimari yzeylerde dekoratif grnme katk
salamak iin de kullanlmaya baland. plak
beton yzeyler elde etmek iin kullanlan birok kalplama tr arasnda: kalp tahtas, przsz kalp, ekil verici kalp, ekilli kalp ya da
astarl kalp gibi yntemler bulunmaktadr. Ayrca ykanm beton, foto beton, asitlendirilmi
yzeyler, sert andrclar kullanan patlatma
ve kaplama benzeri ta duvar gibi yzey ileme teknikleri de bulunmaktadr.
E anlaml: plak beton, plak agrega
sva, agrega

BG

: ,
,
, .
: 1920-
,
.

: , , , ,
. : ; ; ; ,
, .
:
,

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Loss of plaster shows masonry support (detail), Fortified Church in Apold (Romania), 13th century; Photo: 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

support

EN

Definition: A structure on which a plaster or a

ground with a subsequent paint layer, or just a
paint layer, are applied. Its function is to provide
a more or less even substratum for the painting,
to carry it, and to give it physical stability.
Comment: The support of wall paintings can
be a natural rock with a prepared surface, but
also any other architectural surfaces like walls
or ceilings.
For better backing, the support may include
reinforcements made of wood, reed, or metal
meshes. The stability of the wall painting
strongly depends on the stability and surface
properties of the support. Depending on the
painting technique and materials applied, the
smoothness of the support may vary in order
to achieve good adhesion.
Synonym: image carrier

Commentaires: Le support dune peinture

murale peut tre un matriau de construction
naturel, brut, apprt ou nimporte quelle surface dune architecture formant des parois ou
un plafond, travaille (enduits) ou dune structure manufacture (maonnerie etc.). Si cette
structure est constitue dun matriau friable,
celui-ci peut tre renforc par du bois, de la
paille ou du grillage mtallique. La stabilit de
la peinture murale dpend pour beaucoup de
celle du support et de ses proprits de surface. La surface doit tre suffisamment rugueuse pour une bonne adhsion de la peinture.

FR

Dfinition: Surface sur laquelle est applique

une couche de peinture ou un enduit suppor-

48

DE

Definition: Eine Konstruktion, auf der ein

Putz, eine Grundierung mit anschlieender
Farbschicht oder nur eine Farbschicht aufgetragen wird. Sie hat einen relativ ebenen Untergrund fr die Malerei zu bilden, sie zu tragen und ihr Stabilitt zu verleihen.

Sources: Mora et al.1984, 10; Weber 2013, 87; Nimmo 2001, 217; Conservation Dictionary 2001

Kommentar: Felsen mit bearbeiteter Oberflche oder jede andere Architekturoberflche

wie Wnde oder Decken knnen Trger von
Wandmalereien sein.
Zur Verstrkung kann der Trger Bewehrungen aus Holz, Schilfrohr oder Drahtgeflecht
enthalten. Die Bestndigkeit einer Wandmalerei hngt stark von seiner Stabilitt und seinen Oberflcheneigenschaften ab. Abhngig
von der Maltechnik und den Materialien kann
seine Gltte variieren, um eine gute Haftung
der Farbe zu ermglichen.
Synonym: Bildtrger
Grundierung

Nosa

prparation

trger

ground

support

tant celle-ci. Substratum de la peinture, elle lui

confre sa stabilit.

HR

Definicija: Struktura na koju su naneseni buka i bojeni sloj ili bojeni sloj izravno. Funkcija
mu je osigurati manje-vie jednaku podlogu
za sliku te da je nosi i osigura fiziku stabilnost.
Napomena: Nosa zidnih slika moe biti prirodna stijena s pripremljenom povrinom, ali
i arhitektonske povrine poput zidova, stropova i svodova.

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Nosa radi bolje potpore moe sadravati ojaanja od drva, trske ili metalne mreice. Stabilnost zidne slike jako ovisi o stabilnosti i povrinskim svojstvima nosaa. Da bi se ostvarila
dobra adhezija, glatkoa nosaa moe varirati
ovisno o slikarskoj tehnici te primijenjenim
materijalima.
podloga

Hordoz

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy tartszerkezet, melyre

kzvetlenl, illetve elzetes vakolat vagy alapozs rtegre festkrteg(ek)et hordanak fel.
Szerepe tbb-kevsb egyenletes alapot biztostani a festsnek, illetve hordozni azt s fizikai stabilitst adni neki.
Megjegyzs: A falfestmny hordozja lehet
egy megmunklt fellet termszetes szikla,
s brmely ptszeti fellet, mint pldul falak vagy mennyezetek. A falkp jobb altmasztsnak rdekben hasznlhatnak fa,
nd s fmhl erstst is.
A falkp stabilitsa nagyban fgg a hordoz
stabilitstl s felleti tulajdonsgaitl. A
hasznlt anyagok s feststechnika fggvnyben a hordoz felletnek simasga vltozhat, annak rdekben, hogy a festkrteg
jobban ktdjn.
Szinonima: festalap
alapozs

supporto

it

Definizione: Una struttura sulla quale applicato lo strato pittorico. Sostiene la pittura e le
d stabilit fisica.
Commento: I supporti di pitture murali possono essere di roccia naturale con superfici
preparate in modo adeguato, oppure ogni tipo di superficie architettonica, come ad esempio muri o soffitti. Per un sostegno migliore il
supporto pu includere rinforzi fatti di legno
o di canna o una rete metallica. La stabilit della pittura murale dipende fortemente dalla
stabilit e dalle caratteristiche della superficie
del supporto. Secondo la tecnica pittorica
adoperata, la superficie del supporto deve
presentare caratteristiche adatte per permettere unadesione buona della pittura.
Sinonimi: struttura di sostegno, struttura di
appoggio
preparazione

Podoe

PL

Definicja: Struktura / konstrukcja na ktr naoony jest tynk lub grunt i kolejno warstwa
malarska, albo sama warstwa malarska. Spenia funkcj bardziej lub mniej rwnej powierzchni pod malowida i zapewnia im fizyczn stabilno.
Komentarz: Podoem malowida ciennego
moe by przygotowana powierzchnia naturalnej skay, ale take kada inna powierzchnia
architektoniczna jak ciany czy stropy. Dla
ustabilizowania podoa stosowane s
wzmocnienia z drewna, trzciny, czy siatki metalowej. Stabilno malowida ciennego zaley w duym stopniu od stabilnoci i wasnoci powierzchni podoa. Zalenie od rodzaju
techniki malowida i uytych materiaw stopie wygadzenia podoa moe by rny
aby zapewni dobr przyczepno.
Synonim: nonik obrazu
grunt

suport

Ro

Definiie: O structur pe care se aplic o tencuial sau un grund cu un strat subsecvent de

culoare. Are rolul de a furniza un substrat mai
mult sau mai puin neted pentru pictur, de a
purta pictura, oferindu-i stabilitate fizic.
Adnotare: Suportul picturilor murale poate fi
o piatr natural cu o suprafa pregtit sau
orice alt suprafa arhitectural, cum ar fi zidurile sau plafoanele. Pentru o mai bun susinere, suportul poate include ranforsri realizate din lemn, stuf sau plas metalic. Stabilitatea picturii murale depinde foarte mult de
stabilitatea i de proprietile suprafeei suportului. n funcie de tehnica de pictur precum i de materialele folosite, netezimea suportului poate varia, pentru a obine o aderen sporit.
grund

soporte

Es

Definicin: Estructura sobre la que se aplica

directamente la capa de pintura o el revoque,
o la capa preparatoria y la posterior capa de
pintura. Su funcin es la de dar un sustrato a
la pintura, sostenerla y darle estabilidad fsica.
Comentario: El soporte de una pintura mural
puede ser roca natural con una superficie preparada, pero tambin puede ser otra superficie arquitectnica como una pared o un techo.

Para un mejor agarre, el soporte puede incluir

refuerzos hechos de madera, caa o malla metlica. La estabilidad de la pintura mural depende especialmente de las propiedades de
la superficie del soporte. Dependiendo de la
tcnica pictrica y de los materiales aplicados,
la rugosidad del soporte puede variar para obtener una buena adhesin.
capa preparatoria

Zemin

tR

Tanm: Sva veya onu takip eden boyal bir yzey (astar) veya sadece boya katmannn zerine uyguland strktr, yap. levi, boya ve
hatta en azndan alt tabaka iin duvar resmini
tamak ve fiziksel salamlk vermektir.
Yorum: Duvar resimlerinin zemini hazrlanm,
dzenlenmi yzeyli doal kayalar olabilecei
gibi, ayrca her trl duvar ya da tavan gibi mimari yzeyler olabilir.
Daha iyi destek iin, aatan, kamtan veya
metal rgden glendirmeler ierebilir. Duvar resminin salaml byk lde zeminin
dayankllna ve yzey zelliklerine baldr.
Boyama tekniine ve uygulanan malzemelere
bal olarak, iyi yapma elde etmek iin zeminin przszl deiiklk gsterebilir.
E anlam: resim tayc
yzey

BG

: , , . - ,

.
:
,
, . , . .
, .
:

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Plaster layers (detail), Dubrovnik Cathedral (Croatia) 10/11th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Plaster

EN

Enduit

FR

Definition: Protective and/or decorative coat

which is applied to architectural surfaces. It is
also used for moulding and casting decorative
elements.

Dfinition: Couche protectrice et/ou dcorative applique sur les surfaces architecturales.
Elle peut servir de support secondaire aux
peintures murales (support-enduit).

Comment: It consists of a mixture of binders,

aggregates, water and often fillers, additives
and admixtures. The term is mainly used for
the coating material for interior walls and ceilings. The three stages of the material can be
used: dry powder, prepared wet mass or final
solid product.
Plasters are distinguished by their binders (inorganic/organic), which can also be mixed.
Not to be confused with: render

Commentaires: Mlange de liant, de charges,

deau et parfois dadditifs. Le terme dsigne
surtout le matriau pos, recouvrant les parois
et plafonds et est souvent qualifi de liss, taloch, etc. Le matriau en cours de prparation est nomm mortier. Le liant peut tre minral, organique ou mixte. Les charges de renfort peuvent tre minrales et organiques (fibres). Des adjuvants synthtiques peuvent
modifier les proprits des enduits modernes.

render, binder, filler, additive, aggre-

liant, charge, additif, granulat (agrgat)

gate

Putz

DE

Definition: Eine schtzende und/oder dekorative Beschichtung, die auf Architekturoberflchen aufgebracht wird und die man auch
zum Modellieren und Abformen von Zierelementen benutzt.
Kommentar: Putz besteht aus einer Mischung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Wasser
und oft Fllstoffen, Zusatzmitteln und Zusatzstoffen. Der Begriff wird meistens fr Beschichtungsmaterial fr Innenwnde und Decken sowie fr alle drei Phasen des Materials
benutzt: Trockenmischung, feuchte gebrauchsfertige Masse oder festes Endprodukt.
Putze werden anhand ihrer Bindemittel (anorganisch/organisch) unterschieden, die auch
gemischt werden knnen.
Synonyme: Verputz, Putzmrtel
Auenputz, Bindemittel, Fllstoff, Zu-

satzmittel, Zuschlag

Sources: Gettens, Stout 1966, 250; Trench 2000, 373; E DIN EN 16572: 2012, 9

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buka

HR

Definicija: Zatitni i/ili ukrasni premaz na arhitektonskim povrinama. Upotrebljava se i za

modeliranje i zalijevanje dekorativnih elemenata.
Napomena: Sastoji se od smjese veziva, agregata, vode i esto punila, dodataka i primjesa.
Naziv se uglavnom upotrebljava za pokrivni
materijal na unutarnjim zidovima, stropovima
i svodovima. Moe se upotrebljavati za materijal u tri stanja: kao prah, pripremljena mokra
masa ili zavrni vrsti proizvod. buke se razlikuju prema vezivima (anorganskim/organskim) koja se mogu mijeati.
vanjska buka, vezivo, punilo, aditiv,
agregat

Vakolat

Hu

Meghatrozs: ptszeti felletekre felvitt

vd s/vagy dszt bevonat. A dsztelemek
formba ntsre s mintzsra is hasznljk.

Possono essere inclusi inerti e additivi organici

per il rinforzo. Negli intonaci moderni, laggiunta di additivi sintetici pu modificare le
caratteristiche del composto. Ricette storiche
elencano additivi come zucchero o cagliata.
Da non confondersi con: intonaco per esterni
tonachino, arriccio, legante, inerto, additivo, filler

Comentario: Mezcla de aglutinantes, cargas,

agua y a menudo algunos aditivos y mezclas.
Se utiliza principalmente para el material de
revestimiento de paredes y techos interiores.
Se puede usar en los tres estados del material:
polvo seco, masa preparada hmeda o producto slido final. Se diferencian por los aglutinantes que contienen (orgnicos, inorgnicos o mezclas).
Sinnimo: enfoscado

tynk

mortero de revestimiento, ligante, carga fina aditivo, carga

intonaco per esterni, rinzaffo, intonaco/in-

PL

Definicja: Powoka zabezpieczajca i / lub dekoracyjna naoona na powierzchni architektoniczn. Uywany te do modelowania i odlewania elementw dekoracyjnych.
Komentarz: Jest mieszanin spoiw i kruszywa, wody, czasem wypeniaczy, dodatkw i
domieszek. Termin stosowany gwnie dla
materiau pokrywajcego ciany i sufity
wntrz. Uywany do okrelenia trzech postaci:
suchego proszku, wilgotnej masy i wysuszonego produktu kocowego. Tynki rozrnia
si wg rodzajw spoiw, (nieorganicznych / organicznych), mog by te mieszane.

Megjegyzs: Ktanyagok, aggregtumok s

vz keverkbl ll, gyakran tltanyagokat,
adalkanyagokat is tartalmaz. A kifejezs leginkbb a bels falak, mennyezetek burkolanyagra vonatkozik. Az anyag mindhrom llapotnak megnevezsre hasznlhat (szraz por, nedves massza, szilrd vgtermk).
A vakolatokat ktanyaguk alapjn klnbztetik meg, mely lehet szerves, szervetlen, illetve a kett keverke. A magyar szaknyelvben a
kls felletek, homlokzatok burkolanyagt
is vakolatnak nevezik.

tynk zewntrzny, spoiwo, wypeniacz,

kltri vakolat, ktanyag, tltanyag,

Adnotare: Const dintr-un amestec de liani,

agregate, ap i, de cele mai multe ori, materiale de umplutur, aditivi i adaosuri. Termenul este folosit mai ales pentru a desemna materialul de acoperire pentru perei interiori i
plafoane. Poate fi folosit pentru cele trei etape
ale materialului: pulbere uscat, material
proaspt preparat, sau produs final solid. Tencuielile se deosebesc prin lianii folosii (anorganici, organici) acetia putnd fi utilizai i n
amestec.

adalkanyag, aggregtum

intonaco

it

Definizione: Uno strato protettivo e/o decorativo che applicato sulle superfici architettoniche. anche usato per la modellatura e
per il calco di elementi decorativi.
Commento: Consiste di una miscela di leganti, aggregati, acqua e a volte inerti e additivi.
Il termine usato in contesti differenti, ma
principalmente usato per il materiale di rivestimento di muri interni e soffitti. Il termine
pu essere usato per i tre stadi del materiale:
la polvere asciutta, la massa bagnata preparata o il prodotto finale solido. Gli intonaci sono
distinti in base ai loro leganti (inorganici, organici), che possono anche essere mescolati.

kruszywo

sva

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzeylere uygulanan koruyucu

ve/ya da dekoratif kaplama. Ayrca dekoratif
elemanlarnn kalba dkme ve kalbn karma iin de kullanlr.
Yorum: Balayc, agrega, su, sklkla dolgu,
katk ve ek karmlardan meydana gelir. Terim,
asl olarak i duvarlarn ve tavanlarn kaplama
malzemesi iin kullanlr.
Materyalin aamas iinde kullanlabilir: kuru
toz, hazrlanm slak ktle veya nihai kat rn.
Svalar, ayn zamanda kartrlabilen balayclarna (inorganik-organik) gre ayrt edilebilr.
Kartrmaynz: d cephe svas
har, d cephe svas, balayc, dolgu

tencuial

Ro

Definiie: Strat protector i/sau decorativ, care se aplic pe suprafee arhitecturale. Este utilizat, de asemenea, pentru realizarea elementelor decorative.

tencuial exterioar, liant, material de um-

plutur, aditiv, agregat

Revoque

Es

Definicin: Capa protectora y/o decorativa,

que se aplica a superficies arquitectnicas.
Tambin se utiliza para el moldeo y el calco de
elementos decorativos.

maddesi, katk, agrega

BG

: /
, .
.
: , ,
.
, .
: ,
.
(/ ),
.
: .
: x ,
,
, ,

, , ,

51

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Rendered faade of historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)

Render

EN

Definition: A protective and/or decorative

coat (possibly in multi layers), which is applied
to exterior architectural surfaces.
Comment: It consists of a mixture of binders,
aggregates, water and maybe additives/admixtures. The term is used for the three stages
of the material: the dry powder, the prepared
wet mass, but mostly for the final solid product. Because the materials and the method
of processing can be similar to interior wall
coatings, the term is often used interchangeably with the more generic and formerly synonymous term plaster.
Not to be confused with: plaster
binder, plaster

Enduit

FR

Dfinition: Couche protective et/ou dcorative (potentiellement en plusieurs strates) qui

est applique sur des surfaces architecturales
extrieures. Elle peut servir de support secondaire aux peintures murales (support-enduit).
Commentaires: Mlange de liant, de charges,
deau et parfois dadditifs. Le terme est utilis
principalement pour le matriau recouvrant
les parois et plafonds et est souvent qualifi:
liss, taloch etc. Il vaut pour le matriau pos;
le matriau en cours de prparation est
nomm mortier. Du fait de matriaux et de
processus dapplication communs aux revtements poss en intrieur, le terme est identique en franais.
liant, charge, additif, granulat (agrgat)

Auenputz

Definition: Eine schtzende und/oder dekorative Beschichtung (eventuell mehrlagig), die

auf uere Architekturoberflchen aufgebracht wird.
Kommentar: Auenputz besteht aus einer
Mischung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Wasser und manchmal Zusatzmitteln/-stoffen. Der
Begriff wird fr alle drei Verarbeitungsstufen
des Materials benutzt: die Trockenmischung,
die gebrauchsfertige feuchte Masse, aber
hauptschlich fr das feste Endprodukt. Da
die Materialien und die Verarbeitungsmethoden hnlich sein knnen wie bei innen angewandten Wandbeschichtungen, wird der englische Begriff render oft anstelle von dem allgemeinen und frher synonymen Begriff
plaster verwendet.
Synonyme: Fassadenputz, Verputz
Bindemittel, Putz

Sources: Mortars 2011, 87, 606; Cocke et al. 2009, 35

52

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Vanjska buka

HR

Definicija: Zatitni i/ili ukrasni premaz (mogue i vieslojni) koji je stavljen na vanjsku arhitektonsku povrinu.
Napomena: Sastoji se od smjese veziva, agregata, vode te ponekad dodataka i primjesa.
Naziv vanjska buka obuhvaa materijal u tri
stanja: prah, pripremljena mokra masa te najee zavrni vrsti proizvod.
S obzirom na to da materijali i metode obradbe mogu biti nalik na unutarnje bukane slojeve, naziv se esto naizmjence upotrebljavao
s openitijim nekadanjim sinonimnim nazivom; buka.
vezivo, buka

Kltri vakolat

tynk zewntrzny

Definicja: Warstwa zabezpieczajca i / lub dekoracyjna (moe by wielowarstwowa) naoona na zewntrzn powierzchni architektoniczn.
Komentarz: Jest mieszanin spoiw, wypeniaczy, wody oraz ewentualnie dodatkw / domieszek. Termin uywany jest do okrelenia trzech
postaci tego materiau: suchego proszku, przygotowanej masy (zaprawa), ale najczciej do
kocowego staego produktu. Poniewa uywane materiay i sposb wytwarzania s podobne do powok wewntrznych, terminy te pospolicie s uywane jako oglne okrelenie tynk.
Nie naley myli z: zaprawa
spoiwo, tynk

Hu

Meghatrozs: Kls ptszeti felletekre

felvitt (esetlegesen tbbrteg) vd s/vagy
dszt bevonat.
Megjegyzs: Ktanyag, tltanyag, vz, esetleg adalkanyagok keverkbl ll. A kifejezs
az anyag mindhrom llapotnak megnevezsre szolgl (szraz por, nedves massza, szilrd vgtermk, leginkbb ez utbbira hasznljk). Mivel alapanyagai s felhordsi mdja
a vakolatval hasonl, az angol ,,render fogalmat gyakran felcserlik az ltalnosabb, egykor szinonimaknt hasznlt ,,plaster-ral. A
magyar szaknyelvben a beltri s a kltri burkolanyagot egyarnt vakolatnak nevezik.
Szinonima: homlokzatvakolat
ktanyag, vakolat

D cephe svas

tR

Tanm: D mimari yzeylere uygulanan koruyucu ve/veya (genellikle ok katmanl) dekoratif kaplama.
Yorum: Balayc, agrega, su ve bazen dier
katk ve karmlardan oluabilir.
Terim, materyalin aamas iin de kullanlr:
kuru toz, hazrlanm slak ktle, ama ounlukla nihai sert rn. Malzeme ve ileme tr
i duvar kaplamalarnda benzer olduu iin,
terim daha genel/jenerik ve ilk e anlaml terim olan sva ile sklkla birbirlerinin yerine kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: sva
balayc, sva

tencuial exterioar

BG

Ro

Definiie: Un strat de protecie i/sau decorativ (eventual n straturi multiple), care se aplic
pe suprafee arhitecturale exterioare.
Adnotare: Const dintr-un amestec de liani,
agregate, ap i poate aditivi/adaosuri. Termenul este folosit pentru cele trei etape ale materialului: pulberea uscat, masa umed, dar,
mai ales, pentru produsul final, solid. Deoarece materialele i metodele de prelucrare pot
fi similare cu tencuiala de interior, termenul
tencuial exterioar este adesea utilizat n paralel sau substituie termenul, mai generic, tencuial (tencuial de interior).
liant, tencuial

: /
( ),
.
: , ,
.
: , , - .

,
-
.
: /
c,

Mortero de revestimiento
intonaco per esterni

PL

Es

it

Definizione: Uno strato protettivo e/o decorativo (eventualmente in pi strati) che applicato sulle superfici architettoniche esterne.

Definicin: Capa protectora y/o decorativa

(posiblemente formada por mltiples capas),
que se aplica a superficies arquitectnicas exteriores.

Commento: Consiste di una miscela di leganti, inerti, acqua e a volte di additivi.

Il termine usato per i tre stadi del materiale:
la polvere asciutta, la massa bagnata preparata e il prodotto finale solido. Spesso, il termine
inglese render usato intercambiabilmente
con il termine inglese pi generico e in precedenza sinonimo plaster, perch i materiali e
i metodi di lavorazione sono simili a quelli dei
rivestimenti di muri interni.
Sinonimo: rinzaffo
Da non confondersi con: intonaco

Comentario: Compuesta por una mezcla de

ligantes (aglutinantes), cargas, agua y, quizs,
aditivos.
El trmino se utiliza para las tres etapas del
material: el polvo seco, la masa hmeda preparada y, sobre todo, para el producto slido
final. Debido a que los materiales y el mtodo
de procesamiento pueden ser similares a los
revestimientos de paredes interiores, este trmino se usa a menudo de forma indistinta con
el trmino ms genrico: mortero.
No confundir con: revoque

legante, intonaco

ligante, revoque

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Levelling coat between masonry and finishing plaster (detail), Church of St. John Aliturgetos, Nessebar (Bulgaria), 13/14th century; Photo: 2014 (Stefan Belishki)

Levelling coat

EN

Gobetis

FR

Ausgleichsputz

DE

Definition: A single or multi-layered coat for

architectural surfaces to compensate for irregularities in the masonry.

Dfinition: Revtement simple (gobetis, rinzaffo) ou multi-couche (dressage), destin

compenser les irrgularits de la maonnerie.

Definition: Eine einlagige oder mehrlagige

Putzschicht fr Architekturoberflchen zur Egalisierung von Unebenheiten im Mauerwerk.

Comment: These coarse-grained plaster layers carry the finer finishing plaster or paint
layers. The levelling coat consists of a mixture
of binders, aggregates, and water, and sometimes admixtures. The use of these layers of
plaster or render differs greatly and depends
on the requirements of the final surface design. The surface is usually levelled with a float
but not compacted to ensure better adhesion
of the subsequent coatings. Hence the synonymous term floating coat.
Synonyms: floating coat, coarse rendering

Commentaires: Ces enduits ont des charges

grossires. Ils supportent les enduits de finition plus fins ou la couche picturale. Le mortier est fait dun mlange de liants, de charges,
deau et parfois dadditifs. Lemploi de ces enduits est vari et dpend des exigences de
rendu final. Le mortier est jet la truelle et
gnralement nivell la taloche, mais sans
pression pour assurer une meilleure adhrence des couches suivantes. Le gobetis est incontournable sur supports irrguliers destins
tre enduits avec des mortiers ne supportant pas lapplication en couche paisse.
Synonymes: enduit de dressage, rinzaffo

Kommentar: Diese grobkrnigen Putzlagen

tragen die abschlieenden Schichten von
Feinputz oder Farbe. Der Ausgleichsputz besteht aus einer Mischung von Bindemitteln,
Zuschlgen, Wasser und manchmal Zusatzstoffen. Die Anwendung dieser Putzschichten
variiert stark und hngt von den Anforderungen der darauf folgenden Oberflchengestaltung ab. Die Oberflche wird normalerweise
mit einem Glttbrett ausgeglichen, aber nicht
verdichtet, um eine bessere Haftung der folgenden Beschichtungen zu ermglichen. Aus
der Werkzeugbezeichnung des Glttbrettes
(float) ergibt sich das englische Synonym
floating coat.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Unterputz, Zwischenputz, Glttputz

masonry, plaster, binder, render, arric-

cio

maonnerie, enduit, liant, arricio

Mauerwerk, Putz, Bindemittel, Auenputz, Arriccio/Grobputz

Sources: Mortars 2011, 595; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 28ff., 296

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izravnavajui premaz

HR

Definicija: Jednoslojni ili vieslojni premaz

kojim se izravnavaju nepravilnosti arhitektonskih povrina.
Napomena: Ovi krupnozrnati slojevi buke
nose finiju zavrnu buku ili slikane slojeve. Izravnavajui se premaz sastoji od smjese veziva, agregata i vode, a ponekad i od primjesa.
Uporaba tih slojeva vanjske i unutarnje buke
znatno se razlikuje i ovisi o zahtjevima zavrnoga oblikovanja povrine. Da bi se osiguralo
bolje prianjanje naknadnih slojeva povrina
se obino izravnava gladilicom bez sabijanja.
Otuda sinonim zaglaeni sloj.
zidanje, buka, vezivo, vanjska buka,
arriccio

Kiegyenlt vakolat

Hu

Meghatrozs: ptszeti felletek egy- vagy

tbbrteg bevonata, mely a fal egyenetlensgeinek elsimtsra szolgl.
Megjegyzs: Ezek a durva szemcsj vakolatrtegek hordozzk a vgs, finomabb vakolatrtege vagy a festkrtegeket. A kiegyenlt
rteg ktanyagok, tltanyagok, vz s esetenknt adalkanyagok keverkbl ll. E vakolatrtegek hasznlata rendkvl vltozatos
s fgg a felleti dszts ltal tmasztott kvetelmnyektl. A felletet ltalban simtvas segtsgvel egyenltik ki, de nem tmrtik, a ksbbi rtegek jobb tapadsnak rdekben. Az angol ,,float simt eszkz elnevezsbl ered a ,,floating coat kifejezs.
Szinonima: simtvakolat, durva vakolat
fal, vakolat, ktanyag, kls vakolat,
alapvakolat

Rinzao

it

Definizione: Uno strato singolo o pi strati di

rivestimento applicati sulle superfici architettoniche per livellare le irregolarit della muratura.
Commento: Questi strati dintonaco a grana
grossa supportano gli strati dintonaco di finitura o lo strato pittorico. Il rinzaffo consiste
in una miscela di leganti, inerti, acqua e a volte
di additivi. Luso di questi strati dintonaco o
dintonaco per esterni differisce molto e dipende dalla superficie finale desiderata. La superficie solitamente livellata con un fratazzo
ma non compattata per assicurare unadesione migliore degli strati successivi. Dovuto

al nome dellutensile (float), nella lingua inglese si usa il termine sinonimo floating coat.
Sinonimi: strato di livellamento, fratassatura
Da non confondersi con: arriccio
muratura, intonaco, legante, intonaco

per esterni, arriccio

Warstwa wyrwnujca

PL

Definicja: Pojedyncza lub wielowarstwowa

powoka na powierzchni architektonicznej
wyrwnujca nieregularnoci muru.
Komentarz: Gruboziarnista, szorstka warstwa
tynku poprzedzajca naoenie wykoczeniowego tynku lub warstw malarskich. Warstwa
wyrwnujca zawiera spoiwa, wypeniacze i
wod, a czasem domieszki.
Zastosowanie tej warstwy tynku jest uzalenione od zaoe jak ma wyglda powierzchnia
finalna. Powierzchnia jest zwykle wyrwnywana pack, ale bez wygadzania, eby zapewni
przyczepno gadkim warstwom kocowym.
Synonimy: tynk wyrwnujcy, gruboziarnisty
narzut wyrwnujcy
budownictwo, tynk, spoiwo, arriccio

strat egalizator

Ro

Definiie: Unul sau mai multe straturi de acoperire pentru suprafeele arhitecturale, cu rol
de compensare a neregularitilor zidriei.

de mortero o de pintura. La capa de nivelacin

consiste en una mezcla de aglomerantes, ridos, agua y, a veces, aditivos.
El uso de estas capas de mortero es muy variable y depende de los requisitos del diseo
de la superficie final. La superficie se nivela generalmente pasando una herramienta de nivelacin pero de forma no compactada (manteniendo la superficie porosa) para garantizar
una mejor adherencia de los recubrimientos
posteriores.
fbrica, revoque, ligante, mortero de re-

vestimiento, arriccio

Dzeltme tabakas

Tanm: Mimari yzeylerde duvarn bozukluunu dzeltmek iin uygulanan tek ya da ok

katmanl kaplama trdr.
Yorum: ri taneli sva katmanlar daha ince
olan son svay veya boya katmanlarn tutar.
Dzeltme katman balayc, agrega, su ve bazen de katklardan oluur. Bu sva ya da al
katmanlarnn kullanm ok farkldr ve son
yzey tasarmnn gereklerine baldr. Yzey
genellikle mala ile dzeltilir ama sonraki kaplamalarn daha iyi yapmasn garantilemek
iin ok sktrlmaz. Bu yzden e anlaml terim kaba sva dr.
duvar, sva, balayc, d cephe svas,
ikinci kat sva

Adnotare: Aceste straturi de tencuial grosier sunt cele pe care se va aplica tencuiala fin
sau straturile de culoare. Stratul egalizator
const dintr-un amestec de liani, agregate,
ap i, uneori, adaosuri.
Utilizarea acestor straturi de tencuial difer
foarte mult i depinde de cerinele suprafaei
finale. Suprafaa este nivelat, de obicei cu o
mistrie, dar nu compactat, pentru a asigura
o mai bun aderen straturilor ulterioare.
zidrie, tencuial, liant, tencuial exte-

rioar, arriccio

Capa de nivelacin

Es

Definicin: Capa simple o mltiples capas en

superficies arquitectnicas aplicadas para
compensar las irregularidades en la fbrica o
la mampostera.
Comentario: Estas capas de revoque de grano grueso llevan por encima un fino acabado

tR

BG

:

.
:
- . , ,
.


. , - .
: ,
/, , , ,

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Detail of rough cast finish on an exterior wall, private building (detail), Hildesheim (Germany), mid-20th century; Photo: 2015, HAWK (Barbara Hentschel)

Rough cast (Roughcast)

EN

Crpi

FR

Rauputz

Definition: Decorative surface and protective

coating with a very rough surface, mainly used
for exterior walls.

Dfinition: Revtement dcoratif et protecteur trs rugueux employ essentiellement

sur les murs extrieurs.

Definition: Dekorative Oberflche und

Schutzschicht mit einer sehr rauen Oberflche, hauptschlich fr Auenwnde.

Comment: This type of render is often single

layered. It is made of a mixture of binders, additives, water and aggregates with a particularly high proportion of very coarse-grained
material (rock fragments), sometimes with additional shells or pebbles. For different surface
effects, it may be treated with traditional and
often regional varying techniques and materials, during or after application.
Synonyms: rough plaster, pebbledash

Commentaires: Ce type denduit est souvent

en une couche unique. Il est fait dun mlange
de liants, dadditifs, deau et de charges contenant une proportion particulirement leve
de grains trs grossiers, parfois avec des coquilles ou des graviers. Pour obtenir diffrentes textures, un crpi peut tre trait selon
diffrentes techniques traditionnelles et souvent rgionales pendant ou aprs son application.
Synonyme: enduit grossier

Kommentar: Diese Art des Auenputzes ist

meistens einlagig. Sie wird aus einer Mischung von Bindemitteln, Zuschlgen, Wasser
und Zusatzstoffen hergestellt, die einen besonders hohen Anteil von Grobkorn-Material
haben, zuweilen unter Zugabe von Muscheln
oder Kieseln. Um unterschiedliche Oberflcheneffekte zu erreichen, kann der Putz in traditionellen und oft regional unterschiedlichen
Techniken whrend oder nach dem Auftragen
bearbeitet werden.
Synonyme: Rauhputz, Strukturputz, Berapp,
Grob(ver)putz

binder, plaster, render

liant, enduit

Auenputz, Bindemittel, Putz

Sources: Oxford Dictionary 2010, 1549, 1503, 1933; Kemp 1912, 178

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Gruba buka

HR

Definicija: Dekorativni i zatitni povrinski

premaz vrlo grube povrine, koji se najee
primjenjuje na vanjskim zidovima.
Napomena: Ovaj je tip vanjske buke esto
jednoslojan. Izrauje se od smjese veziva, dodataka, vode i agregata s naroito velikim
omjerom veoma krupno zrnatoga materijala
(komadii kamena), a ponekad i s dodatcima
koljaka ili ljunka. Za razliite povrinske efekte moe se tijekom ili nakon nanoenja obraditi tradicionalnim i esto razliitim regionalnim tehnikama i materijalima.
vezivo, buka, vanjska buka

rdes vakolat

Hu

Meghatrozs: Leginkbb kls falak bevonsra hasznlt, nagyon durva, rdes fellet
dszt rteg.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta kls vakolat gyakran
egyrteg. Ktanyagok, adalkanyagok, vz
s aggregtumok keverke. Ez utbbi jelents
hnyadt nagyon durva szemcsj anyag kpezi (ktrmelk), esetenknt kagyl s kavics
adalkkal. A klnbz felleti hatsok elrshez a felletet gyakran rgikknt vltoz,
hagyomnyos technikkkal munkljk meg a
felhords ideje alat vagy azt kveten.
Szinonima: durva vakolat, kavicsvakolat, dsztvakolat
ktanyag, vakolat, kltri vakolat

intonaco per esterni (grezzo)

PL

Definicja: Dekoracyjna i ochronna powoka

powierzchniowa o bardzo chropowatej powierzchni stosowana gwnie do cian zewntrznych.
Komentarz: Ten rodzaj zewntrznego tynku
jest czsto jednowarstwowy. Skada si z mieszaniny spoiw, dodatkw, wody i wypeniaczy
ze szczeglnie du zawartoci materiaw
gruboziarnistych (kawakw ska), czasem take z dodatkiem muszli czy okrgych kamykw. Dla zrnicowania efektu powierzchni
stosowane s rozmaite tradycyjne, czy czsto
regionalne techniki i materiay uywane zarwno podczas wykonywania tej warstwy, jak
i ju po jej naoeniu.
Synonimy: szorstki tynk, tynk kamyczkowy

tencuial grosier

Commento: Questo tipo dintonaco per esterni consiste spesso di uno strato. fatto di una
miscela di leganti, additivi, acqua e inerti con
una proporzione particolarmente alta di materiale a grana grossa, qualche volta con laggiunta di conchiglie o ciottoli. Per ottenere
svariati effetti della superficie, durante o dopo
lapplicazione pu essere trattato con modi
tradizionali e con tecniche e materiali che
spesso variano regionalmente.
Sinonimo: rinzaffo

Kaba sva

Ro

tR

Tanm: Genellikle d duvarlarda bulunan kaba yzeylere yaplan dekoratif yzeyli ve koruma amal kaplama.
Yorum: Bu tr sva genellikle tek katmanldr.
Balayclar, katk maddeleri, su ve yksek
oranda ta paracklar gibi ok iri taneli akllarn karm, bazen ek olarak deniz kabuklar
ve akl talarnn karm ile yaplr. Farkl yzey etkileri iin, uygulama srasnda ya da sonrasnda sklkla eitli geleneksel ve blgesel
teknikler ve malzemelerle ilenebilir.
E anlaml: serpme sva, akll sva
balayc, sva, d cephe svas

spoiwo, tynk, tynk zewntrzny

BG

:
, .

Adnotare: Acest tip de tencuial se aplic de

obicei ntr-un singur strat. Este realizat dintr-un
amestec de liani, aditivi, ap i agregate, n
care se afl, ntr-o proporie ridicat, materiale
foarte aspre, grosiere, uneori scoici sau pietri.
Pentru diferite efecte/aspecte ale suprafaei
se pot utiliza diferite tehnici i materiale tradiionale, adesea regionale, intervenia fcndu-se n timpul sau dup aplicarea lor.

:
.
, ,

( ),
.
.
:

liant, tencuial, tencuial exterioar

, , -

Definiie: Strat decorativ i protectiv cu o

structur rugoas utilizat n principal pentru
pereii exteriori.

it

Definizione: Strato decorativo e protettivo

della superficie, con struttura molto ruvida,
usato principalmente per pareti esterne.

legante, intonaco, intonaco per esterni

szorstki narzut

Revestimiento rugoso

Es

Definicin: Acabado decorativo y de proteccin de superficies muy irregulares utilizado

principalmente para paredes exteriores.
Comentario: Este tipo de acabado est formado a menudo por una sola capa y compuesto por una mezcla de aglutinantes, aditivos, agua y ridos con una proporcin particularmente alta de material de grano muy
grueso. A veces puede incluir otros elementos
como, por ejemplo, conchas. Para obtener distintos efectos puede ser tratado con diferentes tcnicas y materiales autctonos durante
o despus de la aplicacin.
ligante, revoque, mortero de revestimiento

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Monochrome ground under flaking paint layer, Church of St. Lorenz, Schningen (Germany), 1904; Photo: 2001 (Barbara Hentschel)

Ground

EN

Definition: The first preparatory coat applied

to an image carrier, to build a fine surface for
the painting.
Comment: The ground should provide better
adhesion and better reflection of the colours
executed on top than only the plain image
carrier. Its filler is usually finer than that of a
slurry, for example chalk, gypsum or lime. Its
binding material varies, depending on the
technique of painting executed on top.
Usually white, a ground may also be coloured
if appropriate for the painting above. The
ground layer may include a primer between
the support and ground, which provides better adhesion between these coats, and stability to the painting.
Synonym: grounding
Not to be confused with: primer, ground
preparation
support, filler, chalk, gypsum, lime,
binder

Prparation

FR

Dfinition: Premire couche de prparation

applique sur un support pour fournir une
surface approprie la peinture.

Commentaires: La prparation doit fournir

une bonne accroche et une surface suffisamment rflchissante pour les couleurs qui vont
tre poses dessus. La charge quelle contient
est gnralement plus fine que celle dune
barbotine (ex. craie, gypse, chaux). Son liant
peut varier et dpend de la technique dexcution envisage. Gnralement blanche, une
prparation peut tre colore, en accord avec
le projet pictural qui sera dessus. La couche de
prparation peut tre prcde dun apprt,
qui favorise son adhrence au support et accroit la stabilit de la peinture.
Ne pas confondre avec: apprt
support, charge, craie, gypse, chaux,
liant

Grundierung

DE

Definition: Die erste vorbereitende Beschichtung eines Bildtrgers, auf dessen feiner Oberflche sich die Malerei aufbaut.
Kommentar: Im Vergleich zum reinen Bildtrger soll die Grundierung die Haftung und die
Reflexion der Farben, die darauf aufgetragen
werden, verbessern. Ihr Fllstoff ist meist feiner
als der einer Schlmme, zum Beispiel Kreide,
Gips oder Kalk. Ihr Bindemittel variiert je nach
darauf ausgefhrter Maltechnik. blicherwei-

se wei kann eine Grundierung aber auch farbig sein, wenn es zur darber liegenden Malerei passt. Die Grundierungsschicht kann einen
Voranstrich zwischen Trger und Grundierung
beinhalten, der eine bessere Haftung zwischen
diesen beiden Beschichtungen ermglicht
und der Malerei Stabilitt verleiht.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Grundierungsmittel
Trger, Fllstoff, Kreide, Gips, Kalk/

Branntkalk, Bindemittel

Podloga

Definicija: Prvi pripremni premaz na nosau

slike, nanesen kako bi stvorio finu povrinu za
slikanje.
Napomena: Podloga bi trebala osigurati bolje
prianjanje i bolju refleksiju boja na povrini, od
golog nosaa slike. Uglavnom je finijega kaastog punila, primjerice od krede, gipsa ili vapna. Njezin vezivni materijal varira ovisno o slikarskoj tehnici koja e se na njoj izvesti. Obino
bijela, podloga takoer moe biti izvedena u
boji ako bolje odgovara slici. Podloni sloj moe sadravati temeljni sloj izmeu nosaa i podloge, koji osigurava stabilnost slike i bolje
prianjanje meu premazima.
nosa, punilo, kreda, gips, vapno, vezivo

Sources: Cameo: Ground (1.5.2014); Trench 2000, 223/4; Oxford Dictionary 2010, 1933; Calvo 1997, 179 (Preparacin)

58

HR

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Alapozs

Hu

Meghatrozs: A hordozra felvitt elkszt

rteg, melynek finom, egyenletes felletre
kerl r a fests.
Megjegyzs: Az alapozs jobb tapadst biztost a festkrtegnek, mint az alapozatlan hordoz, s segtsgvel a sznek is jobban rvnyeslnek. Tltanyaga ltalban igen finom
szemcszet, lehet pldul krta vagy gipsz.
Ktanyaga az alkalmazott feststechnika szerint vltozhat. ltalban fehr, de lehet a rkerl festkrtegnek megfelelen sznezve.
A hordoz s alapozs kz kerlhet egy kztes szigetel rteg (elenyvezs), mely jobb
tapadst biztost a kt rteg kztt, ezltal stabilitst ad a festkrtegnek.
Szinonima: alapozrteg

go wypeniacz stanowi zwykle czsteczki

bardziej drobnoziarniste ni w rzadkiej zaprawie, na przykad kreda, gips lub wapno. Jego
spoiwa rni si zalenie od techniki malowida. Zwykle biay, grunt moe te by barwiony, stosownie do namalowanej na nim
kompozycji.
Warstwa gruntowania moe te zawiera poredni powok pomidzy podoem a gruntem, ktra poprawia przyczepno midzy tymi warstwami i zapewnia stabilno malowida.
Synonim: gruntowanie
Nie naley myli z: podkad, warstwa przygotowawcza
podoe, wypeniacz, kreda, gips, wap-

no, spoiwo

hordoz, tltanyag, krta, gipsz,

Grund

Preparazione

Definiie: Primul strat preparator aplicat pe

un suport pe a crei suprafa final va fi executat pictura.

msz, ktanyag

it

Definizione: Il primo strato preparatorio che

applicato su un supporto, sul quale poi sar
creata una superficie fine per la pittura.
Commento: La preparazione deve fornire
unadesione e una riflessione migliori, in confronto al supporto senza preparazione, per i
colori che verranno in seguito sovrapposti. I
suoi inerti sono generalmente pi fini di quelli
di una scialbatura, per esempio gesso o calce.
I suoi leganti variano in base alla tecnica prescelta per la seguente pittura.
Lo strato di preparazione di solito di colore
chiaro, ma pu anche essere colorato con un
colore adatto per la pittura sovrastante.
Lo strato della preparazione pu includere un
primer fra il supporto e la preparazione che
fornisce unadesione migliore tra questi strati
e d stabilit alla pittura.
Sinonimo: strato di preparazione
Da non confondersi con: primer, imprimitura,
scialbatura
supporto, inerto, gesso, calcare organo-

geno/biancone, legante, filler

Grunt

PL

Definicja: Pierwsza powoka przygotowawcza naoona na nonik obrazu, tworzca

gadk powierzchni pod malowido.
Komentarz: Grunt powinien zapewni lepsz
przyczepno warstwy malarskiej i lepsze odbicie kolorw przedstawienia malarskiego. Je-

Ro

Adnotare: Grundul ar trebui s ofere o mai

bun aderen i o mai bun reflexie a culorilor aplicate deasupra, fa de un suport nepreparat. Materialul de umplutur are o granulaie fin, de exemplu creta, gipsul sau varul. De
obicei alb, grundul poate fi realizat ns i ntr-o culoare apropiat de tonul picturii ce va
urma deasupra. Liantul folosit difer, n funcie
de tehnica folosit pentru pictarea suprafeei.
ntre suport i grund poate fi aplicat un liant
(primer) care asigur o mai bun aderen ntre aceste straturi, precum i stabilitate pentru
pictur.
Sinonime: preparaie, strat de preparaie, strat
preparator
suport, material de umplutur, cret,
gips, var, liant

Capa preparatoria

Es

Definicin: Primera capa de preparacin aplicada al soporte con el fin de construir una superficie fina para la pintura.
Comentario: Debe proporcionar una mejor
adherencia y un mejor reflejo de los colores
aplicados si se compara con un soporte sin la
preparacin. El material usado es un mortero
generalmente fino de yeso o cal. Su material
de carga vara, dependiendo de la tcnica pictrica ejecutada sobre el mortero. Normalmente es blanco, aunque tambin puede ejecutarse con un color que sea apropiado para
la pintura. Puede incluir una imprimacin en-

tre el soporte y el mortero, que proporcione

una mejor adhesin entre estas capas, y d estabilidad a la pintura.
Sinnimo: mortero de preparacin
No confundir con: imprimacin
soporte, carga fina, piedra caliza, yeso,

cal, ligante

Yzey

tR

Tanm: Resim iin tam, gzel bir yzey elde etmek iin tayc zerine uygulanan ilk hazrlk
katman.
Yorum: Zemin, zerine ilenmi renklerin yapma ve yansmasn basit bir taycdan daha iyi salamaldr. Dolgusu, genellikle kireta, al veya kire gibi bulamalardan daha
incedir. Yzeye yaplan resim tekniine bal
olarak balayc malzemesi farkllklar gsterir.
Genellikle beyaz olan zemin zerindeki resme
uygun ekilde bir renge boyanabilir. Zemin
katman, daha iyi yapma ve resmin dayankll iin zemin ve yzey katmanlar arasnda
bir astar ierebilir.
E anlam: zeminleme
Kartrmaynz: astar boya, zemin hazrlama
destek, dolgu maddesi, kireta, alta,
kire, balayc

BG

: ,
, .
: -
.
-
, . , .
.
,
, .

, -

.
: ,
, , , , ,

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Green underpaint, detail of a wall painting by Philip Christian Bentum, library of a Post-Cistercian
monastery, Lubi (Poland), 1738; Photo: 2013 (Grayna Schulze-Gazik)

underpaint

EN

sous-couche

untermalung

DE

Definition: A preliminary layer of paint. It

serves as a base for subsequent layers of paint
and to define colour values for later painting
details. It is always intended to be painted
over.

Dfinition: Couche de peinture prliminaire.

Elle sert de base la composition, dtermine
le ton gnral sur lequel pourront sappuyer
les teintes suivantes. Elle nest jamais destine
rester en rserve.

Definition: Eine vorbereitende Malschicht.

Sie dient nicht nur als Basis fr darauffolgende
Farbschichten, sondern auch dazu, Farbwerte
spterer Malereidetails zu definieren. Sie ist
immer dazu bestimmt, bermalt zu werden.

Comment: Underpainting is not necessarily

monochrome; there are different types of underpaint, such as veneda, verdaccio or morrelone. All types of underpainting serve to define tonal values for the later painting. The
term underpaint should not be confused with
imprimatura, a term for coloured grounding
of oil-paintings.
Synonyms: undercoat, base coat
Not to be confused with: imprimatura

Commentaires: La sous-couche nest pas forcment monochrome; certains types de souscouches traditionnelles sont clairement caractriss, tels que les veneda, verdaccio ou morrelone. Toutes les sous-couches servent dfinir la tonalit gnrale de la peinture finale.
Le terme sous-couche ne doit pas tre
confondu avec celui dimpression, qui correspond une couche fine et vibrante modifiant
la prparation dune peinture lhuile.
Ne pas confondre avec: impression

Kommentar: Eine Untermalung ist nicht notwendigerweise monochrom; es gibt verschiedene Arten von Untermalungen, wie Veneda,
Verdaccio oder Morrelone. Alle Arten der Untermalung dienen dazu, Tonwerte fr die folgende Malerei zu definieren. Der Begriff Untermalung sollte nicht mit Imprimatur verwechselt werden, einem Begriff fr farbige
Grundierungen von lgemlden.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Imprimatur

Sources: Drescher et. al., 1990, 82; Nimmo 2001, 30; AAT: Underpaint (1.5.2014)

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Podslika

HR

Podmalowanie

PL

Definicija: Prethodni sloj boje koji slui kao

temelj sljedeim bojenim slojevima i za odreivanje koloristikih vrijednosti kasnijih slikarskih detalja. Podslika je uvijek namijenjena da
se preslika.

Definicja: Przygotowawcza warstwa malarska. Suy jako podkad dla kolejnych warstw
malowida i okrela walory barw pod pniejsze szczegy malowida. W zamierzeniu zakada dalsze nawarstwienia malarskie.

Napomena: Podslika nije nuno monokromna; razliiti su tipovi podslika, poput venedae,
verdaccioa ili morrelonea. Svi tipovi podslika
slue za odreivanje tonskih vrijednosti kasnijega slikanja. Naziv podslika ne smije se mijeati/zamjenjivati s nazivom imprimatur, koji
oznauje obojenu podlogu za uljno slikarstvo.
Sinonimi: podloni sloj, temeljni sloj
Ne smije se mijeati s: imprimatur

Komentarz: Podmalowanie nie musi by monochromatyczne; istniej rozmaite typy podmalowa, takie jak veneda, verdaccio czy morrelone. Wszystkie rodzaje podmalowa su
sprecyzowaniu tonacji walorowej przyszego
malowida. Nie naley myli podmalowania z
imprimatur, termin ten oznacza barwn
warstw stosowan w malarstwie olejnym.
Nie naley myli z: imprimatura

Alfests

Culoare de fond

Hu

Meghatrozs: A falfestmny alatti festkrteg. A rkerl festkrtegek alapjul szolgl,

meghatrozza a festmny rszleteinek sznrtkt. Minden esetben fests kerl r.
Megjegyzs: Az alfests nem felttlenl
egyszn. Klnbz tpusai ismertek: veneda,
verdaccio vagy morrelone. Mindegyik tpus a
rkerl fests tnusrtknek meghatrozsra szolgl. Az alfests nem tvesztend
ssze az olajfestmnyek sznes alapozsval,
az imprimaturval.
Tves megnevezs: imprimatura

Campitura preparatoria

it

Ro

Definiie: Un strat de culoare preliminar. Acesta servete ca baz pentru straturile ulterioare
i definete valoarea cromatic a urmtoarelor
straturi de culoare. Este ntotdeauna destinat
s fie strat de baz peste care se picteaz.
Adnotare: Culoarea de fond nu este neaprat
monocrom; exist diferite tipuri de culoare
de fond, cum ar fi: Veneda, Verdaccio sau Morrelone. Toate tipurile de culoare de fond servesc pentru a defini valori tonale pentru pictura de mai trziu.Termenul culoare de fond
nu trebuie confundat cu termenul imprimatur,
un termen care definete preparaiile colorate
pentru pictura n ulei.
Sinonim: ton de baz
A nu se confunda cu: imprimatura

Pintura de base

Alt boyama

tR

Tanm: Resmin ilk katmandr. Resmin sonraki

katmanlar iin zemin hazrlar ve daha sonraki
boyama detaylar iin boya deerlerini belirler.
zeri her zaman resimle kaplanr.
Yorum: Alt boyama genellikle monokrom (tek
renkli) deildir, Veneda, Verdaccio veya Morrelone gibi alt boyama tipleri vardr. Tm alt
boyama tipleri, sonraki resmin renklerine tonal deerler vermek iin yaplr. Alt boyama terimi, yal resimlerin renkli zemini iin kullanlan imprimatur terimi ile kartrlmamaldr.
E anlaml: astarlama, temel boya katman
Kartrmaynz: imprimatur

BG

: .

-
.
.
: . ,
.
.
, .
:

Es

Definizione: Uno strato preliminare di colore.

la base per gli strati di colore successivi e definisce la tonalit del colore per i dettagli di
pittura seguenti. sempre destinata a essere
coperta con un altro strato di colore.

Definicin: Capa preliminar de pintura. Sirve

como base para las capas posteriores de pintura y para definir la importancia que tendrn
los colores de los detalles pictricos posteriores. Sobre ella siempre se aplica pintura.

Commento: La campitura preparatoria non

necessariamente monocroma; ci sono tipi differenti di campiture preparatorie, per esempio
la Veneda, il Verdaccio o il Morellone. Tutti i tipi
di campitura preparatoria servono per definire
i valori tonali della pittura seguente. Il termine
campitura preparatoria non deve essere confuso con imprimitura, un termine per le preparazioni colorate dei dipinti a olio.

Comentario: Esta capa no es necesariamente

monocromtica; hay diferentes tipos de pintura de base, como veneda, verdaccio o morellone. Todos estos tipos de capas preparatorias sirven para definir los valores tonales de
la pintura posterior. Este trmino no debe confundirse con imprimatur (imprimacin), que
define preparaciones coloreadas en pinturas
al leo.
Sinnimo: tono base

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Translucent colour application, detail of a wall painting by Philip Christian Bentum, Post-Cistercian monastery, Lubi (Poland), 1738; Photo: 2013 (Grayna Schulze-Gazik)

Glaze

EN

Definition: A thin transparent or semi-transparent layer on a wall painting with the function of modifying the appearance of the underlying paint layer.
Comment: It consists of a great amount of
binding medium in relation to a very small
amount of pigment. It can extend the tonal
range of a colour applied underneath. The transition of colours underneath a glaze can appear
more subtle and colours may take on another
nuance. Some painting techniques are based
on applying several glazes. It is also used for the
final retouching of wall paintings. On architectural surfaces it is used only for artistic purposes
in contrast to a glaze on wooden objects, where
it has a protective function as well.
Not to be confused with: ceramic glaze
underpaint, reintegration, binder, pigment

Commentaires: Il sagit dune couche fortement charge en liant et faiblement en pigments. La modification des teintes sousjacentes peut ainsi tre plus graduelle et plus
subtile. Certaines techniques picturales
consistent appliquer une succession de glacis des fins esthtiques.
Il en est fait usage galement lors dinterventions de rintgrations de peintures murales.
Le glacis nest utilis sur des surfaces architecturales qu des fins esthtiques, contrairement aux glacis poss sur les pices de bois et
qui remplissent galement une fonction protectrice.
Ne pas confondre avec: glaure

Untermalung, Integration, Bindemittel,

Pigment

repeint, rintgration, liant, pigment

Lazura

Lasur

Definicija: Tanak proziran ili poluproziran sloj

na zidnoj slici kojemu je funkcija modificiranje
donjega, bojenoga sloja.

DE

FR

Definition: Eine dnne, transparente oder

halbtransparente Schicht auf einer Wandmalerei, die die optische Wirkung der darunterliegenden Farbschicht verndern soll.

Dfinition: Couche de peinture transparente

ou semi-transparente qui a pour fonction de
modifier subtilement lapparence dune
couche sous-jacente.

Kommentar: Sie besteht aus einem groen

Teil Bindemittel, im Verhltnis zu einem sehr
kleinen Teil Pigment. Sie kann den Umfang
des Tonwertes einer darunter aufgetragenen

Glacis

Farbe erweitern. Die bergnge der Farben

unter der Lasur knnen weicher und die Farben in einer anderen Nuance erscheinen. Einige Maltechniken basieren auf dem Auftrag
von mehreren Lasuren. Sie wird auch zur abschlieenden Retusche von Wandmalerei benutzt. Auf Architekturoberflchen wird sie nur
zu knstlerischen Zwecken verwendet, im Gegensatz zur Lasur auf Holzobjekten, auf denen
sie auch eine schtzende Funktion hat.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Glasur

Napomena: Sastoji se od velike koliine veziva u odnosu na vrlo malu koliinu pigmenta.
Moe poveati skalu boje ispod sebe. Prijelaz
boja ispod lazure moe se pojaviti jasnije, a slikani sloj u drugoj nijansi. Za umjetnike potrebe neke slikarske tehnike primjenjuju nekoliko lazura. Takoer se upotrebljava za retuiranje zidnih slika. Lazura se na arhitekton-

Sources: OED: Glaze (9.5.2014); Schdler-Saub, Jakobs 2006, 172; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 372; Gettens, Stout 1966, 25

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skim povrinama upotrebljava samo u svrhu

umjetnosti, za razliku od lazure na drvenim
predmetima, gdje ima i zatitnu ulogu.
Ne smije se mijeati s: keramika lazura
podslika, reintegracija, vezivo, pigment

Lazr

Hu

Meghatrozs: A falfestmnyre felhordott

vkony, tltsz vagy ttetsz rteg, melynek
az a szerepe, hogy mdostsa az alatta lev
festkrteg optikai hatst.
Megjegyzs: A lazr igen nagy mennyisg
ktanyagot tartalmaz a pigment mennyisghez viszonytva. Kibvtheti az alatta lev sznek tnusainak skljt. A lazr alatt lev sznek
tmenetei rnyaltabb vlhatnak, a festkrteg
ms szntnust kaphat. Bizonyos feststechnikk tbb rtegben felhordott lazrt hasznlnak. Falkpek retuslsra is hasznljk.
Az ptszeti felleteken a lazrnak csupn
eszttikai szerepe van, mg fatrgyak esetben vdbevonatot is jelent.
Tves megnevezs: zomnc
alfests, kiegszts, ktanyag, pigment

Velatura

it

Definizione: Uno strato fine e trasparente o

semi-trasparente su una pittura murale con la
funzione di modificare lapparenza dello strato di pittura sottostante.
Commento: Una velatura consiste in una
quantit elevata di legante con una quantit
molto piccola di pigmento. I cambiamenti del
colore sottostante possono sembrare pi graduali, lo strato pittorico sottostante pu mostrare altre sfumature. Alcune tecniche di pittura sono basate sullapplicazione di varie velature, a fini artistici. La velatura anche usata
per ritoccare pitture murali, ad opera dellartista stesso o in una successiva fase di intervento. La velatura sulle superfici architettoniche usata solamente per scopi artistici in
contrasto alle velature sui materiali lignei, che
hanno anche una funzione protettiva.
campitura preparatoria, reintegrazione/re-

stauro pittorico, legante, pigmento

Laserunek

PL

Definicja: Cienka, przejrzysta lub pprzejrzysta warstwa na malowidle ciennym modyfikujca warstwy lece pod spodem.

Komentarz: Laserunek zawiera du ilo

spoiwa w stosunku do bardzo maej iloci pigmentu. Moe rozszerzy zakres tonw koloru
ze spodniej warstwy. Dziki zastosowaniu laserunkw przejcia kolorw spodnich warstw
s bardziej subtelne, moliwe jest uzyskanie
wikszej liczby niuansw.
Niektre techniki malarskie oparte na laserunkach polegaj na ich kilkakrotnym nanoszeniu. S stosowane take do ostatecznego retuszu malowide ciennych. Na powierzchniach architektonicznych uywane s jedynie
w celach artystycznych w odrnieniu od
obiektw drewnianych, gdzie peni te funkcje zabezpieczajce.
Nie naley myli z: szkliwienie

ficies arquitectnicas, se utiliza solo con fines

artsticos, a diferencia de una veladura sobre
objetos de madera, en la que esta tambin tiene una funcin de proteccin.

podmalowanie, uzupenianie / reintegracja,

Yorum: Srlama, en kk pigmentlerle balantl ok byk oranda balayc malzeme

ierir. Sr, alta uygulanan ton araln bytr.
Sr altndaki renklerin geii daha ho grlr
ve renkler daha farkl bir grnm sergiler. Baz resim teknikleri, birka sr uygulamasn temel alr. Ayrca duvar resimlerinin son rtularn yapmak iin de kullanlr. Mimari yzeylerde sadece artistik amalarla kullanmn aksine
ahap nesnelerde srlama ayn zamanda koruma amal da kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: seramik sr

spoiwo, pigment

Glasiu

Ro

Definiie: Un strat subire, transparent sau semitransparent aplicat peste o pictur mural
cu funcia de a modifica aspectul stratului de
culoare subdiacent.
Adnotare: Glasiul este compus dintr-o cantitate mare de liant amestecat cu o cantitate
foarte mic de pigment. Poate extinde tonalitatea gamei cromatice a stratului de culoare
aflat dedesubt. Tranziiile de culoare de dedesubt pot s par mai subtile i culorile pot cpta o alt nuan. Unele tehnici de pictur
sunt bazate pe aplicarea mai multor straturi
de glasiuri n scopuri artistice. Este utilizat i
pentru retuul final al picturilor murale. Pe suprafeele arhitecturale acesta este utilizat exclusiv n scop artistic, n timp ce glasiul de pe
obiectele din lemn are i funcie de protecie.
culoare de fond, reintegrare cromatic,
liant, pigment

Veladura

Es

Definicin: Fina capa transparente o semitransparente sobre una pintura mural que tiene la funcin de modificar la apariencia de la
capa de pintura subyacente.
Comentario: Est compuesta por una gran
cantidad de aglutinante y una pequea cantidad de pigmento. Permite extender las tonalidades de los colores. La transicin de los
colores bajo la veladura son ms sutiles y los
colores pueden tomar otros matices. Algunas
tcnicas de pintura se basan en la aplicacin
de varias veladuras. Tambin se utiliza para retoques finales en pintura mural. Sobre super-

pintura de base, reintegracin, ligante,

pigmento

sr

tR

Tanm: Alt katmandaki resim tabakasnn grnn gelitirme ilevi gren duvar resmindeki ince saydam veya yar-saydam tabaka.

alt boyama, btnleme, balayc, ren-

klendirici

BG

: , .
:
. .

-, - .
.

.

,
,
.
:
, ,
,

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Partially removed varnish, wall painting by Johann Georg Schmidt, Peterskirche, Vienna (Austria), 1733; Photo: 1998 (Barbara Hentschel)

Varnish

EN

Definition: A solution of a binder in a solvent,

applied for aesthetic or protective purposes
as a thin, transparent coating, as a final layer
over a painting.
Comment: Besides having a protective function against environmental damage, the dried
film influences the optical and aesthetic properties of a surface. In addition to gloss, the
most common effects are colour intensification and toning down light effects. The range
of materials used for varnishes is wide. A mixture of resin in a volatile solvent or a drying oil
is common, but egg white, gum, or tempera
binders may be used as well. Varnishes are not
very common on wall paintings and even less
so on architectural surfaces. They can often be
attributed to later restoration or conservation
treatments.
binding medium, drying oil

Vernis

FR

Dfinition: Rsine en solution dans un solvant, applique pour des raisons de protection et desthtique en film fin et transparent
sur une peinture.

Commentaires: Le film protge loeuvre de

limpact environnemental et modifie les proprits optiques et esthtiques dune surface.
Brillance, saturation des couleurs et rduction
des effets de la lumire sont les effets habituels. Le panel de matriaux utiliss dans les
vernis est large. Rsines cassure vitreuse, rsines fossiles, huile siccative, blanc doeuf ou
gommes ont pu tre utiliss. Les vernis ne sont
pas systmatiques en peinture murale et sont
rares sur les dcors architecturaux. Ils sont
souvent attribus des interventions de restauration tardives.

64

DE

Definition: Lsung aus Bindemittel in Lsemittel, die aus sthetischen Grnden oder
zum Schutz als dnne, transparente Beschichtung zuletzt auf die Malerei aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: Neben seiner Schutzfunktion
gegen Umweltschden beeinflusst der getrocknete Film die optischen und sthetischen
Eigenschaften der Oberflche. Zustzlich zum
Glanz sind Farbintensivierung und gedmpfte
Lichteffekte die hufigste Wirkung. Die Bandbreite von Materialien fr Firnisse ist gro. Die

Sources: Gettens, Stout 1966, 72; Schramm, Hering 1988, 10

Bindemittel, trocknendes l

Lak

HR

Definicija: Otopina veziva kojom se u tankome, prozirnome zavrnom sloju slika pokriva
radi estetike ili kao zatite.

liant, huile siccative

Firnis

Mischung aus Harz in flchtigem Lsemittel

oder trocknendem l ist hufig, aber auch Eiwei, Gummen oder Temperabindemittel
werden verwendet. Firnisse sind auf Wandmalereien sehr selten und noch seltener auf Architekturoberflchen. Sie stammen oft aus
nachtrglichen Restaurierungen.

Napomena: Osim zatite od tete iz okolia,

suhi film utjee na optika i estetska svojstva
oslikane povrine. Dubina boja i sniavanje tonova svjetlosnih efekata uz sjaj najuobiajeniji
su uinci. Lakovi se izrauju od velikoga broja
razliitih materijala. Uobiajena je otopina
mjeavina smole u hlapljivu otapalu ili suivim
uljima, ali se takoer mogu upotrijebiti bjelanjak, guma ili veziva za temperu. Lakovi nisu
uobiajeni na zidnim slikama niti na arhitektonskim povrinama. Oni su esto dio kasnijih
restauratorskih ili konzervatorskih zahvata.
vezivo, suivo ulje

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN

Vdbevonat

Hu

Meghatrozs: Oldszerben oldott ktanyag, melyet eszttikai vagy vd cllal hordanak a felletre, s vkony, ttetsz zrrteget kpez a festmnyen.
Megjegyzs: Amellett, hogy vdelmet nyjt
a krnyezeti krost hatsok ellen, a megszradt lakkrteg befolysolja a festett fellet optikai s eszttikai hatst, fnyess teszi a felletet, felersti a sznek intenzitst s tomptja a fnyhatsokat. Tbbfle anyag hasznlhat vdbevonatknt. Gyakori az illkony oldszerben oldott gyanta s szrad olaj keverke, de a tojsfehrje, a nvnyi mzgk vagy
a tempera ktanyagok is egyarnt hasznlatosak.
A vdbevonatok nem jellemzek falkpeken, mg kevsb az ptszeti felleteken.
Gyakran llagmegvsi vagy restaurlsi beavatkozsoknak tulajdonthatk.
Szinonima: lakkrteg
ktanyag, szrad olaj

Vernice

it

Definizione: Una soluzione di un legante in

un solvente applicata per scopi estetici o protettivi come ultimo strato sottile e trasparente
su una pittura.
Commento: Oltre ad avere una funzione protettiva contro i danni ambientali, il film asciutto influenza le caratteristiche ottiche ed estetiche di una superficie dipinta. In aggiunta alla
lucidezza, lintensificazione del colore e la sfumatura, gli effetti di luce e di smorzamento di
luce sono gli effetti pi comuni. La gamma di
materiali usati per le vernici molto ampia.
Sono comuni miscele di resine in un solvente
volatile o oli siccativi, ma possono essere utilizzati come leganti anche lalbume, le gomme
ed altri leganti in uso per la pittura a tempera.
Le vernici non sono molto comuni sui dipinti
murali e ancor meno sulle superfici architettoniche. Spesso possono essere attribuite a interventi di restauro o di conservazione successivi.
legante, olio siccativo

Werniks

PL

Definicja: Roztwr spoiwa w rozpuszczalniku,

nanoszony jako cienka, przejrzysta powoka,
ze wzgldw estetycznych czy ochronnych,
kocowa warstwa malowida.

Komentarz: Wyschnita powoka, poza funkcj ochrony przed niszczcym dziaaniem rodowiska, wpywa na parametry optyczne i estetyczne powierzchni. Obok poysku najwaniejsze efekty to nasycenie koloru i stonowanie wiate. Zakres materiaw uywanych do
wyrobu werniksw jest szeroki. Popularne s
mieszaniny ywic w lotnych rozpuszczalnikach czy schncych olejw, uywa si te: biaka jaja, gum czy spoiw temperowych. Werniksy nie s zbyt czste w malarstwie ciennym,
a jeszcze rzadsze na powierzchniach architektektonicznych. Naley je raczej przypisa pniejszym dziaaniom restauratorw.
spoiwo, oleje schnce

Vernis

Ro

Definiie: O soluie a unui liant ntr-un solvent, aplicat peste o pictur ca strat final, subire i transparent, avnd rol estetic i de protecie.
Adnotare: n afara faptului c are rol de protecie mpotriva aciunii factorilor ambientali
de degradare, filmul uscat influeneaz proprietile optice i estetice ale unei suprafee.
n afar luciului, intensificarea culorii i estomparea strlucirii sunt efectele cele mai frecvente. Gama materialelor utilizate pentru vernisuri este larg. Un amestec de rin ntr-un
solvent volatil sau ntr-un ulei sicativ sunt frecvent utilizate, dar la fel de bine se poate utiliza
albuul de ou, cleiul sau lianii tempera. Vernisurile nu sunt frecvent utilizate pe picturile
murale, cu att mai puin pe suprafeele arhitecturale. Pot fi adesea atribuite unor tratamente anterioare de conservare sau restaurare.
liant, ulei sicativ

Barniz

Es

Definicin: Solucin de aglutinante en un disolvente aplicado sobre una pintura como

una capa final de recubrimiento fina y transparente que tiene funcin esttica y protectora.
Comentario: Adems de tener una funcin
protectora contra el dao medioambiental, la
pelcula seca influye en las propiedades pticas y estticas de una superficie. Los efectos
ms comunes son la intensificacin del brillo
y del color y el atenuado y matizacin de los
efectos de la luz. Son muchos los materiales
que pueden ser utilizados como barnices. Una
mezcla de sustancias resinosas en un disol-

vente voltil o un aceite secante son las ms

comunes, aunque se puede usar tambin clara de huevo o gomas. Los barnices no son muy
comunes en las pinturas murales y menos an
sobre superficies arquitectnicas. A menudo
su presencia se puede atribuir a tratamientos
de restauracin o conservacin posteriores.
ligante, aceite secante

Cila

tR

Tanm: Resim zerine estetik ya da koruma

amal en son olarak uygulanan ince, saydam
zc iindeki balayc solsyonu.
Yorum: evresel zararlara kar koruyucu zelliinin yan sra, kuru tabaka yzeyin grsel ve
estetik zelliklerini korur. Parlamaya ek olarak,
renk derinletirme ve n parlama etkilerini
azaltma en yaygn etkilerdir. Cila iin kullanlan
malzeme trleri olduka genitir. Uucu zc iindeki reine solsyonu veya kurutucu
ya olduka yaygndr, bunun yannda yumurta ak, zamk veya boya tutkal da kullanlabilir.
Cilalar, duvar resimlerinde ok yaygn deildir
ve hatta mimari yzeylerde daha da azdr. Genellikle daha sonraki restorasyon veya koruma
ilemlerine atfedilir.
balayc madde, kurutucu ya

BG

: ,


.
:
, .
,
.
.
,
,
.

- . - .
,

65

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Dome paintings, Church of St. Jerome, trigova (Croatia), 18th century (left); painted faade of Arbore Church, (Romania), 1502 (right); Photos: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica),
UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Wall painting

EN

Definition: Painting executed directly on an

architectural surface; can include various
painting techniques.
Comment: Paintings can be applied directly
on a support (e. g. oil on stone) or on a previously prepared support (with various paint
coats or plasters). Among the painting techniques used on lime plaster, paintings executed on a fresh and still damp plaster (fresco,
lime fresco) should be distinguished from
paintings executed on a dry plaster (e.g. secco,
lime secco) or on a half-damp plaster (mezzo
fresco). Painting techniques also include sgraffito and two additional techniques: decorative
applications and polishing the wall paintings
with wax and oil as a protective and/or decorative measure (lustro).
support, plaster, fresco, secco, oil

painting, mezzo fresco, sgraffito, decorative

application, wax

Peinture murale

FR

Dfinition: Peinture sur une surface architecturale, qui a pu tre excute selon de nombreuses techniques.
Commentaires: Les peintures peuvent tre appliques sur un support apprt (revtements
peints ou enduits) ou non (huile sur pierre).
Parmi les techniques de peinture sur enduit de

chaux, celles excutes dans un enduit frais et

humide (a fresco) sont diffrencier des peintures sur enduit sec (par ex. a secco, la chaux)
ou sur un enduit semi humide (mezzo fresco).
Les techniques de peintures incluent aussi le
sgraffito et deux autres techniques: les ornements rapports et le polissage des peintures
avec de la cire et de lhuile en mesure de protection et/ou de dcoration (lustro).
support, peinture a secco, peinture lhuile,

sgraffite (sgraffito), ornements rapports,

cire, enduit

Wandmalerei

Definition: Malerei auf Architekturoberflchen, die in verschiedenen Maltechniken ausgefhrt sein kann.
Kommentar: Eine Wandmalerei kann direkt
auf den Trger (z.B. l auf Stein) oder auf den
(mit mehreren Malschichten oder Putzen) vorbereiteten Trger aufgetragen werden. Bei
Maltechniken auf Kalkputz wird unterschieden zwischen Malerei auf frischem und noch
feuchtem Putz (Fresko, Kalkfresko), Malerei auf
trockenem Putz (Secco, Kalkmalerei) oder auf
halbfeuchtem Putz (Mischtechnik/Fresko-Secco). Die Maltechniken schlieen auch ein:
Sgraffito, dekorative Applikationen sowie das
Polieren von Wandmalereien mit Wachs und
l als schtzende und/oder dekorative Manahme (Lustro-Technik).
Synonym: Wandgemlde

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 23; Botticelli, Botticelli 2008, 13; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 48

66

DE

Trger, Kalkmrtel, Freskomalerei, Secco,

lmalerei, Mischtechnik (Fresko-Secco),

Sgraffito, dekorative Applikationen, Wachs

Zidno slikarstvo

HR

Definicija: Slikanje izvedeno izravno na arhitektonskim povrinama; koje obuhvaa razliite slikarske tehnike.
Napomena: Slikati se moe izravno na nosau
(npr. uljem na kamenu) ili na prethodno pripremljenome nosau (od razliitih bojenih
premaza ili buka). Meu slikarskim tehnikama na vapnenoj buci, slike izvedene na svjeoj i jo uvijek vlanoj buci (fresco, vapneni
fresco) treba razlikovati od slika izvedenih na
suhoj buci (npr. secco, vapneni secco) ili na
poluvlanoj buci (mezzo fresco). Slikarske
tehnike takoer ukljuuju sgraffito i dvije dodatne tehnike: nanoenje ukrasa i poliranje
zidnih slika voskom kao zatitnom i/ili dekorativnom mjerom (lustro).
nosa fresco, secco, buka, uljno slikar-

stvo, mezzo fresco, sgraffito, nanoenje

ukrasa, vosak

Falkp

Hu

Meghatrozs: Festmny vagy fests, melyet kzvetlenl az ptszeti felletre hordanak fel; tbbfle feststechnikval kszlhet.

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Megjegyzs: A festmny felvihet kzvetlenl egy hordozra (pl. olaj k hordozn) vagy
egy elzleg elksztett hordozra (mely klnfle festkrtegeket vagy vakolatokat tartalmaz). A mszvakolattal kszlt festszeti
technikk kztt meg kell klnbztetni azokat a festmnyeket, melyek egy friss s mg
nedves vakolatra kszlnek (fresk, mszfresk), azoktl melyek egy szraz vakolatra kszlnek (szekk, msz szekk), vagy melyek
egy flnedves vakolatra kerlnek fel (vegyestechnika). A falfestsi technikk magukba foglaljk a sgraffito-t s kt tovbbi technikt is:
a dekoratv rtteket (applikcikat) s a falra
felhordott, vd s/vagy dekoratv rtegknt
megjelen polrozott viasz- s olajrteget
(lustro).
hordoz, fresk, szekk, olajfestmny,
vegyestechnika, sgraffito, dekoratv rttek,
viasz, vakolat

Pittura murale

it

Definizione: Una pittura eseguita direttamente sulla superficie architettonica; pu

comprendere varie tecniche pittoriche.
Commento: La pittura pu essere eseguita direttamente sul supporto (per esempio pittura
ad olio su pietra) o su un supporto precedentemente preparato (con vari strati di preparazione e/o di intonaco). Fra le tecniche pittoriche eseguite su intonaco di calce, si distinguono pitture sullintonaco fresco e ancora bagnato (affresco; affresco con colori stemperati nel
latte di calce) da quelle eseguite sullintonaco
asciutto (pittura a secco; pittura a calce; pittura
ad olio). Un mezzo fresco eseguito su un intonaco ancora bagnato e poi rifinito a secco.
Fra le pitture murali sono incluse anche le tecniche dello sgraffito, delle decorazioni applicate e della pittura a cera. La cera e vari olii
possono essere applicati come protettivi e per
lustrare la superficie.
supporto, affresco, mezzo fresco, pittura

a secco, pittura a olio, sgraffito, encausto,

decorazione applicata

Malowido cienne

PL

Definicja: Malowido wykonane bezporednio na powierzchni architektonicznej; obejmuje rozmaite techniki malarskie.
Komentarz: Malowida mog by wykonane
bezporednio na surowym podou (np. olej
na kamieniu) lub na wczeniej przygotowanym podou (pokrytym rnymi powokami

lub tynkami). Pord technik wykonywanych

na tynku wapiennym naley rozrni malowida na wieym i wilgotnym tynku (fresco,
fresk wapienny), na suchym tynku (np. secco,
technika wapienna) lub na psuchym tynku
(mezzo-fresco). Techniki malarskie obejmuj
te sgraffito i dwie techniki dodatkowe:
ozdobne aplikacje oraz polerowanie malowide pokrytych woskiem i olejem w celu zabezpieczenia i / lub wykoczenia (lustro).
podoe, tynk, fresco, secco, technika

wapienna, malarstwo olejne, mezzo-fresco,

sgraffito, ozdobne aplikacje, wosk

Pictur mural

Ro

Definiie: Pictur realizat direct pe suprafeele arhitecturale; poate include diverse tehnici de pictur.
Adnotare: Picturile pot fi aplicate direct pe un
suport (de ex. ulei pe piatr), sau pe un suport
preparat anterior (cu diferite straturi de culoare sau tencuial). Printre tehnicile de pictur
executate pe tencuial de var, picturile realizate pe o tencuial proaspt i umed n acelai timp (a fresco) trebuie difereniate de picturile realizate pe tencuieli uscate (a secco) sau
pe tencuieli semi-umede (mezzo-fresco). Tehnicile de pictur includ, de asemenea, tehnica
sgraffito i dou tehnici adiionale: aplicaiile
decorative i lustruirea picturilor murale cu
cear i ulei ca o msur de protecie i/sau
decorativ (lustro).
suport, tencuial, a fresco, a secco, pic-

tur n ulei, mezzo-fresco, sgraffito, aplicaii decorative, cear

Pintura mural

Es

Definicin: Pintura realizada directamente

sobre superficies arquitectnicas; puede incluir diversas tcnicas pictricas.
Comentario: Pueden ser aplicadas directamente sobre un soporte (por ejemplo, leo sobre piedra) o sobre soportes preparados previamente con varias capas pictricas o revoques. Entre las tcnicas pictricas sobre revoque de cal, se deben distinguir las ejecutadas
sobre el revoque fresco y hmedo (fresco), sobre el revoque seco (pintura al seco, pintura
de cal) y sobre revoque semi-hmedo (mezzo
fresco). Las tcnicas pictricas tambin incluyen el esgrafiado y dos tcnicas adicionales:
las aplicaciones decorativas y el pulido de las
pinturas murales con cera y aceite como medida protectora y/o decorativa (lustro).

soporte, revoque de cal, fresco, pintura

al seco, pintura al leo, mezzo fresco, esgrafiado, aplicaciones decorativas, cera

Duvar resmi

tR

Tanm: Dorudan mimari yzeylere uygulanan ve eitli boyama teknikleri ieren resim.
Yorum: Resimler, tayc duvara (r: ta zerinde ya) dorudan uygulanabilecei gibi
daha nceden sva ya da eitli boya katmanlar ile astarlanm tayclara da uygulanabilir.
Kireli sva zerine uygulanan boyama teknikleri arasnda bulunan; yeni ve nemli svaya uygulanan resimler (fresko, kireli fresko), kuru
svaya uygulanan (kuru fresko, kireli kuru fresko, yal boya resimleri) ya da yar nemli svaya
uygulanan resimler (yar fresko) birbirinden
ayrt edilmelidir. Resim teknikleri ayrca kazma ve iki ilave teknik ierir, bunlar: dekoratif
uygulamalar ile duvar resimlerini koruma ya
da dekoratif amal mum ve ya ile uygulanan
cilalama teknikleridir.
tayc, sva, fresko, kuru fresko, yal

boya, yar fresko, kazma, dekoratif uygulama, mum

BG

: , ;
.
: (.
)
( ).
,
(,
) (. , ) (-).
:
/ ().
o, , , , , , ,

67

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

Paint stratigraphy above plaster (cross section), Kera Palace, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18/19th century; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Marijana Fabei)

Painting stratigraphy

EN

Definition: Layers of a paint consisting of pigments in a binder, sometimes with inorganic

fillers or with an added protective coating.

stratigraphie de la peinture

FR

Fassungsaufbau

Dfinition: Succession des couches dune

peinture, composes de pigments dans un
liant, avec des charges et parfois une ou plusieurs couches de protection.

Definition: Malschichten aus Pigmenten in einem Bindemittel, manchmal mit anorganischen Fllstoffen oder mit einer schtzenden
Beschichtung.

Comment: Stratigraphy begins with the surface of the plaster, followed by the preparatory drawing, ground or base tone, middle tone
and is finished with the retouching of drawings (e.g. emphasis of light and shadow). If the
wall painting surface is protected, the painted
layer is finished with coats made from varnish
or a wax and oil mixture.

Commentaires: La stratigraphie commence

avec la surface de lenduit, suivie par le dessin
prparatoire, la sous-couche, les grandes
masses, les rehauts et glacis. Si la surface de la
peinture murale est protge, la stratigraphie
sachve avec le ou les films de vernis ou autre
couche protectrice (cire, huile, etc.).

pigment, binder, filler, plaster,

pigment, liant, charge, enduit, dessin

Kommentar: Die Stratigrafie beginnt mit der

Oberflche des Putzes, gefolgt von der Vorzeichnung, den Untermalungen, dem Lokalton und schliet mit der Retusche der Pinselzeichnung ab (z.B. zum Aufsetzen von Licht
und Schatten). Ist die Wandmalerei mit einer
Schutzschicht versehen, so besteht diese
oberste Schicht aus einem Firnis oder einem
Wachs-lgemisch.

preparatory drawing, wall painting, var-

nish, wax, sinopia

prparatoire, vernis, cire, sinopia

Pigment, Bindemittel, Fllstoff, Putz,

Vorzeichnung, Wandmalerei, Firnis,
Wachs, Sinopie

Sources: Thompson 1956, 42/3; Constable 1979, 30/1; Mora et al. 1984, 15, 56, 66; Botticelli 1992, 12, 18

68

DE

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

stratigrafija slike

HR

Definicija: Slojevi boje koji se sastoje od pigmenata u vezivu, katkad s anorganskim punilima ili s dodanim zatitnim slojem.
Napomena: Stratigrafija poinje s povrinom
buke, nakon ega slijede pripremni crte, podloni ili osnovni ton, srednji ton te zavrava
retuem crtea (npr. naglaavanjem svjetla i
sjene). Ako je povrina zidne slike zatiena,
slikani sloj zavrava s premazom od laka ili
mjeavinom voska i ulja.
pigment, vezivo, punilo, buka, pripremni crte, zidno slikarstvo, lak, vosak,
sinopija

Festmny rtegszerkezet

Hu

stratygrafia warstwy malarskiej

PL

Boya katman

Definicja: Warstwy malowida zawierajce

pigmenty w spoiwie, czasami z nieorganicznymi wypeniaczami, lub z dodatkow warstw zabezpieczajc.

Tanm: Balayc iinde bulunan renk hcrelerinden bazen de inorganik dolgular ya da eklenmi koruyucu astarla oluan boya katmanlar (belirten grafik).

Komentarz: Stratygrafia zaczyna si na powierzchni tynku, od rysunku przygotowawczego, potem gruntu lub tonu podstawowego, tonu poredniego wykoczonego cieniowaniem
lub retuszujcym rysunkiem (np. podkreleniem wiate lub cieni). Jeli powierzchnia malowida ciennego ma by zabezpieczona, to
moe by wykoczona powok werniksu lub
mieszanin wosku z olejem.

Yorum: Stratigrafi, hemen sonrasnda yzey

ya da taban tonunda taslak izim yaplan svann yzeyinde balar sonrasnda orta tonlarda
uygulanr ve izim rtularyla sonlandrlr (r:
k ve glge vurgusu). Duvar resminin yzeyi
korunuyorsa, boyal katman cila ya da mum ve
ya karmndan oluan astarla bitirilir.
pigment, balayc, dolgu maddesi, sva,

pigment, spoiwo, wypeniacz, tynk, ry-

sinopya

sunek przygotowawczy, malowido cienne,

werniks, wosk, sinopia

taslak izim, duvar resmi, cila, mum,

Meghatrozs: A fests rtegei, amelyek pigmentek s ktanyag keverkbl llnak, nha szervetlen tltanyagokat is tartalmazhatnak, vagy egy vdbevonattal lehetnek elltva.
Megjegyzs: A rtegszerkezet els rtege a
vakolat fellete, erre kerl az elkszt rajz,
azutn a kiindul vagy alap rnyalat, a kzptnus s befejezsl a rajzok retuslsa (pldul a fny s rnyk kihangslyozsa). Ha a
falkp fellete vdett, akkor a festett rteg fedrtegeket kap, amely lehet vdbevonat
vagy viasz s olaj keverke.
pigment, ktanyag, tltanyag, vako-

lat, elkszt rajz, falkp, vdbevonat,

viasz, szinpia

stratigrafia della pittura

tR

stratigrafia picturii

Ro

Definiie: Succesiunea straturilor unei picturi,

constituite din pigmeni ntr-un liant, uneori
cu materiale de umplutur anorganice sau cu
un strat protector adugat.
Adnotare: Stratigrafia ncepe cu suprafaa
tencuielii, urmat de desenul preparator, culoarea sau tonul de baz, tonul de mijloc i finalizat cu retuurile finale (de ex. accentele
de lumin i umbr). n cazul n care suprafaa
picturii murale este protejat, stratul de culoare este finisat cu straturi de vernis sau cu un
amestec cu cear i ulei.
pigment, liant, material de umplutur,

tencuial, desen preparator, pictur mural, vernis, cear, sinopia

BG

: ,
,
.
: , ,
,
(. ). .
, , ,

, , , , ,

it

Definizione: Complesso degli strati componenti una pittura, formati da pigmenti e leganti, talvolta con cariche inorganiche e con uno
strato di rifinitura e/o protettivo.
Commento: La stratificazione di solito inizia
con lintonaco. Possono seguire un disegno
preparatorio, unintonachino, unimprimitura,
campiture preparatorie, vari strati pittorici inclusi quelli di rifinitura. Lultimo strato pu essere uno strato protettivo di vernice, cera o
una miscela di olii.
intonaco, intonaco/intonachino, disegno

preparatorio, campitura preparatoria, pittura

murale, vernice, cera, sinopia, pigmento,
legante, filler

Estrato pictrico

Es

Definicin: Capas de pintura compuestas por

pigmentos en un ligante, a veces con cargas finas
inorgnicas o con una capa protectora aadida.
Comentario: La estratigrafa empieza con la
superficie del revoque, a la cual le sigue el dibujo preparatorio, la capa de preparacin o el
tono base, el tono medio y, finalmente, el retoque de dibujo (por ejemplo, el nfasis con luces
y sombras). Si la pintura mural est protegida,
la capa pictrica se finaliza con protecciones de
barniz o una mezcla de cera o aceite.
Sinnimos: capa pictrica, pelcula pictrica
pigmentos, ligante, cargas finas, revoque, dibujo preparatorio, pintura mural,
barniz, cera, sinopia

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Fresco painting, Chapel of St. Peter, Novo Mjesto (Croatia), first half of 14th century; Photo: 2000, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Fresco

EN

Definition: A wall painting technique in

which pigments are mixed with clear water
and applied to a fresh and still damp lime plaster (intonaco); pigments are fixed inside a thin
layer of calcium carbonate formed on the plaster surface (carbonation).
Comment: The technique whereby pigments
are mixed with lime water or with lime milk
and then applied to a fresh and still damp
lime plaster is called lime fresco painting. The
term fresco is often incorrectly associated with
all paintings executed on architectural surfaces, regardless of their execution technique.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco, mezzo
fresco
wall painting, pigment, intonaco, car-

bonation, lime milk

Fresque

FR

Dfinition: Technique de peinture murale

dans laquelle les pigments sont poss leau
claire sur un enduit de chaux frais et humide

(intonaco); les pigments sont fixs par une fine

couche de carbonate de calcium form la
surface de lenduit (carbonatation).
Commentaires: Lorsque les pigments sont
appliqus dans une eau de chaux ou un lait
de chaux sur un enduit frais, on parle de peinture la chaux sur enduit frais. Le terme
fresque est abusivement employ dans le langage courant pour voquer toutes sortes de
peintures murales.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco, mezzosecco

Kommentar: Eine Maltechnik, in der Pigmente mit Kalkwasser oder Kalkmilch vermischt
und dann auf den noch frischen, feuchten
Kalkputz aufgetragen werden. Der Begriff
Fresko wird oft flschlicherweise fr alle Malereien auf Architekturoberflchen verwendet, ohne deren Maltechnik zu bercksichtigen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fresko-Secco-Technik, Mezzo-Fresko, Kalkfresko, Kalkmalerei
Wandmalerei, Pigment, Intonaco/Feinputz,
Karbonatisierung, Kalkmilch

pigment, mortier de chaux, intonaco,

carbonatation (raction de), lait de chaux

Freskomalerei

DE

Definition: Wandmalerei-Technik, bei der die

Pigmente mit klarem Wasser vermischt und
auf den noch frischen, feuchten Kalkputz (Intonaco) aufgetragen werden. Die Pigmente
werden in einer dnnen Calciumcarbonatschicht gebunden, die sich in der Putzoberflche bildet (Karbonatisierung).

Fresco

HR

Definicija: Tehnika zidnoga slikarstva u kojoj

se pigmenti mijeaju s istom vodom i nanose
na svjeu i jo uvijek vlanu vapnenu buku
(intonaco). Pigmenti su fiksirani unutar tankoga sloja kalcijeva karbonata koji se formira na
povrini buke (karbonatacija).
Napomena: Tehnika u kojoj se pigmenti
mijeaju s vapnenom vodom ili vapnenim mlijekom, a zatim stavljaju na svjeu i jo uvijek vlanu buku naziva se vapneno fresco slikarstvo.

Sources: Vasari 1907, 221/2; Thompson 1956, 69/70; Mora et al. 1984, 12, 85,140/1; Botticelli, 1992, 23, 27; Vitruvius 1999, 146 (VII, 3); Merrifield 2003, 788;
Fuga 2006, 99 ; Cennini 2007, 6974 (LXVII); Doherty, Woollett 2009, 34; Clarke 2010, 103; Autenrieth et ali. 2010/1

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Naziv fresco esto se pogreno povezuje sa svim

slikama izvedenima na arhitektonskim povrinama, bez obzira na tehniku njihove izvedbe.
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco, mezzo fresco
zidno slikarstvo, pigment, intonaco, kar-

bonatacija, vapneno mlijeko

Fresk

PL

Definicja: Technika malowida ciennego w

ktrej pigmenty wymieszane z czyst wod
nakadane s na wiey, wilgotny tynk wapienny (intonaco); pigmenty s utrwalone wewntrz cienkiej warstwy wglanu wapnia powstaej w procesie karbonizacji na powierzchni tynku.

sobre superficies arquitectnicas, independientemente de la tcnica.

No confundir con: fresco secco, mezzo fresco
pintura mural, pigmento, revoque de cal,

intonaco, carbonatacin, agua de cal,

lechada de cal

Fresko
Fresk

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy falkptechnika, amelyben a pigmenteket tiszta vzzel keverik, s egy

friss, mg nedves mszvakolatra (intonaco)
hordjk fel; a pigmenteket egy vkony kalcium-karbont rteg rgzti, amely a vakolat felletn alakul ki (karbontosods).
Megjegyzs: Az a technika, melyben a pigmenteket mszvzzel vagy msztejjel keverik,
majd egy friss s mg nedves mszvakolatra
hordjk fel, mszfresk festmnynek hvjk. A
fresk kifejezst gyakran helytelenl hasznljk valamennyi ptszeti felleten lev festmny megnevezsre, fggetlenl azok feststechnikjtl.
Tves megnevezs: fresk-szekk, mezzo-fresk
falkp, pigment, intonaco, karbontosods, msztej

Aresco

it

Definizione: La pittura a buon fresco utilizza

pigmenti stemperati solo in acqua e applicati
sullintonaco ancora bagnato; la calce dellintonaco funge da legante; i pigmenti si fissano
sulla superficie murale durante il processo di
carbonatazione, formando una pellicola compatta di carbonato di calcio che ingloba il colore.
Commento: Quando i pigmenti sono stemperati in acqua o latte di calce e poi applicati
sullintonaco fresco ancora bagnato, si parla
sempre di pittura a fresco (tecnica molto in
uso nellEuropa del Nord). Il termine affresco
spesso usato erroneamente per definire tutte le pitture eseguite su una superficie architettonica, indipendentemente dalla tecnica di
esecuzione.
Da non confondersi con: mezzo fresco, fresco
secco
calce, intonaco/intonachino, legante,

pigmento, carbonatazione, pittura murale,

pigmento, latte di calce, malta di calce/in-

tonaco a calce

Komentarz: Termin fresk bywa czsto niewaciwie odnoszony do wszelkiego malarstwa

na powierzchniach architektonicznych, niezalenie od techniki wykonania.
Nie naley myli z: fresco-secco, mezzo-freco
malarstwo cienne, pigment, tynk wapien-

ny, intonaco, karbonizacja, mleko wapienne

A fresco

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic a picturii murale n care

pigmenii sunt amestecai cu ap curat i
aplicai pe o tencuial de var proaspt i
umed n acelai timp (intonaco); pigmenii
sunt fixai n interiorul unui strat subire de
carbonat de calciu format pe suprafaa tencuielii (carbonatare).
Adnotare: Tehnica de pictur n care pigmenii sunt amestecai cu ap de var sau lapte de
var i apoi aplicai pe o tencuial de var proaspt i nc umed este numit fresc de var.
Termenul fresc este adesea asociat incorect
cu toate picturile executate pe suprafee arhitecturale, indiferent de tehnica lor de execuie.
A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco, mezzo-fresco
pictur mural, pigment, intonaco, car-

bonatare, var, lapte de var

Fresco

Es

Definicin: Tcnica pictrica mural en la cual

los pigmentos son mezclados con agua y aplicados en un revoque de cal (intonaco), fresco
y todava hmedo; los pigmentos quedan fijados en una fina capa de carbonato clcico
formada en la superficie del revoque (carbonatacin).

tR

Tanm: Pigmentlerin temiz suda kartrlp yeni ve nemli kire svasna (intonaco) uygulanmas ile yaplan duvar boyama teknii; pigmentler sva yzeyinde (karbonlama) oluan
kalsiyum karbonatn ince katmannn iinde
sabitlenirler.
Yorum: Pigmentlerin kire suyuyla ya da style kartrlp sonrasnda yeni ve nemli kire
svasna uygulanmas tekniidir. Fresko terimi,
uygulama tekniklerine baklmakszn mimari
yzeylere uygulanlan btn duvar resimleriyle yanl bir ekilde ilikilendirilir.
E anlam: gerek fresko
Kartrmaynz: kuru fresk, yar fresk
duvar resmi, pigment, son kat sva, karbon-

lama, kire st

BG

: ,
, ().
,
().
: , , ,
,
.
, .
: ,

, , , -

Comentario: Tcnica en las que los pigmentos se mezclan con agua de cal o lechada de
cal y se aplican sobre un revoque de cal fresco
y todava hmedo. El trmino fresco se utiliza
incorrectamente para toda la pintura realizada

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Coarse layer of arriccio (lower section) under intonaco, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Arriccio

EN

Definition: A relatively coarse plaster coat applied before the last plaster layer, the intonaco, for levelling the unevenness of the support.
Comment: Its function is also to retain moisture for the top finishing layer of plaster, the
intonaco. The surface of the arriccio is used to
apply the underdrawing (sinopia). Traditionally this term was used only for the fresco technique. Today it is also used in the context of
other wall painting techniques and in restoration. The Italian term arriccio has been adopted in many languages.
Synonym: rough coat
plaster, support, intonaco, fresco,
sinopia, levelling coat

Arriccio

Arriccio / Grobputz

DE

Dfinition: Couche denduit relativement

grossire applique en une seule main pour
niveler la couche sous-jacente.

Definition: Eine relativ grobe Putzlage, die

unter dem Intonaco liegt und Unebenheiten
des Trgers ausgleichen soll.

Commentaires: Cette couche peut tre appele dressage. Cette couche a aussi pour fonction de retenir lhumidit jusqu lapplication
de lintonaco et la ralisation de la fresque. Ce
terme ntait traditionnellement utilis que
pour la technique fresque. Aujourdhui il est
aussi utilis pour dautres travaux de peinture
murale et en restauration. Ce terme italien est
utilis dans de nombreux pays.
Synonyme: enduit de dressage

Kommentar: Seine Funktion ist auerdem,

Feuchtigkeit fr die oberste Feinputzlage (Intonaco) zu speichern. Auf die Oberflche des
Arriccio wird die Unterzeichnung (Sinopie)
aufgetragen. Traditionell wurde der Begriff
nur in der Freskotechnik verwendet. Heute
wird er auch im Zusammenhang mit anderen
Wandmalerei-Techniken und in der Restaurierung benutzt. Der italienische Begriff Arriccio
wurde in viele Sprachen bernommen.
Synonyme: Grobputz, Rauputz, Unterputz,
Grundputz

enduit, support, intonaco, sinopia, go-

betis

Sources: Nimmo 2001; Mora et al. 1984, 325; Glossar Wandmalerei 20032006 (1.5.2014)

72

FR

Putz, Trger, Intonaco/Feinputz, Fresko-

malerei, Sinopie, Ausgleichsputz

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Arriccio

HR

Definicija: Predzadnji, relativno grubi sloj

buke nanesen radi izravnavanja neravnina
nosaa.
Napomena: Njegova je svrha i zadravanje
vlage za zavrni glatki gornji sloj buke, intonaco. Povrina arriccioa upotrebljava se i za
nanoenje podlonoga crtea (sinopije). Tradicionalno taj se naziv rabi u fresco tehnici. Danas se upotrebljava u kontekstu ostalih tehnika zidnoga slikarstva i u restauriranju. Talijanski naziv arriccio preuzeli su mnogi jezici.
buka, nosa, intonaco, fresco, sino-

pija, izravnavajui premaz

Arricio

PL

Definicja: Stosunkowo szorstka warstwa zaprawy naoona dla wygadzenia nierwnoci

podoa, poprzedza warstw kocow, czyli
intonaco.
Komentarz: Spenia take rol utrzymania
wilgoci w wierzchniej warstwie intonaco.
Na powierzchni arriccio nanoszony bywa
wstpny rysunek (sinopia). Tradycyjnie termin
by uywany jedynie w technice freskowej.
Dzi bywa stosowany szerzej w kontekcie innych technik malarstwa ciennego i w restauracji. Woski termin arricio zosta przyswojony
w wielu jzykach.
Synonim: szorstka warstwa
tynk, podoe, intonaco, fresk, sinopia,

kinci kat sva

tR

Tanm: Tayc duvarn przlerini dzeltmek

iin son kat svadan nce yaplan olduka kaba/kaln sva.
Yorum: Grevi ayn zamanda, svann en st
yzeyini (intonaco) bitirmek iin nemi tutmaktr. Kaba svann yzeyi taslak izim (sinopia)
uygulamak iin de kullanlr. Terim, geleneksel
olarak sadece Fresko tekniinde kullanlrd.
Gnmzde dier duvar resim tekniklerinde
ve restorasyon da kullanlr. Bu terim talyanca
adyla bir ok dile gemitir.
E anlam: kaba rt
sva, tayc, son kat sva, fresko teknii,

sinopya, tesviye tabakas

warstwa wyrwnujca

Alapvakolat

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy viszonylag durva vakolatrteg, melyet a vgs rteg, az intonaco eltt
hordanak fel, a hordoz egyenetlensgeinek
elsimtsa cljbl.

Arriccio

Ro

Definiie: Strat de tencuial relativ grosier ce se

aplic anterior stratului de intonaco i are rol de
egalizare a suprafeei neregulate a suportului.

Megjegyzs: Msik szerepe visszatartani a

nedvessget a legfels vakolatrteg, az intonaco szmra. Az alapvakolat felletre szoktk
felrajzolni az alrajzot (szinpia). Hagyomnyosan e kifejezst csak fresktechnikban hasznltk. Ma mr egyb fakptechnikkkal s restaurlssal kapcsolatosan is hasznljk. Az olasz
arriccio kifejezst tbb nyelvben tvettk.

Adnotare: Are totodat funcia de a reine umiditatea necesar stratului de finisare de deasupra (intonaco). Suprafaa stratului de arriccio
este folosit pentru executarea desenului de tip
sinopia. n mod tradiional acest termen a fost
folosit doar n tehnica de pictur a fresco. Astzi,
este folosit i n contextul altor tehnici de pictur mural i n restaurare. Termenul italian arriccio a fost adoptat n mai multe limbi.

vakolat, hordoz, intonaco, fresk, szi-

tencuial, suport, intonaco, a fresco,

npia, kiegyenlt rteg

Arriccio

it

sinopia, strat egalizator

Arriccio

Commento: Ha anche la funzione di immagazzinare umidit per lo strato di rifinitura sovrastante, lintonachino. Sulla superficie dellarriccio si esegue il disegno preparatorio, la sinopia.
Tradizionalmente, il termine era in uso solo per
la pittura a buon fresco. Oggi adoperato anche per altre tecniche della pittura murale e nel
restauro. Il termine arriccio di origine italiana,
oramai adottato in molte lingue.

Comentario: Su funcin es tambin retener

la humedad de la capa superior, intonaco. La
superficie del arriccio se utiliza para aplicar el
dibujo subyacente (sinopia). Tradicionalmente
se utiliz este trmino solo en la tcnica al fresco. Hoy en da se utiliza tambin en el contexto de otras tcnicas de pintura mural y en restauracin. El trmino italiano arriccio ha sido
adoptado en muchos idiomas.
Sinnimos: guarnecido, repellado

rinzaffo

: ,

, .
:
. ().
.
. .
, , -

Es

Definicin: Mortero relativamente grueso

aplicado como estrato previo a la capa final de
intonaco para nivelar las irregularidades del
soporte.

affresco, disegno preparatorio, sinopia,

BG

, , ,

Definizione: Uno strato di intonaco relativamente ruvido che viene applicato prima dellintonachino, per pareggiare dislivelli e ruvidit del supporto.

supporto, intonaco, intonaco/ntonachino,

revoque, soporte, intonaco, fresco, si-

nopia, capa de nivelacin

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Horizontal seam within plaster, Church of St. George, Lovran (Croatia), 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Pontata

EN

Pontata

FR

Definition: A wide area of plaster applied at

the same high as the scaffolding, leaving horizontal seams in the finished work.

Dfinition: Large plage denduit correspondant un niveau dchafaudage et laissant des

joints horizontaux gnralement apparents.

Comment: The application of the usually

rather rectangular pontata is technically limited by the accessibility of the wall from a scaffolding lift, or other structural conditions of
the building. The sequence of plastering starts
from top to bottom of the wall and leaves
more or less visible seams between the pontate. In comparison, the smaller plaster coating area of a giornata applied in fresco technique, has irregular seams, which follow the
outline of the composition. The Italian term
pontata has been adopted in many languages.

Commentaires: La surface de la pontata est

limite par laccs au mur depuis le niveau de
lchafaudage. Lenduit sapplique de haut en
bas. Les joints sont serrs pour rendre les limites de pontate les plus discrtes possibles.
Les joints horizontaux des pontate, gnralement grands et rectilignes, sont souvent situs
au niveau dun bandeau de registre. Le terme
italien est ddi la fresque; on parle sinon
denduit dun niveau de plancher dchafaudage. Les surfaces petites et irrgulires des
giornate suivent, elles, le contour de la composition. Le terme italien pontata est utilis
dans beaucoup de pays.

plaster, giornata, fresco

enduit, giornata

Pontata

Definition: Eine groe Putzflche, die auf derselben Ebene wie eine Gerstlage verluft
und nach der Fertigstellung horizontale Putznhte hinterlsst.
Kommentar: Der Auftrag einer blicherweise
eher rechteckigen Pontata wird technisch von
der Zugnglichkeit der Wand durch eine Gerstlage oder andere bauliche Gegebenheiten
begrenzt. Der Putzauftrag, oben beginnend,
hinterlsst mehr oder weniger sichtbare Nhte zwischen den Pontate, abhngig von der
Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit der folgenden
Pontata. Im Vergleich haben die kleineren Bereiche einer Giornata unregelmige Formen,
da sie den Umrissen der Komposition folgen.
Der italienische Begriff ist in viele Sprachen
bernommen worden.
Synonyme: Gerstgrenze, Putzgrenze, Putznaht
Putz, Giornata, Freskomalerei

Sources: Glossary of Wall Paintings 2001; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 275; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 23; Staschull, Rsch 2009, 387

74

DE

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Pontata

HR

Definicija: iroko obukano podruje dovreno na istoj razini skele, na kojemu je nakon
bukanja vidljiv vodoravni spoj.
Napomena: Primjena uobiajenih pravokutnih pontata tehniki je ograniena dostupnou zidova sa skele ili drugim stanjem konstrukcije graevine. bukanje od vrha prema
dnu zida ostavlja manje ili vie vidljive spojeve
izmeu pontata. Za usporedbu, manje podruje bukanja giornate ima nepravilne rubove,
koji slijede obrise kompozicije.
Talijanski naziv pontata usvojen je u mnogim
jezicima.
buka, giornata, fresco

Pontata

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy nagy kiterjeds vakolt

fellet, amely az llvnyzattal azonos szinten
kerl fel, vzszintes varratokat hagyva a ksz
munkban.
Megjegyzs: Az ltalban meglehetsen
szgletes alak pontata felhordst a falak az
llvnyzatrl val elrhetsge vagy az plet
egyb szerkezeti elemei korltozzk. A vakolat
felhordsa fentrl lefel trtnik, s a pontate
kztt egy tbb-kevsb lthat varrat marad. sszehasonltva a fresktechnikban
hasznlt napi varrattal, ez utbbi egy kisebb
vakolt fellet, melynek szablytalan hatrai ltalban a kompozci krvonalait kvetik. Az
olasz pontata/pontate (tbbes szm) kifejezst tbb nyelvben tvettk.
vakolat, napi varrat, fresk

Pontata

it

Definizione: Stesura di intonaco con porzioni

di grandi dimensioni che procede secondo
scansioni orizzontali determinate dai piani del
ponteggio. Nellopera ultimata, restano visibili
le linee orrizonali dei bordi dintonaco sovrapposti.
Commento: Lapplicazione di una pontata,
di solito di forma allincirca rettangolare, viene
limitata dalle possibilit di accesso al muro
causate dal ponteggio. Procedendo dallalto
verso il basso, lapplicazione delintonaco crea
linee di sovrapposizione delle porzioni di intonaco pi o meno marcate, secondo la velocit di essicamento della pontata sucessiva. In
paragone, le porzioni dintonaco di una giornata sono di dimensioni pi ridotte e presen-

tano forme irregolari che seguono i contorni

della composizione. Il termine di origine italiana oramai accolto in molte lingue.
intonaco, affresco, giornata

Pontata

PL

Definicja: Szeroki pas warstwy tynku odpowiadajcy poziomowi rusztowa, widoczny

na ukoczonym malowidle jako horyzontalne
czenie.
Komentarz: Pontata zwykle ma ksztat prostoktny, co jest uwarunkowane dostpem
do cian z rusztowania, podnonika, czy innymi warunkami konstrukcji budynku. Nakadanie warstwy tynku rozpoczynano od
gry ku doowi, co pozostawia mniej czy bardziej widoczne czenia pomidzy kolejnymi
pontate.
Dla porwnania: mniejsze fragmenty tynku
giornate dniwki, stosowane w technice freskowej maj nieregularny ksztat odpowiadajcy kompozycji. Woski termin pontata zosta
przyswojony w wielu jzykach.
tynk, giornata / dniwka, fresk

Pontata

Ro

Definiie: Registru de intonaco aplicat la acelai nivel cu cel al unui etaj de schel; dup realizarea picturii sunt vizibile mbinrile orizontale.
Adnotare: Aplicarea pontatei pe o suprafa
aproximativ dreptunghiular este limitat din
punct de vedere tehnic de accesul la perete
pe care schela l ofer sau de alte aspecte ale
structurii cldirii. Se tencuiete ncepnd de
sus n jos lsndu-se ntre pontate mbinri
mai mult sau mai puin vizibile. Comparativ,
suprafaa unei giornata aplicat n tehnica a
fresco este de dimensiuni mai reduse i are mbinri neregulate ce urmeaz conturul compoziiei. Termenul italian pontata a fost preluat
n mai multe limbi.
tencuial, giornata, a fresco

Pontata

Es

Definicin: Amplia zona de revoque de mortero que se aplica siguiendo la limitacin que
el mismo andamio impone, y que deja a la vista las uniones horizontales y verticales en la
obra terminada.

Comentario: Su aplicacin, generalmente

rectangular, se ve tcnicamente limitada por
la accesibilidad a los muros desde el andamio
u otras condiciones estructurales del edificio.
Empezando la capa de revoque de arriba a
abajo, se dejan uniones ms o menos visibles
entre ellas. En comparacin, la pequea rea
de revoque de una jornada en la tcnica al
fresco deja a la vista uniones irregulares que
sigven el contorno de la composicin. El trmino italiano pontata se ha adoptado en muchos idiomas. En plural: Pontate.
revoque, jornada, fresco

Kat seviyesi

tR

Tanm: skele ile ayn seviyede tamamlanm

ve bitmi ite yatay derzler brakan sva kaplamann geni bir blm.
Yorum: Olduka dikdrtgen biimli kat seviyesinin uygulanmas iskele asansrndeki duvarlarn eriilebilirlii ya da binann dier yapsal durumlar tarafndan teknik olarak kstlanmtr. Yukardan aa sva kaplamaya balaynca, kat seviyeleri arasnda az ok grnr
damarlar brakr. Buna nazaran, Fresko da gnlk olarak uygulanm daha kk sva kaplamas komposizyon taslan takip eden dzensiz ek yerlerine sahiptir.talyanca bir terim
olan pontata birok dile uyarlanmtr.
E anlam: seviyeleme
sva, gnlk sva, fresko

BG

: , , .
: (
)
.

-
. -

,
.
.
, , -

75

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Fragments of painted intonaco, St. Helen Chapel, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

intonaco

EN

Definition: The last, fine-grained, thin and

well-evened layer of plaster on which the wall
painting is applied in fresco technique.
Comment: In fresco technique, the intonaco
is a fine plaster which is applied on top of the
rough plaster layer, called arriccio. The pigments, mixed with water, are applied on the
wet intonaco, which binds with the pigments
and becomes part of the paint layer. The pigments are then bound within a thin layer of
calcium carbonate formed by the intonaco as
it sets. Originally, this Italian term was used only for frescos. Today it is also used for other
plaster finishes and has been adopted in many
languages. In Italian, it is not just used for fresco technique but is also the generic term for
plaster.
Synonyms: final rending, plaster finish
fresco, plaster, arriccio

Intonaco

FR

Dfinition: Enduit de finition, granularit

fine et granulomtrie rgulire, dpaisseur infrieure celles du ou des enduit(s) sous-jacent(s), bien nivel et sur lequel est applique
la peinture fresque.

Commentaires: Dans la technique fresque,

lintonaco est appliqu sur lenduit grossier (arricio). Il peut tre suivi dun intonachino encore
plus fin. Les pigments mlangs de leau
sont appliques sur lintonaco ou lintonachino
frais. Ils sont fixs par la remonte de laitance
la surface et la carbonatation de la chaux lors
du schage de lenduit.
En France, ce terme italien nest utilis que
pour la technique fresque. Il est actuellement employ dans dautres pays pour dcrire
dautres enduits de finition.
Synonyme: enduit de finition

DE

Definition: Die letzte, feinkrnige, dnne,

stark geglttete Putzlage, auf der ein Fresko
aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: In der Freskotechnik ist Intonaco
ein Feinputz, der auf den Grobputz (Arriccio)
aufgetragen wird. Die mit Wasser vermischten
Pigmente werden auf den nassen Intonaco
gemalt, der sich mit ihnen verbindet und Teil
der Farbschicht wird. Die Pigmente werden
dann unter einer dnnen Schicht Calciumcarbonat eingeschlossen, die der trocknende Intonaco bildet. Ursprnglich nur fr Fresken

Sources: Glossar Wandmalerei 20032006 (1.5.2014); Mora et al. 1984, 325, 10; AAT: intonaco (1.5.2014)

76

Freskomalerei, Putz, Arriccio/Grobputz

intonaco

HR

Definicija: Posljednji, finozrnati tanki i dobro

poravnati sloj buke na kojemu je u fresco tehnici naslikana zidna slika.

enduit, arricio

intonaco / Feinputz

gebruchlich wird der italienische Begriff heute auch fr andere Oberputze verwendet und
ist in viele Sprachen bernommen worden. In
Italien wird er nicht nur fr Freskotechnik benutzt, sondern als berbegriff fr Putz.
Synonyme: Feinputz, Oberputz, Deckputz,
Sichtputz

Napomena: U fresco tehnici intonaco je fina

buka nanesena na grubi bukani sloj, arriccio.
Pigmenti pomijeani s vodom nanose se na
svjei intonaco, koji se s njima vee i postaju
dijelom slikanoga sloja. Pigmenti su tada vezani unutar tankoga sloja kalcijeva karbonata
oblikovanog sporim suenjem intonacoa. Izvorno se taj talijanski naziv upotrebljavao samo za fresco. Danas je usvojen u mnogim jezicima te se rabi i za ostale zavrne buke. U
talijanskome jeziku taj se naziv ne upotrebljava samo za fresco tehniku nego openito za
buku.
fresco, buka, arriccio

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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intonaco

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az utols, finomszemcss, vkony s egyenletesen elsimtott vakolatrteg,

amelyre a fresktechnikval ksztett falkpet
hordjk fel.
Megjegyzs: A fresktechnikban az intonaco egy finom vakolatrteg, amely egy durvbb rtegre, az alapvakolatra (arriccio) kerl.
A vzzel kevert pigmenteket a nedves intonaco felletre viszik fel, ezek rszben behatolnak s ltrehozzk a festkrteget. A pigmenteket egy vkony kalcium-karbont rteg rgzti, amely az intonaco szradsa folytn keletkezik. Eredetileg ezt az olasz kifejezst csak a
fresktechnikval kapcsolatosan hasznltk.
Manapsg ms zrvakolatok esetben is
hasznljk s tbb nyelvben is tvettk. Az
olasz nyelvben nem csak a fresktechnikban
hasznlatos, hanem ltalnos kifejezsknt
szolgl a vakolatra.
Szinonima: zrvakolat
fresk, vakolat, alapvakolat

intonaco / intonachino

it

Definizione: Lultimo strato di intonaco, a granulometria fine, di spessore ridotto e perfettamente levigato, che serve per lapplicazione
della pittura a fresco.
Commento: Nella tecnica dellaffresco, con intonaco si intende uno strato sottile di malta di
calce applicato sullarriccio. Si esegue laffresco stendendo il colore direttamente sullintonaco ancora bagnato. Asciugandosi, con il
processo di carbonatazione lintonaco fissa i
pigmenti. Si produce cos una pellicola compatta di carbonato di calcio che ingloba il colore. In origine il termine italiano era in uso solo per la tecnica dellaffresco. Con questo significato adottato in molte lingue. In Italia,
il termine intonaco utilizzato come termine
generico per intonaci di rivestimento delle
murature.
Intonachino il termine italiano pi specifico
e appropriato per la tecnica dellaffresco.
arriccio, affresco, carbonatazione, into-

naco

intonaco

PL

Definicja: Ostatnia, drobnoziarnista cienka i

dobrze wygadzona warstwa tynku, na ktrej
jest wykonane malowido cienne w technice
fresku.

Komentarz: W technice freskowej intonaco to

gadki tynk nakadany na bardziej szorstk
warstw zwan arriccio. Pigmenty wymieszane z wod nakadane s na wilgotne intonaco,
ktre czy si z pigmentami stajc si czci
warstwy malarskiej. Pigmenty s zamknite
pod cieniutk warstw wglanu wapnia uformowan przez wysychajce intonaco. Pocztkowo ten woski termin by uywany jedynie
dla fresku. Dzi bywa stosowany do okrelenia
kocowej warstwy tynku i zosta przyswojony
przez inne jzyki. Take po wosku termin nie
ogranicza si do fresku, ale stanowi synonim
tynku.
Synonimy: kocowa zaprawa, kocowy tynk
fresk, tynk, arriccio

intonaco

Ro

Definiie: Ultimul strat de tencuial, subire,

cu granulaie fin i bine netezit pe care este
aplicat pictura mural n tehnica a fresco.
Adnotare: n tehnica a fresco, intonaco este o
tencuial fin ce se aplic peste stratul de tencuial dur, numit arriccio. Pictura este executat pe stratul de intonaco proaspt i umed,
astfel nct pigmenii aplicai cu ap sunt fixai
pe intonaco, devenind astfel parte a stratului
de culoare. Pigmenii sunt apoi blocai sub un
strat subire de carbonat de calciu, format prin
uscarea lent a stratului de intonaco. Iniial
acest termen italian a fost folosit doar pentru
tehnica a fresco. Astzi este utilizat i pentru
alte tencuieli fine i a fost adoptat n mai multe
limbi. n limba italian este folosit nu doar n
tehnica a fresco, este i termenul generic pentru tencuial.
Sinonim: tencuial de finisare
a fresco, tencuial, arriccio

intonaco

Es

Definicin: ltima capa de mortero de grano

fino bien allanada sobre la que se aplica el color en la tcnica al fresco.
Comentario: En la tcnica al fresco, el intonaco es una fina capa de mortero de cal que se
aplica en la parte superior del arriccio. Los pigmentos mezclados con agua se aplican sobre
el intonaco hmedo, que se mezcla con los
pigmentos formando el estrato pictrico. Los
pigmentos quedan englobados en la matriz
de carbonato clcico que se forma con el secado del intonaco. Originalmente, este trmino italiano se utiliz solo para frescos. Sin em-

bargo, hoy en da, tambin se utiliza para otros

tipos de acabados y ha sido adoptado por muchos idiomas. En italiano no solo se usa para
la tcnica al fresco, sino que se utiliza como
trmino genrico para revoques.
Sinnimo: enlucido
fresco, revoque, arriccio

son kat sva

tR

Tanm: Fresko tekniinde zerine duvar resmi

uygulanan ok ince taneli ve ince son kat sva
katman.
Yorum: Intonaco fresko tekniinde, arriccio
adyla anlan przl/kaba sva katman zerine uygulanr. Suyla kartrlan boya pigmentlerinin slak intonaconun zerine uygulanmas ile boya pigmentleri sva ile btnleerek boya katmannn bir paras olur. Pigmentler daha sonra kuruyan intonaco tarafndan oluturulan ince kalsiyum karbonat katman ile birbirine geerler. Kkeni italyanca
olan bu terim sadece fresko tekniinde kullanlrd. Gnmzde dier al svalar /sva iin
de kullanlmakta ve birok dilde de gemektedir. Italyancada sadece fresko teknii iin
deil dier svalar iin de bir yan terim olmutur.
E anlaml: son sva, al sva
fresko, al, ikinci kat sva

BG

:
,
.
:
, - , .
,
.

, .

.
. ,
.
:
, ,

77

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Visible border of plaster around a group of figures, Castle Heltorf, Dsseldorf-Angermund (Germany), 1826; Photo: 2013 (Jennifer Weber)

Giornata

EN

Giornata

FR

Definition: An area of fresh plaster (intonaco)

applied as one part of a fresco.

Dfinition: Surface denduit applique pour

une journe de travail fresque.

Comment: Because frescos are painted on

fresh intonaco, the intonaco must be applied
in several portions to ensure it is still moist
when painted. Thus the size of a portion depends on the time the painter needs for painting. The term giornata comes from the Italian
word giorno, which means day. Translated,
giornata means a days work. Giornate is also
used. The border of a giornata is often aligned
with the underdrawing (sinopia).

Commentaires: Parce que les fresques sont

excutes sur enduit frais, lintonaco doit tre
appliqu en plusieurs portions pour assurer la
parfaite humidit de lenduit pendant la ralisation de la peinture. Ainsi, la taille de la portion dpend du temps ncessaire au peintre
pour peindre. Le terme giornata (plur. giornate) vient du mot italien giorno (jour) et se
traduit par journe en franais. Les limites de
la giornata correspondent au dessin prparatoire qui peut tre une sinopia.

plaster, intonaco, fresco, sinopia

enduit, intonaco, sinopia

Giornata

DE

Definition: Ein Bereich frischen Oberputzes

(Intonaco), der als ein Teil eines Freskos auf
den Arriccio aufgetragen wird.
Kommentar: Da Fresken auf den frischen Intonaco gemalt werden, muss dieser in mehreren Teilstcken aufgebracht werden, damit er
dann noch feucht ist. Daher hngt die Gre
einer Intonaco-Flche davon ab, wie lange der
Maler bentigt, um sie zu bemalen. Der Begriff
Giornata (plural: giornate) kommt vom italienischen Wort giorno, also Tag. bersetzt bedeutet Giornata Tagwerk. Die Tagwerknhte
sind oft bndig mit der Unterzeichnung (Sinopie). Sie stimmen blicherweise mit den
Konturen von Figuren, Gesichtern, Architekturen etc. berein.
Synonyme: Tagwerk, Tagewerk
Putz, Intonaco/Feinputz, Freskomalerei,
Sinopie

Sources: Paolini, Faldi 2005, 165; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 23; Mora et al. 1984, 11; Calvo Manuel 1997, 125 (Jornada)

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Giornata

HR

Giornata dniwka

PL

Gnlk sva

tR

Definicija: Povrina svjee buke (intonaco)

koja je dio freske.

Definicja: Obszar wieego tynku (intonaco)

naoony jako jedna z partii fresku.

Tanm: Freskonun bir blm olarak uygulanan bir taze sva (intonaco) blmdr.

Napomena: Budui da se freske slikaju na

svjeemu intonacu, mora se nanositi u nekoliko
dijelova kako bi se osigurala vlanost tijekom
slikanja. Veliina tih dijelova ovisi o vremenu koje je slikaru potrebno za slikanje. Naziv giornata
dolazi od talijanske rijei giorno, koja znai dan.
Giornata znai dnevnica. Takoer se upotrebljava i naziv giornate. Granice giornata esto su
usklaene podlonim crteom (sinopija).

Komentarz: Poniewa freski s malowane na

wieym intonaco, musi ono by nakadane w
kilku partiach, by zapewni obecno wilgoci
podczas malowania. Std wielko obszaru
zaley od czasu potrzebnego malarzowi do jego namalowania. Termin giornata pochodzi
od woskiego giorno dzie i oznacza dniwk. Granice dniwek czsto pokrywaj si z
elementami sinopii czyli wstpnego rysunku.

buka, intonaco, fresco, podcrte, si-

tynk, intonaco, fresk, rysunek przygoto-

Yorum: Freskolar taze intonaco zerine boyandndan, boyandnda hala nemli olmasn garanti etmek iin intonaco birka blm
olarak uygulanr. Bunun iin uygulanacak blgenin ebat ressamn boya iin ihtiya duyduu zamana gre deiir. Giornata terimi talyanca da gn anlamna gelen giorno kelimesinden gelir. Giornata bir gnlk i olarak tercme edilir. Giornate de kullanlr. Giornatann
snr genellikle altizim (sinopya) ile belirlenir.

nopija

Napi varrat

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy frissen vakolt fellet (intonaco), melyet a fresk egy rszeknt hordanak fel.
Megjegyzs: Mivel a freskt friss intonaco rtegre festik, az intonacot tbb rszletben kell
felhordani, hogy biztostva legyen a nedvessge, amikor rkerl a fests. Ily mdon egy napi
varrat mrete fgg a fest szmra szksges
festsi idtl. A giornata kifejezs az olasz giorno szbl ered, amely napot jelent. Lefordtva, a giornata egy napi munkt jelent. A giornate kifejezst is hasznljk. A napi varrat hatra gyakran igazodik az alrajzhoz (szinpia).
vakolat, intonaco, fresk, szinpia

Giornata

wawczy, sinopia

Giornata

Ro

Definiie: O poriune de tencuial proaspt

(intonaco) aplicat ca o parte dintr-o fresc.
Adnotare: Deoarece frescele sunt pictate pe
un intonaco proaspt, acesta trebuie aplicat
n mai multe etape pentru a fi siguri c tencuiala este nc umed n momentul n care se
realizeaz pictura. Astfel, ntinderea unei giornate depinde de timpul de care are nevoie pictorul pentru a executa pictura. Termenul giornata deriv din cuvntul italian giorno, ce nseamn zi. Tradus, giornata nseamn o zi de
munc. Este, de asemenea folosit i termenul
giornate. Marginea unei giornata corespunde
adesea cu desenul subiacent (sinopia).
tencuial, intonaco, a fresco, sinopia

it

Jornada

sva, son kat sva, fresko, sinopya

BG

: (), .
:
,
, ,
, .

, .

, . , . .
().
, , ,

Es

Definizione: Una porzione di intonaco fresco

stesa sopra larriccio, destinata a essere dipinta
nella tecnica dellaffresco

Definicin: rea de intonaco aplicado para

ser pintado mientras el mortero est hmedo
en la tcnica al fresco.

Commento: Laffresco devessere eseguito

sullintonaco ancora fresco. Per questo si applica lintonaco a porzioni per garantire cos che
questo mantenga il grado di umidit necessario per lesecuzione della pittura (ca. 8 ore). Perci le dimensioni di una porzione dintonaco
dipendono dallarco di tempo impiegato dal
pittore per eseguire la parte corrispondente
della pittura. Il termine italiano giornata indica che la porzione dintonaco corrisponde allincirca al lavoro di un giorno. I margini di una
giornata di solito corrispondono al disegno
preparatorio (sinopia) e coincidono con i contorni di figure, volti, architetture ecc.

Comentario: Debido a que la tcnica al fresco

se pinta sobre intonaco hmedo, este debe
aplicarse en varias reas para asegurarse que
todava est hmedo cuando se pinta. As, el
tamao de cada rea depende del tiempo que
el artista necesita para pintar. El trmino giornata (usado en otros idiomas) procede del trmino italiano giorno, que significa da. Tambin se utiliza giornate (en plural). Los lmites
de una jornada a menudo se adaptan al dibujo marcado por la sinopia.
revestimiento, intonaco, fresco, sinopia

intonaco/intonachino, affresco, sinopia

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Plaster layers with final render above, historic building, Santa Maria Val Mstair (Switzerland); Photo: 2015, HAWK (Angela Weyer)

Final render

EN

Enduit de finition

FR

Definition: Last layer of coating for exterior

architectural surfaces with a protective as well
as a decorative function.

Dfinition: Dernier revtement pour les surfaces architecturales en extrieur, avec une
fonction de protection et de dcoration.

Comment: This type of mortar has a greater

amount of fine fill material than a regular render. It is usually applied in a multilayered render system to exterior architectural surfaces.
Synonyms: skim, finish coat
Not to be confused with: intonaco

Commentaires: Ce type de mortier possde

une charge plus fine quun mortier ordinaire.
Il est gnralement appliqu sur un systme
denduit multicouche, en extrieur.
Ne pas confondre avec: intonaco

filler, render

charge, enduit

Feinputz

DE

Definition: Die letzte Putzschicht auf einer Architekturoberflche im Auenraum mit einer
sowohl schtzenden als auch dekorativen
Funktion.
Kommentar: Diese Art Mrtel hat einen greren Anteil an feinem Fllstoff als ein normaler Auenputz. Er wird blicherweise in einem
Mehrschichtputzsystem auf Architekturoberflchen im Auenraum aufgebracht.
Synonyme: Oberputz, Glttputzschicht
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Intonaco
Fllstoff, Auenputz, Intonaco/Feinputz

Sources: Mortars 2011, 595; E DIN EN 16572: 2012,10

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Zavrna vanjska buka

HR

tynk kocowy zewntrzny

PL

son sva

tR

Definicija: Posljednji pokrivni sloj zatitne i

dekorativne funkcije na vanjskim arhitektonskim povrinama.

Definicja: Ostatnia warstwa tynku zewntrznego na powierzchni architektonicznej speniajca funkcje zabezpieczajce i dekoracyjne.

Tanm: Dekoratif zelliinin yannda koruyucu zellii de olan d mimari yzeylere uygulanan son kaplama katman.

Napomena: Ova vrsta morta ima vei udio finoga punila od uobiajene vanjske buke. Uobiajeno se stavlja u vieslojnome sustavu
buka na vanjskim arhitektonskim povrinama.

Komentarz: Ten rodzaj tynku zawiera wiksz

ilo drobnego wypeniacza ni zwyky tynk.
Zwykle stosowany w wykoczeniach wielowarstwowych zewntrznych powierzchni architektonicznych.
Synonim: warstwa wykoczeniowa
Nie naley myli z: intonaco

Yorum: Bu tip har yaygn svadan daha yksek miktarda kaliteli dolgu malzemesine sahiptir. Genellikle ok katmanl sva sistemiyle
d mimari yzeylere uygulanr.
E anlaml: har kayma, bitirme katman
Kartrmaynz: son kat sva

punilo, vanjska buka

wypeniacz, tynk

Finom vakolat

Hu

intonaco de finisare

Ro

Meghatrozs: A legkls bevonatrteg kltri ptszeti felleteken, melynek vd s

dekoratv szerepe van.

Definiie: Ultimul strat de tencuial destinat

suprafeelor arhitecturale exterioare, avnd
rol decorativ dar i de protecie.

Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta vakolat nagyobb

mennyisg finom tltanyagot tartalmaz,
mint egy hagyomnyos kltri vakolat. ltalban egy tbbrteg vakolatrendszerben alkalmazzk kltri ptszeti felleteken. (A
magyar szaknyelv nem klnbzteti meg a
kls s a bels vakolatot).
Szinonimk: simt vakolat, zrvakolat, glett
Tves megnevezs: intonaco

Adnotare: Acest tip de mortar conine o cantitate mai mare de material fin de umplutur,
fa de o tencuial exterioar obinuit. Se
aplic pe suprafeele arhitecturale exterioare,
de obicei printr-un sistem de acoperire multistratificat.
Sinonim: tencuial de finisare
A nu se confunda cu: intonaco

tltanyag, kltri vakolat

intonaco di rifinitura

it

Definizione: Ultimo strato di intonaco per rifinire una muratura di facciata o pi genericamente una superficie architettonica esterna
con un intonaco che assume una funzione sia
protettiva che decorativa.
Commento: Lintonaco di rifinitura caratterizzato da cariche (elementi inerti) pi elevate
di granulometria fine, rispetto ad un intonaco
per esterni consueto. Di solito fa parte di un
sistema di intonacatura a pi strati, da applicare su facciate e superfici architettoniche
esterne. Il termine deriva dallinglese ed in
uso nei paesi anglosassoni, non in Italia. Non
identico con il termine italiano intonachino
usato in particolare nella pittura a fresco.

material de umplutur, tencuial exterioar

Mortero de acabado

dolgu maddesi, sva

BG

:
, , .
: ,
- .

.
,

Es

Definicin: ltima capa de recubrimiento para superficies arquitectnicas exteriores con

funcin tanto protectora como decorativa.
Comentario: Este tipo de mortero tiene una
mayor cantidad de carga fina que un mortero
de revestimiento normal. Se aplica generalmente como un sistema multicapa de mortero de revestimiento en superficies arquitectnicas exteriores.
No confundir con: intonaco
carga fina, mortero de revestimiento

muratura, intonaco, inerte, filler, into-

naco per esterni

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Detail of wall painting, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia), ca. 1450; Photo: 2010, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Mezzo fresco

EN

Definition: Technique where the painting is

executed on a lime plaster surface which is in
a state of advanced carbonation.
Comment: Sometimes paintings are described as fresco secco or mezzo fresco if
they were started as a fresco and then completed on dry plaster (secco). This may have
happened if the execution took too long, or
deliberately when using special design techniques (underpainting, glaze) or non-lime resistant pigments. The difference between fresco and mezzo fresco is in the degree of plaster
carbonation. Some consider the term mezzo
fresco to be imprecise and that it should be
avoided.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco
carbonation, secco, underpaint, glaze,
pigment, fresco

carbonatation (raction de), dessin prparatoire,

mortier de chaux

Kalkmrtel, Karbonatisierung, Secco, Un-

termalung, Lasur, Pigment, Freskomalerei

Mischtechnik (Fresko-secco)

Mezzo fresco

DE

FR

Dfinition: Technique de peinture excute

sur un enduit de chaux dont la carbonatation
est avance.

Kommentar: Malereien, die als Fresko begonnen und dann auf dem getrockneten Putz
(Secco) vollendet werden, bezeichnet man

Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 13, 153; Botticelli, 1992, 29

manchmal als Mischtechnik, Fresko-SeccoTechnik oder Mezzo-Fresko. Dies kommt vor,

wenn die Ausfhrung zu lange dauert oder
spezielle Gestaltungstechniken (Untermalung, Lasur) oder nicht kalkechte Pigmente
eingesetzt werden. Der Unterschied zwischen
einem Fresko und einer Mischtechnik liegt im
Grad der Karbonatisierung des Putzes. Einige
meinen, dass der Begriff Mezzo-Fresko zu
ungenau ist und deshalb vermieden werden
sollte.

glacis, pigment, fresque, peinture a secco,

Definition: Bei dieser Technik wird die Malerei

auf die Oberflche eines Kalkputzes aufgetragen, der sich in einer fortgeschrittenen Phase
der Karbonatisierung befindet.

technique mixte / Mezzo-fresco

82

Commentaires: Parfois les peintures sont dcrites a fresco-secco ou a mezzo-fresco si

elles ont t commences dans lenduit frais
puis continues dans lenduit sec. Cela peut arriver quand le temps dexcution est trop long
ou dlibrment pour lemploi de techniques
spcifiques (dessin prparatoire, glacis) ou de
pigments non rsistants la chaux. La diffrence entre la fresque et la mezzo-fresco est
le degr de carbonatation. Le terme est souvent imprcis et devrait tre abandonn. Le
terme de technique mixte est plus adapt.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco

HR

Definicija: Tehnika u kojoj se slika izvodi na

povrini vapnene buke koja je u stanju uznapredovale karbonatacije.
Napomena: Ako su zapoete kao fresco, a zatim dovrene na suhoj buci (secco), katkad su
slike opisane kao fresco secco ili mezzo fresco.
To se moe dogoditi ako izvedba traje predugo te kad se promiljeno upotrebljavaju posebne tehnike (podslikavanje, lazura) ili pigmenti koji nisu otporni na vapno. Razlika izmeu

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

fresco i mezzo fresco tehnike je u stupnju karbonatacije buke. Neki smatraju da je naziv
mezzo fresco neprecizan te da bi ga trebalo izbjegavati.
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco
karbonatacija, secco, podslika, lazura,
pigment, fresco

Vegyestechnika

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az a technika, melyben a festmnyt egy elrehaladott karbontosodsi llapotban lev mszvakolat felletre hordjk
fel.
Megjegyzs: Ha a megfests fresktechnikban kezddtt, majd szraz vakolaton fejezdtt be (szekk), ltalban fresk szekkrl
vagy mezzo freskrl beszlnek. Ez akkor
trtnhetett meg, ha a kivitelezs tl sok idbe telt vagy, ha szndkosan dntttek gy,
amikor sajtos technikkat (alfests, lazr)
vagy nem mszll pigmenteket alkalmaztak.
A klnbsg a fresk s a vegyestechnika kztt a vakolat karbontosodsnak a mrtkben rejlik. Egyesek gy vlik, hogy a mezzo
fresk kifejezs pontatlan, emiatt kerlni kne.
vakolat, karbontosods, szekk, alfests, lazr, pigment, fresk

Mezzo fresco

it

Definizione: La pittura applicata su un intonaco di calce che si trova in uno stato avanzato
di carbonatazione.
Commento: Il grado di carbonatazione dellintonaco definisce la differenza tra un affresco e il mezzo fresco. Il termine in uso nelle
fonti e nella letteratura artistica comunque
ambiguo. Una pittura iniziata sullintonaco fresco ancora bagnato e compiuta sullintonaco
secco pu essere definita come mezzo fresco
o fresco-secco o pi appropriatamente come
tecnica mista. un fenomeno tipico per un
processo di esecuzione lungo, p. es. con luso
di tecniche specifiche di elaborazione e rifinitura della pittura, o di pigmenti non resistenti
alla calce. Per evitare lambiguit e limprecisione del termine mezzo fresco, si consiglia di
usare il termine tecnica mista.
intonaco, affresco, carbonatazione, pit-

tura a secco, campitura preparatoria, velatura, pigmento, malta di calce/intonaco a calce

P-fresk

PL

Definicja: Technika w ktrej malowido wykonane jest na tynku wapiennym, ktrego powierzchnia jest w stanie zaawansowanej karbonizacji.
Komentarz: Czasem malowida okrelane s
jako fresco secco lub mezzo fresco gdy malowido rozpoczto jako fresk, a dokoczono
na suchym tynku (secco). Moe si tak zdarzy,
gdy proces malowania przeduy si, lub gdy
celowo zastosowano tak technik (podmalowania, laserunku), albo przy stosowaniu pigmentw nieodpornych na dziaanie wapna.
Rnica midzy freskiem i p-freskiem polega na stopniu karbonizacji tynku. Niektrzy
sdz, e termin mezzo-fresco jest mao precyzyjny i naley go unika.
Nie naley myli z: suchy fresk
tynk, karbonizacja, secco, podmalowa-

nie, laserunek, pigment, fresk

Mezzo-fresco

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic n care pictura este executat pe o tencuial de var aflat ntr-o stare
avansat de carbonatare.
Adnotare: Uneori, picturile sunt descrise ca
fresco-secco sau mezzo-fresco n cazul n care
au fost ncepute n tehnica a fresco i apoi finalizate pe o tencuial uscat (a secco). Acest
lucru se poate ntmpla dac execuia a durat
prea mult timp, sau n mod deliberat atunci
cnd se utilizeaz tehnici speciale de realizare
a picturii (culoare de fond, glasiu) sau pigmeni nerezisteni la var. Diferena dintre a
fresco i mezzo-fresco este dat de gradul de
carbonatare a tencuielii. Unii consider c termenul de mezzo-fresco ar trebui evitat, fiind
imprecis.
A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco
var, carbonatare, a secco, culoare de

fond, glasiu, pigment, a fresco

Mezzo fresco

Es

Definicin: Tcnica en la que la pintura se realiza sobre una superficie de revoque de cal
que se encuentra en avanzado estado de carbonatacin.
Comentario: Algunas veces, las pinturas son
descritas como fresco secco o mezzo fresco si
han sido comenzadas como un fresco y despus completadas con el revoque seco (secco). Esto puede ocurrir en ejecuciones muy

largas o, deliberadamente, cuando se usan

tcnicas especiales de ejecucin de la pintura
(pintura de base, veladura) o pigmentos que
no resisten la cal. La diferencia entre fresco y
mezzo fresco est en el grado de carbonatacin del revoque en el momento de pintar. Algunos consideran este trmino como impreciso, por lo que consideran que se debera evitar su uso.
No confundir con: fresco secco
revoque de cal, carbonatacin, pintura al

seco, pintura de base, veladura, pigmento,

fresco

Yar fresko

tR

Tanm: leri derecede karbonlam durumda

olan kire svas yzeyine uygulanan boyama
teknii.
Yorum: Bu boyamalar fresko olarak balatlm, sonrasnda kuru svada (secco) tamamlanmsa bazen fresko-secco ya da mezzo-secco olarak da betimlenir. Uygulama uzun zaman alm olsayd ya da kastl bir ekilde zel
tasarm teknikleri (taban boyama, cilalama)
ya da kire olmayan dayankl pigmentler kullanlsayd bu durum gerekleebilirdi. Fresko
ve mezzo-fresko arasndaki fark sva karbonlamasnn derecesidir. Bazlar, mezzo-freskoyu belirsiz ve kanlmas gereken bir terim olarak kabul ederler.
Kartrmaynz: kuru fresko
karbonlama, secco, alt boyama, sr,
pigment, fresko

BG

: ,
,
.
:

().
, ( , )
.

. ,
.
, , -

, , ,

83

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Detail of thinning wall painting, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia) ca. 1450; Photo 2010, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

secco

EN

Definition: A wall painting technique where

pigments mixed with an organic binder and /or
lime are applied onto a dry plaster.
Comment: An organic binder is usually used
due to the adverse chemical reactions by certain pigments in contact with the lime from the
plaster (e.g. orpiment, azurite, vermillion, white
lead), or to obtain an opaque and soft sheen
instead of the bright tones of the fresco. If the
pigments are mixed with lime water or lime
milk and applied onto a dry plaster this technique is called lime secco painting. To ensure
better pigment adhesion, the plaster is moistened with clear or lime water before painting.
Not to be confused with: fresco secco, mezzo
fresco
wall painting, pigment, lime, fresco,
lime milk

Peinture a secco

mique de certains pigments au contact de la

chaux de lenduit (ex. orpiment, azurite, vermillon, blanc de plomb) ou pour obtenir un
lustre opaque et doux la place des tons lumineux de la fresque. Si les pigments sont mlangs de leau de chaux ou du lait de chaux
et appliqus sur un enduit sec, cette technique est nomme peinture la chaux a secco.
Avant de peindre, lenduit est mouill avec de
leau ou de leau de chaux pour une meilleure
adhsion des pigments.
Ne pas confondre avec: fresco-secco, mezzofresco
pigment, peinture murale, chaux,
fresque, lait de chaux

secco

Commentaires: Un liant organique est souvent utilis pour viter toute raction chi-

Wandmalerei, Pigment, Kalk/Branntkalk,

Freskomalerei, Kalkmilch

secco

HR

Definicija: Tehnika zidnoga slikarstva kojom

se pigmenti pomijeani s organskim vezivom
i/ili vapnom nanose na suhu buku.
DE

Definition: Bei dieser Wandmalereitechnik

werden Pigmente in einem organischen Bindemittel und/oder in Kalk gebunden und auf
einen trockenen Putz aufgetragen.

FR

Dfinition: Technique de peinture murale o

les pigments sont mlangs un liant organique ou de la chaux et appliqus sur enduit
sec.

Putz aufgetragen werden, bezeichnet man

dies als Kalksecco-Malerei. Fr eine bessere
Haftung der Farbe wird der Putz vor dem Auftrag mit Wasser oder Kalkwasser vorgensst.
Synonyme: Secco-Malerei, Trockenmalerei,
Sekko-Technik
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fresko-Secco-Technik, Mezzo-Fresko

Kommentar: Organische Bindemittel werden

meistens verwendet, um negative chemische
Reaktionen der Pigmente mit Kalk zu vermeiden (z.B. Auripigment, Azurit, Zinnober, Bleiwei) oder um einen opak matten Glanz zu
schaffen, anstatt der leuchtenden Farbtne
der Freskomalerei. Wenn in Kalkwasser oder
Kalkmilch gebundene Pigmente auf trockenen

Napomena: Organsko vezivo obino se upotrebljava zbog nepovoljnih kemijskih reakcija

pojedinih pigmenata u dodiru s vapnom iz
buke (npr. auripigment, azurit, cinober, olovno bijelo) ili da bi se dobio neproziran i blagi
sjaj umjesto jarkih tonova freske. Ako su pigmenti pomijeani s vapnenom vodom ili vapnenim mlijekom i naneseni na suhu buku ta
se tehnika naziva vapneno secco slikarstvo. Da
bi se osiguralo bolje prianjanje pigmenata,
buka se prije slikanja vlai istom ili vapnenom vodom.
Ne smije se mijeati s: fresco secco, mezzo fresco

Sources: Thompson 1956, 7173; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 85, 160; Botticelli 1992, 30; Lock Eastlake 1847, 148; Merrifield 2003, 60; Fuga 2006, 92; Cennini 2007,
7785 (LXXIILXXXVII); Clarke 2010, 224; Clarke 2011, 80, 143, 215

84

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zidno slikarstvo, pigment, vapno, fresco,

vapneno mlijeko

szekk

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az a falkptechnika, melyben

a szerves ktanyagokkal s/vagy msszel elkevert pigmenteket szraz vakolatra hordjk
fel.
Megjegyzs: A szerves ktanyagot ltalban azon pigmentek esetn hasznljk, melyek reaglnak a vakolatban lv msszel s
ezltal krosodnak (pl. auripigment, azurit, cinber, lomfehr), illetve olyankor, ha a fresk
lnk tnusai helyett tltszatlansgot s egy
lgy fnyt szeretnnek klcsnzni a festmnynek. A msz szekk feststechnikban a
pigmenteket mszvzzel vagy msztejjel keverik, majd egy szraz vakolatra hordjk fel. A
pigmentek jobb tapadsa rdekben a vakolatot fests eltt tiszta vzzel vagy mszvzzel
nedvestik.
Tves megnevezs: fresk szekk, mezzo fresk
falkp, pigment, msz, fresk, msztej

Pittura a secco

it

Definizione: In questa tecnica della pittura

murale, i pigmenti stemperati in un legante
organico o con acqua di calce o latte di calce,
vengono applicati su intonaco asciutto.
Commento: Di solito si usano leganti organici
per evitare reazioni chimiche con certi pigmenti non resistenti al processo di carbonatazione, cio alla calce contenuta nellintonaco
(p. es. oripigmento, azzurrite, vermiglione,
biacca), oppure per ottenere effetti opachi o
poco lucidi, al posto dei colori brillanti e chiari
dellaffresco. Quando i pigmenti vengono miscelati in acqua di calce o latte di calce e poi
applicati sullintonaco asciutto, si tratta di una
pittura a calce. Per favorire una migliore adesione dei colori sul supporto, si pu bagnare
lintonaco con acqua semplice o acqua di calce
prima di iniziare a dipingere.
malta di calce/intonaco a calce, calce, af-

fresco latte di calce, pittura murale, pigmento

secco

PL

Definicja: Technika malarstwa ciennego w

ktrej na suchy tynk nakadane s pigmenty
wymieszane ze spoiwem organicznym i / lub
wapnem.

Komentarz: Spoiwa organiczne uywane s

dla uniknicia niepodanych reakcji chemicznych w kontakcie niektrych pigmentw
z wapnem z tynku (np. aurypigment, azuryt,
cynober, biel oowiowa) lub dla uzyskania
kryjcego i mikkiego stonowania wietlistych tonw fresku. Jeli pigmenty s mieszane z wod wapienn lub mlekiem wapiennym i nakadane na suchy tynk, technika nazywana jest technik wapienn. Dla lepszej
przyczepnoci tynk przed malowaniem jest
zwilany czyst wod lub wod wapienn.
Nie naley myli z: suchy fresk, p-fresk
malowido cienne, pigment, wapno,
fresk, mleko wapienne

A secco

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic de pictur mural n care

pigmenii amestecai cu un liant organic
i/sau cu var sunt aplicai pe o tencuial uscat.
Adnotare: Este folosit de obicei un liant organic datorit reaciilor chimice adverse ale unor
pigmeni n contact cu varul din tencuial (de
ex. auripigment, azurit, vermillon, alb de
plumb), sau pentru a obine un luciu slab i
opac n locul tonurilor luminoase ale picturii
a fresco. n cazul n care pigmenii sunt amestecai cu ap de var sau lapte de var i aplicai
pe tencuiala uscat, aceast tehnic se numete pictur a secco cu var. Pentru a asigura
o mai bun adeziune a pigmentului, tencuiala
este umectat cu ap curat sau cu ap de var
nainte de pictare.
A nu se confunda cu: fresco-secco, mezzo-fresco
pictur mural, pigment, var, a fresco,
ap de var, lapte de var

Pintura al seco

Es

Definicin: Tcnica pictrica mural en la que

los pigmentos son mezclados con un ligante
orgnico y/o con cal y aplicados sobre un revoque seco.
Comentario: Se usa normalmente un ligante
orgnico para evitar reacciones qumicas adversas de ciertos pigmentos en contacto con
la cal (por ejemplo, azurita, bermelln, blanco
de plomo) o para obtener tonos opacos y suaves, en vez de los tonos luminosos del fresco.
Si los pigmentos se mezclan con agua de cal
o lechada de cal y son aplicados sobre revoque seco, se les llama pintura a la cal. Para asegurar una mejor adhesin del pigmento, el re-

voque se suele mojar con agua limpia o agua

de cal antes de pintar.
No confundir con: fresco secco, mezzo fresco
pintura mural, pigmento, revoque de cal,
cal, fresco, agua de cal, lechada de cal

Kuru fresko

tR

Tanm: Organik balayc ile kartrlan pigmentlerin ve/veya kirecin kuru svaya uyguland duvar boyama teknii.
Yorum: Bir organik balayc genellikle svadaki kirele temas eden baz pigmentlerin (r:
orpiment, azurit, zincifre, beyaz kurun) kimyasal etkisine kar ya da ya da freskin parlak
tonlar yerine opak ve yumuak prlt elde etmek iin kullanlr. Pigmentler kire suyuyla ya
da style kartrlp kuru sva zerine uygulandnda bu teknik kireli kuru fresko boyama olarak adlandrlr. Pigmentlerin daha iyi
tutmasn salamak iin boyamadan nce sva, temiz ya da kireli su ile nemlendirilmelidir.
Kartrmaynz: yar fresko
duvar resmi, pigment, kire, fresk, kire

st

BG

: , , / , .
:
(. , , , )

.
,
.
.
: ,

c, , , ,
.

85

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Fragmentary whitewash on damaged plaster layer, eyrekgiller House, Safranbolu (Turkey), 19th century; Photo: 2012, KBU (Aysun zkse)

Whitewash

EN

Definition: A white surface coating for architectural surfaces.

Comment: Usually a mixture of slaked lime
and water, but chalk, gypsum or white clay are
also possible main components, sometimes
enhanced with an extra binder like casein, tallow or glue and white pigments or white
fillers. The texture of this coating is not necessarily smooth; it is applied with a big brush
and is often used as an inexpensive paint or
as a ground coat for wall paintings. Depending on the regional climate it can be used as
interior and/or exterior paint. This term is often confused with limewash which is only
used for a material based on slaked lime. The
more generic term wash can also be applied
to slightly coloured paints.
Synonym: wash
Not to be confused with: limewash, slurry,
wash
ground

Badigeon

FR

Dfinition: Couche blanche revtant les surfaces architecturales.

Commentaires: Fait gnralement dun mlange de chaux teinte et deau, mais aussi

avec de la craie, du gypse ou de largile

blanche. Parfois amlior par un liant supplmentaire (ex. casine, suif, colle) et des pigments ou charges blanches. La texture de ce
revtement nest pas forcment lisse. Il est appliqu avec un gros pinceau et est souvent utilis comme une peinture bon march, en intrieur ou extrieur selon le climat rgional ou
comme couche de fond pour les peintures
murales. En anglais, terme souvent confondu
avec le badigeon de chaux, utilis pour un matriau base de chaux. En franais, on parle
plutt de badigeon, sans sparer le blanc du
color.
Ne pas confondre avec: base, lait de chaux,
blanc de chaux
prparation

tnche

Definition: Ein weier Anstrich fr Architekturoberflchen.

Kommentar: Meist eine Mischung aus
Sumpfkalk und Wasser, die man aber auch mit
Kreide, Gips oder weiem Ton herstellt.
Manchmal wird sie verbessert durch zustzliche Bindemittel, wie Kasein, Talg oder Leim,
und Weipigmente oder weie Fllstoffe. Tnche kann auch farbgebende Pigmente enthalten. Ihre Struktur ist nicht notwendigerweise
glatt. Sie wird mit einem Quast aufgetragen

Sources: Mortars 2011, 441, 612; Oxford Dictionary, 2010, 2025; Cameo: Whitewash (1.5.2014)

86

DE

und oft als kostengnstige Farbe oder Grundierung fr Wandmalerei benutzt. Je nach regionalem Klima kann sie als Auen- und/oder
als Innenfarbe verwendet werden. Der Begriff
wird oft mit Kalktnche verwechselt, der nur
Materialien auf Sumpfkalkbasis bezeichnet.
Synonyme: tnchen, weien, kalken
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kalktnche, Anstrich, Schlmme
Grundierung

Bijeli premaz

HR

Definicija: Bijeli povrinski premaz za arhitektonske povrine.

Napomena: Obino smjesa od gaenoga vapna i vode, no kao glavni sastojci mogui su i
kreda, gips ili bijela glina. Ponekad je pojaana
s dodatnim vezivom poput kazeina, loja ili tutkala te bijelih pigmenata ili bijelih punila. Tekstura nije nuno glatka; nanosi se velikom etkom i esto se upotrebljava kao jeftina boja ili
kao podloni premaz za zidne slike. Ovisno o
lokalnoj klimi, moe se rabiti kao unutarnja i/ili
vanjska boja. Taj se naziv esto mijea s vapnenim premazom koji se rabi jedino za materijale temeljene na gaenome vapnu. Openito se naziv premaz moe primijeniti i na blage boje.
podloga

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Meszels

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy fehr felleti bevonat

ptszeti felleteken.
Megjegyzs: ltalban oltott msz s vz keverke, viszont lehetsges f sszetev a krta,
a gipsz vagy a fehr agyag is. Nha egy plusz
ktanyaggal erstett, ilyen a kazein, a faggy
vagy az enyv, s fehr pigmentekkel vagy fehr
tltanyagokkal javtjk hatst. Ennek a bevonatnak a textrja nem felttlenl sima; egy
nagy ecsettel hordjk fel s gyakran alkalmazzk, mint egy olcs festket, vagy mint egy alapoz bevonatot falkpeknl. A regionlis ghajlattl fggen, hasznlhat, mint beltri
s/vagy kltri festk. Ezt a kifejezst gyakran
sszetvesztik a mszfestssel, amely csak egy
oltott msz alap anyagra hasznlt kifejezs. A
meszels ltalnos jelentse alkalmazhat
enyhn sznezett festkek esetben.
Tves megnevezs: mszvz, hg cementhabarcs
alapoz

imbiancatura

it

Definizione: Imbiancare significa tingere di

bianco una superficie; si forma cos uno strato di
rivestimento che di solito non permanente.
Commento: La struttura di questo strato di rivestimento non necessariamente liscia. Limbiancatura di solito applicata con una pennellessa. Tradizionalmente eseguita con calce spenta (grassello). Simbiancano cos a basso costo pareti interne. Per una pittura murale,
limbiancatura pu servire come strato di preparazione. Imbiancatura il termine moderno
per scialbo o scialbatura, eseguiti per rivestire
una superficie con bianco di calce ma anche
per coprire pitture murali che non corrispondono pi al gusto di un determinato periodo.
Unimbiancatura pu contenere cariche inerti,
p. es. sabbia fine.
Da non confondersi con: descialbo, descialbatura
preparazione, grassello di calce

Pobiaa

PL

Definicja: Biaa powoka warstw architektonicznych.

Komentarz: Zwykle mieszanina wapna gaszonego z wod, ale moe skada si te
gwnie z kredy, gipsu lub biaej glinki. Cza-

sem wzbogacona dodatkiem spoiwa jak kazeina, oju lub kleju i biaymi pigmentami lub
biaymi wypeniaczami. Faktura powoki nie
musi by gadka; jest nakadana duym pdzlem, czsto stosowana jako tania farba lub
grunt pod malowida cienne. Zalenie od klimatu bywa stosowana na zewntrz i we wntrzach. Termin ten czsto mylony jest z pobia
wapienn, ale okrelenie to jest waciwe jedynie dla rodka opartego na wapnie. Popularny termin pobielenie moe odnosi si
take do farb lekko zabarwionych.
Synonimy: pobiaka, pobielenie
grunt

Zugrveal

Ro

Definiie: Un strat alb de acoperire a suprafeelor arhitecturale.

Adnotare: De obicei, un amestec de var stins
i ap, ns pot fi folosite i creta, gipsul sau argila alb ca i componente principale. Uneori,
mbuntit cu un liant suplimentar precum
cazein, seu sau clei i pigmeni albi sau materiale de umplutur de culoare alb.
Structura acestui strat nu este neaprat neted; este aplicat cu o pensul mare i este adesea folosit drept culoare ieftin sau ca i
grund pentru picturile murale. n funcie de
climatul regional, poate fi aplicat att la interior ct i la exterior. Acest termen este adesea
confundat cu vruiala (zugrveala cu var), termen folosit doar pentru materialul pe baz de
var stins. Termenul generic zugrveal poate
fi folosit i pentru materialul uor colorat.
A nu se confunda cu: vruial
grund

Encalado

Es

Definicin: Recubrimiento, generalmente

blanco, de superficies arquitectnicas.
Comentario: Sus componentes principales
contienen normalmente una mezcla de cal
apagada y agua, pero tambin pueden contener yeso, calcita o arcilla blanca. A veces incluye otros aglutinantes, como la casena, la
cola o la grasa, y pigmentos blancos o carga
blanca.
La textura de este recubrimiento no es necesariamente lisa. Se aplica con brocha grande
o con rodillo y se utiliza a menudo como pintura barata o como capa preparatoria de pinturas murales. Dependiendo del clima, puede
usarse como pintura interior o exterior.

En Espaa el encalado se hace generalmente

con lechada de cal. La lechada de cal solo se
utiliza para materiales a base de cal.
capa preparatoria

Badana

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzeyler iin renklendirici pigmentler ierebilen genellikle beyaz yzey kaplamas.
Yorum: Genellikle snm kire ve su karmdr, ayn zamanda tebeir, alta veya beyaz kil muhtemel temel bileenlerdir. Bazen
kazein, donya, zamk, beyaz pigmentler veya
beyaz dolgular gibi ekstra balayclarla zenginletirilir. Genellikle bu kaplamann yaps
przsz olmak zorunda deildir; byk bir
fra ile uygulanr ve sklkla ucuz i boyama ya
da duvar resimleri iin zemin olarak kullanlr.
Bu terim genellikle kire badanas ile kartrlr. Boya tabakas ya da badana, daha ok yan
terimdir, kire badanas ise sadece kire ile uygulanr.
Kartrmaynz: kire badanas, sulu har
yzey

BG

:
.
: ,
, . ,
.
.
( , ..) .
. , . -

.
: ,

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Detail of textured tempera paint layer, Church of St. Lawrence, Poega (Croatia), first half of 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

tempera

EN

Definition: A painting with a water-miscible

medium, pigments and organic binders.
Comment: Tempera originally referred to a
paste which combines whole egg or egg yolk
and pigments mixed with water (egg tempera). After the water evaporates and the
binder dries, a hard and waterproof film is
formed. Besides egg, tempera binders used in
wall paintings include casein, animal glue and
some plant gums in emulsions with oils. These
organic binders were chosen depending on
the pigment and substrates onto which they
were to be applied.
Not to be confused with: distemper
pigment, binder, wall paintings, casein,
glue

Peinture a tempera

FR

tempera

DE

Dfinition: Peinture en solution aqueuse,

constitue de pigments et de liants organiques.

Definition: Eine Malerei mit einem wassermischbaren Medium, Pigmenten und organischen Bindemitteln.

Commentaires: Fait initialement rfrence

une pte qui combine loeuf entier ou le jaune
doeuf et des pigments mlangs de leau
(tempera luf). Aprs lvaporation de leau
et le schage du liant, un film dur et tanche
est form. Outre loeuf, les liants utiliss pour
une peinture murale a tempera sont la casine,
la colle animale et certaines gommes vgtales dans des mulsions avec des huiles. Ces
liants organiques taient choisis selon le pigment et les substrats sur lesquels ils taient
appliqus.
Ne pas confondre avec: dtrempe

Kommentar: Ursprnglich bezieht sich Tempera auf einen Leim aus einer Mischung aus
Ei oder Eigelb, Pigmenten und Wasser (Ei-Tempera). Nach Verdunsten des Wassers und
Trocknen des Bindemittels entsteht ein wasserfester, harter Film. Neben Ei werden in der
Wandmalerei weitere Tempera-Bindemittel
wie Kasein, tierische Leime und einige pflanzliche Gummen in lemulsionen verwendet.
Diese organischen Bindemittel werden je
nach Pigment und Maluntergrund, auf den sie
aufgetragen werden sollen, ausgewhlt.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Leimfarbe

pigment, liant, casine, colle animale

Pigment, Bindemittel, Wandmalerei, Kasein, Leim

Sources: Vasari 1907, 22; Thompson 1956, 63/4, 71, 73; Laurie 1967, 178181; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 74, 76, 89, 131, 138, 142, 160, 327; Constable 1979, 63, 68;
Botticelli 1992, 30; Lock Eastlake 1847, 100102; Merrifield 2003, 34; Fuga 2006, 112; Cennini 2007, 78 (LXXII); Doherty, Woollett 2009, 74; Clarke 2010, 243/4;
Clarke 2011, 72

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tempera

HR

pigmento, legante, caseina, colla, pit-

tura murale

Definicija: Slikanje s vezivom koje se moe

mijeati s vodom, pigmentima i organskim vezivima.
Napomena: Tempera se izvorno odnosi na
pastu koju ini cijelo jaje ili umanjak i pigmenti pomijeani s vodom (jajana tempera).
Nakon to voda ispari i vezivo se osui, formira
se tvrd vodootporan film. Osim jaja, veziva za
temperu koja se upotrebljavaju u zidnim slikama su kazein, tutkalo i neke biljne gume u
emulzijama s uljima. Ta organska veziva odabiru se ovisno o pigmentu i podlozi na koju se
trebaju nanijeti.

tempera

PL

Definicja: Malowido zawierajce spoiwo

mieszalne z wod, pigmenty i spoiwa organiczne.

Hu

Komentarz: Pocztkowo termin tempera odnoszono do mieszaniny caego jaja lub tka
z pigmentami zmieszanymi z wod (tempera
jajowa). Po odparowaniu wody spoiwo wysycha tworzc tward, wodoodporn powok.
Poza jajem, spoiwa temperowe uywane w
malarstwie ciennym to: kazeina, klej glutynowy i niektre gumy rolinne stosowane jako
emulsje z olejami. Te organiczne spoiwa wybierano w zalenoci od rodzaju pigmentu i
typu podoa na jakie byy nakadane.
Nie naley myli z: farba wodna

Meghatrozs: Vizes alap festkzeg, mely

pigmentekbl s szerves ktanyagokbl ll.

pigment, spoiwo, malowido cienne, kazeina, klej

pigment, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, kazein,

tutkalo

tempera

Megjegyzs: A tempera kifejezst eredetileg

egy pasztzus keverkre hasznltk, melyet
egsz tojsbl vagy tojssrgbl, pigmentekbl s vzbl ksztettek (tojstempera). Miutn a vz elprolgott s a ktanyag megszradt, egy kemny s vzll film kpzdtt. A
tojson kvl, a falkpekhez hasznlt tempera
keverkek ktanyaga lehet kazein, llati enyv
s nvnyi mzga, olajokkal kpzett emulziknt. A szerves ktanyagokat annak fggvnyben vlasztottk ki, hogy milyen pigmenteket hasznltak s milyen hordozra kerlt
fel a keverk.
Tves megnevezs: distemper
pigment, ktanyag, falkp, kazein, enyv

Pittura a tempera

it

Definizione: Tecnica pittorica nella quale i

pigmenti sono miscelati con leganti organici
acquosi.
Commento: In origine, con il termine si intende un impasto fatto con uovo intero o giallo
duovo stemperati in acqua insieme ai pigmenti (tempera alluovo). Quando lo strato
pittorico si essiccato, forma una pellicola
compatta resistente allacqua. Per la pittura a
tempera sul muro, si usano anche altri leganti,
p. es. caseina, colle animali o gomme vegetali
emulsionati con olii. La scelta del legante organico dipende dal pigmento e dal supporto
utilizzato per la pittura.

Pictur n tempera

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic de pictur ce folosete un

mediu miscibil n ap, pigmeni i liani organici.
Adnotare: Original, tempera se referea la o
past ce combina oul ntreg sau glbenuul
de ou i pigmeni amestecai cu ap (temper
cu ou). Dup evaporarea apei i uscarea liantului, se formeaz o pelicul dur i rezistent
la ap. n afara oului, lianii tempera utilizai n
picturile murale sunt cazeina, cleiul animal i
unele gume vegetale n emulsii cu uleiuri.
Aceti liani organici au fost alei n funcie de
pigment i de substraturile pe care urmau s
fie aplicate.
A nu se confunda cu: distempera
pigment, liant, pictur mural, cazein,
clei

temple

Es

Definicin: Pintura realizada con pigmentos

mezclados con un ligante orgnico miscible
en agua.
Comentario: Originalmente se refera a una
pasta de huevo entero o yema de huevo y pigmentos mezclada con agua (temple de huevo). Tras el evaporado del agua y el secado del
ligante, se forma una pelcula dura que, con el
tiempo, se hace resistente al agua. En pintura

mural se usan, adems de huevo, otros ligantes como la casena, la cola animal y algunas
resinas vegetales en emulsiones con aceites.
Estos ligantes orgnicos se eligen en funcin
de los pigmentos y de los substratos sobre los
que se aplican.
En espaol se usa indistintamente temple o
pintura al temple, independientemente del
aglutinante con el que est hecho (cola, huevo, casena, etc.)
Sinnimo: pintura al temple
pigmento, ligante, pintura mural, case-

na, cola

tutkall resim

tR

Tanm: Suda znebilen maddeler, pigmentler ve organik balayclarla oluan resim.

Yorum: Aslnda tutkall resim, tm yumurtay
ya da yumurta sarsn ve suda znebilen
pigmentleri birletiren macun iin sylenir
(yumurtal tutkall resim). Su buharlatktan ve
balayc kuruduktan sonra sert ve su geirmez tabaka oluur. Yumurtann yan sra; kazein, hayvansal tutkal, yala emlsiyona urayan baz am sakzlar, duvar resimlerinde kullanlan tutkall resim balayclarndandr. Bu
organik balayclar, uygulanlmas gereken alt
katmanlara ve pigmentlere bal olarak seilirler.
Kartrmaynz: tutkall boya
pigment, balayc, duvar resimleri, ka-

zein, tutkal

BG

: ,
.
:
( ).
.
, ,
()
.
, .
:
, , , -

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Pentimento in an area on the childs back, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014,
HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Pentimento

EN

Repentir

FR

Pentimento

DE

Definition: Correction of the painting done

by the artist himself.

Dfinition: Correction dune peinture faite

par lartiste lui-mme.

Definition: Vom Knstler selbst ausgefhrte

Korrektur an der Malerei.

Comment: Painting alterations (visible within

the painting) are sometimes the result of a
correction (change of particular motif, e.g. the
position of a hand), but they may also be the
result of a phase during the execution when
the artists finished and refined their work.
Artists did not always try to hide an afterthought (pentimento) and correction. The
modification of certain parts of a painting
were mostly done based on the authors own
judgement, but they could also be the result
of a customers request.

Commentaires: Les repentirs visibles dans les

peintures sont parfois le rsultat dune modification (changement particulier de motif, par
exemple la position dune main), mais peuvent aussi tre excuts alors que le travail est
bien avanc. Les artistes nessayaient pas toujours de cacher leur changement davis. La
modification de parties dune peinture tait le
plus souvent faite selon lapprciation propre
de lauteur, mais aussi pour rpondre la demande dun client.
Les repentirs laissent une trace fantme et
peuvent influencer le relief de la peinture ou
son rseau de craquelures.

Kommentar: Sichtbare nderungen an einer

Malerei sind manchmal Korrekturen (Vernderung eines Teils des Motives, z.B. die Haltung einer Hand), aber auch das Ergebnis von
Verfeinerungen whrend der Vollendungsphase des Werks. Knstler haben nicht immer
versucht, nachtrgliche Vernderungen und
Korrekturen zu verbergen: Die Vernderungen
einzelner Bildpartien sind meistens aufgrund
der eigenen Auffassung des Knstlers gemacht worden, knnen aber auch Folge eines
Kundenwunsches sein.
Synonyme: Korrekturen, Reuestriche

Sources: Laurie 1967, 109; Constable 1979, 97; Mora et al. 1984, 86, 121; Lock Eastlake 1847, 165, 238, 258/9; Botticelli 2008, 32; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 55;
Clarke 2010, 188

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Pentimento

HR

Pentimento

PL

Dzeltme

tR

Definicija: Ispravak na slici koji je napravio autor.

Definicja: Korekta na malowidle wykonana

przez samego malarza.

Tanm: Resimde ressamn kendisi tarafndan

yaplan dzeltmeler.

Napomena: Promjene na slici (vidljive unutar

slike) katkad su rezultat korekcije (promjena
odreenoga motiva, npr. poloaja ruke), ali takoer mogu biti i rezultat faze tijekom izvedbe
u kojoj umjetnici zavravaju i proiuju svoj
rad. Umjetnici nisu uvijek nastojali sakriti vlastito pokajanje (pentimento) i ispravak. Izmjene pojedinih dijelova slike mogao je obaviti
autor, uglavnom na osnovi vlastite procijene,
ali su takoer mogle uslijediti na zahtjev naruitelja.

Komentarz: Zmiany na malowidle (widoczne

w obrbie kompozycji) czasem s skutkiem
poprawki (zmiana poszczeglnego motywu,
np. ukadu rki), mog by wykonane podczas
pracy, ale take i w fazie gdy autor poprawia
swoje dzieo ju po jego ukoczeniu. Artysta
nie zawsze stara si ukry zmian zamiaru
(pentimento) i korekt. Modyfikacja niektrych partii malowida moga wypywa z intencji autora, ale moga te by wykonana na
yczenie zamawiajcego.

Yorum: Resimdeki grlebilen deiiklikler

bazen dzeltmenin (zel bir motif deiimi,
rnein: elin pozisyonu) bir sonucu ya da ressamn eserini bitirip rtu yapt zamanki aamann bir sonucu da olabilir. Ressam her zaman sonradan aklna gelen dnceyi (pentimento) ve dzeltmeyi saklamaya almazd.
Resmin baz blmlerinin dzeltilmesi ounlukla eser sahibinin kendi karar ya da ayn zamanda eser sahibinin istei dorultusunda da
gerekleebilirdi.
E anlam: rtu

Pentimento

Pentimento

Hu

Meghatrozs: Olyan kiigazts a festmnyen, melyet maga az eredeti festmvsz

hajtott vgre.
Megjegyzs: A festmnyen lthat korrekcik olykor a festsi szndk vltozsnak eredmnyei (bizonyos rszletek megvltoztatsa,
pldul egy kz helyzete), de trtnhettek a
kivitelezs ksbbi fzisa sorn is, amikor a
mvsz a mr elkszlt munkjt finomtotta.
A mvszek nem prbltk mindenkor kendzni festsi szndkuk vltozsait s az utlagos korrekcikat. A festmny egyes rszeinek mdostst a fest leginkbb sajt megfontolsbl kvette el, de trtnhetett a vsrl ignyeibl addan is.

Pentimento

it

Ro

BG

Definiie: Corectur a unei picturi realizat de

ctre artistul nsui.

: , .

Adnotare: Alterrile vizibile ntr-o pictur

sunt uneori rezultatul unei corecturi (schimbarea unui anumit motiv, de exemplu, poziia
unei mini), dar pot fi, de asemenea, rezultatul
unei etape n timpul execuiei, cnd artitii
iau finalizat i rafinat opera. Artitii nu au ncercat ntotdeauna s-i ascund rzgndirea (pentimento) i coreciile. Modificarea
unor pri ale unei picturi se realiza mai ales
din propria hotrre a autorului, ns aceast
decizie putea fi cerut i de ctre client.

:
( )
( ,
),
, .

() .

,
.

Arrepentimiento

Es

Definizione: Cambiamento apportato dallartista allopera nel corso dellesecuzione

Definicin: Correccin en una pintura realizada por el propio artista.

Commento: Alterazioni visibili nella pittura

possono essere il risultato di un tale cambiamento riguardante p. es. un particolare motivo come la posizione della mano di una figura.
Questo pu avvenire durante lesecuzione della pittura o in una successiva fase di rifinitura.
Talvolta gli artisti non hanno neppure cercato
di nascondere questi pentimenti, dovuti soprattutto a motivi artistici, ma in certi casi anche alle richieste del committente.

Comentario: Las alteraciones visibles en la

pintura pueden ser el resultado de una correccin (cambio de un motivo particular, por
ejemplo, la posicin de una mano), pero tambin se pueden haber realizado durante el
proceso de ejecucin, cuando el artista, finalizaba y refinaba su trabajo. Los artistas no
siempre trataban de ocultar el cambio y la correccin. La modificacin de ciertas partes de
una pintura pueden haber sido hechas por decisin propia del autor, en su mayora, pero
tambin por una peticin del cliente.

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Modelled gloriole, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 1993, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Relief

EN

Dcors en relief

FR

Definition: A sculptural technique which creates high, mid or low projections from a flat
surface or excavated forms below a surface.

Dfinition: Technique sculpturale qui cre

des saillies plus ou moins prononces, en
creux ou en relief.

Comment: On wall paintings, reliefs were executed as slight protrusions or pressed in the
fresh lime plaster by means of a mould. They
were used to form halos, crowns, harnesses,
pressed ornaments, etc. Halos, for example,
were made by means of a trowel, and the rays
created by an incision using a wooden stick
(as explained by Cennini) or by embossing the
mould. Soft and low reliefs were modelled
with a paste of gypsum and glue (pastiglia),
which was often coloured and gilded.

Commentaires: Sur des peintures murales, les

reliefs taient excuts en lgres saillies ou
presss dans lenduit de chaux frais au moyen
dun moule. Ils ont t utiliss pour former des
auroles, des couronnes, des harnais, des ornements presss, etc. Les auroles, par exemple, taient faites laide dune truelle et les
rayons par une incision laide dun bton de
bois (comme expliqu par Cennini) ou par le
gaufrage du moule. Les reliefs mous et faibles
ont t models avec une pte de gypse et de
colle (pastiglia), souvent colore et dore.

wall painting, gypsum, glue

gypse, colle animale, peinture murale

Relief

DE

Definition: Eine plastische Technik, mit der

hohe, mittlere oder niedrige Strukturen aus einer ebenen Flche heraus geformt werden
oder in die Oberflche versenkte Strukturen
eingetieft werden.
Kommentar: An Wandmalereien werden Reliefs als leichte Vorsprnge ausgefhrt oder
mit einem Model in den frischen Kalkputz gepresst. Sie werden bei der Herstellung von
Nimben, Kronen, Geschirren, gepressten Ornamenten u.a. eingesetzt. Strahlenkrnze
wurden laut Cennini z.B. mit Hilfe einer Kelle
gezogen und die Strahlen mit einem Holzstab
eingeschnitten oder durch Prgen der Form
hergestellt. Weiche und flache Reliefs werden
aus einer Paste aus Gips und Leim (Pastiglia)
modelliert, hufig gefasst und vergoldet.
Wandmalerei, Kalkmrtel, Gips, Leim

Sources: Vasari 1907, 170/1; Thompson 1956, 223; Mora et al. 1984, 144 ; Curl 2006, 631; Cennini 2007, 92, 103, 107109, 115/6; Danti 2008, 8; Doherty, Woollett
2009, 54; Clarke 2010, 156, 162, 185, 211; Clarke 2011, 25, 31; Mortars 2011, 105, 605

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Reljef

HR

Definicija: Kiparska tehnika koja stvara visoke, srednje ili niske projekcije iz ravne povrine
ili niske forme ispod povrine.
Napomena: Na zidnim slikama reljefi su izvedeni kao blago izboeni ili s pomou kalupa
utisnuti u svjeu vapnenu buku. Upotrebljavaju se za formiranje aureola, kruna, remenja,
utisnutih ornamenata itd. Primjerice, aureole
su pravljene zidarskom licom, a zrake urezivanjem s pomou drvenoga tapia (kao to
je to objasnio Cennini) ili utiskivanjem kalupa.
Blagi i niski reljefi modelirani su pastom od
gipsa i tutkala (pastiglia) i esto su obojeni i
pozlaeni.

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy szobrszati technika,

mellyel magas, kzepes vagy alacsony domborulatokat hoznak ltre egy sk felleten,
vagy egy sllyesztett (negatv) formt alaktanak ki egy fellet skja alatt.
Megjegyzs: A falkpeken lthat dombormves dekorcikat enyhn kiemeltk a fal
skjbl, vagy formk segtsgvel nyomtk
be a friss mszvakolatba. Glrik, koronk, hevederek, benyomott dszek, stb. kialaktsra
hasznltk. A dicsfnyeket, pldul, vakolkanl segtsgvel ksztettk, a sugarakat pedig
plca segtsgvel karcoltk be (Cennini lersai szerint) vagy formk segtsgvel nyomtk
be. A lgy s alacsony dombormves dekorcikat egy olyan masszbl mintztk, mely
gipszet s enyvet tartalmazott (pastiglia),
gyakran szneztk s aranyoztk.
Szinonima: relief
falkp, gipsz, enyv

Decorazione a rilievo

malta di calce/intonaco a calce, gesso, col-

la, pittura murale

Relief

PL

Definicja: Technika rzebiarska polegajca na

tworzeniu wyszych, rednich lub nieznacznych wyniesie na paskiej powierzchni, albo
w formie nieznacznych zagbie poniej powierzchni.

Comentario: Sobre las pinturas murales, los

relieves son ejecutados como pequeas protuberancias o presionando con un molde sobre el revoque de cal fresco. Se usan para dar
forma a los halos, coronas, arneses, ornamentos embutidos, etc. Los halos, por ejemplo, se
hacen con una paleta, y los rayos mediante
una incisin con un palillo de madera (tal y como explica Cennini) o repujando el molde. Los
bajorrelieves son modelados con una pasta de
yeso y cola (pastillaje), y a menudo coloreados
y dorados.
Sinnimo: pastillaje
pintura mural, revoque de cal, yeso, cola

Rlyef

zidno slikarstvo, gips, tutkalo

Domborm

linee si usano bastoncini di legno (citati da

Cennini) o stampi. Per gli elementi a rilievo si
usa anche un impasto di gesso e colla, detto
pastiglia, che poi viene dipinto e anche dorato.

it

Definizione: Una tecnica scultorea che tramite aggiunta o riduzione di materia crea elementi plastici a livelli pi elevati o pi bassi rispetto alla superficie data.
Commento: Nella pittura murale, un altorilievo ottenuto con lapplicazione di materiale,
di solito la stessa malta dellintonaco; un bassorilievo tramite limpressione di stampi o simili nellintonaco ancora fresco. Con la decorazione a rilievo, si eseguono aureole, corone
e altre rifiniture ornamentali. Per lincisione di

Komentarz: W malarstwie ciennym reliefy

wykonywano jako niewielkie wypukoci, albo
formy wycinite w wieym tynku wapiennym. Stosowano je by formowa aureole, korony, uprze, wyciskane ornamenty, itp. Nimby na przykad wykonywano przy uyciu kielni,
a promienie opracowywano poprzez wyciskanie drewnianym patykiem (jak pisze Cennini)
albo jako ozdobne odlewy. agodne i niskie reliefy modelowano w pacie z gipsu z klejem
(pastiglia), czsto byy te barwione i zocone.
malowido cienne, gips, klej

Decoraii n relief

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic sculptural prin care se

realizeaz elemente plastice reliefate (nalte,
medii sau joase) dintr-o suprafa plat, prin
adugarea sau eliminarea de material.
Adnotare: Pe picturile murale, reliefurile au
fost executate ca uoare protuberane sau imprimate n tencuiala de var proaspt cu ajutorul unei matrie. Acestea au fost utilizate
pentru a realiza aureole, coroane, fascicule, ornamente presate, etc. Aureolele de exemplu,
au fost realizate cu ajutorul mistriei, iar razele
au fost realizate prin incizii folosind un b de
lemn (aa cum este explicat de Cennini) sau
prin tanare cu o matri. Reliefurile au fost
modelate cu o past din gips i clei (pastiglia),
fiind adesea colorate i aurite.
pictur mural, gips, clei

Relieve

Es

Definicin: Tcnica escultrica que genera relieves altos, medios o bajos por encima o por
debajo de una superficie.

tR

Tanm: Dz bir yzeyden ya da yzeyin altnda alak bir oluumdan yksek, orta ve alak
kntlar yaratan yontu teknii.
Yorum: Duvar resimlerindeki kabartmalar, hafif kntlar ya da kalp araclyla taze kire svasnda sktrlm olarak oluturulur. Hale,
ta, kemer, bask ss vb. ekiller elde etmek
iin kullanlr. rnein, hale, mala kullanlarak
yaplr ve izler ahap bir sopa (Cennini) ile ya
da kalp kabartmas ile oluturulur. Yumuak
ve alak kabartmalar, al macunu ve sklkla
renklendirilip sslenen tutkal (pastiglia) ile ekillendirilir.
E anlam: kabartma
duvar resmi, al ta, tutkal

BG

: ,
,
.
:

.
, , , .
. ,
( )
.

(pastiglia)
.
c, ,

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Application of gilding, Church of The Holy Spirit, Ferianci (Croatia), 19th century; Photo: 2003, HRZ (Miro Usenik)

Decorative application

EN

Definition: Decoration and embellishing of

wall paintings with the use of various materials (glass, stone fragments, metal foils, etc.),
applied after completion.
Comment: Metals are usually applied to halos
and other details (e.g. armour, lances, harnesses, etc.). Gold is the main metal used (restricted to halos and some decorative details);
whereas silver, which gradually darkens, is only occasionally used. To decorate large surfaces, tin leaf is often used to imitate gold or
as a base for gold leaf. Gold is applied to walls
with oil binders (mordente); these are in effect
oil varnishes containing some pigment.
wall painting, binder

ornements rapports

FR

Dfinition: Dcoration et embellissement des

peintures murales avec lutilisation de matriaux varis (verre, fragments de pierre, feuilles
mtalliques...) appliqus aprs leur achvement.
Commentaires: Des mtaux sont gnralement employs pour les auroles et pour certains dtails (ex. armes, lances, hallebardes).
Lor est le principal mtal utilis, tandis que
largent, qui sassombrit graduellement est
utilis occasionnellement. La feuille dtain est
souvent utilise pour imiter lor ou comme
base de feuille dor, pour dcorer de larges surfaces. Lor est appliqu sur des murs avec des
liants lhuile (mixtion), laquelle est alors cuite
avec des sels mtalliques.
liant

Dekorative Applikationen

DE

Definition: Dekorieren und Verzieren von

Wandmalereien nach deren Fertigstellung mit
unterschiedlichen Materialien (Glas, Steinfragmenten, Blattmetall etc.).
Kommentar: Metalle werden hufig auf Nimben und anderen Details (z.B. Rstungen, Lanzen, Grtel etc.) appliziert. Das am hufigsten
verwendete Metall ist Gold (beschrnkt auf
Gloriolen und einige dekorative Details), whrend man Silber, das nach und nach verdunkelt, weniger nutzt. Fr die Verzierung groer
Flchen wird oft Blattzinn als Goldimitat oder
als Untergrund fr Blattgold appliziert. Mit
Bindemittel auf Wandmalereien aufgetragenes Gold (Mordent-Technik) ist in Wirklichkeit
ein flirniss mit etwas Pigment.
Synonym: Applikationen
Wandmalerei, Bindemittel

Sources: Thompson 1956, 210, 227/8; Constable 1979, 7476; Mora et al.1984, 115, 123/4, 127, 129, 144; Botticelli 1992, 32; Lock Eastlake 1847, 20; Cennini
2007, 89 (XCVXCVI), 91/2 (CCII), 127/8 (CLI); Botticelli 2008, 15; Clarke 2010, 108, 185; Clarke 2011, 145; Matuli 2012, 118

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Nanoenje ukrasa

HR

Definicija: Ukraavanje i uljepavanje zidnih

slika nakon njihova dovrenja s pomou razliitih materijala (stakla, kamenih ulomaka, metalne folije itd.).
Napomena: Metali se obino stavljaju na aureole i druge detalje (npr. oklope, koplja, pojasove itd.). Zlato je metal koji se najee upotrebljava (ogranien na aureole i neke dekorativne detalje); dok se srebro, koje postupno
tamni, rabi samo povremeno. Listovi kositra
upotrebljavaju se za dekoriranje veih povrina, oponaajui zlato ili kao baza za zlatne listie. Zlato se aplicira na zidove s uljnim vezivima (mordent), odnosno uljnim lakovima koji
sadravaju neki pigment.
zidno slikarstvo, vezivo

Dekoratv rttek/Applikcik

Hu

Meghatrozs: Falkpek dsztse, kestse

klnbz anyagok segtsgvel (veg, ktredkek, fmflik, stb.), melyeket a falkp elksztse utn alkalmaztak.
Megjegyzs: Fmeket ltalban glrik s
egyb rszletek (pl. pncl, lndzsa, hmok,
stb.) esetben alkalmaztak. Az arany volt a leginkbb hasznlt fm (kizrlag glrikra s
nhny dekoratv rszletre), mg az ezstt,
mely fokozatosan elsttl, csak alkalomszeren hasznltk. Nagy felletek dsztsnl
gyakran nflit alkalmaztak az arany utnzsa cljbl vagy az aranyozs alapjaknt. Az
aranyfstt olajos ktanyagokkal vittk fel a
falakra (mordent, mixtion), ezek valjban olaj
vdbevonatok voltak, nmi pigment tartalommal.
falkp, ktanyag

Decorazione applicata

it

Definizione: Si decorano e abelliscono pitture

murali con vari materiali (pezzi di vetro o frammenti di pietra, lamine metalliche ecc.); questi
si applicano quando la pittura gi ultimata.
Commento: Si applicano lamine metalliche di
vari spessori (fino a foglie sottilissime) p. es.
sulle aureole o altri elementi (corazze, lance
ecc.). Particolarmente in uso erano le lamine
doro o dorate (limitate alle aureole e a vari elementi decorativi), mentre le lamine in argento
che si scuriscono nel corso del tempo, erano
poco usate. Per dorare superfici di dimensioni

pi grandi, ad imitazione delloro si usava lo

stagno (talvolta anche come supporto della
foglia doro). La foglia di metallo si applica sul
muro con un mordente (adesivo costituito da
una miscela oleo resinosa con addizione di
pigmenti siccativi).
pittura murale, legante

ozdobne aplikacje

PL

Definicja: Dekorowanie i zdobienie malowide ciennych z wykorzystaniem rozmaitych

materiaw (szka, fragmentw kamiennych,
folii metalowych, itp.), nakadanych po ich
ukoczeniu.

Comentario: Los metales se aplican habitualmente en los halos y en otros detalles (por ej.
armaduras, lanzas, arneses, etc.). El oro es el
principal metal empleado (destinado nicamente a los halos y a algunos detalles decorativos), mientras la plata, que se oscurece gradualmente, se usa solo ocasionalmente. Para
decorar grandes superficies se utiliza en muchas ocasiones el latn para imitar el oro o
bien como una base para la lmina dorada. El
oro se aplica a los muros con aglutinantes oleosos (mordiente), barnices oleosos con algn
pigmento.
pintura mural, ligante

ssleme
Komentarz: Metale s zwykle nakadane na
nimby i inne detale (np. zbroje, lance, uprze
itp.). Gwnie uywa si zota (ograniczonego
do nimbw i niektrych detali dekoracyjnych);
srebro, ktre z czasem ciemnieje, uywane jest
rzadko. Do dekoracji wikszych powierzchni
uywa si patkw cynowych jako imitacji zota lub te jako podoa dla patkw zota. Zoto
nakada si na spoiwo olejne, (wytraw / mordant), ktre jest rodzajem olejnego werniksu
zawierajcego nieco pigmentu.
malowido cienne, spoiwo

Aplicaii decorative

Ro

Definiie: Decorarea i nfrumusearea picturilor murale prin utilizarea unor materiale diverse (sticl, fragmente de piatr, folii metalice, etc.), aplicate dup finalizarea acestora.
Adnotare: Metalele sunt de obicei aplicate pe
aureole i pe alte detalii (de exemplu, armuri,
lnci, hamuri, etc.). Aurul este principalul metal utilizat (limitat la aureole i unele detalii decorative); argintul se nnegrete treptat i este
folosit doar ocazional. Pentru a decora suprafee mari, sunt adesea folosite foie de staniu
pentru imitarea aurului sau ca baz pentru foia de aur. Aurul este aplicat pe perei cu liani
de ulei (mordani), acetia fiind de fapt verniuri de ulei cu coninut de pigment.
pictur mural, liant

Aplicaciones decorativas

Es

Definicin: Decoracin y embellecimiento de

pinturas murales, una vez terminadas, a travs
del uso de varios materiales (vidrio, fragmentos de piedra, lminas metlicas, etc.).

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin tamamlandktan sonra

eitli malzemeler (cam, ta paralar, metal
levha gibi) kullanlarak resmin sslenip dekore
edilmesidir.
Yorum: Metaller genellikle halelere ve dier
detaylara (zrh, mzrak, kay gibi) uygulanr.
Yava yava kararan gm nadiren kullanlrken altn, kullanlan ana metaldir (haleler ve
baz dekoratif detaylarla snrl). Geni yzeyleri dekore etmede altn taklit etmek ya da altn folyo iin bir zemin salamak iin kalay folyo sklkla kullanlr. Altn, baz pigmentleri ieren ya cilas olan ya balayclar (mordente)
ile duvarlara uygulanr.
duvar resmi, balayc

BG

:
(,
, .),
.
: ,
, .
(- ). ,
, .

.
(),
,
.
c,

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Materials for encaustic painting; Photo: 2010, Joe Mabel via Wikimedia Commons

Encaustic

EN

Definition: Painting technique using a heated

mixture of pigments, molten wax and resin.
Comment: Can be confused with polished or
glossy wall painting (lustro) which was simply
smeared with a mixture of wax and oil. Conservation treatments using wax on a wall
painting can easily be mistaken for encaustic
or the polishing technique.
Not to be confused with: true encaustic
pigment, wax, wall painting, dreying oil

Encaustique

FR

Enkaustik

DE

Dfinition: Technique picturale utilisant un

mlange chauff de pigments, de cire fondue
et de rsine.

Definition: Eine Maltechnik, in der ein erhitztes Gemisch aus Pigmenten, flssigem Wachs
und Harz verwendet wird.

Commentaires: Peut tre confondue avec

une peinture murale polie ou brillante (lustro)
qui tait simplement recouverte avec une mlange de cire et dhuile. Des traitements de
conservation utilisant la cire sur une peinture
murale peuvent facilement tre confondus
avec de lencaustique ou une technique de
polissage.
Ne pas confondre avec: vraie encaustique

Kommentar: Enkaustik kann mit polierter

oder glnzender Wandmalerei verwechselt
werden (Lustro), die mit einer Mischung aus
Wachs und l berzogen wurde. Mit Wachs
ausgefhrte konservatorische Manahmen
knnen irrtmlicherweise fr Enkaustik oder
Poliertechnik gehalten werden.

pigment, cire, huile siccative, peinture

Pigment, Wachs, Wandmalerei, trock-

nendes l

murale

Sources: Constable 1979, 3840; Mora et al. 1984, 13, 74, 7880, 85, 94, 96, 100, 158, 295; Knoepfli, Emmenegger 1990, 25; Botticelli 1992, 31; Vitruvius 1999,
151; Lock Eastlake 1847, 45, 144; Fuga 2006, 97; Curl 2006, 263; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 31; Clarke 2010, 90/1; Matuli 2012, 37/8; Plinius Secundus (XXI, chap.
49)

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Enkaustika

HR

Enkaustyka

PL

Definicija: Tehnika slikanja koja upotrebljava

zagrijanu mjeavinu pigmenata, topljenoga
voska i smole.

Definicja: Technika malarska w ktrej stosuje

si podgrzan mieszanin pigmentw, stopionego wosku i ywicy.

Napomena: Moe se pomijeati s poliranom

ili sjajnom zidnom slikom (lustro) koja je jednostavno premazana mjeavinom voska i ulja.
Restauratorski postupci koji upotrebljavaju
vosak na zidnoj slici lako se mogu zamijeniti
za enkaustiku ili tehniku poliranja.

Komentarz: Moe by mylona z polerowanym lub lnicym malowidem ciennym (lustro), ktre byo pokryte mieszanin wosku i
oleju. Zastosowanie do konserwacji wosku na
malowidle ciennym atwo pomyli z enkaustyk i technik polerowania.

pigment, vosak, zidno slikarstvo, ulje

pigment, wosk, malowido cienne, olej

Balmumu resim

tR

Tanm: Pigmentler, erimi mum ve reinelerin

stlm karmlarn kullanan resim teknii.
Yorum: Balmumu teknii, bazen lustro ad verilen mum ve ya karm ile kolayca srlen
cilalanm ve parlak yzeyli duvar resmi ile kartrlabilir. Duvar resminde konservasyon uygulamalarnda wax kullanlmasnn balmumu
tekniinden dolay m yoksa resmin parlatlmas amacyla m kullanld konusunda yanlgya dlmektedir.
Kartrmaynz: gerek balmumu
pigment, mum, duvar resmi, ya

Enkausztika / Viaszfests

Hu

Encaustic

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Festszeti technika, melyhez

pigmentek, olvasztott viasz s gyanta melegtett keverkt hasznljk.

Definiie: Tehnic de pictur n care se folosete un amestec nclzit de pigmeni, cear

topit i rin.

: , ,
.

Megjegyzs: sszetveszthet a polrozott

vagy fnyes falkpekkel (lustro), melyeket
egyszeren viasz s olaj keverkvel kentek
t. A falkpek restaurlshoz hasznlt viasz
knnyen vlhet, tvesen, enkausztiknak
vagy a fnyezsnek.

Adnotare: Poate fi confundat cu pictura mural lustruit sau lucioas (lustro) care a fost
pur i simplu tratat cu un amestec de cear
i ulei. Tratamentele de conservare ce utilizeaz ceara pe o pictur mural pot fi uor confundate cu encaustica sau cu o tehnic de lustruire.

: (),

.

.
:

pigment, viasz, falkp, olaj

pigment, cear, pictur mural, ulei

, , ,

Encausto

it

Encustica

Es

Definizione: Tecnica pittorica che si serve della cera come legante, sia a caldo sia a freddo,
mescolata con i pigmenti e anche con resine.

Definicin: Tcnica de pintura en la que se

usa una mezcla (generalmente en caliente) de
pigmentos, cera fundida y resina.

Commento: Lencausto pu essere confuso

con la tecnica di lustrare o lucidare pitture murali tramite lapplicazione di una miscela di cera e olii. Talvolta anche per la conservazione
delle pitture murali stata applicata la cera
sulla superficie; queste tecniche di conservazione si confondono facilmente con lencausto
o la lucidatura.

Comentario: Puede ser confundida con la

pintura mural pulida o brillante (lustro), que
era simplemente bruida con una mezcla de
cera y aceite. Los tratamientos de conservacin que emplean cera sobre una pintura mural pueden ser fcilmente confundidos con la
tcnica de la encustica o la del pulido.
No confundir con: cera pnica (cera saponificada soluble en agua que se aada como aditivo a otras tcnicas)

cera, pigmento, pittura murale, olio sic-

cativo

pigmento, cera, pintura mural, leo

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Detail of wall painting with glossy surface, Opatika 10 Palace, Zagreb (Croatia), ca. 1890; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

oil painting

EN

Peinture lhuile

FR

lmalerei

DE

Definition: A technique which uses pigments

mixed with drying oils (e.g. linseed or walnut
oil), sometimes with the addition of resin and
siccative.

Dfinition: Technique qui utilise des pigments mlangs des huiles siccatives (ex.
huile de lin ou de noix) quelquefois en ajoutant de la rsine et un siccatif.

Definition: Eine Maltechnik, fr die Pigmente,

vermischt mit trocknenden len (z.B. Leinl
oder Walnul), verwendet werden, die
manchmal mit Harz und Sikkativ versetzt sind.

Comment: Before painting, a plaster surface

is saturated. In the past, plaster was treated
with several coats of boiled oil and boiled
resin solution until they were no longer absorbed. After drying, the surface was covered
with a priming layer (e.g. a coat of lead white
and oil, or coat of lead white, lead-tin yellow
and refractory clay; or just a coat of earth pigments). Painting followed when the priming
layer had dried.

Commentaires: Avant de peindre, la surface

denduit est sature. Par le pass, lenduit tait
trait avec quelques couches de solution
dhuile ou de rsine bouillie jusqu ce quil ny
ait plus dabsorption. Aprs le schage, la surface tait traite avec une couche de prparation (ex. couche de blanc de plomb et dhuile
ou de blanc de plomb ou de jaune de plombtain et dargile rfractaire ou dun jus de
terres). La peinture suivait le schage de la
couche de prparation.

Kommentar: Vor der Bemalung wird die Putzoberflche gesttigt: In der Vergangenheit
wurde der Putz so lange mit mehreren Schichten erhitzten ls und erhitzter Harzlsungen
behandelt, bis nichts mehr aufgesogen wurde. Nach der Trocknung wurde die Oberflche
mit einem Haftgrund berzogen (z.B. einer
Schicht aus Bleiwei und l oder einer aus
Bleiwei, Bleizinngelb und Schamotteton
oder einfach einer aus Erdpigment). Die Bemalung erfolgte nach der Trocknung des Haftgrundes.

pigment, drying oil, plaster, varnish,

clay, binder

pigment, huile siccative, enduit, vernis,

argile, liant

Pigment, trocknendes l, Putz, Firnis,

Ton, Bindemittel

Sources: Thompson 1956, 6568; Laurie 1967, 2/1, 24, 49; Constable 1979, 79; Mora et al. 1984, 124/5, 132, 147/8, 160; Botticelli 1992, 30; Merrifield 1999, 734;
Lock Eastlake 1847, 4245, 58; Fuga 2006, 121, 127; Cennini 2007, 86 (XC), 88 (XCIII); Botticelli 2008, 30, 34/5, 39, 4143; Clarke 2010, 175

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HR

turali). Dopo lessiccamento dellimprimitura,

si eseguiva la pittura.

Definicija: Tehnika koja upotrebljava pigmente pomijeane sa suivim uljima (npr. laneno
ili orahovo ulje), katkad s dodatkom smole i sikativa.

intonaco, pigmento, olio siccativo, ver-

Napomena: Povrina je buke prije slikanja zasiena. U prolosti se buka obraivala s nekoliko slojeva otopine vreloga ulja i vrele smole
sve dok ih buka vie nije mogla upijati. Nakon
suenja povrina je prekrivana temeljnim slojem (sloj olovno bijele i ulja ili sloj olovno bijele,
olovnokositrenoute i vatrostalne gline ili samo premazom od zemljanih pigmenata). Slikanje slijedi nakon to se temeljni sloj osuio.

Malarstwo olejne

uljno slikarstvo

pigment, suivo ulje, buka, lak, glina,

vezivo

olajfests

Hu

Meghatrozs: Szrad olajokkal (pl. lenolaj

vagy diolaj) elkevert pigmenteket alkalmaz
feststechnika; a ktanyaghoz nha gyantt
s szikkatvot adagolnak.
Megjegyzs: Fests eltt a vakolat fellett
impregnlni kell. A mltban a vakolatot tbb
rtegben kezeltk forralt olaj s forralt gyanta
keverkvel, a vakolat teltdsig. Szrads
utn a felletet egy alapozrteggel vontk
be (pl. lomfehrbl s olajbl kszlt bevonattal, vagy egy lomfehr, lom-n srga s
tzll agyag keverkvel, vagy egy csupn
fldfestkekbl ll rteggel). A festst az alapoz rteg szradsa utn vgeztk.
pigment, szrad olaj, vakolat, vdbe-

vonat, agyag, ktanyag

Pittura a olio

it

Definizione: Tecnica pittorica che si avvale di

pigmenti uniti a olio siccativo (p. es. olio di lino
o olio di noce), talvolta con laggiunta di resina
e ulteriori componenti siccative.
Commento: Prima di iniziare a dipingere, la
superficie dellintonaco viene impregnata. In
passato, si davano varie mani di un composto
di olii cotti e resine cotte e si impregnava cos
la superficie. Dopo lessiccamento, la superficie veniva coperta con unimprimitura (p. es.
uno strato composto di biacca e olio, oppure
di biacca, giallo di piombo e stagno e argilla
refrattaria, oppure solo uno strato di terre na-

nice, argilla, legante

PL

Definicja: Technika w ktrej uywa si pigmentw wymieszanych z olejami schncymi

(np. lnianym lub orzechowym) czasami z dodatkiem ywicy i sykatywy.
Komentarz: Przed malowaniem powierzchnia tynku jest nasczana. W przeszoci tynk
nasycano kilkoma powokami gotowanego
oleju i gotowanego roztworu ywic do cakowitego przesycenia. Po wyschniciu powierzchni pokrywano warstw gruntu (np.
powok z bieli oowiowej i oleju lub z bieli
oowiowej, cieni oowiowo-cynowej i odbijajcej wiato glinki; albo powok zawierajc ziemne podbarwienia). Malowano gdy warstwa gruntu wyscha.
pigment, olej schncy, tynk, werniks,
glina, spoiwo

Pictur n ulei

Ro

Comentario: Antes de pintar, se satura la superficie del revoque. En el pasado, el revoque

era tratado con varias capas de aceite y resina
disuelta, hervidos, hasta que ya no absorba.
Tras el secado, la superficie era cubierta con
una capa de imprimacin (por ejemplo, de
blanco de plomo y aceite, o de blanco de plomo, amarillo de plomo de Npoles y arcilla
refractaria, o simplemente una capa de tierre
natural). La pintura se realizaba cuando la capa de imprimacin estaba seca.
pigmentos, aceite secante, revoque, barniz, arcilla, ligante

Yal boya

tR

Tanm: Kurutucu yalar (keten tohumu veya

ceviz ya) bazen de bunlara ek olarak reine
ve dier kurutucularla kartrlan pigmentlerin kullanld teknik.
Yorum: Duvar resminden nce, sva yzeyi
doygun hale getirilir. Gemite, sva bir ka kat
kaynam ya ve kaynam reine solsyonu
ile emiciliini kaybedinceye kadar ilenirdi.
Kuruduktan sonra, yzey beyaz kurun, ya
kaplamas, sar kurun-kalay, refrakter kili veya
sadece toprak rengi kaplama gibi astar katman ile kaplanrd. Astar katman kuruduktan
sonra boyama ilemi yaplrd.

Definiie: O tehnic ce utilizeaz pigmeni

amestecai cu uleiuri sicative (de exemplu ulei
de in sau ulei de nuc), uneori cu adaos de rin i sicativ.

pigment, kurutucu ya, sva, vernik,

Adnotare: nainte de a picta, se satureaz suprafaa stratului de tencuial. n trecut, tencuiala

era tratat cu mai multe straturi de ulei fiert i
soluie de rin fiart pn n momentul n care
aceasta nu mai era absorbant. Dup uscare, suprafaa era acoperit cu un strat de amors (de
exemplu un strat de alb de plumb i ulei; sau un
strat de alb de plumb, galben de staniu i plumb
i argil refractar; sau doar un strat cu pigmeni
de pmnt). Pictura propriu-zis se realiza dup
uscarea stratului de amors.

pigment, ulei sicativ, tencuial, vernis,

argil, liant

Pintura al leo

Es

Definicin: Tcnica en la que se usan pigmentos mezclados con aceites secantes (por ejemplo, aceite de linaza o aceite de nueces) y, en
ocasiones, con la adicin de resina y secativo.

kil, balayc

BG

: , ,
(. ), .
:
.
,
. (.
, - ). .
, , ,
, ,

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Coarsely textured detail of wall painting, Church of St. Chrysogonus, Zadar (Croatia), 12th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

impasto

EN

Emptements

FR

impasto

DE

Definition: A technique where a thick and

opaque paste, composed mostly of pigments
and binders and sometimes with the addition
of an inorganic filler, is applied to a painted
surface.

Dfinition: Technique o une pte paisse et

opaque, principalement compose de pigments, de liants et quelquefois additionne
dune charge inorganique est applique sur
une surface peinte.

Definition: Eine Maltechnik, bei der ein smiger, opaker Farbteig, hauptschlich aus Pigmenten und Bindemitteln und manchmal unter Zusatz eines anorganischen Fllstoffs, auf
eine bemalte Oberflche aufgetragen wird.

Comment: Impasto is used in several wall

painting techniques (e.g. lime fresco, oil painting, or acrylic painting). With visible brush
strokes and furrows, the impasto technique
gives paints body, weight and texture which
often contrast with the smoothness of other
parts of the painted surface.

Commentaires: Avec des coups de pinceau

et des sillons visibles, les emptements donnent aux peintures du corps, du poids et de la
texture qui contrastent souvent avec la finesse
dautres parties de la surface peinte.

Kommentar: Impasto wird in mehreren

Wandmalerei-Techniken eingesetzt (z.B. Kalkfresko, l- oder Acrylmalerei). Mit sichtbaren
Pinselstrichen und Rillen verleiht die ImpastoTechnik den Farben Krper, Gewicht und
Struktur, was oft einen Kontrast bildet zur
Gleichmigkeit von anderen Bereichen der
Malerei.

pigment, binder, wall painting

pigment, liant, peinture murale

Pigment, Bindemittel, Wandmalerei

Sources: Constable 1979, 36, 66, 81/2, 86/7; Mora et al.1984, 154, 395; Botticelli 1992, 20; Merrifield 2003, 56; Botticelli 2008, 38/9, 43/4; Doherty, Woollett
2009, 42; Clarke 2010, 127

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ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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impasto

HR

Definicija: Gusta i neprozirna pasta sastavljena uglavnom od pigmenata i veziva te katkad

s dodatkom anorganskoga punila, koja se nanosi na oslikanu povrinu.
Napomena: Impasto se upotrebljava u vie
tehnika zidnoga slikarstva (npr. vapneni fresco, uljno slikarstvo ili akrilno slikarstvo). S vidljivim potezima kista i brazdama, impasto daje bojama masu, teinu i teksturu, to je esto
u suprotnosti s glatkoom drugih dijelova oslikane povrine.
pigment, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo

impast

PL

Definicja: Technika w ktrej gsta i kryjca

pasta, zoona w wikszoci z pigmentw i
spoiw czasem z dodatkiem nieorganicznego
wypeniacza, jest nakadana na powierzchni
malarsk.
Komentarz: Termin impast / impasto uywany jest w kilku technikach malarstwa ciennego (np. fresku wapiennym, malarstwie olejnym czy malarstwie akrylowym). Poprzez widoczne pocignicia pdzla i zmarszczenia,
technika impastu daje farbom mas, wag i
konsystencj, ktra czsto kontrastuje z gadkoci innych partii malowanej powierzchni.

Boya pastas

tR

Tanm: ounlukla pigmentler ve tutkallardan bazen de inorganik dolgu eklenmesi ile

oluan kaln ve opak macunun boyal yzeye
uygulanmas teknii.
Yorum: Impasto kireli fresko, yal boya ve
akrilik boya gibi bir ka duvar resmi tekniinde
kullanlr. Grnr fra darbeleri ve izleri ile,
medyum pastas teknii, boyal yzeyin dier
ksmlarndaki przszle zt olarak, boyaya
hacim, arlk ve doku verir.
E anlam: medyum pastas
pigment, tutkal, duvar resmi

pigment, spoiwo, malowido cienne

impaszt / Pasztzus fests

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan technika, amely ltal egy sr, tltszatlan, pasztaszer festket
hordanak fel vastagon a festett felletre; a festmassza tbbnyire pigmentekbl s ktanyagokbl ll, nha szervetlen tltanyagot
is adnak hozz.

impasto

Ro

BG

Definiie: Tehnic prin care pe o suprafa pictat se aplic o past groas i opac, compus n mare parte din pigmeni i liani, i uneori
cu adugarea unui agent de umplutur anorganic.

: , ,
.

Megjegyzs: Az impasztt tbb falkptechnikban hasznljk (pl. mszfresk, olajfests

vagy akrilfests). Lthat ecsetvonsai s
pasztzus jellege ltal, az impasto technika
testessget, tmeget s textrt ad a festmnyeknek, amely gyakran ellenttben ll a festett fellet ms, sima rszeivel.

Adnotare: Impasto este folosit n mai multe

tehnici de pictur mural (de ex. n pictura a
fresco, n pictura n ulei, sau n pictura n acrilic). Fcnd uz de tue i linii adnci vizibile,
tehnica impasto ofer culorilor volum, greutate i textur, care de multe ori intr n contrast cu fineea altor zone ale suprafeei pictate.

:
(. ,
).

, ,
.
C:

pigment, ktanyag, falkp

pigment, liant, pictur mural

, ,

impasto

it

Definizione: Il termine indica la consistenza

del colore o del composto che consiste in una
miscela densa formata soprattutto da pigmenti e leganti, talvolta con laggiunta di inerti anorganici, la quale viene applicata sulla superficie da dipingere
Commento: Limpasto usato in varie tecniche della pittura murale (p. es. pittura a calce,
pittura a olio, pittura acrilica). Con pennellate
ben visibili dalla struttura plastica caratteristica, limpasto d un corpo materiale alla pittura, spesso in voluto contrasto con altre parti
della stessa pittura, dalla superficie liscia e levigata.
pigmento, legante, pittura murale

Empaste

Es

Definicin: Tcnica en la que una pasta espesa y opaca, compuesta fundamentalmente

por pigmentos y ligantes y, algunas veces, con
la adicin de una carga fina inorgnica, es aplicada en una superficie pintada.
Comentario: El empaste se emplea en numerosas tcnicas pictricas murales (por ejemplo, en el fresco a la cal, en la pintura al leo
o en la pintura acrlica). Con pinceladas visibles y surcos, la tcnica del empaste aporta
cuerpo pictrico, peso y textura que a menudo contrasta con la suavidad de otras partes
de la superficie pictrica.
pigmento, ligante, pintura mural

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Two-coloured sgraffito, Kurija Nova Ves 5, Zagreb (Croatia), 1880/81; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

sgrato

EN

Sgrate / Sgrato

FR

Definition: Multi-layer decoration technique

executed by scratching the upper plaster layer
to reveal parts of the underlying (e.g. dark
plaster) layer.

Dfinition: Technique de dcoration multicouche excute par grattage de la couche

denduit suprieure pour rvler les parties de
la couche sous- jacente (ex. enduit sombre).

Comment: A drawing was applied either directly, or, more commonly, by means of a perforated cartoon (spolvero), to the topmost
plaster layer. Once the contours had been
scratched with a thin metal instrument, the
plaster layer beyond the drawing was removed to reveal the dark plaster surface underneath.

Commentaires: Un dessin tait soit appliqu

directement, soit au moyen dun carton perfor (poncif) sur la couche denduit terminale.
Une fois que les contours avaient t gratts
avec un instrument mtallique fin, la couche
denduit extrieur du dessin tait limine
pour rvler la surface de lenduit sombre en
dessous.

intonaco, lime, lime milk

intonaco, chaux, lait de chaux

sgrato

DE

Definition: Eine dekorative, mehrschichtige

Dekorationstechnik, bei der durch Abkratzen
der oberen Putzschicht Teile der darunterliegenden (z.B. dunkleren) Putzschicht freigelegt
werden.
Kommentar: Eine Zeichnung wird entweder
direkt oder, was hufiger vorkommt, indirekt
mittels Lochpause (Spolvero) auf die oberste
Putzschicht bertragen. Nachdem die Konturen mit Hilfe eines dnnen Metallwerkzeugs
eingeritzt wurden, wird die Putzschicht auerhalb der Zeichnung entfernt, um die dunkle
Putzoberflche darunter freizulegen.
Synonyme: Ritz-, Kratz-, Schabkunst, Kratzputztechnik, Farbputz
Intonaco/Feinputz, Kalk/Branntkalk, Kalk-

milch

Sources: Vasari 1907, 243/4; Botticelli 1992, 31; Fuga 2006, 231; Curl 2006, 707; Danti 2008, 126, 128; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 69; Clarke 2010, 227; Mortars
2011, 99, 608; Spiro et al. 2013, 51

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sgrato

HR

sgrato

PL

Kazma

tR

Definicija: Vieslojna tehnika dekoracije izvedena grebanjem gornjega sloja buke da bi se

otkrili dijelovi temeljnoga sloja (npr. tamna
buka)

Definicja: Wielowarstwowa technika dekoracyjna polegajca na zdrapywaniu wierzchniej

warstwy tynku w celu ukazania warstwy spodniej (np. ciemnego tynku).

Tanm: stteki sva katmann kazyarak altta

bulunan (koyu sva) katmann ksmlarn ortaya karmak iin yaplan ok katmanl dekorasyon teknii.

Napomena: Crte je stavljen izravno ili ee

s pomou perforiranoga kartona (spolvero) na
najviemu sloju buke. Nakon to su obrisi izgrebeni tankim metalnim instrumentom, bukani sloj izvan crtea uklanja se da bi otkrio
donju povrinu tamne buke.

Komentarz: Rysunek jest wykonywany albo

bezporednio, albo czciej poprzez dziurkowany karton (przeprch), na najwyszej warstwie tynku. Gdy kontury s ju wydrapane
cienkim metalowym narzdziem, warstwa
tynku na zewntrz rysunku jest usuwana dla
ukazania ciemnej powierzchni spodniego tynku.

Yorum: Desen ya direk olarak ya da daha yaygn ekilde en stteki sva katmanna delikli
taslak (spolvero) vastasyla uygulanr. D kenarlar ince metal bir ara ile kaznarak, alttaki
koyu sva yzeyi ortaya karlr ve bylece izimin dndaki sva katman oyulur.

intonaco, vapno, vapneno mlijeko

son kat sva, kire, kire st

intonaco, wapno, mleko wapienne

sgrato

Hu

Meghatrozs: Tbbrteg festszeti dekorcis technika, melyet gy ksztenek, hogy

a fels vakolatrteget (mely legtbbszr egyszer meszels) lekaparjk, annak rdekben,
hogy az alatta lev rteg egyes rszeit felfedjk (pl. stt vakolat).
Megjegyzs: A legfels vakolatrtegre szabadkzzel vagy leggyakrabban egy perforlt
karton (spolvero) segtsgvel egy rajzot ksztettek. Miutn a kontrokat bekarcoltk,
egy vkony fmszerszmmal eltvoltottk a
rajzon kvl es vakolatrteget, hogy az alatta
lev stt rteget felfedjk, vagyis eltvoltottk a htteret kpez fellet fels rtegt.
intonaco, msz, msztej

sgrato

it

sgrato

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic decorativ multistratificat, realizat prin zgrierea stratului superior

de tencuial pentru a dezveli pri ale stratului
subiacent (de ex. stratul de tencuial mai nchis la culoare).
Adnotare: Pe suprafaa stratului superior de
tencuial se realizeaz un desen, fie n mod direct, fie prin intermediul unui carton perforat
(poncif, spolvero). Odat ce conturul este zgriat cu ajutorul unui instrument subire de metal, stratul de tencuial aflat n afara desenului
este ndeprtat pentru a dezveli tencuiala nchis la culoare aflat dedesupt.

BG

:
,
(. -) .
:
,
() - . , - .
, ,

intonaco, var, lapte de var

Esgrafiado

Es

Definizione: Una tecnica di decorazione a fresco, eseguita tramite rimozione di parti dello
strato dintonaco superiore (di solito di colore
chiaro), per mettere cos a vista parti dellintonaco sottostante (di solito di colore scuro).

Definicin: Tcnica de decoracin pictrica

multicapa que se ejecuta eliminando partes
del revoque superior para revelar otras de las
capas subyacentes (por ejemplo, un revoque
ms oscuro).

Commento: Nelllo strato di intonaco superiore si incide direttamente il disegno, oppure,

pi frequentemente, si trasferisce il disegno
su questintonaco tramite la tecnica dello
spolvero. Si incidono quindi con un sottile
strumento in ferro le linee di contorno, e si rimuovono poi le porzioni di intonaco adiacenti
al disegno per scoprire cos lintonaco scuro
sottostante.
Sinonimo: graffito

Comentario: El dibujo se realiza tanto directamente como, de forma ms habitual, a travs de un cartn perforado (estarcido) aplicado sobre el revoque superior. Una vez marcados los contornos con una herramienta fina
metlica, el estrato de revoque que queda
fuera del dibujo se elimina para dejar al descubierto la superficie del revoque oscuro subyacente.

intonaco, spolvero, calce, latte di calce

intonaco, cal, lechada de cal

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Painted vault by Adolf Quensen, Church of St. Lorenz, Schningen (Germany), 1904; Photo: 2001, HAWK (Clemens Kappen)

Distemper

EN

Dtrempe

FR

Definition: A water-based paint consisting of

pigments and an organic binder of vegetable
or animal origin (excluding egg).

Dfinition: Peinture leau constitue de pigments et dun liant organique dorigine vgtale ou animale (oeuf except).

Comment: Organic binder sensitivity and the

possibility of decay of distemper paints required its daily preparation (e.g. using size, casein, oil, or carboxyl methyl cellulose). Soft distemper (chalk, ground pigments and animal
glue) is not abrasion resistant. Hard distemper
(whiting bound with casein or linseed oil) is a
stronger and wear-resistant, but slightly less
permeable, coating. Both distempers are compatible with lime plaster and intended for interior work.

Commentaires: La sensibilit du liant organique et la dgradation possible des peintures

aqueuses ncessitent une prparation journalire (ex. glatine, casine, huile ou carboxymthyle cellulose). La dtrempe douce (craie,
pigments broys et colle animale) ne rsiste
pas labrasion. La dtrempe dure (craie lie
de la casine ou de lhuile de lin) est un revtement plus fort et rsistant lusure, mais
lgrement moins permable. Les deux dtrempes sont compatibles avec un enduit la
chaux et destines un travail intrieur.

pigment, binder, casein, chalk, glue,

lime plaster, secco

pigment, liant, casine, craie, enduit,

colle animale

Leimfarbe

DE

Definition: Eine Farbe auf Wasserbasis, aus

Pigmenten und einem organischen Bindemittel aus pflanzlichen oder tierischen Produkten
(auer Ei).
Kommentar: Die Empfindlichkeit von organischen Bindemitteln und die Verderblichkeit
von Leimfarben erfordert ihr tgliches Anreiben (z.B. mit Kleister, Kasein, l oder Carboxymethylcellulose). Weiche Leimfarbe (Kreide,
geriebene Pigmente und tierischer Leim) ist
nicht abriebfest. Feste Leimfarbe (Schlmmkreide in Kasein oder Leinl gebunden) ist eine robustere und verschleifeste, jedoch weniger durchlssige Beschichtung. Beide Leimfarben sind kompatibel mit Kalkputz und fr
den Innenraum vorgesehen.
Im Deutschen werden Leimfarben anstelle der
o. g. Klassifizierung anhand des Bindemittels
unterschieden.
Pigment, Bindemittel, Kasein, Kreide,
Leim, , Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz, Secco

Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 327; Merrifield 1999, 784; Constable 1979, 55, 70, 87; Curl 2006, 235; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 29; Clarke 2010, 79; Mortars 2011, 442,
448/9, 593

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Distemper

HR

Definicija: Vodena boja koja se sastoji od pigmenata i organskoga veziva biljnoga ili ivotinjskoga podrijetla (iskljuujui jaja).
Napomena: Osjetljivost organskoga veziva i
mogunost truljenja distemper boja zahtijeva
dnevnu pripremu (npr. koritenje ljepila, kazeina, ulja ili karboksilmetil-celuloze). Slaba
distemper boja (kreda, osnovni pigment i ivotinjsko ljepilo) nije otporna na troenje. Tvrdi distemper premaz (bjelilo vezano s kazeinom ili lanenim uljem) jai je i otporniji na
troenje, ali je i slabije propustan. Obje su distemper boje spojive s vapnenom bukom i
namijenjene za rad u unutranjosti.
pigment, vezivo, kazein, kreda, tutka-

lo, vapno, buka, secco

Enyves fests

Hu

Meghatrozs: Feststechnika (distemper),

melyhez egy vizes alap festket hasznlnak,
amely pigmentekbl s egy nvnyi vagy llati eredet szerves ktanyagbl ll (a tojst
kivve).
Megjegyzs: A szerves ktanyagok rzkenysge s lebomlsra val hajlama miatt az enyves
festkeket minden nap frissen kellett ellltani
(pldul enyv, kazein, olaj vagy karboxi-metilcellulz alkalmazsval). A lgy enyves fests
(krta, portott pigmentek s llati enyv) nem
kopsll. A kemny distemper, vagyis kazeines
fests vagy olajfests (krta, kazeinnel vagy lenolajjal ktve) egy ersebb s kopsllbb, viszont kevsb vztereszt festkrteget eredmnyez. Mindkt technika sszeegyeztethet
a mszvakolattal s beltri munkra val.
pigment, ktanyag, kazein, krta, enyv,
msz, vakolat, szekk, msz, vakolat

Pittura (o tinta) a colla animale o

vegetale

it

Definizione: Una pittura (o tinta) solubile allacqua, composta da pigmenti mescolati con
colle di origine vegetale o animale (escluso
luovo)
Commento: La sensibilit dei leganti organici
e il forte rischio di degrado delle pitture a colla
vegetale o animale, richiedono la loro preparazione giornaliera (p. es. mestica, colla, caseina, olio, composti di cellulosa).
Una pittura a colla delicata (gesso, terre naturali e colla animale) non resiste allabrasione.

Una pittura a colla forte (bianco di Spagna legato con caseina o olio di lino) forma una superficie pi resistente anche anche allabrasione ma meno impermeabile. Ambedue le pitture a colla sono compatibili con la malta di
calce e adatti per lavori allinterno.
abrasione, pigmento, legante, caseina,

colla, intonaco, pittura a secco, calcare

organogeno/biancone

Farba klejowa

PL

Definicja: Wodna farba zawierajca pigmenty

i spoiwo organiczne pochodzenia rolinnego
lub zwierzcego (z wykluczeniem jaja).
Komentarz: Ze wzgldu na wraliwo i podatno na rozkad spoiw organicznych zalecane
jest ich codzienne przygotowywanie (w przypadku uycia kleju glutynowego, kazeiny, oleju
lub karboksymetylocelulozy). Mikkie klejwki
(kreda, zmielone pigmenty z klejem zwierzcym) nie s odporne na cieranie. Twarda powoka klejowa (pobielenie zawierajce kazein
lub olej lniany) jest mocniejsza i mniej si zuywa, ale jest nieco mniej przepuszczalna. Oba rodzaje farb s kompatybilne z tynkiem wapiennym i s przeznaczone do prac we wntrzach.
pigment, spoiwo, kazeina, kreda, klej,
wapno, tynk, secco

Distempera

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic de pictur pe baza de ap

ce conine pigmeni i un liant organic de origine vegetal sau animal (nafar de ou).

Comentario: La sensibilidad del ligante orgnico y la posibilidad de la prdida de fuerza de

los temples requiere que se preparen cada da
(por ejemplo, cuando se usa casena, aceite o
carboximetilcelulosa). Los temples dbiles
(cal, pigmentos tierra y cola animal) no resisten la abrasin. Los temples duros (ligados
con casena o aceite de linaza) forman capas
fuertes y resistentes, pero ligeramente menos
permeables. Ambos son compatibles con los
revoques de cal y adecuados para usos interiores.
Sinnimo: temple
pigmento, ligante, casena, piedra caliza,
cola, mortero/revoque de cal, pintura al seco

Zamkl subazl boya

Tanm: (Yumurta dnda) organik hayvansal

ve bitkisel balayclar ile pigmentler ieren su
bazl bir boya.
Yorum: Tutkal, kazein, ya ya da karboksimetil
selloz gibi rme ihtimali yksek balayclarla yaplan su bazl boyalar gnlk olarak hazrlanmaldr. Kire ta, tlm pigment ve
hayvansal yaptrclar ieren yumuak su bazl
boyalar anmaya kar dayankl deildir. Kazein
ya da bezir ya, toz tebeir ieren su bazl sert
boyalar ise daha gl ve anmaya dayankldr,
fakat daha az geirgen bir kaplamadr. Her iki su
bazl boya da kire svasyla uyumludur ve i meknlardaki almalar iin tasarlanmtr.
pigment, balayc, kazein, tebeir,
zamk, kire sva, kuru fresko

Adnotare: Sensibilitatea liantului organic i

posibilitatea degradrii culorilor distempera
necesit prepararea lor zilnic (de ex. folosind
cazein, ulei sau carboximetil celuloz). Distempera moale (cret, pigmeni de pmnt i
clei animal) nu este rezistent la abraziune. Distempera tare (legat cu cazein sau ulei de in)
este mai rezistent la uzur, dar ceva mai puin
permeabil i cu putere de acoperire mai mic.
Ambele variante sunt compatibile cu tencuiala
de var i sunt destinate lucrrilor interioare.
pigment, liant, cazein, cret, clei,
var, tencuial, a secco

Pintura al temple

Es

Definicin: Pintura con base acuosa constituida por pigmentos y un ligante orgnico de
origen vegetal o animal (que no sea huevo).

tR

BG

: ,
(
).
:

(. , , ).
(, ) . ( ,
) - ,
- .
.
, , , , ,

105

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Detail of wall painting, Church of St. Jerome, trigova (Croatia) 1992; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Acrylic painting

EN

Peinture acrylique

FR

Definition: The use of water-based emulsions

or solvent based paints, derived from acrylic
polymers, which dry rapidly and are water insoluble after drying

Dfinition: Peinture en mulsion leau ou en

solvants drive de polymres acryliques qui
schent rapidement et sont insolubles leau
aprs schage.

Comment: Acrylic emulsions enable the formation of a rich impasto that can be used as
an alternative to oil painting on a wall. If they
are exposed to sub-zero temperatures, acrylic
paints become brittle, and then crack with an
increase in temperature. The presence of humidity can cause biological growth.

Commentaires: Les mulsions acryliques permettent dobtenir de riches emptements et

peuvent tre utilises comme alternative la
peinture lhuile sur un mur. Si elles sont exposes des tempratures ngatives, elles deviennent cassantes et fissurent alors avec
laugmentation de la temprature. La prsence dhumidit peut provoquer un dveloppement de micro organismes.

acrylic, impasto, oil painting, humidity,

biological growth, secco

rsine acrylique, emptements, peinture

lhuile, humidit, dveloppement biologique

Acrylmalerei

DE

Definition: Eine Maltechnik, in der Emulsionen auf Wasserbasis oder von lsungsmittelhaltigen Farben aus Acrylpolymeren verwendet werden, die schnell trocknen und nach der
Trocknung wasserunlslich sind.
Kommentar: Acrylemulsionen ermglichen
die Erzeugung eines dicken Impasto, das man
als Alternative zur lmalerei auf der Wand einsetzen kann. Wenn sie Temperaturen unter
dem Gefrierpunkt ausgesetzt sind, werden
Acrylmalereien sprde und bilden bei Erhhung der Temperatur Risse. Vorhandene
Feuchte kann biologischen Bewuchs verursachen.
Acrylat, Impasto, lmalerei, Feuchte,
biologischer Bewuchs, Secco

Sources: Grli 1992, 10; Horie 1997, 5, 103, 109; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 1; Clarke 2010, 3; Mortars 2011, 442, 45/6, 588, 594; Taking care: Care of acrylic paintings
(17.4.2014); Ormsby, Phenix 2009 (17.4.2014)

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Akrilno slikarstvo

HR

Definicija: Uporaba boja na bazi vodene

emulzije ili otapala, proizalih od akrilnih polimera, koje se brzo sue i netopljive su u vodi
nakon suenja.
Napomena: Akrilne emulzije omoguuju
stvaranje bogatoga impasta koji se moe upotrebljavati kao zamjena uljnomu slikarstvu na
zidu. Kada su izloene temperaturama ispod
nule, akrilne boje postaju krhke, a s poveanjem temperature pucaju. Prisutnost vlage
moe izazvati bioloki rast.
akrilik, impasto, uljno slikarstvo, vlanost, bioloki rast, secco

Malarstwo akrylowe

PL

Definicja: Uywa si wodnych emulsji lub

farb opartych na rozpuszczalnikach, otrzymywanych z polimerw akrylowych, ktre szybko schn i po wyschniciu s nierozpuszczalne
w wodzie.
Komentarz: Emulsje akrylowe umoliwiaj
formowanie obfitych impastw, mog stanowi alternatyw malarstwa olejnego na cianie. Gdy s eksponowane w temperaturach
ujemnych farby akrylowe staj si kruche, a
potem ze wzrostem temperatury pkaj.
Obecno wilgoci moe powodowa wzrost
biologiczny.
akryle, impast, malarstwo olejne, wil-

Akrilik boya

tR

Tanm: Hzl kuruyan ve kuruduktan sonra suda znmeyen akrilik polimerlerden treyen
su temelli emlsiyonlarla veya zc temelli
boyalarla yaplan resim.
Yorum: Akrilik emlsiyonlar, duvarda yalboyaya alternatif olarak kullanlan zengin boya
pastas oluumuna olanak verir. Sfrn altnda
scaklklara maruz kalrlarsa, akrilik boyalar
gevrek hale gelir ve scaklk arttnda da atlarlar. Nem oluumu biyolojik oluuma sebep
olabilir.
akrilik, medyum pasta, yal boya, nem,
biyolojik oluum, kuru fresko

gotno, wzrost biologiczny, secco

Akrilfests

Hu

Pictur n acrilic

Ro

Meghatrozs: Akril polimereket tartalmaz

vizes emulzik vagy oldszeres festkekkel
ksztett fests, amely gyorsan szrad s szrads utn vzben oldhatatlan.

Definiie: Tehnic de pictur ce folosete emulsii pe baz de ap sau culori pe baz de solveni,
derivate din polimeri acrilici, care se usc rapid
i sunt insolubile n ap dup uscare.

Megjegyzs: Az akril emulzik nagyon alkalmasak a pasztzus festsre, ezrt falfelleteken az olajfestk alternatvjaknt hasznlhatak. Fagypont alatti hmrskleten az akrilfests trkenny vlik, majd a hmrsklet
nvekedsvel megreped. Nedvessg hatsra biolgiai krosodsnak van kitve.

Adnotare: Emulsiile acrilice permit realizarea

unui impasto bogat care poate fi folosit ca o
alternativ pentru pictura n ulei n pictura
mural. n cazul n care sunt expuse la temperaturi de sub zero grade, vopselele acrilice devin fragile, friabile, apoi, odat cu creterea
temperaturii acestea se fisureaz. Prezena
umiditii poate provoca un atac biologic.

akril, impaszt, olajfests, nedvessg,

biolgiai krosods, szekk

rin acrilic, impasto, pictur n ulei,

umiditate, atac biologic, a secco

BG

: ,
, ,
.
:
,

.


. .
, , ,
, -

Pittura acrilica

it

Definizione: Questa tecnica pittorica utilizza

emulsioni solubili in acqua o colori da stemperare con solventi, ambidue derivati da polimeri acrilici. I colori sono caratterizzati da un
essiccamento molto rapido e, una volta essiccati, sono insolubili allacqua.

Pintura acrlica

Es

Definicin: Tcnica pictrica que emplea

emulsiones acuosas o soluciones en solvente
derivadas de polmeros acrlicos. Secan rpido
y son insolubles en agua al terminar este proceso.

Commento: Emulsioni acriliche permettono

un impasto molto corposo. La pittura acrilica
pu essere usata come alternativa alla pittura
a olio, anche sul muro. Esposta a temperature
sotto zero, la pittura acrilica diventa fragile, e
con laumento della temperatura tende a crettarsi. In presenza di umidit, c il rischio di patine biologiche.

Comentario: Las emulsiones acrlicas permiten la formacin de empastes, por lo que

pueden ser una alternativa al uso de la pintura al leo sobre el muro. Si son sometidas
a temperaturas inferiores a los cero grados,
se hacen frgiles y, al aumentar la temperatura, se pueden craquelar. La presencia de
humedad puede originar crecimiento biolgico.

acrilici, impasto, pittura a olio, umidita,

acrlico, empaste, pintura al leo, hume-

proliferazione biologica, pittura a secco,

impasto

dad, crecimiento biolgico, pintura al seco

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Fragments of wall paintings from several periods, Church of St. Lawrence, Poega (Croatia), 13-15th century; Chapel of St. Peter, Novo mjesto (Croatia), 14-16th century; Photos:
2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Palimpsest

EN

Palimpseste mural

Definition: Plaster and painting layers preserved under an existing wall painting.

Dfinition: Enduit et couches de peinture

prserves sous une peinture murale.

Comment: Wall paintings which were not repaired were often whitewashed with lime
(wash) and then repainted. Alternatively, they
were re-plastered after whitewashing and
then repainted.

Commentaires: Peintures murales qui

ntaient pas restaures et taient souvent badigeonnes de chaux et alors repeintes. Elles
taient alternativement renduites ensuite
puis repeintes.
Le terme de palimpseste est cependant rserv en franais aux parchemins effacs puis
remploys. En peinture murale, on ne le retrouve quexceptionnellement utilis pour
qualifier certaines peintures publicitaires, prsentes au 20me sicle sur les parois extrieures de maisons bien en vue. Pour le reste
on parle de peinture sous-jacente, dcors
dorigine ou dune poque dtermine, selon
le contexte. Les peintures reprises peuvent
tre lidentique, ou navoir aucun rapport
avec la ou les prcdentes.

plaster, wall painting

enduit, badigeon

Sources: Thompson 1956, 72, 7980; Stratigraphy of the Palimpsest (9.4.2014)

108

FR

Palimpsest

DE

Definition: Putz- und Malschichten, die unter

einer bestehenden Wandmalerei erhalten geblieben sind.
Kommentar: Nicht instand gesetzte Wandmalereien sind oft unter Kalk(-tnchen) verborgen und dann bermalt worden. Alternativ wurden sie nach dem bertnchen berputzt und danach bermalt.
Putz, Wandmalerei, Tnche

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Palimpsest

HR

Palimpsest

PL

Boya alt svas

tR

Definicija: bukani i slikani slojevi sauvani

ispod postojee zidne slike.

Definicja: Tynk i warstwy malarskie zachowane pod istniejcym malowidem ciennym.

Tanm: Var olan duvar resminin altnda korunmu sva ve boya katmanlar.

Napomena: Zidne slike koje nisu popravljane

esto su obijeljene vapnom (premaz) i zatim
ponovno naslikane. Katkad su ponovno obukane nakon bijeljenja i onda nanovo naslikane.

Komentarz: Malowida cienne ktre nie byy

naprawiane czsto pokrywano wapnem (pobia) i przemalowywano. Alternatywnie po
pobieleniu byy pokrywane nowym tynkiem i
przemalowywane.

buka, zidno slikarstvo, premaz

tynk, malowido cienne

Yorum: Onarlmayan duvar resimleri genellikle kire ile badanalanr ve daha sonra tekrar
boyanr. Alternatif olarak, badanalandktan
sonra tekrar svanr ve ardndan tekrar boyanr.
E anlaml: astar, sva boya

Palimpszeszt

Hu

Palimpsest mural

sva, duvar resmi

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Egy meglv falkp alatt

megmaradt vakolat- s festkrtegek.

Definiie: Straturi de pictur i de tencuial

conservate sub o pictur mural.

: ,
.

Megjegyzs: Azokat a falkpeket, amelyeket

nem javtottak ki, gyakran msszel gletteltk
(meszels) majd jrafestettk. Ms esetben jravakoltk ket glettels utn s ezt kveten
festettk jra.

Adnotare: Picturile murale care nu au fost reparate au fost adesea zugrvite cu var i apoi
repictate. Alternativ, acestea au fost retencuite
dup zugrvire i apoi repictate.

: ,
,
() . . : ; .

vakolat, falkp

Palinsesto

it

Definizione: Strati di intonaco e di pitture

murali antichi rimasti conservati sotto intonaci
e pitture murali pi recenti.
Commento: Pitture murali non pi alla moda,
in passato venivano frequentemente scialbate
con bianco di calce e poi ridipinte, oppure
scialbate, riintonacate e ridipinte. Il termine
palinsesto adoperato soprattutto per pergamene riutilizzate pi volte, dopo aver cancellato le vecchie scritture, ma pu riferirsi anche
ai dipinti.

tencuial, pictur mural, zugrveal

Palimpsesto

Es

, ,

Definicin: Revoque y capas pictricas preexistentes preservadas bajo una pintura mural.
Comentario: Las pinturas murales que no
eran reparadas se encalaban y se repintaban.
En otras ocasiones, tras el encalado, eran enlucidas nuevamente y repintadas.
revoque, pintura mural, encalado

intonaco, pittura murale, imbiancatura

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Decoration of faade, Church of St. Jerome, trigova (Croatia),

1993; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Mineral paints

EN

Definition: Paints consisting of a liquid inorganic binder (e.g. potassium silicate waterglass), mineral pigments (natural earth oxides) and sometimes inorganic fillers.
Comment: Nowadays they are intended for
external use, especially for new plasters, into
which they penetrate and form a solid insoluble layer. This makes them difficult to remove
without using a mechanical method. They are
durable and resistant to biological growth.
Synonym: silicate mineral paint
binder, pigment, filler, plaster, biolog-

ical growth, waterglass

Peinture minrale

FR

Dfinition: Peintures faites dun liant inorganique liquide (ex. silicate alcalin), de pigments
minraux (oxydes de terres naturelles) et quelquefois additionnes de charges inorganiques.
Commentaires: Elles sont actuellement utilises en extrieur, surtout sur les nouveaux enduits, dans lesquels elles pntrent pour former une couche solide insoluble. Elles sont
ainsi difficiles liminer sauf utiliser une mthode mcanique. Elles sont durables et rsistantes au dveloppement dorganismes biologiques.
Synonyme: peinture silicate
liant, pigment, charge, enduit, dve-

loppement biologique, silicates alcalins

Mineralfarben

DE

Definition: Farben aus flssigen, anorganischen Bindemitteln (z.B. Kaliwasserglas), mineralischen Pigmenten (natrlichen Erdoxiden) und teilweise anorganischen Fllstoffen.
Kommentar: Heute sind Mineralfarben fr
den Einsatz im Auenbereich vorgesehen, vor
allem fr neue Putze, in die sie eindringen und
eine feste, unlsliche Schicht bilden. Dies
macht es schwierig, sie ohne mechanische
Methoden zu entfernen. Sie sind strapazierund widerstandsfhig gegenber biologischem Bewuchs.
Synonyme: Silikatfarben, Wasserglasfarben
Bindemittel, Pigment, Fllstoff, Putz,
biologischer Bewuchs, Wasserglas

Sources: Jackson 1904, 87/8, 91/2, 95100; Grli 1992, 167; Clarke 2010, 263; Mortars 2011, 438, 449450, 474, 476/7, 601; Spiro et al. 2013, 282, 285; Oxford
Reference: Water-glass Painting (30.4.2014)

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Mineralne boje

HR

Farby mineralne

PL

Mineral boyalar

tR

Definicija: Boje koje se sastoje od tekuega

anorganskog veziva (npr. kalijevo vodeno staklo), mineralnih pigmenata (prirodni zemljani
oksidi) i katkad anorganskih punila.

Definicja: Farby zawierajce pynne nieorganiczne spoiwo (np. potasowe szko wodne),
pigmenty mineralne (naturalne ziemne tlenki)
i czasami nieorganiczne wypeniacze.

Tanm: norganik sv tutkal (potasyum su cam), madeni pigmentler (doal toprak oksitleri) ve bazen inorganik dolgulardan oluan
boyalar.

Napomena: Danas su namijenjene za vanjsku

uporabu, posebno za nove buke u koje prodiru i tvore netopljivi vrsti sloj. To ih ini tekima za uklanjanje bez primjene mehanikih
metoda. Izdrljive su i otporne na bioloki rast.
Sinonim: silikatne boje

Komentarz: Obecnie s przeznaczone do

uytku zewntrznego, zwaszcza do nowych
tynkw, w ktre penetruj tworzc tward,
nierozpuszczaln powok. To sprawia, e
trudno je usun bez zastosowania metod
mechanicznych. S trwae i odporne na wzrost
biologiczny.
Synonim: silikatowe farby mineralne

Yorum: Gnmzde, zellikle sert znmez

katman oluturmalar ve iine iyice iledikleri
iin yeni svalarda ve d uygulamalarda kullanlrlar. Mekanik yntem kullanmadan karlmalar zordur. Biyolojik oluuma kar salam
ve direnlidirler.
E anlam: silikat mineral boya

vezivo, pigment, punilo, buka, biolo-

ki rast, vodeno staklo

spoiwo, pigment, wypeniacz, tynk,

wzrost biologiczny

svnyi fests

Hu

Pictur mineral

Ro

tutkal, pigment, dolgu maddesi, sva,

biyolojik oluum

BG

Meghatrozs: Feststechnika, mely folykony szervetlen ktanyagbl (pldul klium-vzveg), svnyi pigmentekbl (termszetes fld oxidok) s szervetlen tltanyagokbl ll festkeket hasznl.

Definiie: Pictur realizat cu vopsele alctuite dintr-un liant lichid anorganic (de exemplu,
silicat de potasiu), pigmeni minerali (oxizi naturali din pmnt) i uneori cu umpluturi anorganice.

: , (.
), (
)
.

Megjegyzs: Manapsg kltri hasznlatra

sznjk ket, klnsen j vakolatokra, amelyekbe behatolva egy szilrd oldhatatlan rteget kpeznek. Emiatt nehezen tvolthatk el
mechanikai mdszerek alkalmazsa nlkl.
Tartsak s biolgiai krosodssal szemben ellenllak.
Szinonimk: szilikt fests, vzveg fests

Adnotare: n prezent aceste vopsele sunt destinate uzului extern, n special pentru tencuielile noi, n care acestea penetreaz i formeaz un strat solid, insolubil. Acest lucru le face
dificil de ndeprtat fr utilizarea unei metode mecanice. Sunt durabile i rezistente la atac
biologic.
Sinonim: pictur mineral cu silicai

:
,
, .
. .
:

ktanyag, pigment, tltanyag, vako-

liant, pigment, material de umplutur,

, , , -

Pittura minerale ai silicati

Pinturas minerales

lat, biolgiai krosods, vizveg

it

tencuial, atac biologic

Es

Definizione: Per questa tecnica pittorica si

usano leganti liquidi anorganici (p. es. silicati
alcalini di potassio, il cosiddetto vetro solubile), pigmenti minerali (ossidi e terre naturali),
talvolta anche con cariche inerti anorganiche.

Definicin: Pinturas compuestas por un ligante lquido inorgnico (por ejemplo, silicato
potsico o vidrio soluble), pigmentos minerales (tierras naturales) y que, en algunos casos,
contiene cargas finas inorgnicas.

Commento: La tecnica oggi in uso per tinteggiare o decorare esterni, lavorando preferibilmente su intonaci nuovi. In questi, i colori
minerali penetrano formando uno strato solido insolubile. Per queste caratteristiche, i colori minerali sono difficili da rimuovere senza
usare metodi meccanici. Sono molto resistenti
agli agenti atmosferici e alle patine biologiche.
Sinonimi: pittura minerale, pittura ai silicati

Comentario: Hoy en da se utilizan para exteriores, especialmente sobre revoques nuevos,

en los que penetran formando un estrato slido insoluble. Esto las hace difciles de eliminar sin la utilizacin de mtodos mecnicos.
Son duraderas y resistentes al crecimiento
biolgico.
Sinnimos: pintura al silicato, esterocroma

legante, intonaco, pigmento, filler, ve-

tro solubile, proliferazione biologica, vetro solubile

ligante, pigmento, carga, revoque, crecimiento biolgico, vidrio soluble

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Mosaics from the Euphrasian Basilica, Pore (Croatia), 6th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Kristina Kruli)

Mosaic

EN

Definition: Decoration made of small

coloured pieces of various materials (tesserae)
applied on interior or exterior surfaces and
embedded in several layers of mortar.
Comment: Mosaics applied to ceilings, vaults
or walls with glass tesserae (opus musivum)
are executed on three mortar layers that allow firmer adhesion of heavy tesserae. In
most cases, they are applied to a thin layer of
slaked lime, brick dust or marble dust before
the mortar sets. Floor mosaics (opus tesselatum) are also laid in bedding layers which
usually consist of three firm layers. After the
foundation is finished, stone (or other) tesserae are pressed into a thin layer of slaked lime
and pozzolana. The mosaic surface is often
waxed.
tesserae, binder, brick dust, marble dust,
pozzolan, wax

Mosaque

FR

Dfinition: Dcoration des surfaces intrieures ou extrieures par de petites pices de

matriaux de couleurs varies (tesselles) incrustes dans les couches de mortier.
Commentaires: Les tesselles de verre (opus
musivum) des mosaques murales (plafond,

vote, mur) sont poses, comme pour les mosaques de pavements (opus tesselatum), sur
trois couches de mortier permettant une
bonne adhrence des tesselles lourdes. Elles
sont gnralement scelles sur une fine
couche de chaux teinte, de poudre de brique
ou de marbre, qui assurent laccroche avant le
durcissement du mortier. Les fondations
faites, on presse les tesselles (pierre ou autre)
dans une fine couche de chaux et de pouzzolane. La mosaque est souvent cire.

lung des Fundaments werden Stein- oder andere Tesserae in eine dnne Schicht aus
Sumpfkalk und Puzzolan gesetzt. Die Oberflche des Mosaiks ist hufig gewachst.
Tessera, Bindemittel, Ziegelmehl, Mar-

mormehl, Puzzolan, Wachs

Mozaik

HR

tesselle, liant, poudre de brique, poudre

Definicija: Dekoracija napravljena od malih

obojenih komada razliitih materijala (tesera)
primijenjena na unutarnjim ili vanjskim povrinama i ugraena u nekoliko slojeva morta.

Mosaik

Napomena: Mozaici na stropovima, svodovima ili zidovima sa staklenim teserama (opus

musivum) izvode se na trima slojevima morta
koja omoguuju vre prianjanje tekih tesera. U veini sluajeva stavljaju se na tankome
sloju od gaenoga vapna, openoga praha ili
mramornoga praha prije negoli se mort vee.
I podni se mozaici (opus tesselatum) takoer
najee postavljaju u temeljnim slojevima,
obino sastavljenima od triju vrstih slojeva.
Nakon to je temelj zavren, kamene (ili druge) tesere utiskuju se u tanki sloj od gaenoga
vapna i pucolane. Povrina mozaika esto se
premazuje voskom.

de marbre, pouzzolane, cire

DE

Definition: Dekoration aus kleinen, farbigen

Teilen aus verschiedenen Materialien (Tesserae), die auf Innen- oder Auenflchen aufgebracht und in mehrere Mrtellagen gebettet
werden.
Kommentar: Decken-, Gewlbe- oder Wandmosaiken aus Glas-Tesserae (opus musivum)
werden auf drei Mrtellagen aufgebracht, die
eine bessere Haftung von schweren Tesserae
gewhren. Meistens werden sie bevor der
Mrtel aushrtet in eine dnne Lage aus
Sumpfkalk, Ziegel- oder Marmormehl gesetzt.
Bodenmosaike (opus tesselatum) werden in
Bettungsmrtel gelegt, der normalerweise
aus drei festen Lagen besteht. Nach Fertigstel-

tesera, vezivo, openi prah, mramorni

prah, pucolana, vosak

Sources: Vasari 1907, 9294, 136, 251256; Thompson 1956, 69, 181; Vasari 1986, 478, 480; Merrifield 2001, xxiixxiii, xxxviii, lii, liii, 530534; Farneti 2001, 89
91, 139140, 146/7; Fuga 2006, 183, 185, 187; Curl 2006, 506; Clarke 2010, 161

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Mozaik

Hu

Meghatrozs: Dekorci, melyet klnbz

anyagokbl ksztett kis sznes darabkk (mozaikkockk) tbbrteg habarcsba val gyazsval hoznak ltre, beltri vagy kltri felleteken.
Megjegyzs: Az veg mozaikkockkbl menynyezetekre, boltvekre vagy falakra ksztett mozaikokat (opus musivum) hrom rteg habarcsba gyazzk, amely a slyos mozaikkockk
szmra egy jobb tapadst tesz lehetv. Legtbb esetben egy oltott mszbl, tglaporbl
vagy mrvnyporbl ll vkony rtegre kerltek fel a habarcs megktse eltt. Alapveten a
padlmozaikokat (opus tesselatum) is begyaz
rtegekre raktk ki, amelyek ltalban hrom szilrd rtegbl lltak. Miutn az alap elkszlt, k
(vagy egyb) mozaikkockkat prseltek be egy
oltott mszbl s puccolnbl ll vkony rtegbe. Vgezetl a mozaikot gyakran viaszoltk.
mozaikkocka, ktanyag, tglapor, mr-

vnypor, puccoln, viasz

Mosaico

kostki mozaiki, spoiwo, py ceglany,

mczka marmurowa, pucolan, wosk

Mozaic

Ro

Definiie: Decoraie realizat din piese mici,

colorate, din diferite materiale (denumite tesere), aplicate pe suprafee interioare sau exterioare i fixate pe suport cu mai multe straturi de mortar.

it

Definizione: Tipologia decorativa eseguita con

tessere (tesserae), di solito di piccole dimensioni, colorate e di vario materiale. Queste tessere
sono applicate su superfici architettoniche
esterne o interne, e fissate sul supporto con vari
strati di malta, stucco o altri materiali.
Commento: Mosaici applicati a soffitti, volte
o muri ed eseguiti con tessere di vetro (opus
musivum), richiedono tre strati di malta che
permettono una migliore adesione delle tessere pi pesanti. Di solito vengono fissati su
uno strato sottile di grassello di calce, cocciopesto o polvere di marmo, prima di essere inseriti nel letto di malta. I mosaici pavimentali
(opus tesselatum) di solito sono fissati in letti
di malta composti da tre strati molto solidi.
Dopo aver eseguito il fondamento, le tessere
vengono poste in uno strato sottile di grassello di calce e pozzolana. Come rifinitura, i mosaici venivano spesso trattati con la cera.
tessera, supporto, polvere di mattone,

grassello di calce, legante, polvere di marmo,

pozzolana, cera

Mozaika

Komentarz: Mozaiki za szklanych tesserae naoone na sufity, sklepienia lub ciany (opus
musivum) wykonuje si na trzech warstwach
zaprawy, co pozwala mocno zwiza cikie
tesserae. Zwykle nakada si je na cienk warstw z wapna gaszonego, pyu ceglanego lub
mczki marmurowej, nim zaprawa zwie. Zasadniczo mozaiki posadzkowe (opus tesselatum) s te ukadane w podou zoonym
zwykle z trzech mocnych warstw. Po naoeniu podkadu, kamienne (czy inne) kostki s
wciskane w cienk warstw wapna gaszonego i pucolany. Powierzchni mozaiki czsto
woskuje si.

PL

Definicja: Dekoracja wykonana z maych kolorowych kawakw rnych materiaw (tesserae) osadzonych w kilkuwarstwowej zaprawie, stosowana na wewntrznych lub zewntrznych powierzchniach.

Adnotare: Mozaicurile cu tesere de sticl aplicate pe tavane, boli sau perei (opus musivum) sunt realizate pe trei straturi de mortar,
ce permit o aderen mai ferm a teserelor
grele. n cele mai multe cazuri acestea sunt
aplicate mai nainte ca mortarul s se ntreasc pe un strat subire de var stins, de praf de
crmid sau de marmur. n principiu, mozaicurile de pardoseal (opus tesselatum) sunt
de asemenea fixate n paturi de mortar formate din trei straturi foarte solide. Dup terminarea fundaiei, sunt presate tesere de piatr
(sau dintr-un alt material) ntr-un strat subire
de var stins i pozzolana. Suprafaa mozaicului
este adesea ceruit.
tesere, liant, praf de crmid, praf de

marmur, pozzolana, cear

Mosaico

Es

Definicin: Decoracin hecha de pequeas

piezas de color de diversos materiales (teselas), aplicadas en superficies interiores o exteriores e insertadas en varias capas de mortero.
Comentario: Los mosaicos aplicados a los techos, bvedas o paredes con teselas de vidrio
(opus musivum) se realizan sobre tres capas
de mortero que aseguran la firme adhesin de
las teselas pesadas. Los pavimentos de mosaico (opus tesselatum) tambin se colocan generalmente en lechos compuestos por tres estratos consistentes. Despus de terminar la

base, las teselas de piedra (o de otros materiales) se presionan en una capa fina de cal apagada y puzolana. La superficie del mosaico es
normalmente encerada.
tesela, ligante, polvo de ladrillo, polvo de

mrmol, puzolana, cera

Mozaik

tR

Tanm: veya d yzeylere uygulanan ve harcn birka katmannn iine gmlen farkl
malzemelerin (tesserae) kk renkli paralarndan yaplm dekorasyon.
Yorum: Tavanlara, at kemerlerine veya duvarlara cam kp paralar (opus musivum) ile uygulanan mozaiklerde bu paralar daha sk yapmas iin katmanl har zerine yerletirilir.
Bunlar ou durumda, har katmanndan nce
ince snm kire, tula tozu veya mermer tozundan oluan bir katmana uygulanr. Temel
olarak, yer mozaikleri (opus tesselatum) genellikle l sert katmanlardan oluan yataklama
katmanlarna yerletirilir. Temel tamamlandktan sonra, ta veya dier malzemeden oluan
mozaik paralar, snm kire ve pozzolanadan oluan ince katmana sktrlarak yerletirilir. lem sonunda mozaik genellikle cilalanr.
kp mozaik paras, tutkal, tula tozu,
mermer tozu, pozzolan, mum

BG

: ,
(),
.
:
(opus musivum) ,
, -
. ,
.
(opus tesselatum)
,
. , ( )

. .
, , -

, , ,

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Stucco relief, ex-factory Rikard Beni, Rijeka (Croatia), 1785/1791; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

stucco

EN

stuc

FR

Definition: The plastic moulding of all kinds

of mortars on architectural surfaces for decorative purposes.

Dfinition: Modelage plastique laide de

tout type de mortiers sur des surfaces architecturales des fins dcoratives.

Comment: Stucco can be made from various

mortars such as lime mortar, gypsum mortar
(plaster), anhydrite mortar, marble cement
(twice burnt aluminized gypsum), clay mortar,
cement mortar, or even materials like papiermch. Stucco can be made by various manufacturing techniques such as application stucco, stucco offset, drawn stucco, cast stucco and
stamp mounted stucco. Stucco can be shaped
in an additive or in a subtractive (carved) way.
Plasters used for the imitation of decorative
natural stone surfaces are named stucco lustro
(with lime mortar), stucco marble or scagliola
(both with glue and gypsum mortar).

Commentaires: Le stuc peut tre fait avec diffrents mortiers: de chaux, de pltre, danhydrite, de ciment- marbre (gypse alumineux
brl deux fois), de terre, de ciment et dautres
matriaux comme le papier mch. Le stuc
peut tre fait selon diffrentes techniques
comme le stuc-pierre, stuc cir, stuc patin,
stuc estampill. Le stuc peut tre model selon une voie additive ou soustractive (dcoupe). Les enduits utiliss pour limitation de
surface dcorative en pierre naturelle sont
nomms stucco lustro (au mortier de chaux),
stuc- marbre ou scagliola (les deux avec du
mortier en pltre).

relief, plaster, sgraffito, lime mortar,

plaster of Paris

114

Relief, Putz, Sgraffito, Kalkmrtel/Kalkputz, Modellgips

tuko
stuck

DE

Definition: Stuck ist die plastische Ausformung von Mrteln aller Art auf Architekturoberflchen.
Sources: E DIN EN 16572: 2012, 10; Khn 1996

Kommentar: Stuck kann aus verschiedenen

Mrteln gemacht werden, wie z.B. Kalk-, Gips-,
Anhydritmrtel, Marble Cement (doppelt gebrannter alaunisierter Gips), Lehm-, Zementmrtel oder sogar aus Materialien wie Pappmach. Stuck kann in verschiedenen Techniken wie Antragsstuck, Versatzstuck, gezogenem Stuck, gegossenem Stuck und Stempelstuck hergestellt werden. Man kann ihn additiv als auch in anschlieend subtraktiver (geschnittener) Bearbeitung formen. Fr flchige
Auftrge zur Imitation von Dekorationsgesteinen werden die Begriffe Stucco Lustro (aus
Kalkmrtel), Stuckmarmor oder Scagliola verwendet (beide aus Leim-Gips-Mrtel).

HR

Definicija: Plastino oblikovanje svih vrsta

mortova na arhitektonskim povrinama u dekorativne svrhe.

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Napomena: tuko moe biti napravljen od razliitih mortova poput vapnenoga morta, gipsanoga morta (unutarnja buka), anhidritnoga
morta, mramornoga cementa (dvaput peen
aluminizirani gips), glinenoga morta, cementnoga morta ili od papir mcha. tuko moe biti izveden razliitim proizvodnim tehnikama
poput modeliranoga tuka (in situ), vuenoga
tuka, lijevanoga tuka i utisnutoga tuka. tuko moe biti oblikovan dodavanjem ili oduzimanjem (rezbarenjem). buke upotrijebljene
za oponaanje povrina dekorativnoga prirodnog kamena nazivaju se stucco lustro (s vapnenom bukom), tuko mramor ili scagliola (oba
sa bukom od gipsa i tutkala).

stukk

Hu

Meghatrozs: ptszeti felleteken dekoratv cllal kialaktott plasztikus formk, brmely habarcsfajta felhasznlsval.
Megjegyzs: A stukkt klnbz habarcsokbl lehet ellltani, mint pldul mszhabarcs, gipszhabarcs (vakolat), anhidrit habarcs, mrvnycement (ktszer getett timss
gipsz), agyaghabarcs, cementvakolat, vagy
akr olyan anyagokbl, mint a paprmas. A
stukkt klnfle gyrtsi technikkkal lehet
elkszteni, ilyen az appliklt stukk, az ofszet
stukk, a hzott stukk, az nttt stukk s a
stukk nyomat.
A stukkt pozitv s negatv mintzssal lehet
kialaktani. Azokat a vakolatokat, amelyeket
dekoratv termszetes k felletek utnzsra
hasznlnak, mszhabarcs esetn stucco lustronak, enyves gipszhabarcs esetn pedig mmrvnynak vagy gipszmrvnynak (scagliola) neveznek.

Decorazione a stucco

it

Definizione: Modellazione plastica eseguita

su una superficie architettonica, con vari tipi
di malta.
Commento: Il materiale usato per la decorazione a stucco pu essere composto da varie
miscele di malta, fra questi malta di calce, gesso con differenti gradi di idratazione (bassanite, anidrite) e additivi come lallume (per il cosiddetto Marble Cement); argilla, cemento,
persino carta pesta.
Per la decorazione a stucco sono in uso varie
tecniche di esecuzione: modellazione diretta
sul supporto o con lausilio di stampini o sagome; applicazione di elementi decorativi
prefabbricati ecc. La modellazione della decorazione a stucco pu avvenire con il sistema
additivo o sottrattivo (a intaglio). Per il rivesti-

mento di superfici ad imitazione di lastre lapidee, si usano i termini stucco lustro (con malta
di calce), finto marmo o scagliola (con malte
di gesso e colla).
gesso, argilla, cemento, stampino,
scagliola

stiuk

PL

Definicja: Plastyczne dekoracje wykonane na

powierzchniach architektonicznych z wszelkiego rodzaju zapraw.
Komentarz: Stiuki mog by wykonane z
rnego rodzaju zapraw, jak: zaprawa wapienna, gipsowa, zaprawa anhydrytowa, cement marmurowy (dwukrotnie wypalany
aluminiowany gips), zaprawy z gliny, cementowe, a nawet z papier mch. Stiuki mona
wykona wykorzystujc rozmaite techniki
jak: stiuki nakadane, stiuki cignione, stiuki
odlewane, wyciskane stemplem, mocowane.
Stiuki mog by modelowane poprzez nakadanie lub wybieranie masy. Zaprawy uywane do wyrobu dekoracyjnych imitacji naturalnych kamieni s nazywane stucco lustro (z
uyciem zaprawy wapiennej) stiuk marmurowy lub scgliola (obydwa z gipsu z dodatkiem kleju).

stucatur

Ro

Definiie: Modelarea (turnarea) plastic a oricror tipurilor de mortare pe suprafee arhitecturale n scopuri decorative.
Adnotare: Stucatura poate fi realizat din diverse mortare, precum mortar de var, mortar
de gips, ciment de marmur (gips aluminizat
ars de dou ori), mortar de argil, mortar de
ciment, sau chiar materiale precum papier
mch. Stucatura poate fi realizat n diferite
tehnici, cum ar fi stucatura aplicat, stucatura
compensat, stucatura desenat, stucatura
turnat i stucatura imprimat. Stucatura poate fi sculptat prin modelare sau prin cioplire
(gravare). Tencuielile folosite pentru imitarea
suprafeelor decorative din piatr natural
sunt denumite stucco lustro (cu mortar de
var), stuc de marmur sau scagliola (ambele
cu mortar de gips cu clei).

Estuco

Es

Definicin: Modelado plstico de todo tipo

de morteros sobre superficies arquitectnicas
con intencin decorativa.

Comentario: El estuco se puede hacer con diferentes tipos de morteros, como de cal, de
yeso, de anhidrita, de cemento-mrmol (ambos calentados con yeso aluminizado), de arcilla, de cemento o con otros materiales como
el papel mach. Puede realizarse con varias
tcnicas: de estuco directo, estuco offset, estuco dibujado, estuco por molde y estuco impreso. Puede lograrse de forma aditiva o sustractiva. Los morteros empleados para la imitacin de piedras naturales se denominan
stucco lustro (con mortero de cal), estuco de
mrmol o marmorizado (ambos con mortero
de yeso y cola).

stkko

tR

Tanm: Dekoratif amalar iin mimari yzeylerdeki her trl harcn plastik kalba dklmesi.
Yorum: Stkko, kire harc, al harc (sva), susuz har, mermer imento (iki kez piirilmi
alminyumlu al ta), kil harc, imento harc
hatta kat hamuru gibi eitli harlardan oluabilir. Stkko, uygulamal stkko, dz stkko,
izilmi stkko, dkm stkko, pul yaptrmal
stkko gibi eitli retim tekniklerinden oluabilir. Stkko, yaptrmaya da kartmal (oymal) yntemle ekillendirilebilir. Dekoratif ta
yzeylerin taklidi iin kullanlan svalar, Stkkolustro (kire harl), stkko mermer ya da aldan yaplm taklit mermer (her ikisi de tutkall al ta harl) olarak adlandrlr.
E anlam: mermer taklidi kabartma
rlyef, sva, sgraffito, kire harc, kalp
als

BG

: .
: , , ( ), ,
-.

-, , , . () ().
,
,
( ),
(
- ).

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Scagliola decoration, Cathedral, Zagreb (Croatia), 1703; Photo: 2015, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

scagliola

EN

Scagliola

FR

scagliola

DE

Definition: A technique used to imitate decorative stones (e.g. marble, breccia, and porphyry).

Dfinition: Technique utilise pour imiter des

pierres dcoratives (ex.: marbre, brche, porphyre).

Definition: Eine Technik, um dekorative Steine zu imitieren (z.B. Marmor, Brekzie und Porphyr).

Comment: Named after a kind of natural gypsum (gesso scagliola), which is crushed to a
fine powder and mixed with water, animal
glue and pigments. A kind of dough is made
and each colour is mixed separately. If siena
marble or verde antiqua is to be imitated, alabaster (powder) is used. At the end, surfaces
(walls, floors, columns, panels, etc.) are polished with pumice stone and drying oil (e.g.
linseed, walnut) and finally with wax, becoming glossy (lustro) and as hard as stone.
Synonym: stucco marble

Commentaires: Du nom dune forme de

gypse naturel (gesso scagliola) qui est broy
en une fine poudre et mlang avec de leau,
de la colle animale et des pigments. Une sorte
de pte est fabrique et chaque couleur est
mlange sparment. Si le marbre de Sienne
ou le vert antique doit tre imit, de lalbtre
(poudre) est utilis. A la fin, les surfaces (murs,
sols, colonnes, panneaux etc.) sont polies la
pierre ponce et lhuile siccative (ex. lin, noix)
et finalement avec de la cire qui, lustre,
devient dure comme la pierre.
Ne pas confondre avec: stuc

Kommentar: Scagliola ist nach einem natrlichen Gips (Scagliola) benannt, der zu einem
feinen Pulver zermahlen und mit Wasser, tierischem Leim und Pigmenten vermischt wird.
Daraus wird eine Paste gemacht und jede Farbe einzeln angesetzt. Zur Imitation von Siena
Marmor oder Verde Antiqua verwendet man
Alabaster(-mehl). Zum Schluss werden die
Oberflchen (Wnde, Fubden, Sulen, Paneele etc.) mit Bimsstein und trocknendem l
(z.B. Leinl, Walnul) und dann mit Wachs
behandelt, um so glnzend und hart wie Stein
zu werden.
Im Deutschen wird Scagliola nur fr die Intarsien-, nicht fr die Steinimitation (Stuckmarmor) benutzt.
Synonym: Stuckmarmorintarsie

gypsum, glue, pigments, drying oil,

wax

gypse, pigment, huile siccative, cire,

colle animale

Gips, Leim, Pigment, trocknendes l,

Wachs

Sources: Kemp 1912, 128132; Fuga 2006, 201205; Curl 2006, 682; Clarke 2010, 222; Mortars 2011, 111, 113, 607; Botticelli (9.4.2014)

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scagliola

HR

gesso, colla, pigmento, olio siccativo,

cera

Definicija: Tehnika koja oponaa ukrasni kamen (npr. mramor, brea i porfir).
scagliola
Napomena: Nazvan po vrsti prirodnoga gipsa (gesso Scagliola) koji se mrvi u fini prah i
mijea s vodom, ivotinjskim ljepilom i pigmentima. Napravi se tijesto i svaka se boja
mijea posebno. Ako se imitira Siena mramor
ili verde antiqua, upotrebljava se alabaster
(prah). Nakon dovretka povrine (zidovi, podovi, stupovi, ploe itd.) se poliraju s plovucem i suivim uljima (npr. laneno, orahovo) i
na kraju voskom, zbog ega postaju sjajne (lustro) i tvrde kao kamen.
Sinonim: tuko mramor
gips, tutkalo, pigment, suivo ulje, vosak

Mmrvny

Hu

PL

Definicja: Technika stosowana do imitowania

dekoracyjnych kamieni (np. marmuru, przeamu ska osadowych i porfiru).
Komentarz: Nazwana tak od rodzaju naturalnego gipsu (gesso Scagliola), ktry tucze si
na drobny py i miesza z wod, klejem zwierzcym i pigmentami. Z kadego koloru wyrabia si osobno rodzaj ciasta. Do imitacji
marmuru sieneskiego czy zielonego antycznego, uywa si mczki alabastrowej. Na
kocu powierzchnie (ciany, posadzki, kolumny, tafle itd.) s polerowane pumeksem i olejem schncym (np. lnianym i orzechowym) a
potem woskiem, staj si lnice (lustro) i
twarde jak kamie.
Synonim: stiuk marmurowy

Meghatrozs: Dsztkvek (pl. mrvny,

trmelkk s porfr) utnzsra hasznlt
technika.

gips, klej, pigmenty, olej schncy, wosk

Megjegyzs: Nvadja egyfajta termszetes

gipsz (gesso Scagliola), amelyet finom porr
zznak s vzzel, llati eredet enyvvel s pigmentekkel kevernek. A keverk masszaszer,
s minden sznt kln kell ellltani, elkeverni. Ha sienai mrvnyt vagy verde antique-ot
akartak utnozni, portott alabstromot hasznltak. A kialaktott felleteket (falak, padlk,
oszlopok, panelek, stb.) habkvel s szrad
olajjal (lenolaj, diolaj) polroztk, majd legvgl viasszal, mely ltal fnyess (lustro) s kkemnny vlnak.
Szinonima: gipszmrvny

scagliola

gipsz, enyv, pigment, szrad olaj, viasz

scagliola

it

Definizione: Tecnica usata per imitare pietre

decorative (p. es. marmi, brecce, porfiri).
Commento: Il nome deriva da un tipo di gesso minerale che viene polverizzato e mescolato con acqua, colla animale e pigmenti. Si fa
una specie di impasto, separatamente per
ogni colore. Quando si vuole imitare il marmo
di Siena o il Verde antico, si aggiunge polvere
di alabastro. La rifinitura delle superfici (pareti,
pavimenti, colonne, pannelli ecc.) avviene tramite una lucidatura con pietra pomice e olii
siccativi (p. es. olio di lino o di noce); infine si
applica la cera, ottenendo una superficie lucida (lustra) e dura come la pietra.
Sinonimo: finto marmo

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic folosit pentru imitarea

pietrelor decorative (de ex. marmur, brecie,
i porfir).
Adnotare: Numit dup un tip de gips natural
(gesso scagliola), care este zdrobit ntr-o pulbere fin i amestecat cu ap, clei animal i
pigmeni. Este realizat o past iar fiecare culoare este amestecat separat. Dac trebuie
imitat o marmur de Siena sau un verde antiqua, se folosete alabastrul (pulbere). La sfrit, suprafeele (perei, podele, coloane, panouri, etc.) sunt lustruite cu piatr ponce i ulei
sicativ (de ex. ulei de in, ulei de nuc) i n final
cu cear, devenind lucioase (lustro) i la fel de
tari ca piatra.
Sinonime: stuco-marmur, marmur scagliola
gips, clei, pigment, ulei sicativ, cear

Estuco marmorizado

Es

Definicin: Tcnica usada para imitar piedras

decorativas (por ejemplo, mrmol, brecha y
prfido).
Comentario: El nombre procede de un tipo
de yeso natural (escayola), que es triturado en
un polvo fino, mezclado con agua, cola animal
y pigmentos. Se hace una especie de plastilina
amasando cada color por separado. Para imi-

tar el mrmol de Siena o verde antiqua, se usa

polvo de alabastro. Al final, las superficies (muros, suelos, columnas, paneles, etc.) se pulen
con piedra pmez y aceite secante (de lino o
de nuez) y finalmente con cera, para que se
vuelva brillante (lustro) y tan duro como una
piedra.
Sinnimo: marmorizado embutido
yeso, cola, pigmentos, aceite secante,
cera

Aldan yaplm taklit mermer

tR

Tanm: Dekoratif talar (mermer, bre, ve granit gibi) taklit etmek iin kullanlan teknik.
Yorum: smini, su, hayvansal tutkal ve pigmentlerle kartrlan ince toz halinde ezilen
doal al tann (gesso scagliola) bir trnden almtr. Bir tr hamur yaplr ve her renk
ayr bir ekilde kartrlr. Eer Siena mermeri
ya da Verda antik mermer taklidi yaplacaksa,
alabaster/ kaymakta (tozu) kullanlr. Sonrasnda yzeyler (duvarlar, yerler, kolonlar, paneller vb.) ponza ta, kurutucu ya (keten tohumu, ceviz ya vb.) ve en sonunda mum ile
parlatlr ve gsterili ve ta kadar sert hale gelir.
E anlam: stkko mermeri
alta, tutkal, pigmentler, kurutucu ya,
bal mumu

BG

: (. , ,
).
:
(gesso Scagliola),
,
.
.
verde antiqu . (, , ,
.) (. ) ,
(lustro)
.
:
, , , -

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Faade with glazed tiles, Kallina House, Zagreb (Croatia), 1903/04; Photo: 2011 (Branimir Kolarek)

Glazed decorations

EN

Dcoration vernisse

FR

Glasierter Bauschmuck

DE

Definition: Faade and interior wall ornaments made with polychrome and glazed
bricks or terracotta tiles.

Dfinition: Ornements des faades et murs

intrieurs faits de polychromie, briques vernisses et carreaux de terre cuite.

Definition: Ornamente an Fassaden und Innenwnden aus polychrom glasierten Ziegeln

oder Terrakottafliesen.

Comment: To make the bricks and tiles decorative and waterproof they are coated with a
vitreous mixture which also gives the bricks
and tiles a protective glaze after kiln firing. The
most commonly used materials for glazing
contain quartz, sand, soda, lead or tin.

Commentaires: Les briques et carreaux dcoratifs impermables sont revtus dun matriau vitreux qui donnent aux briques et carreaux une glaure protectrice aprs cuisson.
Les matriaux habituellement utiliss pour
faire la glaure contiennent du quartz, du sable, de la soude, du plomb et de ltain.

Kommentar: Um Ziegel und Fliesen dekorativ

und wasserundurchlssig zu machen, werden
sie mit einer glasartigen Mischung berzogen, die fr die Ziegel und Fliesen nach dem
Ofenbrand auch eine Schutzglasur darstellt.
Die am hufigsten verwendeten Materialien
fr Glasuren sind Quartz, Sand, Soda, Blei oder
Zinn.

brick, terracotta

brique, terre cuite

Ziegel, Terracotta

Sources: Aguiar 2001, 274276, 279; Fuga 2006, 215, 218; Curl 2006, 8, 53, 263, 319, 591, 779; Clarke 2010, 110/1; History of the Dutch tile (30.4.2014); Mitchell
(3.4.2015)

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Glazirane dekoracije

HR

Dekoracja glazurowana

PL

srl dekorasyonlar

tR

Definicija: Fasade i unutarnji zidni ukrasi od

viebojnih i glaziranih opeka ili terakotnih ploica.

Definicja: Dekoracje fasad i cian wewntrznych wykonane z polichromowanych i szkliwionych cegie lub pytek terakotowych.

Tanm: ok renkli ve srl tulalar veya terakota inilerden yaplm cephe ve i duvar sslemeleri.

Napomena: Da bi se opeke i ploice uinile

dekorativnim i vodootpornim obloene su
staklastom smjesom koja je nakon peenja u
pei opekama i ploicama dala zatitnu glazuru. Materijali za glaziranje najee su sadravali kvarc, pijesak, sodu, olovo ili kositar.

Komentarz: Aby dekoracje z cegie i pytek

byy wodoodporne pokrywa si je szklist
mieszanin, ktra po wypaleniu w piecu daje
cegom i pytkom ochronne szkliwo. Materiay
najczciej uywane do szkliwienia zawieraj
kwarc, piasek, sod, ow lub cyn.

Yorum: Tulalar ve inileri dekoratif ve su geirmez yapmak iin frnda piirildikten sonra
onlar koruyucu sr veren cams bir karm ile
kaplanrlar. Srlama iin en sk kullanlan malzemeler kuvars, kum, soda, kurun veya kalaydr.

opeka, terakota

cega, terrakota

tula, terakota

Majolika

Hu

Meghatrozs: Homlokzatok s bels falfelletek ornamentikja, melyet sznes s zomncos tglkbl vagy terrakotta csempkbl alaktanak ki.
Megjegyzs: Ahhoz, hogy a tglk s a burkolcsempk dekoratvak s vzllak legyenek, felletket egy vegszer keverkkel
vontk be, amely a kemencben trtn kigets sorn egy vd zomncrteggel ltta el
a tglkat s a csempket. A zomnchoz leggyakrabban kvarcot (homokot), mosszdt,
n- vagy lomoxidot hasznlnak.
Szinonima: kermia dszburkolat

Decoraii smluite

Ro

BG

Definiie: Ornamente interioare i de faad

realizate cu crmizi sau plci de teracot policrome i glazurate.

: , .

Adnotare: Pentru a fi decorative i impermeabile, crmizile i plcile sunt acoperite cu un

amestec vitros, ce le ofer dup arderea n
cuptor o glazur cu rol de protecie. Cele mai
utilizate materiale pentru glazurare conin cuar, nisip, sod, plumb sau staniu.

:
, ,
. -
, , , .

crmid, teracot

tgla, terrakotta

Maiolica decorativa

it

ornamentacin con cermica vidriada Es

Definizione: Facciate o interni di edifici si decorano con elementi in terracotta smaltata di

varia forma (mattoni, tegole, elementi decorativi)

Definicin: Adornos de fachadas y de muros

interiores realizados con cermicas (terracotas) vidriadas con diversas policromas.

Commento: Per decorare gli elementi in terracotta e farli impermeabili, questi vengono
rivestiti con uno smalto stannifero (eventualmente anche al piombo). Questo smalto, chiamato vetrina, viene cotto al forno e costituisce
cos anche uno strato protettivo. I materiali pi
usati per linvetriatura sono il quarzo, la sabbia,
la soda, il piombo o lo stagno.

Comentario: Para transformar los ladrillos y

las baldosas en ornamentacin vidriada, son
cubiertos con un esmalte que adems les confiere una capa protectora impermeable tras su
coccin en el horno. Los materiales ms usados para la obtencin del vidriado contienen
cuarzo, arena, plomo o estao.
Sinnimo: ornamentacin con cermica esmaltada

terracotta , mattone

ladrillo, terracota

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Faade and roofs with wooden shingles, Church of Saint Leonard, Lipnica Murowana (Poland), 15th century; Photo: 2008, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Clapboard / shingle

EN

Bardeau (clin)

FR

DE

Definition: A thin piece of material (wood, asphalt, slate, metal, ceramic, or concrete) used
for roof coverings or faade sidings in buildings.

Dfinition: Pice fine en bois, pierre (ex. ardoise) asphalte, mtal, cramique ou ciment
utilise pour couvrir les toits ou comme parement de faade (clin).

Definition: Ein dnnes Stck Material (Holz,

Bitumen, Schiefer, Metall, Keramik oder Beton), das als Dachbelag und zur Verkleidung
von Gebudefassaden benutzt wird.

Comment: Usually laid in overlapping patterns, clapboards ensure water impermeability. They can also have a decorative function,
created both by their shape and their pattern
of arrangement on the architectural surface.
In some countries, shingle refers exclusively
to wooden clapboard used for the covering of
roofs, especially in vernacular architecture.
Not to be confused with: siding, cladding

Commentaires: Ils assurent une impermabilit leau et sont ainsi souvent disposs en
chevauchement. Ils peuvent aussi avoir une
fonction dcorative, cre avec leur forme et
leur mode darrangement sur la surface architecturale. Dans certains pays, le bardage se fait
exclusivement avec des bardeaux en bois
pour la couverture des toits, surtout dans larchitecture vernaculaire.
Ne pas confondre avec: parement, revtement
extrieur

Kommentar: Schindeln werden blicherweise berlappend verlegt, so dass sie vor eindringendem Wasser schtzen. Sie knnen
auch eine dekorative Funktion besitzen, die
durch ihre Form und Verlegemuster auf der
Architekturoberflche entsteht. In einigen
Lndern bezieht sich Schindel nur auf hlzerne Dachschindeln, insbesondere in der regionalen, traditionellen Architektur.
Synonyme: Fassadenplatte, Bekleidungsplatte, Wandschalung, Wandschindelung, Bekleidungselement, Fassadenelement

ceramic

cramique

Sources: Juracek 2002, 1517, 338; Ching 1995, 268; Harris 2002, 106; Hasol 2002, 487; Brc 1997, 3843

120

schindel

Keramik

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

suRFACE DEsiGN

indra

HR

Dachwka / Gont

PL

Kaplama tahtas

tR

Definicija: Tanki materijal (drvo, asfalt, kriljevac, metal, keramika ili beton) koji se upotrebljava za pokrivanje krovova ili bonih fasada
na graevinama.

Definicja: Cienki kawaek materiau (drewna,

asfaltu, upka, metalu, ceramiki lub betonu),
uywany do pokrywania dachu lub okadania
elewacji budynkw.

Tanm: Binalarda at kaplamada ya da n

cephelerinde kullanlan ince para malzeme
(ahap, asfalt, kayrak, metal, seramik veya beton).

Napomena: indre se obino kod postavljanja

preklapaju ime se osigurava vodonepropusnost. Oblikom i uzorkom postavljanja na arhitektonskoj povrini takoer mogu imati i dekorativnu funkciju. U nekim se zemljama indra
odnosi samo na drvene ploice kojima se pokrivaju krovovi, posebno u tradicijskoj arhitekturi.

Komentarz: Dachwki zapewniaj nieprzepuszczalno wody, s wic zwykle kadzione

w taki sposb, e zachodz na siebie. Mog
rwnie peni funkcj dekoracyjn, zarwno
z powodu ksztatw, jak i sposobu uoenia na
powierzchni architektonicznej. W niektrych
krajach drewniana dachwka nosi nazw
gont; stosowane s one do pokrywania dachw, zwaszcza w architekturze wernakularnej.
Nie naley myli z: licowanie zewntrzne,
okadanie

Yorum: Kaplama tahtalar su szdrmazl

salar, bylece st ste binen ekillerde yerletirilir. Ayn zamanda, mimari yzeyde hem
ekilleri hem de dizim ekli ile oluturulan dekoratif ilevi de vardr. Baz lkelerde ngl,
zellikle geleneksel mimari de at kaplamalar iin kullanlan ahap kaplama tahtas anlamna gelir.
E anlaml: padavra, ahap kiremit, yal basks
Kartrmaynz: tahta kiremit/ padavra, cephe
kaplamas

ceramika

seramik

keramika

tetfed elem

Hu

Meghatrozs: Klnbz anyagokbl (fa,

aszfalt, pala, fm, kermia vagy beton) ksztett vkony elemek, melyeket tetfedsre
vagy homlokzatok burkolsra hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: ltalban gy rakjk fel ket,
hogy tfedjk egymst, ezltal biztostjk a fellet vzhatlansgt. Dekoratv szerepk is lehet, amely a formjukbl s ptszeti felleten val elrendezskbl, az ezltal kialakult
mintzatbl addik. A magyar szaknyelvben
a zsindely megnevezst kizrlag a hastott fbl kszlt tetfed elemre hasznljk, mely
leginkbb a npi ptszetben terjedt el. A
cserp alatt ltalban tetfedsre hasznlt
agyagcserepet rtenek, a homlokzati kermia
dsztelemeket pedig csempnek nevezik.
Szinonimk: cserp, zsindely
keramika

scandola

igl / indril

BG

Definiie: Bucat subire de material (lemn,

asfalt, ardezie, metal, ceramic sau beton) folosit pentru acoperirea arpantelor sau pentru placarea faadelor cldirilor.

: , ,
, , , ,
.

Adnotare: Aezate de obicei n straturi suprapuse, iglele asigur impermeabilitate. Pot s

aib, de asemenea, rol decorativ, creat att
prin forma lor, ct i prin dispunerea pe suprafaa arhitectural. n unele ri termenul indril se refer exclusiv la igla din lemn folosit
la acoperirea arpantelor, n special n arhitectura vernacular.
Sinonim: i

:
.
, .
, .
:

ceramic

it
Placa / tablilla

Definizione: Una tavoletta sottile fatta di un

materiale come legno, bitume, lavagna, metallo, ceramica o calcestruzzo; si usa per coprire i
tetti o per proteggere le facciate di un edificio.
Commento: Le scandole di solito vengono
messe in opera a diversi strati sovrapposti; cos
garantiscono impermeabilit contro infiltrazioni dacqua. Possono anche assumere una
funzione decorativa che risulta sia dalla forma
delle scandole stesse sia dallornato con il quale vengono messe in opera sulla superficie architettonica. In alcuni paesi, non in Italia, il termine viene usato solo per definire le scandole
in legno usate per coprire i tetti, specialmente
nellarchitettura rurale.
ceramica

Ro

Es

Definicin: Fina pieza de material (madera,

asfalto, pizarra, metal, cermica u hormign)
usado para cubiertas de techos o revestimiento de fachadas en edificios.
Comentario: Al ser colocadas mediante superposicin, aseguran la impermeabilidad.
Pueden tener tambin una funcin decorativa
debido a su forma, su patrn de superposicin
y su disposicin en la superficie arquitectnica. En algunos pases, tablilla se refiere exclusivamente a listones de madera usados para
cubrir tejados, sobre todo en la arquitectura
vernacular.
cermica

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Open putlog hole, Church of the Immaculate Conception, Bormla (Malta), 1903; Photo: 2014, UM (Oriana Aquilina)

Putlog holes

EN

Definition: Holes purposely made in a wall to

support a suspended scaffolding platform.
Comment: Putlog holes enable cross-bars to
be inserted; scaffold boards are placed onto
these bars to create a platform. Putlog holes
are usually round or square in form. Cross-bars
with a regular square shape were mostly used
on a brick or stone wall (built from regular
square blocks), which left square putlog holes.
If putlog holes are of a round shape, it is a sign
that cross-bars were made of unformed
wooden materials, usually using the cheaper
woods.

trous de boulin

Gerstlcher

DE

Dfinition: Le trou de boulin est pratiqu

dans le mur pour supporter au moins partiellement une plateforme dchafaudage.

Definition: Speziell angefertigte, eingetiefte

Lcher in einer Wand zum Absttzen einer Gerstplattform.

Commentaires: Borgnes ou traversant, ce

sont des points dancrage de lchafaudage
qui permettent dinsrer des traverses horizontales en bois sur lesquelles sont installes
les plateformes dchafaudage. Ils ont gnralement une forme ronde ou carre. Une traverse de section parfaitement carre est utilise pour des maonneries de brique ou de
pierres de taille. Lorsquelle est faite de bois
grossirement quarri et bon march, les
trous de boulin ont une forme arrondie, cas le
plus souvent rencontr pour un chafaudage
sur des murs de mollons ou dun mlange de
matriaux (pierres et fragments de brique).

Kommentar: Die Balkenlcher ermglichen

es, Querstangen darin zu verankern: Auf diese
Stangen werden Gerstbohlen gelegt, um eine Plattform zu errichten. Balkenlcher sind
im Querschnitt berwiegend rund oder eckig.
Rechtwinklige Balken wurden meistens an einer Ziegel- oder Steinwand (aus rechtwinkligen Blcken gebaut) eingesetzt, was eckige
Balkenlcher hinterlsst. Runde Balkenlcher
sind ein Zeichen dafr, dass die Balken aus unbearbeitetem Holz gemacht waren, hufig unter Verwendung von kostengnstigeren Hlzern.
Synonyme: Balkenlcher, Rstlcher

Sources: Stevens Curl 2006, 612; Felici 2006, 5862; Baud et al. 2002, 4559

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Rupa za skelu

HR

Definicija: Rupe u zidu napravljene kao potpora platformi visee skele.

Napomena: Rupe za skelu omoguuju da se
u njih uglave poprene grede, na koje se polau daske koje oblikuju platformu skele. Rupe
od skele obino su okrugle ili etvrtaste. etvrtaste su grede uglavnom rabljene na ciglenim ili kamenim zidovima (graenim od pravilnih blokova) te su iza njih ostale etvrtaste
rupe. Rupe za skele okrugloga oblika upuuju
na to da su grede napravljene od neoblikovanoga drvenog materijala, obino od jeftinijega drva.

llvnylyukak

Hu

Meghatrozs: Olyan lyukak, melyeket szndkosan ksztenek a falba, a felfggesztett

llvny altmasztsra.
Megjegyzs: Az llvnylyukak lehetv teszik
a keresztgerendk beillesztst; ezeken aztn
llvnydeszkkat helyeznek el s egy llst kpeznek. Az llvnylyukak formja kerektett
vagy szgletes. Ha a keresztgerendk ngyszgletesek voltak, fleg tgla s kfalon hasznltk ket (melyek szablyos ngyszgletes
ptelemekbl kszlnek), ezek ngyzetes
llvnylyukakat kpeztek.
Ha az llvnylyuk formja kerektett, ez azt jelzi, hogy a keresztgerendkhoz megmunklatlan faanyagot hasznltak, ltalban olcsbb
fafajtkbl.

Buche pontaie

tutte le buche quadrate sulle facciate hanno

a che fare con i ponteggi. Qualche buca quadrata stata usata per la costruzione (per
esempio per una trave ad anello orizzontale).
Se le buche pontaie hanno una forma rotonda, questo un segno che le traverse erano
fatte di materiale ligneo non formato, solitamente usando legni pi economici (come
lacacia). Questo tipo di buca soprattutto
usato per ponteggi su muri fatti di pietre irregolari di varie forme e dimensioni o materiali
di forme diverse (pezzi di pietra e frammenti
di mattoni).

Maculnica / otwr maculcowy

PL

Definicja: Otwory celowo wykonane w cianie do podparcia pomostw podwieszanych

rusztowa.

orificii de schel

Ro

Definiie: Guri realizate intenionat ntr-un

zid, cu scopul de a sprijini o schel (platform
suspendat).

Commento: Le buche pontaie permettono alle traverse di essere inserite; su queste traverse
sono poste tavole da ponteggio per creare
unimpalcatura. Le buche pontaie hanno generalmente una forma rotonda o quadrata. Se
le traverse avevano una forma quadrata regolare erano usate su muri di mattoni o di pietra
(costruite da blocchi quadrati regolari), questo
lasciava buche pontaie quadrate. Tuttavia non

Es

Definicin: Agujero realizado intencionadamente en un muro para apoyar un andamio.

Comentario: Los mechinales permiten que se
inserten barras transversales; en estas barras
se colocan tableros de andamio para crear una
plataforma. Suelen ser redondeados o cuadrados. Las barras transversales de perfil cuadrado eran utilizadas sobre todo en paredes de
ladrillo o piedra (construidas a partir de bloques cuadrados regulares), que dejaban mechinales cuadrados. Si los mechinales son de
forma redondeada es seal de que las barras
transversales estaban hechas de materiales de
madera sin forma, por lo general, de maderas
baratas.

skele kirii delikleri

Komentarz: Otwory umoliwiaj woenie
maculcw; na tych belkach ukadane s deski
rusztowa tworzce podesty. Maculnice s
zwykle okrge lub kwadratowe. W cianach
budowanych z kamienia lub cegy (zbudowanych z regularnych blokw), belki miay zwykle przekrj kwadratu. Maculnice o ksztacie
okrgym oznaczaj, e maculce wykonano z
nieobrobionych pni, zwykle taszych gatunkw drewna.
Synonim: gniazdo rusztowa

it

Definizione: Buche fatte intenzionalmente in

un muro per sostenere unimpalcatura di ponteggio sospesa.

Mechinal

tR

Tanm: Asl iskele platformunu desteklemek

amacyla duvarda kasten yaplm delikler.
Yorum: skele kirii delikleri, apraz ubuklarn
sokulmasn mmkn klar; bu demirlerin zerinde platform oluturmak iin iskele tahtalar
yerletirilir. skele kirii delikleri genellikle yuvarlak ya da kare eklindedir. apraz ubuklar dzgn kare eklindeyse, ounlukla dzgn kare
bloklardan ina edilen tula ya da ta duvarlarda
ki kare iskele kirii deliklerine otururdu.
Eer iskele kirii delikleri yuvarlak ekildeyse,
bu apraz ubuklarn genellikle daha ucuz
aalar kullanldn ve ekillendirilmemi
aa malzemeden yapldn gstermektedir.

BG
Adnotare: Aceste orificii permit introducerea
de traverse pe care sunt fixate panouri de
schel (podine) pentru a crea astfel o platform. Orificiile de schel sunt de obicei rotunde
sau ptrate. Dac traversele au fost ptrate, ele
au fost, cel mai adesea, folosite pe un perete
de crmid sau de piatr (construit din blocuri ptrate de aproximativ aceeai dimensiune), i astfel au lsat orificii de schel ptrate.
Dac orificiile de schel au o form rotunjit,
este un indiciu c traversele au fost fcute din
lemn nefasonat, de obicei din esene mai ieftine.

: ,
.
: (),
,
.
.
, ( ) .

.

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Visible sinopia, Chapel of St. Helen, enkovec (Croatia), late 14th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

sinopia

EN

sinopia

FR

sinopie

Definition: A preparatory drawing used in

fresco painting placed directly onto the wall
or on the levelling coat (floating coat) or arriccio.

Dfinition: Dessin prparatoire utilis dans la

technique de la peinture a fresco et excut
directement sur le mur ou sur enduit grossier
(gobetis).

Definition: In der Freskomalerei verwendete

Vorzeichnung, die direkt auf die Wand oder
auf den Ausgleichsputz oder Arriccio/Grobputz platziert wird.

Comment: The term comes from the word

used for a light coloured red ochre, also
known as terra di sinope. This is no longer in
use and has been replaced by other natural
red pigments.
Not to be confused with: underdrawing,
preparatory drawing

Commentaires: Le terme vient du mot utilis

pour dsigner une couche docre rouge clair
aussi connue sous le nom de terre de sinopia.
Elle nest plus utilise et a t remplace par
dautres pigments naturels de couleur rouge.
Ne pas confondre avec: dessin sous-jacent,
dessin prparatoire

levelling coat, arriccio

gobetis, arricio

Kommentar: Der Begriff kommt von einem

Wort, das fr hellroten Ocker benutzt wird,
auch bekannt als Terra di Sinopia. Dieser Ocker
wird jedoch heutzutage nicht mehr verwendet und wurde inzwischen durch andere natrliche Rotpigmente ersetzt.
Synonyme: Sinopia, Rauputzzeichnung, Arricio-Vorzeichnung, Cinabrese, Terra di Sinopia
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Unterzeichnung,
Vorzeichnung
Ausgleichsputz, Arriccio/Grobputz

Sources: AAT: sinopia (12.11.2014); CAMEO: Sinopia (12.11.2014); Ward 2008, 604/5

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ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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sinopija

HR

Definicija: Pripremni crte koriten u fresco

slikarstvu izravno na zidu ili na izravnavajuemu sloju (zaribavani sloj) ili arriccio.
Napomena: Naziv dolazi od rijei koja se rabi
za svijetli crveni oker, koji se jo naziva terra
di sinope. Vie se ne upotrebljava i zamijenjen
je drugim prirodnim crvenim pigmentima.
Ne smije se mijeati s: podcrte, pripremni crte
izravnavajui premaz, arriccio

sinopia

PL

Definicja: Rysunek wstpny stosowany dla

techniki freskowej, wykonany bezporednio
na cianie albo na (warstwie wyrwnujcej)
tynku lub arriccio.
Komentarz: Termin pochodzi od nazwy jasnoczerwonej ochry, znanej te pod nazw
terra di Sinopie. Obecnie nie uywana, zastpowana przez inne naturalne czerwone pigmenty.
Synonimy: podrysowanie, rozplanowanie rysunku

sinopya

tR

Tanm: Fresko resimlerinde dorudan duvara

ya da dzeltme tabakasna (astar tabakas) uygulanan hazrlk izimi.
Yorum: Terim di sinope olarak da bilinen ak
renkli aboyas iin kullanlan kelimeden gelir.
Artk kullanlmamaktadr ve bunun yerine dier doal krmz renk pigmentleri almtr.
Kartrmaynz: alt izim, hazrlk izimi
dzeltme tabakas

warstwa wyrwnujca, arriccio

szinpia

Hu

sinopia

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: A freskfestsnl hasznlt

elrajz, amit kzvetlenl a falra vagy a kiegyenlt rtegre hordtak fel.

Definiie: Un desen preparator utilizat n tehnica de pictur a fresco, realizat direct pe zid,
pe stratul egalizator sau pe stratul de arriccio.

:
, ,
.

Megjegyzs: A kifejezs egy vilgos vrs-okker fldfestk nevbl szrmazik, amit terra di
sinope-knt ismertek. Ma mr nem hasznljk, ms termszetes vrs pigmentekkel helyettestettk.
Tves megnevezs: alrajzols, elkszt rajz

Adnotare: Termenul deriv din cuvntul ce

definete pigmentul ocru rou deschis, cunoscut i sub numele de pmnt de Sinope. Nu
mai este n uz, fiind nlocuit de ali pigmeni
naturali de culoare roie.
A nu se confunda cu: desen preparator

:
, terra di
sinope. .
: ,

kiegyenlt rteg, alapvakolat

arriccio, strat egalizator

sinopia

it

sinopia

Es

Definizione: Un disegno preparatorio usato

nella pittura a fresco, eseguito direttamente
sul muro o sullarriccio (strato dintonaco preparatorio applicato sul muro)

Definicin: Dibujo preparatorio utilizado en

la pintura al fresco que se coloca directamente
sobre el muro o sobre la capa de nivelacin o
arriccio.

Commento: Il termine deriva dalla parola usata per definire una terra di colore rosso chiaro,
meglio nota come terra di Sinope. Questa terra oggigiorno non pi in uso; stata sostituita da altre terre rosse naturali.

Comentario: El trmino proviene de la palabra que se usa para el pigmento ocre rojizo,
tambin conocido como tierra de sinopia. Es
un trmino en desuso ya que ha sido reemplazado por otros pigmentos rojos.
No confundir con: dibujo subyacente

disegno preparatorio, affresco, rinzaffo,

arriccio, intonaco

capa de nivelacin, arriccio, pigmento,

fresco

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Applying a snapped line, Summer Villa Buni-Kaboga, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18/19th century; Photo: 2012, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

snapped line

EN

Definition: A method of applying a straight

line on plaster (can be coloured or without
colour) by stretching a piece of string, pulling
back and releasing it so that it snaps against
the painting, leaving a mark.
Comment: It is used as an aid to paint straight
lines and can be part of the process of laying
out the painting composition.
Synonyms: snapped cord, chalk line

Sources: Gorse et al. 2013, 75; Nimmo 2001

126

Cordeau

FR

Markierung durch schlagschnur

DE

Dfinition: Mthode de trac prparatoire

permettant dimplanter de grandes lignes
droites sur un enduit sans utiliser de rgle, en
faisant claquer sur un mur ou un enduit, une
cordelette parfaitement tendue ses deux extrmits.

Definition: Eine Methode, gerade Linien auf

Putzmrtel aufzubringen (kann farbig oder
farblos sein), indem eine Schnur gespannt,
leicht abgehoben und wieder losgelassen
wird, sodass sie auf den Putz zurckschnellt
und dabei eine Spur hinterlsst.

Commentaires: Dans le cas dun enduit frais,

le cordeau peut tre utilis tel quel car il laissera son empreinte grce la force du claquement. Sur un enduit sec ou un parement en
pierre, le cordeau doit tre tremp dans du
pigment, sec ou liquide, pour laisser sa
marque.
Synonyme: fil battu

Kommentar: Sie wird als Hilfe genutzt, gerade Linien zu malen und kann beim Anlegen
der Bildkomposition als Hilfsmittel verwendet
werden.
Synonyme: Schnurschlag, Schlagleine

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Prskana crta

HR

odbijana linia

PL

Hizalama izgisi

tR

Definicija: Metoda kojom se ostavlja ravna crta (obojena ili bezbojna) na buci tako da se
konop povue unatrag te pusti da se rasprsne
po slici.

Definicja: Sposb wyznaczania linii prostej na

tynku (moe by kolorowa lub bezbarwna).
Odcigajc napity sznurek i puszczajc go,
otrzymamy na cianie lad.

Tanm: Bir para ipi/sicimi gerdirerek ekip brakarak svann zerine (renkli ya da renksiz)
dz izgiler uygulama metodu, bylece ani
hareketlerle resim zerinde iz brakr.

Napomena: Crte se upotrebljavaju kao pomo pri slikanju ravnih linija i primjenjuju se
kao dio postupka polaganja kompozicije slike.
Sinonim: crta izvedena kredom

Komentarz: Pomoc w malowaniu prostych linii stanowi cz procesu rozplanowywania

kompozycji malarskiej.
Synonim: odciskany sznurek

Yorum: Dz izgiler izmeye yardmc olmak

iin kullanlr ve resim kompozisyonunun taslann oluturulma srecinin bir paras olabilir.
E anlam: hizalama ipi

Pattintott vonal

Linie plesnit

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy eljrs, amellyel egyenes

vonalakat hznak a vakolatra (lehet sznes
vagy sznezetlen), egy zsinr (pattint zsinr)
megfesztsvel, htrahzsval s elengedsvel, gy, hogy ez nekicsapdjon a falnak s
nyomot hagyjon rajta.

Ro

Definiie: O metod de realizare a liniilor

drepte pe tencuial (liniile pot fi colorate sau
nu), prin ntinderea unei buci de sfoar care,
tras napoi i eliberat, va lovi suprafaa pictat, lsnd o urm.

Megjegyzs: Egyenes vonalak festsnl

hasznljk segtsgknt, s a pattints rsze
lehet a festmnykompozci kijellsnek.

Adnotare: Sunt folosite ca ajutor pentru pictarea liniilor drepte i pot fi parte a procesului
de transpunere a compoziiei n pictura mural.

Battitura dei fili

Marcado con lienza

it

Definizione: Metodo di trasposizione delle linee rette di una composizione sullintonaco,

con linee battute tramite una cordicella intrisa di colore (anche senza colore quando la
linea viene impressa nellintonaco fresco), fissata con due chiodi allestremit e fatta scattare sulla superficie in modo da lasciarvi una
traccia colorata e/o impressa.
Commento: Nella pittura a fresco si tracciano
direttamente sullarriccio le linee orizzontali e
verticali, per la scansione dello spazio di una
composizione; successivamente si ripete
loperazione sullintonaco, giornata per giornata. Nella pittura a secco la battitura dei fili si
esegue direttamente sullultimo strato dellintonaco asciutto.

BG

:
( ) ,
,
.
:


.

Es

Definicin: Mtodo de transposicin de lneas rectas (coloreadas o no) de una composicin al revoque mediante un trozo de cuerda
(lienza) que, fijada con un clavo en un lado, se
hace golpear contra la superficie, de manera
que deje una marca.
Comentario: Se usa como ayuda para el dibujo de lneas rectas que forman parte del proceso de ejecucin de la composicin pictrica.
Sinnimo: cuerda batida

intonaco, arriccio, affresco, pittura a sec-

co, giornata

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Red lines of a grid, Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Grid

EN

Definition: A framework or pattern of vertical

and horizontal (parallel) lines used to transfer
the composition from a sketch to another support.
Comment: This can also be used to guide the
layout of a drawing or painting, also with possible enlargement.
Not to be confused with: squaring up

Mise au carreau

Dfinition: Quadrillage utilis pour reporter

un dessin ou une esquisse sur un autre support.
Commentaires: Cette technique permet de
reproduire prcisment une composition
lchelle ou de faon homothtique.

Sources: AAT: grid (9.12.2014); Artcyclopedia: Grid (15.12.2014)

128

FR

quadratur

DE

Definition: Ein Raster oder Muster von gitterartig, vertikal und horizontal (parallel) verlaufenden Linien zur bertragung einer Komposition von der Skizze auf einen anderen Trger.
Kommentar: Das Raster kann auch als Hilfe
beim Anlegen einer Zeichnung oder einer Malerei dienen und auch zur Vergrerung einer
Zeichnung.
Synonyme: Rastergitter, Quadratnetz, Koordinatennetz, Fadennetz, Quadratraster

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

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Mrea

HR

Definicija: Sustav ili uzorak okomitih i vodoravnih (usporednih) crta koje se rabe za prijenos kompozicije sa skice na drugu podlogu.
Napomena: Mrea se moe upotrijebiti i kao
vodilja za polaganje crtea ili slike, s mogunou poveanja.

Hlzat

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy (prhuzamos) fggleges s vzszintes vonalakbl kialaktott ngyzethl vagy minta, amit arra hasznlnak,
hogy tmsoljanak egy kompozcit egy rajzrl egy msik hordozra.

siatka kwadratw

PL

izgara

tR

Definicja: Schemat lub ukad pionowych i poziomych (rwnolegych) linii, uywany do

przenoszenia kompozycji ze szkicu na inne
podoe.

Tanm: Kompozisyonu taslaktan baka bir

destee aktarmak iin kullanlan dikey ve yatay (paralel) izgilerden oluan altlk veya ablon.

Komentarz: Moe by take uywana jako

wsparcie przy rozmieszczaniu rysunku czy
malowida, umoliwia te powikszanie.
Nie naley myli z: kwadratura

Yorum: Ayrca bir izim ve resmin bytlmesine yardmc olarak da kullanlr.

Kartrmaynz: kareleme

Caroiaj

Ro

BG

Definiie: Un cadru sau un tipar de linii verticale i orizontale (paralele), utilizat pentru a
transfera compoziia de pe o schi pe un alt
suport.

: ,
.

Megjegyzs: Arra is hasznlhat, hogy irnytsa egy rajz vagy festmny szerkezett, nagytst is lehetv tve.

Adnotare: Prin aceast tehnic se poate reproduce cu exactitate desenul unei compoziii
pe zid; de obicei, schia este transferat pe zid
la o scar mai mare.

: , , .
:

quadrettatura

Cuadrcula

it

Es

Definizione: Una struttura o uno schema di

linee verticali e orizzontali (parallele) usato per
trasferire la composizione da uno schizzo a un
altro supporto.

Definicin: Plantilla o patrn de lneas verticales y horizontales paralelas utilizado para

transferir la composicin pictrica del boceto
a otro soporte.

Commento: Questa pu essere usata come

aiuto per la composizione di un disegno o di
una pittura, anche un ingrandimento possibile. Di solito serve per passare dalla scala dello schizzo ad una scala pi grande, sul muro.

Comentario: Puede usarse tambin con el fin

de guiar el diseo de un dibujo o pintura para
una posible ampliacin.

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Red ochre drawing, Church St. Michael, Burgfelden (Germany), ca. 1060; Photo: 2003, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Preparatory drawing

EN

Dessin prparatoire

FR

Vorzeichnung

Definition: Preliminary drawing done before

further work is undertaken, that is usually followed by work in a different medium. This is
done on the intonaco in the case of murals.

Dfinition: Dessin pralable au dbut de la

ralisation dune peinture, par exemple gnralement suivie par un travail utilisant un autre
liant.

Definition: Zeichnung, die vor der Ausfhrung des Werkes angelegt wird, worauf sich
blicherweise Ausfhrungen mit einem anderen Malmittel anschlieen.

Comment: Some underdrawings have always

been visible to the naked eye, whereas in other cases actual detection and documentation
is possible only following deterioration of, or
damage to, the painting. It is sometimes also
possible to detect underdrawings through the
use of infra-red reflectography.
Not to be confused with: underdrawing, preliminary drawing

Commentaires: Certains dessins sous-jacents

sont toujours visibles loeil tandis que dans
dautres cas, leur dtection et leur documentation nest possible que si la peinture est altre ou dgrade. Il est aussi possible de les
dtecter en utilisant la technique de la rflectographie infrarouge.

Kommentar: Einige solcher Unterzeichnungen sind fr das bloe Auge immer sichtbar
gewesen, in anderen Fllen sind der Nachweis
und die Dokumentation nur durch Zerstrung
oder Schaden an der Malerei mglich. Manchmal kann man eine Vorzeichnung mithilfe von
Infrarotreflektografie erkennen.
In der deutschen Literatur wird die Unterzeichnung sowohl als Synonym fr Vorzeichnung aufgefhrt, als auch davon abgegrenzt
als Nachbearbeitung des fertigen Entwurfs
mit einem anderen Medium.

sinopia

sinopia

Sinopie

Sources: AAT: preparatory drawing (19.8.2014); Ward 2008, 721

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DE

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Pripremni crte

HR

Definicija: Prethodni crte izveden prije daljnjega rada, npr. obino nakon njega slijedi rad
s razliitim materijalima. U sluaju zidnih slika
izvodi se na intonacou.
Napomena: Neki su podcrtei uvijek bili vidljivi oku, dok je u drugim sluajevima njihovo
uoavanje i dokumentiranje mogue jedino
istroenou ili oteivanjem slike. Ponekad je
takoer mogue uoiti podcrtee koritenjem
infracrvene reflektografije.
sinopija

Rysunek przygotowawczy

PL

Definicja: Wstpny rysunek wykonany przed

podjciem dalszych prac, np. zwykle poprzedza waciwe prace realizowane z uyciem innego spoiwa. W przypadku malowide ciennych wykonany na warstwie intonaco.
Komentarz: Czasami rysunki przygotowawcze s widoczne goym okiem, ale w niektrych przypadkach ich wytropienie i udokumentowanie moliwe jest jedynie na uszkodzonych i zniszczonych malowidach. Czasem
mona te zobaczy podrysowania przy zastosowaniu reflektografii w podczerwieni.

Hazrlk izimi

tR

Tanm: leriki almalardan nce yaplan n

izim, rnein, alma genellikle baka bir
arala devam eder.
Yorum: Baz alt izimler her zaman plak gzle grlr, ama dier durumlarda, gerek tespit ve belgeleme resmin zarar grmesi ya da
bozulmas ile mmkndr. Ayrca bazen alt izimi belirlemek kzltesi reflektografi (yanstc) kullanm ile de mmkndr.
sinopya

sinopia

Elkszt rajz

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy egyb munkt megelz

rajz, amit ltalban egy ms kzeggel (anyaggal, technikval) vgzett munka kvet.
Megjegyzs: Bizonyos elrajzok mindig lthatak voltak szabad szemmel, mg msok
esetn a tnyleges felfeds s dokumentci
csak akkor lehetsges, ha a festmny roncsoljk vagy krostjk. Az elrajzokat nha infravrs reflektogrfival is ki lehet mutatni.
Szinonima: elrajz
Tves megnevezs: alrajzols
szinpia

Disegno preparatorio

Ro

Definiie: Desen preliminar realizat anterior

picturii propriu-zise i care este de obicei efectuat ntr-o tehnic diferit. n cazul picturilor
murale acesta se realizeaz pe stratul de intonaco.
Adnotare: n unele cazuri, desenul preparator
rmne vizibil cu ochiul liber chiar i dup finalizarea lucrrii, n timp ce n alte cazuri detectarea i documentarea efectiv este posibil doar prin degradarea picturii. Uneori este
posibil detectarea desenului preparator prin
utilizarea reflectografiei n infrarou.
sinopia

it

Definizione: Il disegno preparatorio la prima ideazione dellopera che poi segue e che
solitamente eseguita con altri materiali e
tecniche.
Commento: In alcuni casi, il disegno preparatorio rimane visibile a occhio nudo anche
quando lopera compiuta. In altri casi si pu
rilevarlo e documentarlo solo attraverso danni
e lacune nello strato pittorico. Talvolta si pu
scoprire il disegno preparatorio con luso della
riflettografia agli infrarossi.
sinopia

Desen preparator

Dibujo preparatorio

Es

BG

:
, ..
.
.
.. Medium
.
:
, .

.
: ,
c

Definicin: Dibujo preliminar realizado previamente al trabajo pictrico definitivo que

normalmente se ejecuta con un medio diferente. Se realiza sobre el intonaco en el caso
de murales.
Comentario: Algunos se perciben a simple
vista, mientras que en otros casos su deteccin y documentacin solo es posible si la pintura ha sido deteriorada o ha sufrido algn dao. Tambin se puede detectar el dibujo subyacente mediante el uso de reflectografa infrarroja.
Sinnimos: dibujo subyacente, dibujo preliminar
sinopia

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Detailed view of spolvero (as spots), spolvero technique during practical work at the University of Malta; Photo: 2013, UM (Oriana Aquilina)

spolvero

EN

Definition: Design technique producing an

outline by dabbing a cloth sack containing a
dark powder, such as charcoal, onto the surface of a pierced sheet of paper or parchment.
Comment: The powder goes through the
holes leaving an outline on the underlying
material which is usually fresh plaster, with a
sequence of minute dots. This Italian term is
in use all over the world for this particular
technique.
Not to be confused with: pouncing

Poncif

Dfinition: Technique de report dun dessin

produisant un aperu en tamponnant avec un
petit sachet de tissu rempli de pigments
comme le charbon, la surface dune feuille de
papier perc applique sur un enduit frais ou
sec.
Commentaires: La poudre passe au travers
des petits trous rapproch, laissant une esquisse sur lenduit. Terme italien trs utilis de
par le monde.

Sources: AAT: spolvero (15.10.2014); Conservation Dictionary 2001

132

FR

spolvero-Methode

DE

Definition: Technik zur Anfertigung einer

Zeichnung, bei der ein Stoffbeutel, gefllt mit
dunklem Puder, wie etwa Kohle, auf die Oberflche eines durchstochenen Papiers gedrckt
wird.
Kommentar: Der Puder durchdringt die Lcher und hinterlsst eine Zeichnung aus gepunkteten Linien auf dem darunter liegenden
Material, was blicherweise frischer Putzmrtel ist. Dieser italienische Begriff ist fr diese
Technik international verbreitet.
Synonyme: Lochpaustechnik, Pause, Lochpause, Perforationspause, Durchdrckverfahren,
Durchstich

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Prakanje

HR

Przeprcha

PL

Definicija: Tehnika oblikovanja obrisa s pomou rupica na povrini komada papira ili pergamenta, laganim dodirima platnenom vreicom ispunjenom tamnim prakom, poput drvenoga ugljena.

Definicja: Technika nanoszenia zarysu poprzez tepowanie woreczkiem z tkaniny napenionym ciemnym proszkiem, jak wgiel
drzewny, na powierzchni dziurkowanego arkusza papieru lub pergaminu.

Napomena: Praak prolazi kroz rupice i nizom

siunih tokica ostavlja obris na podlonome
materijalu, obino na svjeoj buci. Ovaj talijanski naziv za tu tehniku upotrebljava se u
cijelome svijetu.

Komentarz: Proszek przechodzi przez dziurki

pozostawiajc zarys w postaci malekich kropek na materiale pod spodem, zwykle na
wieym tynku. Dla tej szczeglnej techniki
uywany jest na caym wiecie woski termin
spolvero.
Synonim: przenoszenie rysunku do fresku
Nie naley myli z: puncowanie

Perforlt karton

Poncif

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy msolsi technika (spolvero), mellyel a krvonalakat gy hordjk fel,

hogy egy stt port, pldul sznport, tartalmaz vszonzacskt tgetnek egy lyuggatott paprdarab fellethez.
Megjegyzs: A por tmegy a lyukakon s egy
apr pontok sorozatbl alkotott krvonalat
jelent meg az alatta lev anyagon, ami ltalban friss vakolat. Az olasz kifejezst vilgszerte
hasznljk e sajtos technika megnevezsre.

spolvero

it

Definizione: Le linee principali di un disegno

si trasferiscono sul supporto battendo un sacchetto di tela riempito con una polvere scura,
di solito carbone, su un cartone forato (i piccoli
fori praticati nel cartone corrispondono a queste linee).
Commento: La polvere passa attraverso i fori
e si deposita sulla superficie sottostante, di solito lintonaco fresco, producendo un disegno
con una sequenza di minuscoli puntini. Per
questa tecnica, il termine italiano usato in
tutte le lingue.

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic de transpunere a unui desen prin care se realizeaz un contur prin tamponarea unui scule de pnz ce conine o
pulbere de culoare nchis, precum crbune,
pe suprafaa unei coli perforate de hrtie sau
de pergament.
Adnotare: Pulberea trece prin orificiile hrtiei
lsnd un contur punctat pe materialul de baz care este de obicei o tencuial proaspt.
Termenul italian spolvero este folosit n ntreaga lume pentru a desemna aceast tehnic
particular.
Sinonim: spolvero

Espolvorear

spolvero

tR

Tanm: Yzeye aktarlacak desenin hatlar boyunca delikler alm kdn yzeyinden iinde kmr gibi koyu renkli toz bulunan bir kn srerek izimi yzeye aktarma.
Yorum: Toz deliklerin iinden geerek alttaki
genellikle ya svann zerinde sra sra taslak
noktalar oluturur. Bu talyanca terim tm
dnyada bu zel teknik iin kullanlr.
E anlam: tozlama
Kartrmaynz: toz serpme

BG

: ,
, , .
:
.
.
:

Es

Definicin: Tcnica para transferir al soporte

las lneas principales de un diseo que consiste en golpear una muequilla con polvo negro
(normalmente carbn) sobre un cartn, papel
o pergamino agujereado.
Comentario: El polvo pasa a travs de los agujeros y se deposita sobre la superficie, normalmente revoque fresco, produciendo un diseo
que consiste en una secuencia de puntos diminutos. El trmino italiano spolvero se usa
en muchos idiomas para esta tcnica particular.
No confundir con: punzado

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Scratched lines demarcate the outline of the composition, Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Direct incision

incision directe

FR

Ritzung

DE

Definition: Preparatory drawing technique

using a pointed tool or other sharp instrument
to scratch a plaster surface.

Dfinition: Mthode de trac prparatoire

consistant inciser lenduit laide dun outil
pointu (stylet) ou autre instrument acr.

Comment: It can be applied either to dry or

fresh plaster. The upper pointed tip of a brush
handle can be used for fresh plaster. It can be
carried out freehand, with a stencil, a compass
or a ruler. Sharp incisions are created while
small mortar pieces accumulate on the edges.
Not to be confused with: incised drawing,
scoring

Commentaires: Elle peut tre applique aussi

bien sur enduit sec que frais. Sur enduit frais,
cela peut tre fait avec lextrmit pointue
dun manche de pinceau. Elle peut servir au
report dun dessin main leve, avec un pochoir, compas ou une rgle. Elle laisse une empreinte assez profonde avec une lgre accumulation de mortier sur les bords.
Ne pas confondre avec: piquetage, bouchardage

Kommentar: Eine Ritzung kann man sowohl

in den frischen als auch in den trockenen Putz
ziehen. In den frischen Putz kann sie mit dem
spitzen, oberen Ende eines Pinselstiels gezogen werden. Sie wird entweder freihand, mit
einer Schablone oder mit einem Zirkel oder
Lineal ausgefhrt. Sie hinterlsst eine scharfkantige Einkerbung mit kleinen Mrtelansammlungen an den Kanten.

pochoir

Schablonenmalerei, Durchdrckverfahren,

stencil, indirect incision, intonaco

Sources: Mora et al. 1999, 16/7

134

EN

Definition: Vorbereitende Zeichentechnik,

die ein spitzes Werkzeug (Nadel, Griffel) oder
andere spitze Instrumente nutzt, um die Oberflche von Putzmrtel einzuritzen.

Intonaco/Feinputz

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izravno urezivanje

HR

Definicija: Tehnika pripremnoga crtanja grebanjem duboko u povrinu buke iljatim alatom ili nekim drugim otrim predmetom.
Napomena: Moe se izvoditi se na suhoj ili
svjeoj buci. Na svjeoj buci moe se izvesti
s vrhom drka kista. Moe se izvesti prostoruno, sa ablonom, estarom ili ravnalom. Otri
urezi rezultiraju malim nakupinama buke na
rubovima.
ablona, neizravno urezivanje, intonaco

Bezporednio wgniatany rysunek

PL

Definicja: Technika rozplanowania rysunku

tworzonego przy uyciu spiczasto zakoczonego lub ostrego narzdzia, ktrym wykonywane s gbokie zadrapania powierzchni
tynku.
Komentarz: Moe by wykonany zarwno na
suchym jak i wieym tynku. Na wieym tynku mona go wykona zaostrzonym kocem
pdzla. Moe by zrobiony z rki, albo z zastosowaniem szablonu, cyrkla lub linijki. Powstaje ostre wcicie z niewielkimi skupiskami zaprawy na krawdziach.
Synonim: ryty rysunek
Nie naley myli z: wyciskany rysunek

Kazyarak izme

tR

Tanm: Sivri ulu ya da baka keskin alet ile svann yzeyini derin bir ekilde kazyarak hazrlk izim teknii.
Yorum: Direk izim ya svaya uygulanr, bazen fra sapnn st ksm ile yaplr. Serbest el,
ablon, pergel veya cetvel ile yaplabilir. Kenarlarda kk har birikmeleri ile keskin entikler meydana getirilir.
Kartrmaynz: oyma izim, entikleme
stensil, dolayl izme

szablon

Elkarc

Hu

Meghatrozs: Elkszt rajztechnika, mely

ltal egy hegyes vagy les eszkz segtsgvel
mly karcokat ksztenek egy vakolat felletn.

incizie direct

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic a desenului preparator prin

care cu ajutorul unui instrument ascuit se realizeaz o incizie pe suprafaa stratului de tencuial.

Megjegyzs: Alkalmazhat szraz vagy friss

vakolatra egyarnt. A friss vakolat az ecsetnyl
hegyezett vgvel is karcolhat. Kivitelezhet
szabad kzzel, patron minta, krz vagy vonalz segtsgvel. les krvonal bemlyedst eredmnyez, melynek peremn kis vakolat felhalmozdsok vannak.
Szinonima: direkt elkarc
Tves megnevezs: karcolt rajz, karcols

Adnotare: Poate fi realizat pe o tencuial uscat sau pe o tencuial proaspt. Pe o tencuial proaspt incizia direct se poate realiza
cu ajutorul unei cozi ascuite de pensul. Se
poate realiza cu mna liber, folosind un ablon, un compas sau o rigl; astfel sunt create
incizii fine cu mici acumulri de mortar pe
margini.

patron minta, tnyomott karton, intonaco

pooar, incizie indirect, intonaco

incisione diretta

incisin directa

BG

: .
:
. .
, , .
.
: ( )
: ,
,

it

Definizione: Usando uno strumento appuntito (stilo) o tagliente, si tracciano delle linee
profonde nella superficie di un intonaco. un
metodo di composizione o di trasposizione
delle linee essenziali di un disegno su una data
superficie.
Commento: Questo tipo di incisione talvolta
veniva eseguito usando il manico appuntito
del pennello per tracciare le linee nellintonaco fresco. L'incisione diretta pu essere eseguita a mano libera oppure usando una sagoma, un compasso e/o un righello. Lascia un'intaccatura a spigoli vivi, con piccoli accumuli di
malta lungo i bordi.
incisione indiretta, intonaco, decorazione

Es

Definicin: Tcnica de dibujo preparatorio

que consiste en realizar el trazado de lneas
profundas en la superficie de un revoque
usando una herramienta puntiaguda o instrumentos afilados.
Comentario: Puede aplicarse sobre el revoque hmedo o seco. Sobre revoque hmedo
puede hacerse con el mango de un pincel.
Puede realizarse a mano alzada, con un estarcido, un comps o una regla. El resultado es
una fuerte hendidura con pequeas acumulaciones de mortero en los bordes.
Sinnimo: incisin en V
estarcido

a stampino

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Scratched lines with smooth edges, Church of St. George, Buzet (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

indirect incision

EN

Definition: Design transfer from a cartoon onto a plaster employing a point or stylus (also
called the stylus method).
Comment: With this method the indentation
is characterized by smooth edges. This technique was usually carried out on fresh plaster.
Not to be confused with: incised drawing,
scoring

Sources: Mora et al.1999, 17; Nimmo 2001, 109, 236

136

incision indirecte

FR

Dfinition: Mthode de report dune

bauche sur lenduit, nomme carton, faite
par la reprise du trac laide dune pointe ou
dun stylet (mthode du stylet) au travers du
dessin.
Commentaires: Cette technique laisse une
marque douce bord arrondis. Elle sapplique
sur enduit frais.
Ne pas confondre avec: incision directe, piquetage

Durchdrckverfahren

DE

Definition: bertragung einer Zeichnung

vom Karton auf einen Verputz mit einem spitzen Griffel oder einer Nadel.
Kommentar: Eine mit dieser Methode hergestellte Einkerbung ist an den weichen Kanten
im Verputz erkennbar. Das Durchdrckverfahren wurde normalerweise auf frischem Putz
angewendet.
Synonyme: indirekte Ritzung, Durchpressen
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Vorritzung, Ritzung

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Neizravno urezivanje

HR

Definicija: Precrtavanje crtea, iljkom ili stilusom (metodom stilusa), sa skice na buku.
Napomena: Ta metoda ostavlja glatko udubljenje. Neizravno urezivanje obino se izvodi
na svjeoj buci.

tnyomott karton

Hu

Meghatrozs: Rajztechnika, mely abbl ll,

hogy a vakolaton, egy kartonra kszlt rajzon
keresztl, egy tvel vagy rvesszvel nyomot
hagynak.
Megjegyzs: Ez az eljrs egy letlen bemlyedst eredmnyez. Az tnyomott kartonos
pauzlst friss vakolaton alkalmazzk.
Szinonima: pauzls tnyomott kartonnal
Tves megnevezs: karcolt rajz, karcols

incisione indiretta

it

Definizione: Metodo di trasposizione delle linee essenziali di una composizione sullintonaco fresco, con lausilio di un cartone, mediante uno strumento appuntito. adottato
nella tecnica a fresco.
Commento: Le linee incise cos prodotte presentano un caratteristico profilo dai margini
arrotondati.

Porednio wgniatany rysunek

PL

Dolayl izme

tR

Definicja: Technika przenoszenia rysunku z

kartonu na tynk z uyciem szpicu lub rylca
(nazywana metod rylca).

Tanm: Kartona yaplm izim zerinden oyma kalemi ya da kopya kalemi ile svaya iz karma (kopya kalemi metodu da denir).

Komentarz: W tej metodzie wgbienia charakteryzuj si agodnymi krawdziami. T

technik stosowano zwykle na wieym tynku.
Nie naley myli z: rysunek wycinany, wydrapywany

Yorum: Bu metotta przsz, dzgn entik

yaplr. Dolayl izim ya svaya uygulanrd.
E anlam: kertik
Kartrmaynz: entikli izim, entikleme

incizie indirect

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic de transpunere a desenului

prin care se traseaz cu un obiect ascuit peste
liniile unui desen executat pe un carton.
Adnotare: Prin aceast tehnic se obin contururi incizate netede. Aceast tehnic era de
obicei realizat pe tencuiala proaspt.

incisin indirecta

Es

Definicin: Tcnica de diseo que consiste en

calcar en el revoque un dibujo hecho sobre un
papel grande o cartn con un punzn o una
aguja.

BG

:
,

( ).

:
,
.
: . .
: ( )
: ,

Comentario: Con este mtodo se deja una

suave marca. La incisin indirecta se realiza sobre revoque fresco.
Sinnimo: incisin en U

intonaco, incisione diretta

137

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Losses of the top render layer allow a view of the layer beneath, showing traces of keying by hammering, historic building, Zagreb (Croatia); Photo: 2015, (Roland Lenz)

Keying

EN

Definition: Mechanical roughening (e.g.

hammering, scoring, scraping) of a surface in
order to prepare for an additional layer of plaster.
Comment: In the past this method of surface
preparation could cause great damage to wall
paintings, especially when the surface was
roughened with a hammer. In most cases
hammering was done without knowledge of
existing wall paintings, because they were
hidden beneath limewash or layers of plaster.
This technique produces regularly spaced indentations in order to roughen a smooth surface to obtain an increased adherence between the support and new plaster layer.
levelling coat

Bouchardage

Dfinition: Prparation mcanique dune surface en crant de la rugosit avant application

dune couche denduit dans le but de favoriser
son adhrence (ex. martelage, piquetage, raclage).
Commentaires: Peut tre pratiqu sur une
surface en pierre de taille ou sur danciennes
couches denduits, enduits peints, lorsque
ceux-ci sont suffisamment adhrents pour
tre maintenus en place. Cette technique
consiste faire une multitude de marques rgulirement espaces afin de rendre plus rugueuse une surface trop lisse sur laquelle un
enduit ne pourra pas tenir. Souvent fait par
martelage dans le pass, il a caus de grands
dommages du fait, dans la plupart des cas, de
la mconnaissance de peintures murales existantes, caches sous un badigeon.
Synonyme: piquetage
gobetis

Sources: Artcyclopedia: keying (3.12. 2014)

138

FR

Aufhacken

DE

Definition: Mechanisches Verfahren zur Einkerbung (z. B. Hmmern, Ritzen, Kratzen), mit
der man eine Oberflche fr einen Verputz
vorbereitet.
Kommentar: In der Vergangenheit konnte
diese Methode der Oberflchenvorbereitung
groen Schaden an Wandmalereien anrichten, insbesondere das Aufhmmern. In den
meisten Fllen geschah das Hmmern ohne
Wissen um die Wandmalereien, die unter Kalktnche oder Putzlagen verborgen lagen.
Wenn man eine glatte Oberflche vorbereitend fr eine gute Haftung aufraut, hinterlsst
diese Technik Einkerbungen mit regelmigen Abstnden. Die Folgen des Prozesses werden oft Hackspuren genannt.
Synonyme: Aufhmmern, Aufspitzen
Ausgleichsputz

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Hrapavljenje

HR

Definicija: Mehaniko hrapavljenje povrine

(primjerice udaranjem ekiem, urezivanjem,
struganjem), koja se tako priprema za dodatni
sloj buke.
Napomena: U prolosti ta metoda pripremanja povrine prouzroavala je velika oteenja
zidnih slika, posebno kad je to izvedeno ekiem. U mnogim sluajevima oteenja ekiem uinjena su bez znanja o postojanju zidnih slika jer su bile skrivene ispod vapnenoga
premaza ili slojeva buke. Ovom se tehnikom
pravilno rasporeuju udubljenja, kako bi se za
bolje prianjanje nosaa i novoga sloja buke
ohrapavila pretjerano glatka povrina.
izravnavajui premaz

Pikkels

Hu

Meghatrozs: A fellet feldurvtsa mechanikai eszkzkkel (pldul kalapls, karcols, kapars) a vakolsra val elkszts rdekben.
Megjegyzs: Rgebb, ez a fellet elksztsi
eljrs komoly krokat okozhatott a falkpekben, fleg ha kalaplssal durvtottak. Legtbbszr a kalaplst gy vgeztk, hogy nem
tudtak a ltez falkprl, mert meszels vagy
vakolat rtegek mgtt rejtztt.
Ez a technika egyenletes tvolsgban lev bemlyedseket eredmnyez, annak rdekben,
hogy feldurvtson egy tlzottan sima felletet;
clja, hogy az j vakolatrteg jobban tapadjon
a hordozhoz.
Szinonima: bepikkels
kiegyenlt rteg

Martellinatura

it

Definizione: Tecnica per rendere scabrosa

una superficie muraria intonacata tramite picchiettatura con un utensile appuntito o tagliente (p. es. una martellina).
Commento: Questa tecnica ha causato gravi
danni a pitture murali, specialmente quando si
usava la martellina. Di solito la martellinatura veniva eseguita senza la conoscenza delle pitture
murali sottostanti, coperti da uno scialbo o uno
strato di intonaco. Picchiettando, si producono
punti di ancoraggio regolari, per facilitare cos
lapplicazione di un nuovo strato dintonaco.
Sinonimi: picchiettatura, spicchettatura
intonaco, rinzaffo

Nasiekanie

PL

Definicja: Przygotowanie powierzchni w celu

uzyskania szorstkiego podoa pod naoenie
dodatkowej warstwy tynku poprzez mechaniczne dziaania (np. motkowanie, nacinanie,
zdrapywanie).
Komentarz: Stosowanie tej metody przygotowania powierzchni w przeszoci doprowadzio do wielkich zniszcze malowide ciennych, zwaszcza gdy wykonywano je motkiem. W wikszoci wypadkw nasieki wykonano bez wiadomoci istnienia malowide,
poniewa byy ukryte pod pobia lub warstwami tynkw. Po zastosowaniu tej techniki
widoczne s regularnie rozmieszczone nasieki
wykonane w celu uzyskania lepszej przyczepnoci nowej warstwy tynku do gadkich powierzchni.
warstwa wyrwnujca

Martelare

Ro

Definiie: Aciune mecanic de nnsprire a

unei suprafae (ex. prin ciocnire, zgriere, rzuire) n vederea aplicrii unui strat adiional
de tencuial.

Esta tcnica produce marcas regulares que

convierten una superficie excesivamente lisa
en una superficie rugosa preparada para una
correcta adherencia.
Sinnimos: repicado, repiqueteado
capa de nivelacin

Girinti knt oluturma

Tanm: ekileme, entikleme, kazma gibi

mekanik mdahalelerle yzeyin przlendirerek sva katman iin hazrlanmas.
Yorum: Gemite bu yzey hazrlama yntemi
zellikle de ekileme yoluyla yapldnda
duvar resimlerine byk zararlar verirdi (birok durumda duvar resimleri badana ya da sva tabakalarnn altnda olduundan, ekileme bu katmanlar altnda duvar resmi bulunduu bilgisi olmadan yaplrd). Bu teknik, przsz yzeyin zerine yaplacak yeni svay
tutmas iin mevcut svann dzgn ekilde girintiler oluturulmas iin yaplr.
E anlam: przlendirme
dzeltme tabakas

Adnotare: n trecut, aceast metod de pregtire a suprafeei provoca degradri semnificative picturilor murale, mai ales cnd aceasta era realizat prin ciocnire. n cele mai multe cazuri ciocnirea era realizat fr a se ti de
existena picturii murale, acesta fiind ascuns
sub vruieli sau straturi de tencuial. Prin
aceast tehnic se realizeaz crestturi ce nnspresc o suprafa neted cu scopul de a
oferi o aderen sporit tencuielii ce va urma.
Sinonim: buciardare
strat egalizator

Picado

Es

Definicin: Preparacin de una superficie para recibir una capa de revoque realizando rugosidades mediante accin mecnica (por
ejemplo, martilleo, punteo o rayado).

tR

BG

:
(
, , .)
: , .
,
. ,
-
.

Comentario: En el pasado, este mtodo de

preparacin de la superficie poda causar
grandes daos a las pinturas murales, especialmente cuando se haca mediante martilleo. En muchos casos, el martilleo se realizaba
sin conocer la existencia de pinturas murales,
ya que estaban escondidas bajo los encalados
o las capas de revoque.

139

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CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

Pattern on red areas applied using a stencil, Chapel of St. Veit, Stuttgart (Germany), 1428; Photo: 2012, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

stencil

EN

Definition: Reproduction technique to produce an ornamental pattern, with the use of a

template.
Comment: A template is made out of a semirigid material (waxed cardboard, plastic, metal, parchment or similar) and is then transferred repeatedly to a surface by rubbing or
brushing paint in or around the cut-out area.
The transferring technique is known as stencilling.
Not to be confused with: incision

Pochoir

Dfinition: Support dcoup ou vid qui

permet de reproduire trs rapidement des
motifs ornementaux de manire rgulire et
rptitive.
Commentaires: Le pochoir est fait dans un
matriau semi-rigide (carton cir, plastique,
mtal, parchemin). Il est maintenu plaqu sur
la surface dcorer et est recouvert de peinture, la brosse, lponge ou par pulvrisation. Lorsque quon le retire, le motif est imprim selon la forme cre par la dcoupe. On
parle de technique au pochoir.
Ne pas confondre avec: incision

Sources: AAT: stencil (5.11.2014); CAMEO: Stencil (4.11.2015); MoMA: Stencil (4.11.2014)

140

FR

schablonenmalerei

DE

Definition: Reproduktionstechnik fr ein ornamentales Muster, bei der man eine Schablone als Vorlage verwendet.
Kommentar: Eine Vorlage wird aus halbsteifem Material (Pappe, Plastik, Metall, Pergament) angefertigt und deren Form wiederholt
auf eine Oberflche bertragen, indem Farbe
in die ausgeschnittenen Bereiche oder um sie
herum gerieben oder gestrichen wird. Die
bertragungstechnik mit der Schablone ist
auch als Schablonieren bekannt.

ARt AND CRAFt tECHNiquEs

CoNstRuCtioN AiDs

ablona

HR

szablon

PL

Definicija: Tehnika umnoavanja za dobivanje ornamentalnoga uzorka u kojoj se rabi

predloak.

Definicja: Metoda wykonywania powtarzalnych dekoracji przy pomocy wycitego wzoru.

Napomena: Uzorak, izraen od polutvrdoga

materijala (votane ljepenke, plastike, metala,
koe ili slinoga), na povrinu se prenosi ponavljanjem, trljanjem ili etkanjem boje u izrezani dio ili oko njega. Tehnika prenoenja
poznata je kao abloniziranje.

Komentarz: Wycity wzr wykonany jest z

psztywnego materiau (woskowanego kartonu, plastiku, metalu, pergaminu lub podobnego materiau), przenoszony kolejno na powierzchni poprzez wcieranie farby, lub pdzlem, albo te wok szablonu. Technika przenoszenia okrelana jako dekoracje szablonowe.

Patronozs / sablonozs

Pooar

Hu

Meghatrozs: Dszt motvumok sokszorostsa egy dsztminta ltrehozshoz, egy

sablon segtsgvel.

Ro

stensil

tR

Tanm: Bir kalp kullanlarak ssleme dokusu

elde edilen kopyalama teknii.
Yorum: Bu yntemde mumlu mukavva, parmen, plastik veya metal gibi yar-esnek malzemeden yaplan kalbn i ya da d konturuna boya frayla srlerek ya da srterek yzeye defalarca aktarlr. Nakil teknii ablon uygulamas olarak da bilinir.
E anlam: ablon
Kartrmaynz: kesme, kesim, kertik

BG

Definiie: Tehnic de reproducere a motivelor

decorative folosind un ablon.

:
.

Megjegyzs: A sablont (mintt) egy flmerev

anyagbl vgjk ki (viaszozott karton, manyag, fm, pergamen vagy hasonlk) s ismtelten tmsoljk egy felletre, festket
drzslve vagy ecsetelve a kivgott rszek krl. Az tmsolsi technikt patronozsnak
nevezik.
Tves megnevezs: karcols

Adnotare: Un model decupat (ablon) realizat

dintr-un material semi-rigid (carton, plastic,
metal, pergament) este transferat n mod repetat pe o suprafa prin pensularea n interiorul sau n jurul decupajului. Aceast tehnic
de transfer este cunoscut i sub numele de
ablon.
Sinonim: ablon
A nu se confunda cu: incizie

: ()
( , , ,
.)

.
:

Decorazione a stampino

Estarcir

it

Definizione: Tecnica per riprodurre motivi ornamentali utilizzando mascherine intagliate.

Commento: Il motivo ornamentale intagliato in un materiale semirigido (cartone cerato,
plastica o simili) e poi trasferito ripetutamente
sulla superficie da decorare strofinando i colori o passandoli a pennello nelle zone intagliate dello stampino. Questa tecnica di decorazione nota come decorazione a stampino.
Oggi molto diffuso anche il corrispondente
termine inglese di stencil.

Es

Definicin: Tcnica de realizacin de reproducciones ornamentales en las que se usan

plantillas recortadas.
Comentario: Estas plantillas recortadas se hacen primero con materiales semirrgidos (cera,
cartn, plstico, metal, pergamino o similar) y,
posteriormente, sus motivos se transfieren repetidamente a una superficie mediante frotamiento o pasando una brocha con pintura en
o alrededor del rea recortada. La tcnica de
transferencia se denomina estarcir.
Sinnimo: estampar
No confundir con: incisin

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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

Alveolar weathering on Globigerina Limestone, due to intrinsic properties of the material (bioturbation); Photo: 2010, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

EN

Causes intrinsques de dgradation FR

Materialimmanente Schadensursache DE

Definition: Deterioration due to internal

properties of a material, such as chemical
composition and/or physical properties.

Dfinition: Dgradation en raison des proprits internes du matriau, telles que sa

composition chimique ou ses proprits physiques.

Definition: Zerfall aufgrund von inneren Eigenschaften eines Materials, wie die chemische Zusammensetzung und/oder die physikalischen Eigenschaften.

Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre d'origine

naturelle ou dues lapparition dun dfaut
lors de la fabrication de l'objet ou du btiment. La sensibilit d'un matriau la dgradation apparait habituellement du fait de la
combinaison des proprits intrinsques avec
des causes extrinsques, telles que des fluctuations de l'environnement, la prsence de
sels solubles, la pollution de l'air, les cycles de
gel-dgel, cycles humidit-schage, etc.

Kommentar: Diese Schadensursache kann

natrlich vorkommen oder durch andere Probleme whrend der Herstellung des Objektes
oder Gebudes einsetzen. Die Schwche eines
Materials uert sich blicherweise durch die
Kombination von inneren Eigenschaften und
ueren Ursachen, wie z.B. Umweltvernderungen, lsliche Salze, Luftverschmutzung,
Frost-Tau-Wechsel, Nass-Trocken-Wechsel u.a.

Intrinsic cause of deterioration

Comment: These can be naturally occurring

or else a problem introduced during the making of the object or building. The weakness of
a material usually manifests due to the combination of intrinsic properties and extrinsic
causes, which can include environmental fluctuations, soluble salts, air pollution, freezethaw cycles, wet-dry cycles, etc.
extrinsic causes of deterioration, environmental deterioration, soluble salts, air
pollution

facteurs externes de dgradation, dgradation lie l'environnement, sels solubles,

pollution de l'air

uere Schadensursache, umweltbedingter Zerfall, lsliche Salze, Luftverschmutzung

Sources: Calia et al. 2000, 4950; Cassar 2002, 33/4; Doehne, Price 2010, 25/6; Glossary on Stone 2008, 8; Lazzarini 2001; Rives et. al. 2006; Schellewald 2013,
57; Siedel, Siegesmund 2011, 154; Wheeler et al. 1997, 45

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DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

unutarnji uzroci pogoranja

HR

Wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze

PL

sel Bozulma Sebebi

tR

Definicija: Svojstva materijala koja prouzrouju pogoranja materijala, primjerice kemijski sastav te fizika svojstva.

Definicja: Pogorszenie stanu materiau w wyniku jego cech wewntrznych, takich jak budowa chemiczna i / lub wasnoci fizyczne.

tanm: Kimyasal bileim ve/veya fiziksel zellikler gibi malzemenin isel zelliklerinden dolay bozulma.

Napomena: Pogoranja mogu biti prirodna

pojava ili su uzroci nastali pri stvaranju umjetnikoga djela, odnosno graevine. Do slabljenja materijala obino dolazi zbog unutarnjih i
vanjskih uzroka, koji mogu ukljuivati promjene u okoliu, topljive soli, oneienje zraka,
cikluse smrzavanja-topljenja, cikluse vlaenjasuenja itd.

Komentarz: Problemy powstae w procesie

tworzenia dziea, procesy zachodzce naturalnie. Osabienie materiau objawia si zwykle
wskutek poczenia wasnoci wewntrznych
i przyczyn zewntrznych, ktre obejmuj
zmienne warunki rodowiska, sole rozpuszczalne, cykle przemarzania, cykle zamakaniaschnicia itp.

Yorum: Bunlar doal olarak ya da nesnenin

veya yapnn yapl esnasnda karlalm
problem nedeniyle meydana gelebilir. Malzemenin zayfl genellikle evresel deikenlikler, znr tuzlar, hava kirlilii, donma-znme dngleri, slanma kuruma dnglerini ieren isel zellikler ve dsal sebeplerin
birleiminden ortaya kar.

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, pogoranje

prouzroeno okoliem, topljive soli, oneienje zraka

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, niszczce

warunki rodowiska, sole rozpuszczalne,
zanieczyszczenia powietrza

dsal bozulma sebebi, evresel bozulma,

znr tuzlar, hava kirlilii

Bels krosodsi tnyezk

Cauze intrinseci de degradare

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Az anyag tulajdonsgaihoz

ktd, pldul a kmiais/vagy fizikai jellemzivelsszefggsbe hozhatkrosodsok.

Definiie: Degradare cauzat de proprietile

interne ale unui material, precum compoziia
chimic i/sau proprietile fizice.

: ,
,
/ .

Megjegyzs: Ezek addhatnak az anyag termszetbl vagy lehetnek olyan gondok, melyek a trgy vagy azplet ksztsbl szrmaznak. Egy anyag gyenglse ltalban az
anyag tulajdonsgai s a krnyezeti hatsok
klcsnhatsa ltal nyilvnul meg. Klsokokhoz tartozhatnak a krnyezeti ingadozsok,
vzoldhatsk, levegszennyezds, fagyciklusok, nedves-szraz ciklusok, stb.

adnotare: Acestea se pot produce n mod natural sau din alte cauze, generate n procesul
realizrii obiectului sau construciei. Fragilitatea unui material se manifest, de obicei, din
cauza combinaiei de proprieti intrinseci i
cauze extrinseci, care pot include fluctuaii de
mediu, sruri solubile, poluarea aerului, cicluri
nghe-dezghe, cicluri umed-uscat, etc.

:
,
.

,
: , ,
, , ,
.

Hu

kls krosodsi tnyezk, krnyezeti

krosodsok, vzoldhat sk, lgszennyezds

Causa intrinseca di deterioramento

It

cauze extrinseci de degradare, degradare

cauzat de mediu, sruri solubile, poluare
atmosferic

Causas intrnsecas de deterioro

ES

Definizione: Deterioramento dovuto a propriet interne al materiale, come composizione chimica e/o propriet fisiche.

Definicin: Deterioro debido a las propiedades internas de un material, como la composicin qumica y/o las propiedades fsicas.

Commento: Possono verificarsi in modo naturale, oppure a causa di un problema indotto

durante la realizzazione dell'oggetto o dell'edificio. La debolezza di un materiale si manifesta
generalmente a causa della combinazione tra
propriet intrinseche e cause estrinseche, che
possono includere fluttuazioni ambientali, sali
solubili, inquinamento atmosferico, cicli di gelo-disgelo, cicli di umido-secco etc.

Comentario: Pueden ser de origen natural o

bien ocasionadas por un problema introducido durante la realizacin del objeto o edificio.
La debilidad de un material, por lo general, se
manifiesta debido a la combinacin de las propiedades intrnsecas y las causas extrnsecas
como, por ejemplo, fluctuaciones ambientales,
sales solubles, contaminacin del aire, ciclos
de hielo y deshielo, ciclo hmedo-seco, etc.

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, deterioramento ambientale, sali solubili, inquinamento atmosferico

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, deterioro ambiental, sales solubles, contaminacin del aire

, ,
,

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A detached marouflage painting due to the infiltration of water from the roof. Chapel of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nadur, Gozo (Malta), 1950s; Photo: 2013, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

Extrinsic cause of deterioration

EN

Definition: External factors, which may be

natural or anthropogenic, bringing about deterioration.
Comment: Causes can include air pollution
(acid rain), soluble salts, rising damp, freezethaw cycles, environmental fluctuations, infiltration, etc.

air pollution, soluble salts, rising

damp, infiltration, freeze-thaw cycles,
environmental deterioration

Facteurs externes de dgradation

FR

Dfinition: Dorigine naturelle ou anthropique, entranant la dtrioration.

Commentaires: Ces causes peuvent inclure
la pollution atmosphrique (pluies acides),
les sels solubles, les cycles gel-dgel, les fluctuations de l'environnement, l'infiltration, etc.

pollution de l'air, sels solubles, remonte capillaire, infiltration, cycles gel-dgel, dgradation lie l'environnement

uere Schadensursache

DE

Definition: Externe Faktoren, die natrlich

oder anthropogen sein knnen, verursachen
Zerfall.
Kommentar: Diese Ursachen knnen Luftverschmutzung (saurer Regen), lsliche Salze,
aufsteigende Feuchte, Frost-Tau-Wechsel Zyklen, Umweltvernderungen, Infiltration u.a.
sein.

Luftverschmutzung, lsliche Salze,

aufsteigende Feuchte, Infiltration,
Frost-Tau-Wechsel, umweltbedingter
Zerfall

Sources: Cassar 2002; Doehne, Price 2010, 925; Fassina 2010; Honeyborne 1998, 153156; Lazzarini 2001; Rives et al. 2006; Steiger, Siegesmund 2007; Wheeler
et al. 1997, 4650

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Vanjski uzroci pogoranja

HR

Definicija: Vanjski imbenici, prirodni ili ljudski, koji prouzrouju pogoranje.

Napomena: Ovi uzroci ukljuuju oneienje
zraka (kisele kie), topljive soli, uzlaznu (kapilarnu) vlagu, cikluse smrzavanja-topljenja,
promjene u okoliu, prodiranje vode itd.

oneienje zraka, topljive soli, uzlazna

(kapilarna) vlaga, infiltracija, ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja, pogoranje prouzroeno
okoliem

Kls krosodsi tnyezk

Hu

Meghatrozs: Krosodsokat elidz kls okok, melyek lehetnek termszetes vagy

antropogn eredetek.
Megjegyzs: E tnyezk kz tartozhat a
lgszennyezds (savas es), vzoldhat sk,
felszvd nedvessg, fagyciklusok, krnyezeti ingadozsok, beszivrgs/bezs, stb.

Zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze

PL

Definicja: Niszczce czynniki zewntrzne,

ktre mog by naturalne lub spowodowane
przez czowieka.
Komentarz: Te przyczyny obejmuj zanieczyszczenie powietrza (kwane deszcze), sole
rozpuszczalne, podciganie wilgoci, cykliczne przemarzanie, wahania warunkw rodowiska, przesczanie itd.

zanieczyszczenie powietrza, sole rozpuszczalne, podciganie wilgoci, infiltracja,

cykliczne przemarzanie, niszczce warunki rodowiska

Cauze extrinseci de degradare

tR

tanm: Bozulmaya sebep olan dsal faktrler,

doal ya da insan kaynakl olabilir.
Yorum: Bu sebepler hava kirlilii (asit yamuru), znr tuzlar, ykselen nem, donma-znme dngleri, evresel deikenlikler, sznt vb. olabilir.

hava kirlilii, znr tuzlar, ykselen

nem, donma-znme dngleri, evresel
bozulmalar

Ro

BG

Definiie: Factori externi, naturali sau antropici, care provoac degradri.

:
, .

adnotare: Aceste cauze pot include poluarea atmosferic (ploaie acid), srurile solubile, umiditatea de capilaritate, ciclurile nghedezghe, fluctuaiile de mediu, infiltraiile, etc.

lgszennyezds, vzoldhat sk, felszvd nedvessg, beszivrgs, fagyciklusok, krnyezeti krosodsok

poluare atmosferic, sruri solubile,

umiditate de capilaritate, infiltrare, cicluri nghe-dezghe, degradare cauzat de
mediu

Causa estrinseca di deterioramento

Causas extrnsecas de deterioro

It

Dsal bozulma sebebi

ES

Definizione: Fattori esterni, che possono essere naturali o antropogenici, che comportano deterioramento.

Definicin: Factores externos, que pueden

ser naturales o antropognicos, causantes de
deterioro.

Commento: Queste cause possono includere

inquinamento atmosferico (pioggia acida),
sali solubili, umidit di risalita, cicli di gelodisgelo, fluttuazioni ambientali, infiltrazione,
etc.

Comentario: Estas causas pueden incluir

contaminacin ambiental (lluvia cida), sales
solubles, humedad ascendente por capilaridad, ciclos de hielo y deshielo, fluctuaciones
medioambientales, infiltraciones, etc.

inquinamento atmosferico, sali solubili,

umidit di risalita, infiltrazione, ciclo di
gelo-disgelo, deterioramento ambientale

contaminacin ambiental, sales solubles,

humedad ascendente por capilaridad, infiltraciones, ciclos de hielo-deshielo, deterioro medioambiental

:
: ( ), , , ,
a .

,
, , ,
,

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Partly removed dirt (left side), Summer Villa Sorkoevi, Komolac (Croatia), 17/18th century; Photo: 2013, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Soiling / Dirt

EN

Encrassement

FR

Verschmutzung

DE

Definition: The accumulation of extraneous

material on a surface leading to discolouration.

Dfinition: Accumulation de matires trangres sur une surface qui conduit sa dcoloration.

Definition: Ansammlung von Fremdstoffen

auf einer Oberflche, die zu einer Farbvernderung fhrt.

Comment: Dirt can include atmospheric particles, dust, bird droppings, etc. Soiling can also include the formation of black crusts (sulfation). It should be distinguished from acts of
vandalism (e.g. spray graffiti), and superficial
staining.

Commentaires: Particules atmosphriques,

poussire, fientes d'oiseaux, etc. L'encrassement peut galement inclure la formation de
crotes noires (sulfatation). Il doit tre distingu des actes de vandalisme (graffitis faits
avec des sprays par exemple), des taches
superficielles.

Kommentar: Schmutz umfasst atmosphrische Partikel, Staub, Vogelkot u.a. Verschmutzung kann auch die Bildung von schwarzen
Krusten (Vergipsung) mit einschlieen. Sie
muss jedoch von Vandalismus (z.B. aufgesprhtes Graffiti) und oberflchlicher Verfrbung unterschieden werden.
Synonyme: Schmutz, Kontamination, Verunreinigung, Dreck

darkening, yellowing, colour saturation

assombrissement, jaunissement, saturation de la couleur

Verdunklung, Vergilbung, Farbsttigung

Sources: AAT: soiling (11.12.2014); Feilden 2003, 113; Grossi et al. 2003; Glossary on Stone 2008, 47; Mansfield et al. 1991; Saiz-Jimenez 2003, 207; Thornbush,
Viles 2006; Watt, Hamilton 2003

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Zaprljanje

HR

Brud / Zanieczyszczenia

PL

Definicija: Nakupina stranoga materijala na

povrini koja dovodi do promjene boje.

Definicja: Nagromadzenie na powierzchni

lunego nalotu prowadzce do przebarwie.

Napomena: Prljavtina moe sadravati atmosferske estice, prainu, ptiji izmet itd. Zaprljanje takoer moe podrazumijevati stvaranje crnih kora (sulfatizacija). Treba se razlikovati od vandalskoga ina (npr. sprej za grafite) i povrinskoga obojenja.
Sinonim: prljavtina

Komentarz: Brud moe zawiera zanieczyszczenia atmosferyczne, kurz, odchody ptasie

itp. Nawarstwienie moe te obejmowa tworzenie si czarnego nalotu. Gromadzenie
brudu naley odrni od aktw wandalizmu
(np. graffiti wykonane z uyciem spraya) i powierzchniowych zaplamie.
Synonim: zanieczyszczenia

tamnjenje, uenje, zasienost boje

Elszennyezds

pociemnienie, zacenie, zmiana koloru

Hu

Depunere

Ro

Meghatrozs: Kls anyagok felhalmozdsa a felleten, ami elsznezdshez vezet.

Definiie: Acumulare de material strin pe suprafa, care s conduc la alterare cromatic.

Megjegyzs: A piszok tartalmazhat lgkri rszecskket, port, madrrlket, stb. Elszenynyezds alatt rthetnk feketedst (fekete
krgesedst, szulftosodst) is. Klnbsget
kell tenni a vandalizmus (pldul graffiti) s a
felleti elsznezds kztt.
Szinonima: piszok

adnotare: Murdria poate include particule

atmosferice, praf, excremente de psri, etc.
Depunerea poate include de asemenea formarea crustelor negre. Trebuie distins de actele de vandalism (de ex. graffiti cu spray) i
de petele superficiale.
Sinonim: murdrie

(el)sttls, srguls, sznek teltdse

ntunecare, nglbenire, saturarea culorii

Imbrattamento

acumulacin de suciedad

It

tR

tanm: Dardan gelen malzemelerin yzeyde birikerek rengin bozulmasna, solmasna

neden olmas.
Yorum: Kir atmosferik paracklar, tozu, ku
pisliklerini vb. ierebilir. Lekelenme siyah kabuk (slfatlama) oluumlarn da ierebilir. Bu
durumlar, Vandal eylemlerden (sprey grafiti gibi) ve yzey lekelemesinden ayrt edilmelidir.
E anlam: kir

kararma, sararma, renk doygunluu

BG

:
, .
: , , . .

(. ) .

, ,

ES

Definizione: Accumulazione di materiale

estraneo su una superficie che conduce a scolorimento.

Definicin: Existencia de materiales externos

en las superficies pictricas que producen alteraciones en el color.

Commento: Lo sporco pu inglobare particelle atmosferiche, polvere, escrementi di uccelli,

etc. L'imbrattamento pu includere anche la
formazione di croste nere (solfatazione). Deve
essere distinto da atti di vandalismo (es. graffiti con bombolette spray), e macchie superficiali.
Sinonimo: sporco

Comentario: La suciedad puede incluir partculas atmosfricas, polvo, excrementos de pjaros, etc. Puede propiciar tambin la formacin de costras negras (sulfatos). Debe distinguirse de los actos vandlicos (por ejemplo,
los grafitis), y de las manchas superficiales.
Sinnimo: depsitos superficiales

scurimento, ingiallimento, saturazione

del colore

Lekelenme

oscurecimiento, amarilleamiento, saturacin del color

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Rain-induced moisture, Palais des Papes, Avignon (France), 14th century; Photo: 2015, (Stefan Belishki)

Humidity

EN

Definition: The amount of moisture present

in the air or in a porous material (here referred
to as moisture).
Comment: When air humidity is measured by
a hygrometer, the value obtained is that for
relative humidity, expressed as a percentage.
Equilibrium relative humidity is the value of
relative humidity of the surrounding air where
there is no net exchange of moisture. The actual water content of the air expressed as
grams of water vapour per cubic metre volume of air (g/m3) is the absolute humidity.

condensation, soluble salts, rising damp,

infiltration

Humidit

FR

Dfinition: Quantit deau sous forme de vapeur ou de microgouttelettes prsente dans

lair ou dans un matriau poreux (ici dnomme humidit).

Feuchte

DE

Definition: Feuchte ist die Menge an Flssigkeit, die in der Luft (Luftfeuchte) oder in porsem Material enthalten ist.

Commentaires: Lorsque lhumidit de lair est

mesure par un hygromtre, la valeur obtenue
correspond lhumidit relative, exprime en
pourcentage. Lhumidit relative dquilibre est
la valeur de lhumidit relative de lair ambiant
quand il ny a pas dchange avec lenvironnement. La teneur deau relle dans lair, exprime
en grammes de vapeur deau par volume de mtre cube dair (g/m3) est lhumidit absolue.

Kommentar: Misst man Luftfeuchte mit einem Hygrometer, wird der gewonnene Wert
fr relative Luftfeuchte in Prozent ausgedrckt. Die Gleichgewichtsfeuchte ist der Wert
der relativen Feuchte der Umgebungsluft, in
der kein Austausch von Feuchte stattfindet.
Der tatschliche Wassergehalt der Luft, ausgedrckt in Gramm Wasser pro Kubikmeter Luft
(g/m3) ist die absolute Luftfeuchte.
Synonym: Feuchtigkeit

condensation, sels solubles, remonte

capillaire, infiltration

Kondensation, lsliche Salze, aufsteigende Feuchte, Infiltration

Sources: AAT: humidity (10.12.2014); Camuffo 2010, 1429; Camuffo 2013, 4965; Massari, Massari 1985; Massari, Massari 1993, 3346; Padfield 2009b:
Atmospheric moisture

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Vlanost

HR

Definicija: Koliina vlage prisutna u zraku ili

poroznome materijalu.
Napomena: Kad se vlanost u zraku mjeri higrometrom, dobivena vrijednost je relativna
vlanost, izraena u postotcima. Ravnotea relativne vlanosti je vrijednost relativne vlage
okolnoga zraka ondje gdje nema promjene
neto vlage. Stvarni sadraj vode u zraku izraen
u gramima vodene pare po kubnome metru
volumena zraka (g/m3) je apsolutna vlanost.

kondenzacija, topljive soli, uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga, infiltracija

Nedvessg

Hu

Wilgotno

PL

tanm: Nem havada ya da gzenekli malzemede bulunan slaklk miktardr (burada slaklk olarak ifade edilmitir).

Komentarz: Kiedy pomiar wilgotnoci wykonywany jest higrometrem, otrzymana warto

to wilgotno wzgldna, wyraona w procentach. Rwnowaga wilgotnoci wzgldnej wyraa si w wartoci wzgldnej otaczajcego powietrza gdzie nie ma wymiany wilgotnoci. Wilgotno absolutna/bezwzgldna to zawarto
wody w powietrzu podana w gramach pary
wodnej na metr szecienny (g/m3).

Yorum: Hava nemi higrometre ile lldnde elde edilen deer bal nemdir ve yzde
olarak ifade edilir. Denge bal nemi, net nem
deiimi olmadnda ortamn bal nem deeridir. Mutlak nem, havadaki gerek su miktarnn havann her metrekp hacmi bana
(g/m3) den su buharnn gram cinsinden ifade edilmesidir.

kondensacja, sole rozpuszczalne, podciganie wody, infiltracja

umiditate

Ro

Definiie: Cantitatea de ap sub form de vapori prezent n aer sau ntr-un material poros
(se face referire la umiditate).

Megjegyzs: Amikor a leveg nedvessgtartalmt higromterrel (pratartalom mr) mrik, a kapott rtk tulajdonkppen a relatv pratartalom, szzalkban kifejezve. Az egyenslyi relatv pratartalom a krnyez leveg
azon relatv pratartalmnak az rtke, melynek esetben nem jtszdik le nedvessgcsere. A leveg tulajdonkppeni vztartalma a leveg kbmterenknti vzpratartalma
grammban kifejezve (g/m3), s ez a leveg abszolt pratartalmaknt ismert.

adnotare: Atunci cnd umiditatea aerului este msurat cu ajutorul unui higrometru, valoarea obinut se refer la umiditatea relativ,
exprimat ca procent. Umiditatea relativ de
echilibru este valoarea umiditatii relative a
aerului nconjurtor n care nu exist niciun
schimb net de umiditate. Coninutul real de
ap din aer, exprimat n grame de vapori de
ap pe volum metru cub de aer (g/m3), reprezint umiditatea absolut.

umidit

It

condensare, sruri solubile, umiditate

de capilaritate, infiltrare

Humedad

youma, znr tuzlar, ykselen nem,

geirgenlik

BG

:
,
( ).
:
, , .

,
.
,
(g/m3).

, , ,

ES

Definizione: Lumidit la quantit di vapore

acqueo presente nellaria o in un materiale poroso (qui denominato vapore acqueo).

Definicin: Contenido de agua presente en el

aire o en un material poroso (humedad relativa).

Commento: Quando lumidit dellaria viene

misurata da un igrometro, il valore ottenuto
quello riguardante lumidit relativa, espressa
in percentuale. Lumidit relativa di equilibrio
il valore di umidit relativa dellaria circostante in cui non c nessuno scambio netto
di vapore acqueo. Il contenuto effettivo di acqua nellaria, espresso in grammi di vapore acqueo per un volume di aria di un metro cubo
(g/m3), lumidit assoluta.

Comentario: Cuando la humedad del aire se

mide mediante un higrmetro, el valor obtenido se refiere a la humedad relativa, que se
expresa como un porcentaje. La humedad relativa en equilibrio (o actividad del agua) es el
valor de la humedad relativa del aire circundante donde no hay intercambio neto de humedad. El contenido real de vapor de agua en
el aire es la humedad absoluta y se expresa en
gramos de vapor de agua por unidad de volumen de aire (g/m3).

condensazione, sali solubili, umidit di

risalita, infiltrazione

tR

Definicja: Wilgotno to ilo wilgoci obecnej

w powietrzu lub w porowatym materiale (tu
nazywanej wilgoci).

Meghatrozs: A levegben (lgnedvessg,

pratartalom) vagy egy porzus anyagban jelenlev nedvessg mennyisge.

pralecsapds, vzoldhat sk, felszvd nedvessg, beszivrgs

Nem

condensacin, sales solubles, humedad

ascendente por capilaridad, infiltracin

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Water droplets condensing on a surface, St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany); Photo: 2012, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Condensation

EN

Condensation

FR

Definition: Deposition of a liquid (or a solid)

from its vapour, generally upon a surface that
is cooler than the adjacent gas.

Dfinition: Dpt d'un liquide (ou solide)

gnralement form partir de sa phase vapeur au contact de la surface plus froide.

Comment: It occurs at a temperature which

is called the dew point. Condensation can either be on the surface or interstitial; this
means that it can form visibly on a cold surface, or else inside the pores of a porous materials. In both cases it can activate any present soluble salts, leading to deterioration. It
can also cause biological growth. Sometimes
this is difficult to distinguish from infiltration.

Commentaires: Elle se produit une temprature qui est appele le point de rose. La
condensation peut tre soit sur la surface soit
interstitielle. Cela signifie qu'elle peut se former de faon visible sur une surface froide ou
l'intrieur des pores d'un matriau poreux.
Dans les deux cas, elle peut activer les sels solubles prsents, conduisant une dgradation. Elle peut aussi provoquer la croissance
biologique. Elle est parfois difficile distinguer
d'une infiltration.

soluble salt, biological growth, humidity

sels solubles, dveloppement biologique,

humidit

Kondensation

DE

Definition: Abscheiden einer Flssigkeit

(oder eines Feststoffes) aus seinem Dampf, in
der Regel auf einer Oberflche, die klter ist
als das angrenzende Gas.
Kommentar: Sie geschieht bei einer Temperatur, die Taupunkt genannt wird. Kondensation findet entweder auf einer Oberflche
oder im Porenraum statt: Das Kondensat bildet sich dann sichtbar auf einer kalten Oberflche oder innerhalb von Poren eines porsen Materials. In beiden Fllen knnen vorhandene lsliche Salze aktiviert werden, was
zu Schden fhrt. Es kann auch zu biologischem Befall fhren. Manchmal ist es schwierig, die Kondensation von Infiltration zu unterscheiden.

lsliche Salze, biologischer Bewuchs,

Feuchte

Sources: AAT: condensation (11.12.2014); Bernardi 2008, 7579; 113115; 165200; 232/6; Camuffo 2010, 27/8; Brittanica: Condensation (2.2.2015); Feilden
2003, 101/2; Damp: Causes and Solutions 2007, 57; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Massari, Massari 1993, 117152; OED: Condensation (14.1.2015); Padfield
2009b: Dew point

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Kondenzacija

HR

Kondensacja

PL

Definicija: Taloenje tekuine (ili krutih tvari) iz pare, uglavnom na povrini koja je hladnija od okolnoga plina.

Definicja: Skraplanie cieczy (lub osadzanie si

ciaa staego) z pary, zwykle na powierzchni
chodniejszej ni znajdujcy si w pobliu gaz.

Napomena: Kondenzacija se pojavljuje na

temperaturi koju nazivamo rosite. Kondenzacija moe biti povrinska ili unutarnja, to
znai da moe biti vidljiva na hladnoj povrini
ili u porama poroznoga materijala. U oba sluaja moe aktivirati prisutne topljive soli, to
vodi prema pogoranju. Takoer moe prouzroiti bioloki rast. Ponekad ju je teko razlikovati od prodiranja vode.

Komentarz: Zjawisko powstaje w temperaturze okrelanej jako punkt rosy. Kondensacja

moe nastpi na powierzchni lub w szczelinie. To znaczy, e moe tworzy widoczne formy na zimnej powierzchni, albo osi wewntrz porw w materiaach porowatych. W
obu przypadkach moe uaktywni rozpuszczalne sole, co prowadzi do zniszcze. Moe
rwnie powodowa wzrost czynnikw biologicznych. Czasami zjawisko to trudno rozrni od infiltracji / przesikania.

topljive soli, bioloki rast, vlanost

Kondenzci

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy folyadk (vagy egy szilrd

anyag) lecsapdsa gzfzisbl egy felletre,
mely ltalban hidegebb a vele rintkez gznl.
Megjegyzs: A harmatpontnak nevezett hmrskleten kvetkezik be. A lecsapds trtnhet a felleten vagy a prusokban. Ez azt
jelenti, hogy lthatv vlhat a hideg felleten, vagy pedig a porzus anyag prusaiban
alakulhat ki. Mindkt esetben, aktivlhatja a
jelenlev vzoldhat skat, krosodsokhoz
vezetve. Biolgiai krosodst is okozhat. Nha
nehz megklnbztetni a beszivrg nedvessgtl/ bezstl.

vzoldhat sk, biolgiai krosods,

nedvessg

Condensazione

sole rozpuszczalne, wzrost biologiczny,

wilgotno

Condensare

Definiie: Depunerea unui lichid (sau unui solid) aflat iniial n stare de vapori, pe o suprafa care este mai rece.
adnotare: Fenomenul apare la o temperatur
numit punct de condensare. Condensarea se
poate produce fie pe suprafa, fie interstiial.
Cu alte cuvinte condensarea se poate forma
fie n mod vizibil pe o suprafa rece, fie n interiorul porilor unui material. n ambele cazuri
condensarea poate activa srurile solubile
prezente, conducnd astfel la degradare. De
asemenea, aceasta poate provoca apariia atacului biologic.

sruri solubile, atac biologic, umiditate

Condensacin

Commento: Si verifica ad una temperatura

che chiamata punto di rugiada. La condensazione pu essere sia superficiale che interstiziale. Questo significa che si pu visibilmente formare su una superficie fredda, oppure
nei pori di un materiale poroso. In entrambi i
casi essa pu attivare dei sali solubili presenti,
conducendo a deterioramento. Pu anche
causare proliferazione biologica. A volte pu
essere difficile da distinguere dall'infiltrazione.

sali solubili, proliferazione biologica,

umidit

Youma

tR

tanm: Genellikle etrafndaki gazdan daha serin olan yzey zerine buharn temasyla sv
(ya da kat) olarak kelmesi.
Yorum: Genellikle iy noktas ad verilen scaklkta meydana gelir. Youma ya yzeyde ya
da gzeneklerde olabilir.Youma souk yzeyde ya da gzenekli malzemenin gzenekleri iinde gzle grlebilir ekilde oluabilir.
Her iki durumda da bozulmaya sebep olan
mevcut znr tuzlar etkinletirebilir. Ayrca
biyolojik oluuma neden olabilir. Bazen bunu
szntdan ayrt etmek gtr.

znr tuzlar, biyolojik oluum, nem

Ro

It

Definizione: Deposizione di un liquido (o di

un solido) dal suo vapore, generalmente su
una superficie che pi fredda del gas adiacente.

sales solubles, crecimiento biolgico, humedad

ES

Definicin: Deposicin de una sustancia lquida (o slida) al pasar de su estado gaseoso

al lquido, generalmente sobre una superficie
ms fra que el gas adyacente.

BG

: (
) () , , .
: ,
. . ,

. , .
.
.

, ,

Comentario: Se produce a una temperatura

llamada punto de roco. La condensacin puede aparecer en la superficie o intersticialmente. Esto significa que puede formarse visiblemente sobre una superficie fra, o bien dentro
de los intersticios de un material poroso. En
ambos casos, puede activar sales solubles presentes en el material y producir deterioro. Tambin puede causar crecimiento biolgico. A veces, es difcil de distinguir de una infiltracin.
Sinnimo: licuefaccin

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Hygroscopic salts have resulted in a damp patch on a limestone wall (Malta); Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

Hygroscopicity / Deliquescence

EN

Hygroscopicit / Dliquescence

FR

Hygroskopizitt

DE

Definition: Hygroscopicity is the ability of a

salt or other materials to absorb moisture
from the air; when the moisture is sufficient to
allow dissolution of the salt, this is defined as
deliquescence.

Dfinition: Capacit d'un sel ou d'un autre

matriau absorber l'humidit de l'air; lorsque
l'humidit est en quantit suffisante pour permettre la dissolution du sel, elle est dfinie
comme dliquescence.

Definition: Die Fhigkeit eines Salzes oder

anderen Materials, Feuchte aus der Luft zu absorbieren. Sobald die Feuchte ausreicht, um
Salze in Lsung zu bringen, wird dies als Deliqueszenzfeuchte definiert.

Comment: Soluble salts vary in hygroscopicity; those that have a high hygroscopicity,
and/or those occurring in a humid environment, will often manifest their presence by
showing damp/dark patches.
A salt which exhibits hygroscopicity is called
a hygroscopic salt; one that shows deliquescence is called a deliquescent salt.
Other materials used as original materials or
as later additions in buildings and wall paintings can also be hygroscopic.
Not to be confused with: condensation

Commentaires: L'hygroscopicit des sels

solubles est variable: ceux ayant une forte
hygroscopicit ou ceux prsents dans un environnement humide, montrent souvent leur
prsence au travers de taches sombres
d'humidit. Un sel montrant une hygroscopicit est appel sel hygroscopique, celui montrant une dliquescence est appel sel dliquescent. D'autres matriaux, matriaux d'originaux ou provenant d'ajots ultrieurs dans
les btiments, ainsi que les peintures murales
peuvent galement tre hygroscopiques.
ne pas confondre avec: condensation

Kommentar: Lsliche Salze variieren in ihrer

Hygroskopizitt. Salze mit hoher Hygroskopizitt und/oder Salze, die in feuchter Umgebung auftreten, zeigen sich oft durch die Bildung feuchter, dunkler Flecken.
Ein Salz, das Hygroskopizitt zeigt, nennt sich
hygroskopisches Salz. Im Englischen werden
stark hygroskopische Salze als deliquescent
salt bezeichnet. Originale oder nachtrglich
zu Gebuden und Wandmalereien hinzugefgte Materialien knnen auch hygroskopisch
sein.
Synonyme: Neigung zur Wasseraufnahme,
Wasseraufnahmefhigkeit
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kondensation

soluble salts, humidity

sels solubles, humidit

lsliche Salze, Feuchte

Sources: AAT: hygroscopicity; deliquescence (12.9.2014); Camuffo 2014, 318; Camuffo 2010, 28; Brittanica: Deliquescence (2.3.2015); Glossary on Stone 2008,
46; Steiger 2015

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Higroskopnost / Rastapanje

HR

Definicija: Sposobnost soli ili nekoga drugog

materijala da upija vlagu iz zraka; kad je vlaga
dovoljna da omogui rastapanje soli, definira
se kao rastapanje.
Napomena: Topljive soli razlikuju se u razini
higroskopnosti; one koje imaju visoku higroskopnost i/ili one koje se pojavljuju u vlanome
okoliu esto su vidljive kao vlane/tamne mrlje. Soli kod kojih se uoava higroskopnost nazivaju se higroskopnim solima; one koje se rastapaju nazivaju se rastapajuim solima. Ostali
materijali koji su upotrijebljeni kao izvorni ili
kao naknadni dodatci graevini i zidnim slikama takoer mogu biti higroskopni.
Ne smije se mijeati s: kondenzacija

topljive soli, vlanost

Higroszkpossg / Elfolysods

Hu

Meghatrozs: A higroszkpossg (nedvessgmegkt kpessg) egy s vagy egyb

anyag azon kpessge, hogy nedvessget
kssn meg a levegbl. Ha a megkttt vz
sk olddshoz is elgsges, elfolysodsrl
beszlnk.
Megjegyzs: A vzoldhat sk higroszkpossga vltoz; a magas higroszkpossggal rendelkezk s/vagy azok, melyek nedves krnyezetben fordulnak el, gyakran nedves/stt foltok
formjban mutatkoznak. Azokat a skat, amelyek higroszkpossgot mutatnak, higroszkpos sknak, mg azokat, amelyek el is folysodnak, elfolysod sknak nevezzk. A malkots
eredeti anyagai vagy az plet s falkp ksbbi
kiegszt anyagai is lehetnek higroszkposak.
Tves megnevezs: pralecsapds

vzoldhat sk, nedvessg

Igroscopia / Deliquescenza

It

Definizione: L'igroscopia l'abilit di un sale

o di un altro materiale di assorbire umidit dall'aria; quando l'umidit sufficiente da permettere la dissoluzione del sale, si definisce
deliquescenza.
Commento: I sali solubili variano in igroscopia; quelli che hanno alta igroscopia, e/o quelli
che si trovano in un ambiente umido, manifestano spesso la loro presenza tramite chiazze
umide/scure. Un sale che mostra igroscopia
chiamato sale igroscopico; uno che mostra
deliquescenza chiamato sale deliquescente.
Anche altri materiali usati come materiali ori-

ginali o come aggiunte successive in edifici e

dipinti murali possono essere igroscopici.
Sinonimi: igroscopicit
Da non confondersi con: condensazione

sali solubili, umidit

Higroskopijno / Rozpywanie

PL

Definicja: Higroskopijno to waciwo soli

lub innych materiaw do absorbowania wilgoci z powietrza; kiedy ilo wody wystarcza
do rozpuszczenia soli, zjawisko definiowane
jest jako rozpywanie.
Komentarz: Higroskopijno soli jest rna; te,
ktre maj wysok higroskopijno i / lub te,
ktre wystpuj w wilgotnym rodowisku,
czsto pokazuj sw obecno poprzez wilgotne / ciemne plamy zawilgocenia. Sole o wysokiej higroskopijnoci nazywane s solami higroskopijnymi; wykazujce atwo rozpywania solami rozpywajcymi. Inne materiay
obecne w budynku i malowidle ciennym, zarwno uyte w oryginale jak i dodane pniej
mog take by higroskopijne.
Nie naley myli z: kondensacja

sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno

Higroscopicitate / Delicvescen

Ro

Definiie: Higroscopicitatea este capacitatea

unor sruri sau a altor materiale de a absorbi
umiditatea din aer; atunci cnd umiditatea este suficient pentru a permite dizolvarea srurilor, este definit ca delicvescen.
adnotare: Srurile solubile variaz n higroscopicitate; cele care prezint o higroscopicitate ridicat, i/sau cele care apar ntr-un mediu
umed, i vor manifesta adesea prezena prin
pete umede/ nchise. O sare care prezint higroscopicitate se numete sare higroscopic;
una care indic delicvescen se numete sare
delicvescent. Alte materiale folosite n construcii sau picturi murale, fie ca materiale originale, fie ca adugri ulterioare pot fi, de asemenea, higroscopice.
A nu se confunda cu: condensare

sruri solubile, umiditate

Higroscopicidad / Delicuescencia

ES

Definicin: Capacidad que tiene una sal u otro

material para absorber humedad del aire; cuando la humedad es suficiente para permitir la disolucin de la sal, se denomina delicuescencia.

Comentario: Las sales solubles varan en higroscopicidad; las que tienen una alta higroscopicidad, y/o las que se producen en un ambiente
hmedo, a menudo manifiestan su presencia
produciendo manchas de humedad oscuras.
Una sal con capacidad de higroscopicidad se denomina sal higroscpica; una sal con capacidad
de delicuescencia, sal delicuescente. Otros materiales presentes en edificios y en pinturas murales, tanto materiales originales como adiciones
posteriores, tambin pueden ser higroscpicos.
Sinnimo: higroscopa
No confundir con: condensacin

sales solubles, humedad

Higroskopisite

tR

tanm: Higroskopisite, tuz ya da baka bir malzemenin havadan nem ekme yeteneidir; nem
tuzun znmesine yetecek kadar bulunursa
buna da sulanma/znp svlama denir.
Yorum: znr tuzlar Higroskopisitede eitlilik gsterir; yksek nem ekme zelliine sahip olanlar ve/veya nemli ortamda oluanlar,
varlklarn nemli/koyu renkli lekeler halinde
gsterirler. Nem ekici zellii olan tuza higroskopik tuz; sulanma zellii bulunan ise znr
tuz olarak adlandrlr. Binalarn kendisi ya da
duvar resimlerindeki zgn veya sonradan eklenen malzemeler de higroskopik olabilir.
E anlaml: havadan rutubet ekme, sulanma,
znp su olma
Kartrmaynz: youma

znr tuzlar, nem

/ P

BG

: ; , ,
.
: ; ,
/ ,
,
/ .
, , ; ,
, . , , .
:

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Water drip marks, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2003, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)

Infiltration

EN

Infiltration

FR

DE

Definition: The ingress of water through defects in a building.

Dfinition: Pntration d'eau au travers des

dfauts dun btiment.

Definition: Der Eintritt von Wasser in Folge

von Schden an einem Gebude.

Comment: Structural defects can include

cracks, leaking gutters, defective roofs, missing pointing or damaged stonework. This can
also occur in an enclosed environment, for instance a cave. Infiltration can lead to salt problems, loss of mortar and/or biological colonisation as well as possibly eventual structural
problems.

Commentaires: Les dfauts structurels peuvent inclure des fissures, des gouttires qui
fuient, des toits dfectueux, des joints manquants ou des pierres dgrades. Cela peut se
produire dans un environnement clos comme
par exemple, dans une grotte. L'infiltration
peut conduire des problmes lis aux sels,
la perte de mortier, le dveloppement d'une
colonisation biologique ainsi qu' des problmes structurels.

Kommentar: Strukturelle Schden knnen

Risse, undichte Dachrinnen, defekte Dcher,
fehlende Fugen oder zerstrtes Mauerwerk
mit einschlieen. Dies kann in geschlossenen
Umgebungen auftreten, z.B. auch in einer
Hhle. Eindringende Flssigkeiten knnen zu
Salzproblemen fhren, zu Verlust von Mrtel
und/oder zu biologischem Befall, ebenso knnen in der Folge strukturelle Probleme auftreten.
Synonyme: eindringendes Wasser, Wassereintritt

biological growth, soluble salts, structural interventions, humidity

humidit, dveloppement biologique,

sels solubles, interventions sur la structure

Sources: Camuffo 2013, 239241; Feilden 2003, 105; Heritage et al. 2013; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46

154

Infiltration

biologischer Bewuchs, lsliche Salze,

bauliche Interventionen, Feuchte

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Infiltracija

HR

Infiltracja

PL

eri szdrma

tR

Definicija: Prodiranje vode kroz nedostatke

na graevini.

Definicja: Przedostawanie si wody wskutek

wad budynku.

tanm: Yapdaki bozukluklardan suyun ieri

girmesi.

Napomena: Strukturni nedostatci ukljuuju

pukotine, curenje ljebova, oteenja krovova,
nedostatak buke u rekama (fugama) ili oteenoga kamena. To se moe pojaviti u zatvorenome okoliu, primjerice u pilji. Infiltracija
moe dovesti do problema prouzroenih solima, gubitka morta i ili biolokih naseobina te
katkada u konanici i do strukturnih problema.

Komentarz: Wady strukturalne obejmuj pknicia, cieknce rynny, uszkodzenia dachw,

ubytki spoinowania lub uszkodzenia murw.
Mog wystpi take w zamknitej przestrzeni
naturalnego rodowiska, np. w jaskini. Przenikanie wody powoduje problemy zwizane z
obecnoci soli, odpadanie zaprawy i / lub zasiedlanie przez czynniki biologiczne, i w konsekwencji problemy strukturalne.
Synonim: przesikanie

Yorum: Strktrel bozukluklar atlaklar, szdran oluklar, kusurlu atlar, eksik derzleme ya
da hasar grm ta iiliini ierebilir. Bu kapal/rtl bir evre de ayrca bir maarada da
olabilir. Szma; olas yapsal problemler kadar
tuzlanma problemlerine, har/sva kaybna
ve/veya biyolojik yaylmaya da neden olabilir.
E anlam: sznt

bioloki rast, topljive soli, strukturni zahvati, vlanost

Beszivrgs

Hu

wzrost biologiczny, sole rozpuszczalne,

interwencje strukturalne, wilgotno

Infiltrare

Ro

biyolojik oluum, znr tuzlar, yapsal

mdahaleler

BG

Meghatrozs: Folykony vz behatolsa az

pletbe a meghibsodsokon t.

Definiie: Ptrunderea apei ntr-o construcie

datorit unor defecte.

: .

Megjegyzs: A szerkezeti hibk kz sorolhatk a repedsek, szivrg csatornk, hibs tetk, hinyz fugzs vagy krosodott kfalazat. Egy zrt trben, pldul egy barlangban
is elfordulhatnak ilyenek. A bezs vzoldhat skhoz ktd problmkhoz, habarcsvesztesghez s/vagy biolgiai kolonizcihoz vezethet, s okozhat esetleges szerkezeti
gondokat is.
Szinonima: bezs, nedveseds, vizeseds

adnotare: Defectele structurale pot include

fisuri, jgheaburi care prezint scurgeri, acoperiuri defecte, rosturi lips sau zidrie deteriorat. Aceasta poate s apar ntr-un mediu nchis, de exemplu chiar ntr-o grot. Infiltrarea
poate conduce la probleme de sruri, la pierderea mortarului i/sau la colonizare biologic, precum i la eventuale probleme structurale ulterioare.

:
, , , .
, . . , / , .

atac biologic, sruri solubile, intervenie

structural, umiditate

,
, ,

biolgiai krosods, vzoldhat sk,

szerkezeti beavatkozsok, nedvessg

Infiltrazione

It

Infiltracin

ES

Definizione: L'ingresso di acqua attraverso difetti in un edificio.

Definicin: Entrada de agua causada por defectos en un edificio.

Commento: I difetti strutturali possono includere fratture, grondaie che perdono, tetti imperfetti, una mancante rifinitura con malta o
una muratura danneggiata. Questo pu verificarsi in un ambiente circoscritto, come ad
esempio una cava. Le infiltrazioni possono
condurre a problemi di sali, perdita di malta
e/o colonizzazione biologica, nonch infine a
eventuali problemi strutturali.

Comentario: Estos defectos estructurales

pueden consistir en grietas, fugas en canalones, techos defectuosos, faltantes en las juntas
o daos en la mampostera. Esto puede ocurrir
en ambientes cerrados, tambin en cuevas. La
infiltracin puede conducir a problemas relacionados con: sales, prdida de mortero, crecimiento biolgico, as como problemas eventuales de tipo estructural.

proliferazione biologica, sali solubili, interventi strutturali, umidit

crecimiento biolgico, sales solubles, intervenciones estructurales, humedad

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Rising damp visible as colour saturation, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2003, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)

Rising damp

EN

Remonte capillaire

FR

aufsteigende Feuchte

Definition: Dampness in the lower part of

buildings resulting from capillary rise of
ground water.

Dfinition: Humidit dans les parties basses

des btiments rsultant de la remonte capillaire des eaux souterraines.

Definition: Feuchtigkeit im unteren Teil eines

Gebudes als Ergebnis kapillar aufsteigenden
Grundwassers.

Comment: Rising groundwater, when a

porous building material is concerned, carries
with it soluble salts, which enter the porous
system. With fluctuating environmental conditions, these soluble salts give rise to deterioration. Hygroscopic moisture must be distinguished from rising damp by appropriate salt
analysis.
Not to be confused with: infiltration

Commentaires: La monte de l'eau souterraine apporte des sels solubles, qui entrent
dans le systme poreux des matriaux de
construction. Du fait de conditions environnementales fluctuantes, ces sels solubles
conduisent des dgradations. L'eau hygroscopique doit tre distingue des remontes
d'humidit, en ralisant une analyse de sel approprie.
Ne pas confondre avec: infiltration

Kommentar: Steigendes Grundwasser transportiert bei porsem Baumaterial lsliche Salze, die in das System eindringen. Bei schwankenden Umweltbedingungen fhren diese
lslichen Salze zu Schden. Hygroskopische
Feuchte muss durch eine geeignete Salzanalyse von aufsteigender Feuchte unterschieden
werden.
Synonyme: aufsteigende Grundfeuchte, aufsteigende Mauerfeuchte, aufsteigende Bodenfeuchtigkeit
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Infiltration

soluble salts, environmental deterioration

sels solubles, dgradation lie lenvironnement

lsliche Salze, umweltbedingter Zerfall

Sources: AAT: rising damp (2.12.2014); Camuffo 2013, 236239; Damp 2007, 18; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Massari, Massari 1993, 6770

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uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga

HR

Podciganie wody

PL

Ykselen nem

tR

Definicija: Vlaga u donjim dijelovima graevina kao posljedica kapilarnoga rasta zemne
vode.

Definicja: Zawilgocenie dolnej partii budynkw poprzez kapilarne podciganie wd

gruntowych.

tanm: Binalarn alt ksmlarnda grlen ve

yer alt suyunun klcal olarak ykselmesiyle
oluan nem.

Napomena: Rast zemne vode, kad je rije o

poroznome graevnome materijalu, sa sobom dovodi topljive soli, koje ulaze u sustav
pora. U promjenjivim uvjetima okolia te topljive soli dovode do pogoranja. Higroskopnu vlagu potrebno je razlikovati od uzlazne
vlage odgovarajuim analizama soli.

Komentarz: Podciganie wd gruntowych

przez porowaty materia budowlany, powoduje wprowadzanie soli rozpuszczalnych, ktre
wnikaj w porowat budowl. W zmiennych
warunkach rodowiska sole rozpuszczalne powoduj zniszczenia. Naley rozrni wilgo higroskopijn od podcigania wilgoci poprzez
waciw analiz soli.
Nie naley myli z: przesikanie

Yorum: Gzenekli yap malzemesi sz konusu

olduunda znr tuzlar tayan ykselen
zemin sular gzeneklere girer. Deien evresel koullarla, bu znr tuzlar bozulmaya
sebep olur. Higroskopik nem uygun tuz analizleri ile ykselen nemden ayrlmaldr.
Kartrmaynz: szma

topljive soli, pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem

Felszvd nedvessg

Hu

znr tuzlar, evresel bozulma

sole rozpuszczalne, niszczce warunki rodowiska

umiditate de capilaritate

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Az plet als rszben lev

nedvessg, mely a talajvz kapillris felszvdsbl addik.

Definiie: Umiditate (igrasie) localizat n partea inferioar a cldirilor ce rezult din urcarea
capilar a apei subterane.

Megjegyzs: A felszvd talajvz, ha porzus

pletanyagokrl van sz, vzoldhat skat
szllt, amik bekerlnek a prusrendszerbe.
Fluktul krnyezeti krlmnyek kztt a
vzoldhat sk krosodsokat okoznak. A higroszkpos nedvessget meg kell klnbztetni a felszll nedvessgtl, megfelel svizsglatok ltal.
Szinonima: felszll nedvessg
Tves megnevezs: bezs

adnotare: n cazul materialelor de construcie poroase, ptrunderea apei subterane aduce cu ea sruri solubile, ce intr n sistemul poros. n cazul unor condiii fluctuante de mediu,
aceste sruri solubile provoac degradare.
Umiditatea higroscopic trebuie distins de
umiditatea de capilaritate prin analiza adecvat a srurilor.
A nu se confunda cu: infiltrare

: ,

, .

.

.
:

vzoldhat sk, krnyezeti krosodsok

sruri solubile, degradare cauzat de mediu

umidit di risalita

It

Humedad ascendente por capilaridad ES

Definizione: Umidit nella parte pi bassa

degli edifici, derivante dalla risalita capillare di
acqua di falda.

Definicin: Humedad en la parte inferior de

los edificios que resulta del ascenso por capilaridad de agua subterrnea.

Commento: L'acqua di falda di risalita, quando un materiale da costruzione poroso ad

esserne interessato, trasporta con s sali solubili che entrano nel sistema di pori. Con delle
condizioni ambientali fluttuanti, questi sali solubili danno luogo a deterioramento. L'umidit da igroscopia deve essere distinta dall'umidit di risalita attraverso appropriate analisi
dei sali.
Da non confondersi con: infiltrazione

Comentario: Cuando el aumento del agua

subterrnea se topa con un material de construccin de tipo poroso, se produce la entrada
en el sistema poroso de dicho material tanto
de agua como de sales solubles. Cuando las
condiciones ambientales son fluctuantes, estas sales solubles producen el deterioro. La humedad higroscpica debe distinguirse de la
humedad ascendente por capilaridad mediante el anlisis de las sales.
No confundir con: infiltracin

sali solubili, deterioramento ambientale

sales solubles, deterioro ambiental

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Water fills
a small crack

Water freezes and ice

forces crack to open further

Ice melts and water

runs down into crack

Water freezes and ice

forces crack to open further

Ice melts and water

runs down into crack

A significant crack is formed

beneath the architectural
surface

Damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Adrian Rauca

Sources: AAT: freeze-thaw cycles (2.12.2014); Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2003, 8; CAMEO: Freeze-thaw cycle (2.12.2014): Camuffo 2013, 195199; Feilden 2003,
107/8; Honeyborne 1998, 159162; Ruedrich, Siegesmund 2007

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Freezethaw cycles

EN

Fagyciklus

Hu

Definition: The cyclical formation of ice crystals when temperature fluctuates above and
below 0 C, the freezing point of water.

Meghatrozs: Jgkristlyok ciklikus keletkezse a hmrsklet 0 C, azaz a vz fagypontja

krli ingadozsa kvetkeztben.

Comment: These cycles can lead to deterioration of porous materials including stone and
wall paintings. Mortars and plasters applied
too late in the year are also subject to frost
damage by their residual moisture.

Megjegyzs: E ciklusok krokat okozhatnak a

porzus anyagokban, belertve a kvet s a falkpeket is. A tl ksn, az v vge fel felhordott habarcsok s vakolatok szintn szenvedhetnek fagykrokat a htramarad nedvessgtartalmuk miatt.

environmental deterioration

Cycles gel-dgel

krnyezeti krosods

Ciclos de hielo y deshielo

ES

Definicin: Formacin cclica de cristales de

hielo cuando la temperatura flucta por encima y por debajo de 0 C, el punto de congelacin del agua.
Comentario: Estos ciclos pueden conducir al
deterioro de materiales porosos:piedra y pintura mural (gelivacin). Morteros y revoques
aplicados demasiado tarde en el ao tambin
se exponen a estos daos por heladas, debido
a su humedad residual.
deterioro ambiental

FR
Cicli di gelo-disgelo

It

Dfinition: Formation et fonte de cristaux de

glace quand la temprature fluctue en dessous et au-dessus de 0 C, point de conglation de l'eau.

Definizione: Formazione ciclica di cristalli di

ghiaccio quando le temperature oscillano sopra
e sotto i 0 C, punto di congelamento dell'acqua.

Commentaires: Ces cycles peuvent conduire

une dgradation des matriaux poreux tels
que la pierre et les peintures murales. Des
mortiers et enduits appliqus trop tardivement dans l'anne sont galement soumis au
gel par leur humidit rsiduelle.

Commento: Questi cicli possono condurre al

deterioramento di materiali porosi inclusi pietra
e dipinti murali. Le malte e gli intonaci applicati
troppo tardi nell'anno sono anch'essi soggetti
a un danno da congelamento a causa della loro
umidit residua.

Yorum: Bu dngler ta ve duvar resimlerini

de ieren gzenekli malzemelerin bozulmasna sebep olabilir. Har ve svalarn yl iinde
ok ge uygulanmas da ayrca iindeki nemden dolay don hasar oluturabilir.

dgradation lie lenvironnement

deterioramento ambientale

evresel bozulma

Frost-tau-Wechsel

DE

Definition: Die zyklische Ausbildung von Eiskristallen bei Temperaturschwankungen von

ber und unter 0 C, dem Gefrierpunkt von
Wasser.
Kommentar: Diese Zyklen knnen zum Zerfall von porsem Material wie Stein und
Wandmalerei fhren (Frostsprengung). Zu
spt im Jahr aufgebrachte Mrtel und Putze
sind wegen ihrer Restfeuchte ebenfalls von
Frostschden betroffen.
umweltbedingter Zerfall

Donma-znme dngs

Cykliczne przemarzanie

tanm: Scakln suyun donma derecesi olan

0 Cnin altna ve stne inip kmasyla oluan buz kristallerinin deiim dngs.

PL

BG

Definicja: Cykliczne powstawanie krysztakw

lodu, gdy temperatura wznosi si powyej i
spada poniej 0 C, punktu zamarzania wody.

:
,
0 C - ()

Komentarz: Cykle te mog prowadzi do procesw niszczenia porowatych materiaw wczajc kamienie i malowida cienne. Tynki i
zaprawy naoone w zbyt pnej porze roku
s take niszczone przez mrz ze wzgldu na
zawart w nich wod.
niszczce warunki rodowiska

Cicluri nghe-dezghe
Ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja

tR

Ro

: ,
.
, ,
,
.

HR

Definicija: Cikliko stvaranje kristala leda kad

temperatura oscilira iznad i ispod 0 C, toke
ledita.

Definiie: Formarea ciclic a cristalelor de

ghea atunci cnd temperatura fluctueaz
peste i sub 0 C, punctul de nghe al apei.

Napomena: Ovi ciklusi mogu dovesti do pogoranja poroznih materijala ukljuujui kamen i zidne slike. Mortovi i buke stavljene
prekasno u godini takoer su podloni tetama od smrzavanja zbog preostale vlage.

adnotare: Aceste cicluri pot duce la deteriorarea materialelor poroase precum piatra i
picturile murale. Mortarele i tencuielile aplicate n sezonul rece sunt de asemenea supuse
degradrilor provocate de nghe datorit
umiditii lor reziduale.

pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem

degradare cauzat de mediu

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Wet-dry cycles, in the presence of soluble salts, lead to severe deterioration in porous limestone (Malta); Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

Wet-dry cycles

EN

Definition: The cyclical absorption and desorption of moisture in a building material,

which can provoke damage in salt-infested
porous materials.
Comment: Wetting and drying cycles cause
soluble salts to dissolve and recrystallise, leading to the damage of stone and wall paintings.
Both efflorescence and subflorescence can occur. The moisture can originate from the air, rising damp or infiltration. Certain maintenance
measures (e.g. repointing) can also introduce
moisture which induces such cycles. Other materials, intrinsic to a building or wall painting,
such as clay minerals, can undergo hygroscopic expansion and thus cause damage.
soluble salts, humidity, environmental
deterioration, hygroscopicity/deliquescence

Cycle dhumectation-schage

FR

Dfinition: Cycle dabsorption et dsorption

de l'humidit dans un matriau de construction, qui provoque des dommages pour des
matriaux poreux contamins en sels.

Commentaires: Ces cycles conduisent la dissolution/recristallisation des sels solubles et

provoquent la dgradation des pierres et peintures murales. Des efflorescences ou subefflorescences peuvent se dvelopper. L'humidit
peut provenir de l'air, des remontes capillaires
ou de l'infiltration. Certaines mesures de maintenance (ex. rejointoiement) peuvent introduire
de l'humidit conduisant leur apparition.
D'autres matriaux, intrinsques une peinture
ou un mur, comme les minraux argileux gonflants, peuvent connatre une expansion
hygroscopique et causer des dgradations.
sels solubles, humidit, hygroscopicit/ dliquescence, dgradation lie lenvironnement

Nass-trocken-Wechsel

DE

Definition: Die zyklische Aufnahme und Abgabe von Feuchte in einem Baumaterial, die
an salzbelasteten, porsen Materialien Schden hervorrufen kann.
Kommentar: Nasse und trockene Zyklen lassen lsliche Salze in Lsung gehen und rekristallisieren und fhren so zu Schden an Stein
und Wandmalereien. Die Kristallisation kann
sowohl auf als auch unter der Oberflche

stattfinden. Die Feuchtigkeit stammt aus der

Luft, aus aufsteigender Feuchte oder aus Infiltration. Auch bestimmte Wartungsarbeiten
(z.B. Neuverfugen) knnen Feuchte eintragen
und zu solchen Zyklen fhren. Andere, ursprnglich zum Gebude oder zur Wandmalerei zugehrende Materialien, wie etwa Tonmineralien, knnen hygrischer Dehnung unterliegen und damit Schden verursachen.
lsliche Salze, Feuchte, Hygroskopizitt,
umweltbedingter Zerfall

Mokro-suhi ciklusi

Definicija: Cikliko upijanje i otputanje vlage iz graevnoga materijala, koje moe potaknuti nastanak oteenja u poroznim materijalima punim solima.
Napomena: Mokro-suhi ciklusi prouzrouju
otapanje topljivih soli te ponovnu kristalizaciju, to dovodi do oteenja na kamenu i zidnim slikama. Cvjetanje soli moe se pojaviti na
povrini i ispod nje. Vlaga moe potjecati iz zraka, od uzlazne vlage ili infiltracije. Odreene
mjere odravanja (npr. ponovnoga bukanja reki) takoer mogu unijeti vlagu, izazivajui takve
cikluse. Ostali materijali, svojstveni za graevinu

Sources: Arnold, Zehnder 1987; Bernardi 2008, 21; Camuffo 2010, 28; Honeyborne 1998, 164/5; Ruedrich, Siegesmund 2007; Steiger 2015

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HR

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ili zidnu sliku, poput glinenih minerala, mogu

potaknuti higroskopsko irenje i time prouzroiti oteenje.

powodowa zniszczenia zasolonych, porowatych materiaw.

topljive soli, vlanost, pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem, higroskopnost/rastapanje

Komentarz: Przy cyklicznym zamakaniu i wysychaniu sole rozpuszczalne tworz roztwory,

a potem ponownie krystalizuj, powodujc
zniszczenia kamieni i malowide ciennych.
Moe doj do wysole powierzchniowych i
wysole pod powierzchni. Wilgo moe pochodzi z powietrza, z podcigania lub przenikania. Niektre dziaania pielgnacyjne (np.
uzupenianie spoin) wprowadzajce wilgo
mog te powodowa takie cykle. Inne materiay uyte do budynku lub malowida, jak mineray zawierajce glin mog ulega pcznieniu pod wpywem wody co spowoduje
szkody.

Nedves-szraz ciklusok

Hu

Meghatrozs: Nedvessg ciklikus abszorpcija

s deszorpcija az ptanyagokba, ami krokat
okozhat a sval fertztt porzus anyagokban.
Megjegyzs: A vltakoz nedveseds s kiszrads a sk olddst s jrakristlyosodst
okozza, ami a kvek s falkpek krosodshoz
vezet. Megjelenhet felleti skivirgzs s szerkezeti skristlyosods egyarnt. A nedvessg
szrmazhat a levegbl, a felszvd nedvessgbl vagy bezsokbl. A ciklusokhoz szksges nedvessg bizonyos karbantartsi eljrsokbl (pldul fugzs javtsa) is szrmazhat.
Ms, az plethez vagy falkphez tartoz anyagok, mint pldul az agyagsvnyok, higroszkposan tgulhatnak, ezltal okozvn krokat.
vzoldhat sk, nedvessg, krnyezeti
krosods, higroszkpossg/elfolysods

Cicli di umido-secco

It

Definizione: Assorbimento e desorbimento

ciclico di umidit in un materiale da costruzione, che pu provocare danni a materiali infestati da sali.
Commento: Cicli di umidit e secco fanno dissolvere e ricristallizzare i sali solubili, conducendo ad un danneggiamento della pietra e
dei dipinti murali. Possono verificarsi anche sia
l'efflorescenza che la sub-efflorescenza. L'umidit pu provenire dall'aria, dall'umidit di risalita o dalle infiltrazioni. Anche alcune misure
di manutenzione (ad es. nuova stuccatura con
malta) possono introdurre dell'umidit, che
conduce al verificarsi di tali cicli. Altri materiali,
caratteristici in un edificio o in un dipinto murale, come i minerali argillosi, possono subire
un'espansione igroscopica e per cui provocare
un danneggiamento.
sali solubili, umidit, deterioramento ambientale, igroscopia/deliquescenza, schnicie

Cykliczne zamakanie / Schnicie

PL

Definicja: Cykliczne absorbowanie i oddawanie wilgoci przez materiay budowlane moe

sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno, niszczce warunki rodowiska

Cicluri umed-uscat

Ro

Definiie: Absorbia i desorbia ciclic a umiditii ntr-un material de construcie, care

poate provoca deteriorarea materialelor poroase infestate cu sruri.
adnotare: Ciclurile umed-uscat determin dizolvarea i recristalizarea srurilor solubile,
conducnd la deteriorarea pietrei i a picturilor murale. i poate face apariia att eflorescena, ct i subflorescena. Umiditatea poate
proveni din aer, prin capilaritate sau prin infiltrare. De asemenea, anumite msuri de ntreinere (de ex. rostuirea) pot introduce umiditate care s conduc la producerea ciclurilor
de acest fel. Alte materiale intrinseci dintr-o
cldire sau o pictur mural, cum ar fi mineralele argiloase, pot suferi expansiuni higroscopice i, astfel, provoac degradare.
sruri solubile, umiditate, degradare
cauzat de mediu

Ciclo hmedo-seco

ES

Definicin: La absorcin y prdida de humedad de forma cclica en un material de construccin, puede provocar daos en los materiales porosos ricos en sales.
Comentario: Estos ciclos hacen que las sales
solubles se disuelvan y recristalicen, lo que
provoca daos en materiales ptreos y pintura
mural. Puede producir tanto un aumento de
eflorescencias como fenmenos de criptoeflorescencias. La humedad puede llegar por
aire, capilaridad o infiltraciones. Algunas medidas de conservacin (como el rejuntado)

tambin pueden introducir humedad y propician as este tipo de ciclos.

Los materiales constitutivos de un edificio o
pintura mural, como minerales de arcilla, pueden experimentar, debido a su higroscopicidad, un incremento de volumen y, por lo tanto, causar daos.
sales solubles, humedad, deterioro ambiental, higroscopicidad/delicuescencia

Islanma-kuruma dngs

tR

tanm: Tuz-youn gzenekli malzemelerde

zarara neden olabilen yap malzemesinde
nem ekme ve salverme dngs.
Yorum: Islanma ve kuruma dngs, znr
tuzlarn zlmesine ve tekrar kristallemesine
neden olarak ta ve duvar resimlerinin zarar
grmesine yol aar. Hem yzey zerinde hem
de yzey altnda tuzlanma, tuz kristallemesi
meydana gelebilir. Rutubet; havadan, ykselen
nemden ya da szmadan kaynaklanabilir. Baz
bakm nlemleri (derz tamirleri v.b.) bu ekilde
dnglerin olumasna sebep olan nemi tetikleyebilir. Yapya ya da duvar resimlerine ait kil
mineralleri gibi malzemeler, higroskopik genlemeye urayarak zarara sebep olabilir.
znr tuzlar, nem, evresel bozulma,
higroskopisite

BG

: ,
.
: ,
. , .
,
. (. )

.
,
, . ,
.
, , ,

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Fluctuating environmental conditions, especially humidity, have led to the deterioration of this salt-laden limestone (part of upper frieze in Globigerina Limestone), Greek's Gate,
Mdina (Malta), early 18th century; Photo: 2008, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

Environmental deterioration

EN

Definition: Deterioration (or decay) triggered

or exacerbated by climatic factors such as
temperature and humidity extremes, and
their fluctuations.
Comment: Repeated changes, usually daily
and/or seasonal, of environmental parameters
such as temperature and relative humidity, can
bring about deterioration of cultural heritage
materials, by physical, chemical and/or biological means. For stone and wall paintings these
will be most harmful if soluble salts are present.
Certain types of treatment materials react badly to fluctuating environmental conditions as
well. Wind erosion can also be considered as a
factor leading to environmental deterioration.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, freeze thaw
cycles, soluble salts, biological growth

Dgradation lie lenvironnement

FR

Dfinition: Dgradation dclenche ou aggrave par des facteurs climatiques tels que la
temprature, une forte humidit et leurs fluctuations.

Commentaires: Des changements rpts,

gnralement quotidiens et/ou saisonniers,
des paramtres environnementaux tels que la
temprature et lhumidit relative, peuvent
entraner une dgradation biologique, physique, chimique des matriaux du patrimoine
culturel. Pour les pierres et peintures murales,
ceux-ci seront plus nocifs si des sels solubles
sont prsents. Certains matriaux de traitement ragissent mal des conditions ambiantes fluctuantes. Lrosion olienne peut
galement tre considre comme un facteur
de dgradation lie lenvironnement.
facteurs externes de dgradation, cycles
gel-dgel, sels solubles, dveloppement
biologique

umweltbedingte Schdigung

Definition: Schdigung (oder Zerfall) ausgelst oder verschlimmert durch klimatische

Faktoren wie Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitsextreme und deren Wechsel.
Kommentar: Normalerweise tglich oder saisonal wiederholte Wechsel von Umweltparametern wie Temperatur und relativer Luft-

Sources: Bernardi 2008, 19; Camuffo 2013, 1217; Camuffo 2010; Doehne, Price 2010, 920

162

DE

feuchte knnen auf physikalische, chemische

oder biologische Weise zur Schdigung von
Kulturgutmaterialien fhren. Bei Stein und
Wandmalereien sind diese Wechsel am schdlichsten, wenn lsliche Salze anwesend sind.
Bestimmte Arten von Restaurierungsmaterialien knnen ebenso negativ auf schwankende
Umweltbedingungen reagieren. Winderosion
kann auch als ein Faktor betrachtet werden,
der zu umweltbedingter Schdigung fhrt.
uere Schadensursache, Frost-TauWechsel, lsliche Salze, biologischer
Bewuchs

Pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem

HR

Definicija: Pogoranje ili propadanje potaknuto ili pojaano klimatskim imbenicima poput krajnjih vrijednosti temperature i vlage te
njihovim oscilacijama.
Napomena: Ponavljanje promjena, obino
dnevnih i/ili sezonskih, okolinih parametara
poput temperature ili relativne vlage mogu
prouzroiti pogoranje materijala kulturnoga
nasljea, u fizikome, kemijskome i/ili u biolokome smislu. Za kamen i zidne slike promje-

CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN SouRCES

ne su najtetnije kada su prisutne topljive soli.

Odreene vrste materijala za obnovu loije
reagiraju na varijacije stanja u okoliu. Erozija
vjetrom takoer se moe smatrati imbenikom pogoranja prouzroenim okoliem.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja, topljive soli, bioloki rast

Krnyezeti krosods

Hu

Meghatrozs: Krosods (vagy bomls),

melyet a klimatikus tnyezk, pldul szlssges hmrsklet s relatv pratartalom,
vagy ezek ciklikus vltozsa idz el vagy slyosbt.
Megjegyzs: A krnyezeti paramterek, pldul hmrsklet s relatv pratartalom, ismtld, ltalban naponknti s/vagy vszakonknti vltozsai krosodsokat okozhatnak a kulturlis rksg anyagaiban, fizikai,
kmiai s/vagy biolgiai ton. A k s falkp
szmra ez akkor a legkrosabb, ha vzoldhat
sk is jelen vannak. Az ingadoz krnyezeti tnyezk bizonyos tpus kezelanyagokra is
kedveztlen hatssal lehetnek. A szlerzi is
a krnyezeti krosodsokat okoz tnyezk
kz sorolhat.
kls krosodsi tnyezk, fagyciklus,
vzoldhat sk, biolgiai krosods

Deterioramento ambientale

It

Definizione: Deterioramento (o alterazione)

innescato o aggravato da fattori climatici come temperature e umidit estreme, e loro fluttuazioni.
Commento: Ripetuti cambiamenti, solitamente giornalieri o stagionali, di parametri
ambientali come temperatura e umidit relativa, possono indurre deterioramento dei materiali dei beni culturali, attraverso processi fisici, chimici e/o biologici. Per pietra e dipinti
murali questi saranno pi pericolosi se sono
presenti sali solubili. Anche alcuni tipi di materiali da trattamento reagiscono negativamente a condizioni ambientali fluttuanti.
Lerosione da parte del vento pu anchessa
essere considerata un fattore che porta al deterioramento ambientale.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, cicli di
gelo-disgelo, sali solubili, proliferazione
biologica

Niszczce warunki rodowiska

PL

Definicja: Czynniki klimatu, jak ekstremalne

temperatury i wilgotno oraz ich wahania inicjujce niszczenie (lub rozpad) albo pogarszajce stan.
Komentarz: Zmiany parametrw otoczenia, jak
temperatura i wilgotnoc wzgldna powtarzajce si zwykle w cyklach dobowych i / lub sezonowych, powoduj fizyczne, chemiczne i /
lub biologiczne zniszczenia zabytkowej substancji. W przypadku kamieni i malowide ciennych najgorsze zniszczenia powoduje obecno
soli rozpuszczalnych. Take niektre materiay
uywane do konserwacji le reaguj na zmienne warunki rodowiska. Erozja spowodowana
przez wiatr rwnie stanowi czynnik, ktry prowadzi do zniszcze pod wpywem rodowiska.
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, cykliczne
przemarzanie roztapiania, sole rozpuszczalne, wzrost biologiczny

Degradare cauzat de mediu

Ro

Definiie: Degradare (sau deteriorare) declanat sau agravat de factorii climatici, precum
extremele de temperatur i umiditate, i fluctuaiile acestora.
adnotare: Schimbrile repetate, zilnice i/sau
sezoniere ale parametrilor de mediu, precum
temperatura i umiditatea relativ, pot provoca
deteriorarea matarialelor patrimoniului cultural
prin mijloace fizice, chimice i/sau biologice.
Pentru piatr i picturi murale degradrile vor fi
i mai nocive n cazul n care sunt prezente sruri
solubile. Anumite tipuri de materiale de restaurare reacioneaz impropriu la condiiile fluctuante de mediu. Coraziunea (eroziunea produs de vnt) poate fi, de asemenea, considerat
un factor de degradare cauzat de mediu.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, cicluri nghe-dezghe, sruri solubile, atac biologic

Deterioro medioambiental

ES

Definicin: Deterioro y/o degradacin provocado o agravado por factores climticos como
la temperatura y humedad extrema y sus fluctuaciones.
Comentario: Variaciones repetidas, generalmente diarias y/o estacionales, de parmetros
ambientales como la temperatura y la humedad
relativa, pueden producir un deterioro de los
materiales del patrimonio cultural por causas fsicas, qumicas y/o biolgicas. En materiales p-

treos y pintura mural, estos daos sern mayores si hay sales solubles. Ciertos materiales, aplicados como tratamiento, pueden reaccionar
mal a las condiciones ambientales fluctuantes.
La erosin del viento tambin puede ser considerada como un factor de deterioro ambiental.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, ciclos de
hielo y deshielo, sales solubles, crecimiento
biolgico

evresel bozulma

tR

tanm: Ar scaklk/nem ve bunlardaki deikenlikler gibi iklimsel faktrler sebebiyle tetiklenen ya da iddetlenen bozulma (ya da hasar).
Yorum: Genellikle gnlk ve/veya mevsimsel
tekrarlanan, scaklk ve bal nem deiiklikleri
gibi evresel etkenler, kltrel miras malzemelerinde fiziksel, kimyasal ve/veya biyolojik ierikli bozulmalara neden olur. Eer znr
tuzlarda bulunuyorsa ta ve duvar resimleri
iin bunlar en zararl etkenlerdir. Baz belli iyiletirme malzemeleri, eseri deien evresel
koullarda daha da ktye gtrmektedir.
Rzgr erozyonu da evresel bozulma faktrlerinin banda geldii dnlebilir.
dsal bozulma sebebi, donma-znme
dngleri, znr tuzlar, biyolojik oluum

BG

:
( ), ,
.
: ,
/ ,
,
,
, , / .

, .
. , .
,
,
,

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Blackened building due to air pollution (main faade, lower storey in Coralline Limestone), Maritime Museum (Old Naval Bakery), Birgu (Malta), 1842-1845; Photo: 2008, UM
(JoAnn Cassar)

air pollution

EN

Definition: The burning of materials (e.g. fossil fuels, wood, plastics) which releases gases
and particulate matter, including aerosols.
Comment: Pollution produces acid rain (acid
precipitation or acid deposition) which is rain
with a pH of about 5.2 or below, mainly caused
by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The released gases and particulate matter
can react with available moisture to bring about
deterioration of limestone, marble and lime plasters by the transformation of calcium carbonate
into gypsum. The binding of black carbonaceous
particles, also emitted by air pollution, forms
black crusts. Ozone can also cause damage, e.g.
pigment alteration, at certain concentrations.
Not to be confused with: smog
aerosols, pigment alteration

Pollution de lair

FR

Dfinition: Gaz, particules, arosols issus de

la combustion de matriaux (combustibles
fossiles, bois, plastiques etc.).
Commentaires: Librant du dioxyde de soufre, des oxydes d'azote (combinaison de
mono- et dioxydes dazote), elle cause la for-

mation de pluies acides (ou dpts acides), de

pH d'environ 5,2 ou moins. Le gaz et les particules libres ragissent avec l'humidit et les
matriaux en carbonate de calcium (calcaire,
marbre, enduit la chaux) qui se transforme
en gypse et forme des crotes noires, fixant
les particules carbones noires aussi mises
par la pollution de l'air. L'ozone, autre polluant,
peut causer des dgradations telles l'altration des pigments, certaines concentrations.
arosols, altration des pigments

Luftverschmutzung

DE

Definition: Das Verbrennen von Materialien

(z.B. Erdl, Holz, Plastik) setzt Gase und Partikel, einschlielich Aerosole, frei.
Kommentar: Luftverschmutzung erzeugt
sauren Regen (Niederschlag oder Ablagerungen) mit einem pH Wert von 5,2 oder darunter,
der hauptschlich durch die Freisetzung von
Schwefeldioxid und Stickstoffoxiden verursacht wird. Diese Gase und Partikel knnen
mit Feuchte und anflligen Baumaterialien
reagieren und zur Schdigung von Kalkstein,
Marmor und Kalkputzen fhren, indem Calziumcarbonat zu Gips umgewandelt wird.
Durch Einbindung schwarzer, kohlenstoffhaltiger Partikel, die auch durch Luftverschmut-

zung entstehen, entstehen schwarze Krusten.

Ozon kann in bestimmter Konzentration
ebenso Schden verursachen, wie z.B. Pigmentumwandlungen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Smog
Aerosole, Pigmentvernderung

oneienje zraka

HR

Definicija: Promjene u kemijskome sastavu

zraka prouzroene otputanjem plinova i lebdeih estica, ukljuujui aerosoli pri spaljivanju materijala (npr. fosilnih goriva, drva, plastike).
Napomena: Oneienje stvara kisele kie (kisele padaline ili kiselo taloenje). To je kia s pH
oko 5,2 ili manjim, uglavnom su prouzroene
otputanjem sumporova dioksida i duikovih
oksida. Isputeni plinovi i lebdee estice mogu
reagirati s prisutnom vlagom to dovodi do propadanja vapnenca, mramora i vapnenih buka,
preoblikovanjem kalcijeva karbonata u gips. To
vezanje crnih ugljikovih estica isputenih u
zrak, dovodi do formiranja crnih kora. Ozon takoer moe prouzroiti tetu, npr. izmjenu pigmenta u odreenim koncentracijama.
Ne smije se mijeati s: smog
aerosoli, promjena pigmenta

Sources: AAT: air pollution (12.12.2014); Bernardi 2008, 89104; Brimblecombe 2003, 118; Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2010,1330; Camuffo 2013, 203216;
Doehne, Price 2010, 913; Fassina 2010, 80101; Saiz-Jimenez 2003, 207; Schwarz et al. 2015

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Lgszennyezds

Hu

Meghatrozs: Anyagok gse (pldul fosszilis tzelanyagok, fa, manyag), ipari tevkenysgek eredmnyeknt ltrejv gzok s szilrd rszecskk, az aeroszolokat is belertve.
Megjegyzs: A lgszennyezds savas est (savas lecsapdst vagy savas lerakdst) eredmnyez, mely egy krlbell 5,2 vagy ennl kisebb
pH-j es, s melynek f okozja a kndioxid s
a nitrognoxidok kibocsjtsa. A kibocsjtott
gzok s szilrd rszecskk reaglhatnak a rendelkezsre ll nedvessggel s az alkalmas ptanyagokkal, krosodsokat idzve el a mszkben, mrvnyban s mszvakolatokban, azltal, hogy gipssz alaktjk a kalcium-karbontot.
A lgszennyezds ltal keletkez fekete szntartalm anyagok megktse fekete kreg kpzdst eredmnyezi. Az zon is okozhat krosodsokat bizonyos koncentrciban, pldul
a pigmentek elvltozst.
Tves megnevezs: szmog
aeroszolok, pigment elvltozs

Inquinamento atmosferico

It

Definizione: La combustione di materiali (ad

es. combustibili fossili, legna, materiali plastici)
rilascia gas e materiale particolato, inclusi gli aerosol.
Commento: L'inquinamento produce pioggia
acida (precipitazione o deposizione acida), con
un pH di circa 5,2 o inferiore, causato soprattutto dal rilascio di diossido di zolfo e ossidi dell'azoto. Gas emessi e materiale particolato possono reagire con l'umidit determinando il deterioramento di rocce carbonatiche, marmo e
intonaci di calce con la trasformazione del carbonato di calcio in gesso. L'inglobamento di
particelle carboniose nere, diffuse anch'esse
dall'inquinamento, forma le croste nere. A certe
concentrazioni, anche l'ozono causa un danneggiamento, ad es. variazione dei pigmenti.
Da non confondersi con: smog
aerosol, alterazione dei pigmenti

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza

PL

Definicja: Spalanie materiaw (np. paliw kopalnych, drewna, plastiku) uwalnia gazy i pyy
zawierajce aerozole.
Komentarz: Skutkiem zanieczyszczenia s
kwane deszcze (kwane mawki lub kwane
zogi) ktrych pH ma warto ok. 5,2 i mniej,
gwnie spowodowane przez uwalnianie

dwutlenku siarki i tlenkw azotu. Gazy siarkowe mog take wyrzuca wulkany. Uwolnione gazy i stae czsteczki mog reagowa z
wilgoci i wraliwymi materiaami budowli powodujc zniszczenia wapienia, marmuru, tynkw wapiennych i przemian wglanu wapnia
w gips. Efektem moe by wizanie czarnych
czstek zawierajcych wgiel emitowanych w
procesie zanieczyszczania rodowiska i formowanie czarnych zogw. Zanieczyszczeniem
jest te ozon, w pewnych steniach powodujcy np. zmiany pigmentw.
aerozole, zmiany pigmentw

Poluare atmosferic

Ro

Definiie: Arderea materialelor (de ex. combustibili fosili, lemn, material plastic) emite gaze i pulberi n suspensie, inclusiv aerosoli.
Adnotare: Poluarea produce ploi acide (precipitare sau depunere de acid), acestea fiind
ploi cu un pH de aproximativ 5,2 sau mai mic
i cauzate n principal de eliberarea dioxidului
de sulf i a oxizilor de azot. Gazele i pulberile
n suspensie eliberate n atmosfer pot reaciona cu umiditatea disponibil provocnd
astfel degradarea calcarelor, a marmurei i a
tencuielilor pe baz de var, prin transformarea
carbonatului de calciu n gips. Depunerea particulelor carbonizate negre, emise tot de poluarea atmosferic, formeaz cruste negre.
De asemenea, ozonul, n anumite concentraii,
poate provoca degradri (de ex. alterarea pigmentului).
Sinonime: contaminarea aerului, poluare
A nu se confunda cu: smog
aerosoli, alterarea pigmentului

Contaminacin atmosfrica

ES

Definicin: Liberacin de gases y partculas,

tambin aerosoles, que se producen tras la
combustin de materiales (combustibles fsiles, madera o plsticos).
Comentario: Una consecuencia de esta contaminacin es la lluvia cida, con pH de 5,2 o inferior. Causada principalmente por la liberacin
de dixido de azufre y xidos de nitrgeno.
Los gases y las partculas liberadas pueden reaccionar con la humedad presente y con los
materiales susceptibles, y producir deterioro en
piedras calizas, mrmol y revoques de cal, con
la transformacin de carbonato de calcio en yeso. Durante este proceso, se pueden unir partculas carbonosas oscuras emitidas por la contaminacin del aire, formando costras negras.

El ozono es otro contaminante que puede

causar daos. A ciertas concentraciones, puede alterar pigmentos.
Sinnimos: contaminacin del aire, polucin
aerosoles, alteracin del pigmento

Hava kirlilii

tR

Tanm: Fosil yaktlar, odun, plastik gibi malzemelerin yanarak aerosol ieren gaz ve parackl maddeler karmas (hava zt dahil).
Yorum: Kirlilik, temel olarak kkrt dioksit ve
azot oksitlerin salnmndan meydana gelen
pH deerinin 5,2 ya da daha altnda bulunduu asit yamuru oluturur (asidin kelmesi
ya da asit tortusu/birikmesi gibi). Salnan gazlar ve parackl maddeler mevcut nem ile reaksiyona girerek kireta, mermer, kire svas
gibi malzemelerin kalsiyum karbonatn alya
dnm yoluyla bozulmasna sebep olur.
Hava kirlilii ile salnan siyah karbonlu paracklarn balanmas, siyah kabuklar oluturur.
Ozon, deiik younluklarda, pigment deiimi gibi bozulmalara da neden olabilir.
Kartrmaynz: duman
aerosollar, pigment deiimi

BG

: (. , , )
, .
: ( ),
pH 5,2 -.

.
.


,
.

,
. ,
, . .
: c
,

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White salt efflorescence, Roman tomb, Silistra (Bulgaria), 4th century AD; Photo: 2014 (Stefan Belishki)

Soluble salts

EN

Sels solubles

FR

Lsliche Salze

DE

Definition: Minerals which readily undergo

crystallisation cycles at ambient temperatures
and varying humidities.

Dfinition: Minraux subissant de rapides cycles de cristallisation temprature ambiante

et humidits variables.

Definition: Mineralien, die bei Raumtemperatur und variierender Feuchtigkeit Kristallisationszyklen leicht durchlaufen.

Comment: These cause efflorescence (on surfaces) and/or subflorescence (beneath surfaces) and deterioration. The most commonly
encountered soluble salts are composed of
chlorides, nitrates or sulfates of sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium, and their combinations as salt mixtures. Some slightly soluble salts are hygroscopic and absorb water
from the air and building materials; they expand when they form crystals, before dissolving again in the presence of water.

Commentaires: Ils conduisent la formation

defflorescences (sur la surface) ou de subefflorescences (sous la surface) et une dgradation. Les plus couramment rencontrs sont
composs de chlorure, nitrates ou sulfates, de
sodium, potassium, calcium ou magnsium
sous forme simple ou compose. Certains des
sels peu solubles sont hygroscopiques et absorbent leau contenue dans les maonneries
ou lhumidit de lair: ils croissent lorsquils
cristallisent, avant de se dissoudre en prsence deau.

Kommentar: Die Kristallisation lslicher Salze

in oder auf porsen Materialien verursacht Ausblhungen auf oder unter der Oberflche (Subfloreszenz) und Schden (Salzsprengung). Die
am hufigsten vorkommenden lslichen Salze
bestehen aus Chloriden, Nitraten oder Sulfaten
von Natrium, Kalium, Calcium oder Magnesium
und deren Kombinationen. Einige schwach lsliche Salze sind hygroskopisch und absorbieren
Wasser aus der Luft und aus den Baustoffen; Sie
dehnen sich aus, wenn sie Kristalle bilden (Umkristallisation), bevor sie in Gegenwart von
Wasser wieder in Lsung gehen.
Synonyme: bauschdliche Salze, leichtlsliche
Salze

salt efflorescence, rising damp, aerosols,

environmental deterioration, hygroscopicity/deliquescence

efflorescence saline, remonte capillaire,

arosols, dgradation lie lenvironnement, hygroscopicit/dliquescence

Salzausblhung, aufsteigende Feuchte,

Aerosole, umweltbedingte Schdigung,
Hygroskopiszitt

Sources: AAT: soluble salts (4.11.2014); Arnold, Zehnder 1991; Bluer, Rousset 2014; Borelli 2006; Charola 2000; Charola 2006; Doehne, Price 2010, 1419;
Feilden 2003, 107; Glossary on Stone 2008, 42, 48, 62; Schwarz 2014; Schwarz 2013; Steiger 2003; Steiger, Siegesmund 2007

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topljive soli

HR

Definicija: Minerali koji lako prolaze kristalizacijske cikluse na temperaturi okoline i uz

promjenjivu vlanost.

efflorescenza di sali, umidit di risalita,

aerosol, deterioramento ambientale,
igroscopia/deliquescenza

Sole rozpuszczalne
Napomena: One prouzrouju cvjetanje (na
povrini) i/ili podcvjetanje (ispod povrine) te
propadanje. Najee topljive soli sastavljene
su od klorida, nitrata i sulfata natrija, kalija, kalcija ili magnezija, i njihovih kombinacija kao i
mjeavina soli. Neke slabo topljive soli su higroskopne i upijaju vlagu iz zraka i graevnih
materijala; ire se pri formiranju kristala prije
nego to se ponovno otope u prisutnoj vodi.
cvjetanje soli, uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga,
aerosoli, pogoranje prouzroeno
okoliem, higroskopnost/rastapanje

Vzoldhat sk

Hu

Meghatrozs: svnyok, melyek knnyen

hajlanak ciklikus jrakristlyosodsra krnyezeti hmrskleten s vltakoz relatv pratartalom hatsra.
Megjegyzs: Ezek skivirgzsokat (a felleten) s/vagy szerkezeti skristlyosodst (a
felszn alatt) s krosodsokat okoznak. A leggyakrabban elfordul vzoldhat sk ntrium, klium, kalcium vagy magnzium kloridok, nitrtok vagy szulftok, valamint ezek trsulsa skeverkek formjban. Pr nmileg
vzoldhat s higroszkpos s vizet vesz fel a
levegbl s az ptanyagokbl; mikor ezek
kikristlyosodnak, megn a trfogatuk, mieltt vz jelenltben jraolddnnak.
skivirgzs, felszvd nedvessg, aeroszolok, krnyezeti krosods, higroszkpossg/elfolysods

Sali solubili

It

Definizione: Minerali che subiscono facilmente cicli di cristallizzazione a temperature

ambiente e umidit variabili.

Definicja: Mineray atwo podlegajce cyklom krystalizacji w sprzyjajcych temperaturach przy zmiennej wilgotnoci.
Komentarz: Wysolenia (na powierzchni) i / lub
osadzanie si soli (pod powierzchni) powoduj zniszczenia. Najczciej spotykane sole
to chlorki, azotany lub siarczki sodu, potasu,
wapnia, magnezu i ich kombinacje jako mieszaniny soli. Niektre sabo rozpuszczalne sole
s higroskopijne i absorbuj wod z powietrza
i materiaw budowlanych; znacznie zwikszaj objto i rozszerzaj si podczas formowania krysztaw, zanim rozpuszcz si ponownie w obecnoci wody.
wysolenia, podciganie wody, aerozole,
niszczce warunki rodowiska, higroskopijno/rozpywanie

Sruri solubile

Ro

Definiie: Minerale care trec cu uurin prin

cicluri de cristalizare la temparaturi ambientale i umiditi fluctuante.
adnotare: Acestea provoac eflorescene (pe
suprafa) i/sau subflorescene (n interiorul
materialelor) i degradri. Srurile solubile cel
mai frecvent ntlnite sunt compuse din cloruri,
nitrai sau sulfai de sodiu, potasiu, calciu sau
magneziu, i combinaiile acestora. Unele sruri
uor solubile sunt higroscopice i absorb apa
din atmosfer i din materialele de construcie;
acestea se dilat atunci cnd formeaz cristale,
nainte de a se dizolva din nou n prezena apei.
eflorescen salin, umiditate de capilaritate, aerosoli, degradare cauzat de mediu, higroscopicitate

Sales solubles
Commento: Causano efflorescenza (su una
superficie) e/o sub-efflorescenza (sotto la superficie) e deterioramento. I sali solubili pi
comunemente riscontrati sono formati da cloruri, nitrati e solfati di sodio, potassio, calcio o
magnesio e loro combinazioni. Alcuni sali
scarsamente solubili sono igroscopici e assorbono acqua dall'aria e dai materiali da costruzione; essi si espandono quando formano dei
cristalli, prima di dissolversi di nuovo in presenza di acqua.

PL

ES

Definicin: Minerales que experimentan fcilmente ciclos de cristalizacin a temperatura

ambiente y a diferentes humedades.
Comentario: Estas causan eflorescencias (en la
superficie) y/o cripto-eflorescencias (debajo de
la superficie) y, por tanto, deterioro. Las sales
solubles ms comunes estn compuestas por
cloruros, nitratos o sulfatos de sodio, potasio,
calcio o magnesio, y sus combinaciones como

mezclas de sales. Algunas sales ligeramente solubles pero higroscpicas absorben agua de los
materiales de construccin y del aire; se expanden formando cristales, para luego disolverse
de nuevo con la presencia de agua.
eflorescencias salinas, humedad ascendente por capilaridad, aerosoles, deterioro
medioambiental, higroscopicidad/delicuescencia

znr tuzlar

tR

tanm: Ortam scakl ve deiken nemlilikte

kristalleme dnglerine giren mineraller.
Yorum: Bunlar, yzey zerinde ya da yzey altnda tuzlanmaya, tuz kristallemesine neden
olur. En yaygn olarak karlalan znr tuzlar, klorrler, nitratlar ya da sodyum slfatlar,
potasyum, kalsiyum ya da magnezyum ile tuz
karmlar olarak bunlarn bileiminden oluurlar. Baz az znr tuzlar higroskopik yani
nemekerdir ve havadaki ve yap malzemesindeki suyu emer; bu tuzlar suyla temas ettiklerinde tekrar zlmeden nce kristalleip
geniler.
yzeyde tuz birikimi/tuzlanma, ykselen
nem, aerosollar, evresel bozulma, higroskopisite

BG

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: ( ) / ( ) .
-
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Aerosols, in the form of mist, over the town of Ravello (Italy); Photo: 2013, UM (JoAnn Cassar)

aerosols

EN

Definition: A colloidal system formed of tiny

liquid or solid particles distributed uniformly
through a gas, usually air.
Comment: Solid aerosols typically consist of
air pollutants or marine salts, which can travel
far from their original source. Examples of
aerosols are mists or fogs.
air pollution, soluble salts

arosols

FR

aerosole

Dfinition: Systme collodal form de petites particules liquides ou solides rparties

uniformment travers un gaz, habituellement de l'air.

Definition: Ein kolloidales System, das durch

sehr kleine, flssige oder feste Partikel gebildet wird, die gleichmig in Gas, blicherweise Luft, verteilt sind.

Commentaires: Les arosols solides sont

gnralement constitus de polluants atmosphriques ou de sels marins, qui peuvent
voyager loin de leur source d'origine. Des
exemples d'arosols sont la bue, les brouillards.

Kommentar: Feste Aerosole bestehen typischerweise aus Luftschadstoffen oder Meeressalzen, die weit abseits ihres originalen Entstehungsortes verteilt werden knnen. Beispiele fr Aerosole sind Dnste oder Nebel.

pollution de lair, sels solubles

Luftverschmutzung, lsliche Salze

Sources: CAMEO: Aerosol (10.11.2014); Camuffo 2013, 99101; Feilden 2003, 101169; Aerosols 1996; Oxford Dictionaries Online: Aerosols (3.9.2014)

168

DE

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aerosoli

HR

aerozole

PL

aerosoller

tR

Definicija: Koloidni sustav koji ine siune

tekue ili krute estice jednoliko rasprene u
plinu, obino u zraku.

Definicja: Koloidalna zawiesina drobnych czsteczek pynu lub ciaa staego rozproszonych
rwnomiernie w gazie, zazwyczaj w powietrzu.

tanm: Bir gaz, genellikle hava yoluyla homojen bir biimde dalan kk sv ya da kat
paracklardan oluan Koloidal sistem.

Napomena: Tipine krute aeroestice su oneiivai zraka te morske soli, koje se mogu
proiriti daleko od svojega izvora. Aerosoli su
primjerice sumaglica ili magla.

Komentarz: Aerozole cia staych zwykle zawieraj substancje zanieczyszczajce rodowisko lub sole morskie, ktre mog przenosi
si daleko od swojego rda. Przykadem
aerozoli s opary i mgy.

Yorum: Kat aerosoller normal olarak asl kaynaklarndan uzaklara ulaabilen hava kirleticileri ya da deniz tuzlarn ierir. Aerosol rnekleri pus ya da sistir.

oneienje zraka, topljive soli

aeroszolok

zanieczyszczenie powietrza, sole rozpuszczalne

Hu

aerosoli

Ro

Meghatrozs: Egy gzban egyenletesen

sztoszl, parnyi folyadk vagy szilrd rszecskkbl ll kolloid rendszer.

Definiie: Un sistem coloidal format din particule mici lichide sau solide, distribuite uniform printr-un gaz, de obicei aer.

Megjegyzs: A szilrd aeroszolok jellemzen

lgszennyez anyagokat vagy tengeri skat
tartalmaznak, melyek az eredeti forrsuktl tvolra vndorolhatnak. Aeroszolok, pldul, a
kd s a pra.

adnotare: Aerosolii solizi constau, de obicei,

din poluani atmosferici sau sruri marine, ce
se pot deplasa departe de sursa lor originar.
Exemple de aerosoli sunt bruma i ceaa.

lgszennyezds, vzoldhat sk

aerosol

It

poluare atmosferic, sruri solubile

aerosol

ES

Definizione: Sistema colloidale formato da

particelle minuscole di liquido o solido distribuite uniformemente attraverso un gas, generalmente aria.

Definicin: Sistema coloidal formado por pequeas partculas lquidas o slidas distribuidas uniformemente a travs de un gas, normalmente, el aire.

Commento: Gli aerosol solidi sono in genere

composti da inquinanti atmosferici o da sali
marini, che possono viaggiare lontano dalla
loro fonte originaria. Esempi di aerosol sono
foschia e nebbia.

Comentario: Los aerosoles slidos habitualmente contienen contaminacin ambiental o

sales marinas capaces de desplazarse muy lejos de su fuente original. Ejemplos de aerosoles son las nieblas o brumas.

inquinamento atmosferico, sali solubili

contaminacin atmosfrica, sales solubles

hava kirlilii, znr tuzlar

BG

: , , , .
:

, , .
. (
).
,

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Green biological infestation, Church of Our Lady of Luinem, Ston (Croatia),16th century; Photo: 2008, HRZ (Veronika uli)

Biological growth

EN

Definition: Colonisation by living organisms

on an object or other work of art which can
lead to damage and/or deterioration
Comment: The growth can be caused by
many types of living organisms, from the simplest ones (bacteria, fungi, lichens and algae)
to the more complex ones like higher plants

(trees and bushes) and animals (bird droppings and nesting). This can lead to the irreversible loss of value and/or information.
Synonyms: biodeterioration, microbiological
deterioration, biological colonisation.
Biogrowth is also used but is not necessarily
negative in meaning.

Dveloppement biologique

FR

Dfinition: Colonisation d'un objet ou d'une

autre uvre d'art par des organismes vivants
qui peut entraner des dommages ou sa
dgradation.
Commentaires: De nombreux organismes
vivants, des algues les plus simples aux
plantes suprieures (arbres et arbustes), des

Sources: AAT: biodeterioration (5.7.2014); Bernardi 2008, 5254; Brimblecombe, Camuffo 2003, 13; CAMEO: Biological colonization (10.7.2014); Camuffo 2013,
9597; Caneva et al. 2008, 1534; Doehne, Price 2010, 2023; Fassina 2010, 77/8; Honeyborne 1998, 167; Glossary on Stone 2008, 6475; Thornbush, Viles 2006;
Urzi, Krumbein 1994

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animaux (djections d'oiseaux et nidification), peuvent entrainer des dommages et

des dgradations. Cela peut conduire une
perte irrversible de la valeur ou une perte
d'information.
Synonymes: biodtrioration, dgradation
microbiologique, colonisation biologique

Biologischer Bewuchs

DE

Definition: Besiedelung eines Objekts oder

anderen Kunstwerks mit lebenden Organismen, die zu Schden oder Zerfall fhren kann.
Kommentar: Die Besiedelung kann durch viele Arten von lebenden Organismen stattfinden, von den einfachsten (Bakterien, Pilze,
Flechten und Algen) bis hin zu komplexeren
Arten, wie hheren Pflanzen (Bume und Bsche) und Tieren (Vogelkot und nester). Dies
kann zu irreversiblem Wert- und/oder Informationsverlust fhren.
Synonyme: biologische Besiedelung, biologischer Befall, biologische Verwitterung, biologische Korrosion, mikrobiologischer Zerfall

Bioloki rast

HR

Definicija: Naseljavanje ivih organizama na

objektu ili drugome umjetnikom djelu koje
moe dovesti do oteenja i/ili pogoranja.
Napomena: Rast moe biti od raznih vrsta ivih organizama, od najjednostavnijih (bakterija, gljiva, liajeva, algi) do mnogo sloenijih
poput visokoga bilja (drvee i grmlje) i ivotinja (ptiji izmet i gnijezda). Bioloki rast moe
dovesti do nepovratnoga gubitka vrijednosti
i/ili informacije.
Sinonimi: bioloko pogoranje, mikrobioloko
pogoranje, bioloka kolonizacija
Biorast se takoer upotrebljava, ali ne nuno
u negativnome znaenju.

Biolgiai krosods

Proliferazione biologica

It

Megjegyzs: A krt tbb el szervezet okozhatja, a legegyszerbbektl, a felsbbrend nvnyekig (fk vagy bokrok) vagy madarakig
(madrpiszok, fszek). Ez visszafordthatatlan rtk s/vagy informci vesztesghez vezethet.
Szinonimk: mikrobiolgiai krosods, biolgiai kolonizci

ES

Definizione: Colonizzazione da parte di organismi viventi su un oggetto o altra opera d'arte che possa condurre a un danneggiamento
e/o ad un deterioramento.

Definicin: Colonizacin realizada por organismos vivos en un objeto artstico u otra obra
de arte que puede producir daos y/o deterioro.

Commento: Lattacco pu avvenire da parte

di numerosi tipi di organismi viventi, dai pi
semplici (batteri, funghi, licheni e alghe) a
quelli pi complessi, come piante superiori (alberi e arbusti) e animali (escrementi di uccelli
e nidificazione). Questo pu condurre a una
perdita irreversibile di valore e/o di informazioni.
Sinonimi: biodeterioramento, deterioramento
microbiologico, colonizzazione biologica.
Anche il termine "crescita biologica" viene
usato ma non necessariamente in accezione
negativa.

Comentario: El crecimiento puede ser producido por distintos tipos de organismos vivos,
desde los ms simples (bacterias, hongos, lquenes y algas), a los ms complejos, como las
plantas superiores (rboles y arbustos) o los
animales (excrementos de aves y anidacin).
Esto puede conducir a una prdida irreversible de su valor y/o de su informacin.
Sinnimos: biodeterioro, deterioro microbiolgico, colonizacin biolgica, bioalteracin

Wzrost biologiczny

PL

Definicja: Zasiedlanie obiektu czy dziea

przez organizmy ywe mogce doprowadzi
do szkd i / lub zniszcze.
Komentarz: Rozwj wielu rodzajw ywych
organizmw od najprostszych (bakterie, grzyby, porosty, glony) do bardziej zoonych, jak
roliny wysze (drzewa i krzewy) oraz zwierzta (odchody i gniazda ptakw), moe prowadzi do nieuchronnych strat wartoci i / lub informacji.
Synonimy: degradacja biologiczna, mikrobiologiczna, zasiedlanie przez czynniki biologiczne
Termin wzrost biologiczny nie musi mie zawsze negatywnego znaczenia.

atac biologic

Ro

Definiie: Colonie de organisme vii pe un

obiect sau o alt oper de art, care poate provoca deteriorri i/sau degradri.

Hu

Meghatrozs: l szervezetek kolonizcija

egy trgy vagy egyb malkots felletn,
ami krosodshoz s/vagy bomlshoz vezethet.

Crecimiento biolgico

adnotare: Atacul poate fi provocat de ctre

mai multe tipuri de organisme vii, de la cele
mai simple (bacterii, licheni i alge) la plantele
superioare (arbori i arbuti) i animale (excremente de psri i cuiburi). Acest lucru poate
s conduc la pierderea ireversibil a valorii
i / sau a informaiilor.
Sinonime: biodeteriorare, deteriorare microbiologic, colonizare biologic
"Biogrowth" este, de asemenea, un termen folosit, dar nu neaprat n sens negativ.

Biyolojik oluum

tR

tanm: Bir nesnenin ya da sanat eserinin zerinde zarar ve/ya da bozulmaya sebep olabilecek, yaayan organizmalarn oluturduu
kolonileme.
Yorum: Byme en basit olanlardan (bakteri,
mantar, yosun ve algler) daha karmaklara,
byk bitkiler (aalar ve allar gibi) ve hayvanlar (ku pislikleri ve yuvalar) gibi birok yaayan organizma tarafndan olabilir. Bu geri
dndrlemez deer ya da bilgi kaybna sebep olabilir.
E anlaml: biyo-bozulma, mikrobiyolojik bozulma, biyolojik kolonileme
Ayrca biyo byme de kullanlr ama her zaman olumsuz bir anlam tamaz.

BG
: K
,
/
: ,
- (, , )
-
( ) ( ).
/
.

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Graffiti on historic painting, Castle Brezovica, Zagreb (Croatia), 18th century (top); Historic scratched graffito, Chapel of The Holy Trinity, minj (Croatia), 15th century (bottom);
Photos: 2010, HRZ (Suzana Damiani) 2014; HRZ (Ivan Sra)

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anthropically induced deterioration EN

Ember ltal okozott krosodsok

Definition: Usually damage caused by deliberate or unintentional human acts.

Meghatrozs: ltalban szndkos vagy

akaratlan emberi cselekedetek miatt keletkezett krok.

Definicin: Daos causados, en un bien cultural, por los actos fsicos humanos realizados de forma intencional o involuntaria.

Megjegyzs: Lehet sz hanyagsgrl vagy

vandalizmusrl (szndkos rongls).

Comentario: Incluye negligencias y vandalismo.

pikkels

picado

Comment: Can include neglect and vandalism.

keying

Dgradation dorigine humaine

FR

Dfinition: Dgradation gnralement cause

par lhomme dans un acte dlibr ou non
intentionnel.
Commentaires: Cela peut inclure la ngligence et le vandalisme.
incrustation

Deterioramento antropicamente
indotto

Hu

It

Definizione: Danneggiamento generalmente

causato da atti dell'uomo deliberati o non intenzionali.
Commento: Pu includere abbandono e vandalismo.
Sinonimo: antropogenico

Deterioro por causas antrpicas

nsan eliyle bozulma

ES

tR

tanm: Genellikle kasti ya da istemeden yaplm insan davranlarndan oluan hasarlar.

Yorum: Bu hasarlar ihmal ya da vandallk ierebilirler.
girinti knt oluturma

martellinatura

Vom Menschen verursachte

Schdigung

DE

Definition: blicherweise Schdigungen durch

vorstzliche oder unbeabsichtigte menschliche
Handlungen.
Kommentar: Kann Vernachlssigung und
Vandalismus mit einschlieen.
Synonym: anthropogene Schdigung

Zniszczenia antropogeniczne

PL

Definicja: Zwykle szkody spowodowane

przez czowieka umylnie lub przypadkowo.
Komentarz: Mog by wynikiem zaniedbania
lub aktw wandalizmu.

HR

Definicija: Oteenja prouzroena namjernim

ili nenamjernim ljudskim postupcima.
Napomena: Mogu ukljuivati nemar i vandalizam
hrapavljenje

BG

: ,
.
:
.

nasiekanie

Aufhacken

Pogoranje potaknuto ljudskim

djelovanjem

Degradare antropic

Ro

Definiie: De obicei, degradri cauzate de aciuni deliberate sau accidentale ale omului.
adnotare: Pot include neglijena i vandalismul
martelare

Sources: CAMEO: Graffiti (12.8.2014); Brittanica: Graffiti (3.4.2015); Feilden 2003, 157162; Honeyborne 1998, 162/3; Oxford Dictionaries Online: Graffiti (3.4.2015)

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Incorrect plaster application, Chapel of St. John the Baptist, Ivani Miljanski (Croatia), ca. 1450; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Inappropriate historic interventions EN

Interventions historiques inadaptes FR

Definition: Techniques or materials applied

in the past which can lead to additional or accelerated deterioration of original materials.

Dfinition: Techniques ou matriaux utiliss

dans le pass et pouvant conduire de nouvelles dgradations ou lacclration de la
dgradation.

Comment: These can include the use of incompatible materials, such as Portland cement, or inappropriate techniques, such as
the insertion of iron dowels. Coatings of organic and inorganic substances on the paint
layer surfaces which impede vapour diffusion
or tend to expand can also cause damage.

Commentaires: Ceci peut inclure lutilisation

de matriaux incompatibles, tels que le ciment Portland ou des techniques inappropries telles que linsertion de chevilles mtalliques. Des revtements de substances organiques et inorganiques sur les surfaces de la
couche de peinture qui entravent la diffusion
de la vapeur ou ont tendance se dilater peuvent aussi causer des dgradations.

Sources: Cappitelli 2007; Forsyth 2007, 32; Damp: Causes and Solutions 2007, 3; Hughes 1993, 14

174

unsachgeme historische
Interventionen

DE

Definition: In der Vergangenheit angewendete Techniken oder Materialien, die zu neuer

oder beschleunigter Schdigung der originalen Materialien fhren knnen.
Kommentar: Die Verwendung von inkompatiblen Materialien, wie Portlandzement, oder
unsachgeme Techniken, wie der Einsatz
von Eisendbeln, zhlen zu solchen unsachgemen Interventionen. Auch berzge auf
der Malschicht aus organischen oder anorganischen Substanzen, die den Wasserdampftransport vermindern oder dazu neigen sich
auszudehnen, knnen zu Schden fhren.

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Synonyme: frhere falsche Behandlung, frhere unsachgeme Erhaltungsmanahmen

Neprimjereni povijesni zahvati

HR

Definicija: Tehnike ili materijali primijenjeni

u prolosti koji mogu dovesti do novih ili ubrzanih pogoranja izvornih materijala.
Napomena: Neprimjereni ljudski zahvati
ukljuuju uporabu neodgovarajuih materijala, poput portland cementa ili neprimjerene
tehnike poput umetanja eljeznih klinova.
Oteenja na oslikanim povrinama takoer
mogu prouzroiti premazi s organskim ili
anorganskim tvarima koji sprjeavaju difuziju
pare ili su skloni irenju.

Nem megfelel rgebbi

beavatkozsok

Hu

Meghatrozs: Olyan, mltban alkalmazott,

anyagok vagy eljrsok, melyek az eredeti
anyagok jabb vagy felgyorstott krosodst
eredmnyezik.
Megjegyzs: Ez sszefrhetetlen anyagok
hasznlatt jelentheti, mint pldul a Portland
cement, vagy nem megfelel eljrsokat, mint
a vas tiplik behelyezse. Szintn krokat okozhat bizonyos szerves vagy szervetlen anyagok
bevonatknt val felhordsa a festkrtegekre; ezek megakadlyozhatjk a prateresztst vagy tgulsra hajlamosak lehetnek.

Intervento storico inappropriato

Niewaciwe dawne zabiegi

PL

Definicja: Zastosowanie w przeszoci niewaciwych technik lub materiaw, ktre moe

zwikszy lub przyspieszy niszczenie oryginalnej substancji.
Komentarz: Obejmuje uycie niewaciwych
materiaw jak cement portlandzki lub nieodpowiednio dobranych technik jak zastosowanie do czopowania elementw elaznych. Powoka z substancji organicznych lub nieorganicznych naoona na warstw malarsk uniemoliwia przepyw pary albo ma tendencj do
pcznienia, co take moe powodowa szkody.

uygun olmayan eski mdahaleler

tR

Tanm: Gemite uygulanm olan ve zgn

malzemenin bozulmasn hzlandrabilecek
teknik ya da malzemeler.
Yorum: Bunlar portland imentosu gibi uyumsuz malzemenin kullanm ya da demir pimlerin yerletirilmesi gibi uygun olmayan teknikler
olabilir.
Boya tabakasnn yzeyine, buhar geiini engelleyen ya da genleme eiliminde olan organik ya da inorganik maddelerle kaplamas
gibi mdahaleler de zarar verebilir.

Intervenii istorice necorespunztoare Ro

BG

Definiie: Tehnici sau materiale folosite n trecut, ce pot duce la degradarea sau la accelerarea degradrii materialului original.

: , , .

Adnotare: Acestea pot include utilizarea materialelor necorespunztoare, precum cimentul Portland, sau tehnici neadecvate, cum ar fi
introducerea diblurilor din fier. De asemenea,
diferitele straturi de substane organice i
anorganice de pe suprafaa stratului de culoare (care mpiedic evaporarea sau care au tendina de a se dilata) pot provoca degradri.

It

Intervenciones histricas inapropiadas ES

Definizione: Tecniche o materiali applicati nel

passato che possono condurre ad un aggiuntivo o accelerato deterioramento dei materiali
originari.

Definicin: Actuaciones realizadas en el pasado que han podido originar nuevos daos
o acelerar el deterioro de los materiales originales.

Commento: Questi interventi possono includere luso di materiali non compatibili, ad es.
cemento Portland, o tecniche non appropriate come linserto di tasselli di ferro. Anche fissativi con sostanze organiche e inorganiche
applicati sullo strato pittorico, possono causare danni impedendo la diffusione del vapore
o dilatandosi.

Comentario: Incluye el uso de materiales incompatibles, como el cemento Portland, o

tcnicas inadecuadas, como la insercin de
materiales metlicos no idneos. Tambin
pueden causar daos las capas superficiales
compuestas por sustancias orgnicas e inorgnicas sobre la capa pictrica que impiden
la difusin del vapor o tienden a dilatar.

: , , ,
.
,
, .

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Uncovering allows a view of a paint layer beneath, in this case showing a side view of a head, San Roque Church, Oliva, Valencia (Spain), mid-18th century; Photo: 2005, UPV

overpaint

EN

Definition: A painting layer which partially or

completely covers the original painting layer
of an art work.
Comment: Can be carried out for numerous
reasons such as to change the artworks historical and cultural meaning or to follow stylistic trends. It can also be done after a failed
intervention or following deterioration.
Generally, the use of this term is derogatory
because it can imply historical forgery, since
it does not meet modern criteria of respect for
the original and readability of the intervention. In other cases, and if it can be chronologically dated, it can become an intrinsic part of
the artwork.
It must be clearly distinguished from pentimento carried out by the artist himself.
whitewash, uncovering, pentimento

Repeint

FR

Dfinition: Couche de peinture recouvrant

partiellement ou totalement la couche de
peinture originale d'une uvre d'art.

Commentaires: Peut tre effectu pour de

nombreuses raisons telles que changer le sens
historique et culturel de l'uvre ou suivre les
tendances stylistiques. Il peut aussi tre effectu aprs une erreur d'intervention ou suite
une dgradation. Terme gnralement pjoratif car il peut impliquer un faux historique,
s'il ne rpond pas aux critres modernes de
respect de l'original et de lisibilit de l'intervention. Dans d'autres cas et s'il peut tre dat,
il peut devenir une partie intrinsque de l'uvre. Il doit tre clairement distingu d'un surpeint ralis par l'artiste lui-mme.

Tnche, Freilegung, Pentimento

Preslik

lait de chaux, dgagement, repentir

HR

Definicija: Slikani sloj koji djelomino ili potpuno prekriva izvorni slikani sloj.
bermalung

DE

Definition: Eine Farbschicht, die teilweise

oder gnzlich die originale Malschicht eines
Kunstwerks berdeckt.
Kommentar: Sie wird aus zahlreichen Grnden ausgefhrt, u.a. zur Vernderung der historischen und kulturellen Bedeutung eines
Kunstwerks, um neuen Stiltrends zu folgen
oder auch nach einer fehlgeschlagenen Manahme oder Schden. Der Begriff wird ge-

Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Giannini et al. 2008, 174; Nimmo 2001, 179

176

meinhin abwertend benutzt, da er eine historische Flschung impliziert, weil die modernen Kriterien, wie Respekt vor dem Original
und Ablesbarkeit von Eingriffen, nicht erfllt
werden. In anderen Fllen und wenn sie datierbar ist, kann sie ein untrennbarer Bestandteil der Malerei werden. Sie muss klar vom
Pentimento unterschieden werden, das vom
Knstler selbst ausgefhrt wird.

Napomena: Moe se izvesti zbog brojnih razloga kao to su promjena povijesnoga i kulturnoga znaenja umjetnikoga djela ili praenje stilskih trendova. Takoer moe biti izveden nakon neuspjele intervencije ili nakon
propadanja. Naziv esto ima negativnu konotaciju jer moe implicirati povijesnu krivotvorinu, budui da ne zadovoljava suvremene kriterije potivanja izvornika i itljivost intervencije. Ako se moe kronoloki smjestiti, moe
postati neizostavnim dijelom umjetnikoga

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djela. Mora se jasno razlikovati od pentimenta

koji je izveo sam umjetnik.
bijeli premaz, otkrivanje, pentimento

tfests

Hu

Meghatrozs: A malkots eredeti festkrtegeit rszlegesen vagy teljesen takar festkrteg.

Megjegyzs: Szmos oka lehet, mint pldul
a malkots trtneti s kulturlis jelentsnek megvltoztatsa, vagy valamely stlusirnyzat kvetse. Sor kerlhet r egy sikertelen beavatkozs vagy krosodsok utn is. A
kifejezst ltalban lekicsinylen hasznljk,
mert trtneti hamistsokhoz vezethet, mivel
nem egyeztethet ssze az eredeti irnti tiszteletre s a beavatkozsok olvashatsgra vonatkoz kortrs elvrsokkal. Ms esetekben,
ha idrendi sorrendben datlhat, a malkots
sajt, valdi rszv vlhat.
Vilgosan meg kell klnbztetni a pentimentotl, melyet a mvsz maga valst meg.
glett, feltrs, pentimento

Ridipintura

It

Definizione: Uno strato di pittura che ricopre

parzialmente o del tutto la pellicola pittorica
dellopera darte.
Commento: Una ridipintura eseguita per vari
motivi, p. es. per modificare il significato storico-culturale dellopera o per mutamenti del gusto. Pu anche intendersi come risarcimento di
unopera, dopo un intervento improprio o un
danno. Il termine di solito usato in modo dispregiativo perch implica una falsificazione (un
falso storico) e non rispetta i criteri moderni che
richiedono il rispetto delloriginale e la chiara riconoscibilit di ogni intervento. In alcuni casi, se
pu essere datata, la ridipintura pu essere definita come intervento storico e diventare parte
intrinseca dellopera darte. Una ridipintura si distingue chiaramente dal pentimento, una correzione dellopera eseguita dallartista stesso.
imbiancatura, descialbo, pentimento

Przemalowanie

PL

Definicja: Warstwa malarska czciowo lub cakowicie pokrywajca oryginaln powierzchni

dziea sztuki.

Komentarz: Mogo by wykonane z wielu powodw, jak ch zmiany historycznego i kulturowego znaczenia dziea sztuki lub podania
za stylowymi trendami. Mogo by te wykonane po nieudanej interwencji lub z powodu postpujcych zniszcze. Uycie tego terminu powszechnie uwane jest za obraliwe, bo moe
sugerowa historyczne oszustwo, rozmija si
ze wspczesnymi kryteriami respektu dla oryginau i czytelnoci interwencji. Gdy przemalowanie mona chronologicznie datowa, moe
ono sta si integraln czci dziea sztuki. Musi by wyranie rozrnione od pentimento wykonanego przez samego artyst.
pentimento, pobiaa, odsanianie

Repictare

Ro

Definiie: Un strat de culoare ce acoper parial sau n totalitate stratul original de culoare
al unei opere de art.
Adnotare: Poate fi realizat din diferite motive, fie cu scopul de a schimba sensul istoric i
cultural al operei de art, fie din motive ce in
de tendinele artistice ale vremii. Poate fi de
asemenea realizat ca o corectur dup o intervenie euat sau n urma unor degradri.
n general, folosirea acestui termen este defavorabil deoarece poate s desemneze un fals
istoric, datorit faptului c nu ndeplinete criteriile moderne de respectare a originalului i
recognoscibilitatea interveniei. n alte situaii,
precum n cazul n care poate fi datat, repictarea poate deveni o parte intrinsec a operei
de art. Repictarea trebuie deosebit de un
pentimento realizat de artistul nsui.
zugrveal, decapare, pentimento

Repinte

ES

Definicin: Aadido pictrico que cubre parcial

o completamente una obra artstica original.
Comentario: Puede realizarse por numerosas
razones: para producir un cambio de significado histrico-cultural en la obra o para seguir
la corriente estilstica del momento. Tambin
puede entenderse como una reparacin tras
una intervencin desfavorable o un deterioro.
Generalmente, este trmino tiene un uso despectivo, puesto que induce a un falso histrico
al no cumplir con los criterios modernos de fidelidad al original y legibilidad de las intervenciones. No obstante, en otros casos puede
ser reconocido por su significado histrico y

formar parte de la obra de arte. Se distingue

claramente de un arrepentimiento o correccin realizada por el autor.
encalado, desencalado, pentimento

stne boyama

tR

Tanm: Sanat eserinin zgn boya katmann

ksmen ya da tamamen kaplayan boya katman.
Yorum: Bu ilem, sanat eserinin tarihsel ve kltrel anlamn deitirmek veya biimsel akmlar takip etmek gibi eitli sebeplerle uygulanabilir. Baarsz mdahale veya gelecekteki bozulmalar sonrasnda da yaplabilir. Genellikle bu
terim aalayc bir ifadeye sahiptir nk bu
uygulama, gnmzn restorasyon kriterlerinden olan zgn duruma sayg ve mdahalenin
okunabilirlii kriterlerini karlamad iin tarihsel sahtecilii ima edebilir. Dier durumlarda,
eer kronolojik olarak tarihlendirilebilirse, sanat
eserinin isel bir paras olabilir.
Sanatnn kendisi tarafndan yaplan pentimentodan ak bir ekilde fark edilmelidir.
badana, aa karma, pentimento

BG

: , .
:
,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
, ,

177

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Painting on a ceiling secured by screws, Sorkoevi Palace (Bishops Palace), Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2008, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Structural interventions

EN

Interventions sur la structure

FR

Bauliche Interventionen

Definition: Interventions to a built fabric with

the goal of restoring its structural stability or
integrity.

Dfinition: Interventions sur le bti, avec

pour objectif de restaurer sa stabilit ou son
intgrit structurelle.

Definition: Eingriffe in die Bausubstanz mit

dem Ziel, ihre strukturelle Stabilitt oder Einheit wiederherzustellen.

Comment: The causes of structural problems

can be internal, external, or both. Structural
interventions may include propping, insertion
of tie-beams, substitution of damaged elements, grouting of voids in walls, etc.

Commentaires: Les causes des problmes de

structure peuvent tre interne, externe ou les
deux. Les interventions structurelles peuvent
inclure un tayage, linsertion de tirants, la
substitution dlments endommags, linjection de coulis, etc.

Kommentar: Die Ursachen fr bauliche Probleme knnen im Inneren, im ueren oder

in beidem liegen. Bauliche Interventionen
knnen Sttzen, Einbau von Dachbalken, Austausch von geschdigten Teilen, Mrtelinjektion/Verpressen etc. sein.
Synonyme: strukturelle Eingriffe, konstruktive
Eingriffe

injection of grout

coulis dinjection

Injektion

Sources: Feilden 2003, 295235; Hurol et al. 2014; Modena et al. 2009; Weaver, Matero 1993, 40

178

DE

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Strukturni zahvati

HR

Interwencje strukturalne

PL

Strktrel mdahaleler

tR

Definicija: Zahvati u grai s namjerom da se

obnovi njezina strukturna stabilnost ili cjelovitost.

Definicja: Dziaania stosowane w budowli w

celu przywrcenia jej stabilnoci konstrukcyjnej lub integralnoci.

Tanm: Bir binann tayc sisteminin dengesini ve btnln onarma amac ile yaplan
mdahaleler.

Napomena: Uzroci strukturnih problema mogu biti unutarnji i/ili vanjski. Strukturne intervencije mogu ukljuivati podupiranje, umetanje zatega, zamjenu oteenih elemenata,
injektiranje rupa u zidu i sl.

Komentarz: Przyczyny problemw strukturalnych mog by zarwno zewntrzne jak i wewntrzne, albo podwjne. Interwencje strukturalne obejmuj stemplowanie, wprowadzanie cigw, wymian uszkodzonych elementw, spoinowanie itp.

Yorum: Strktrel problemlerin sebepleri isel, dsal ya da her iki trl de olabilir. Strktrel mdahaleler destekleme, balama kirii
ekleme, zarar grm unsurlarn deitirilmesi, duvarlardaki boluklarn doldurulmas vb.
ilemleri ierebilir.

zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy

enjeksiyon harc

injektiranje

Szerkezeti beavatkozsok

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az pletllomnyon vgzett

beavatkozsok, annak rdekben, hogy a
szerkezeti stabilitst s egysgt helyrelltsk.
Megjegyzs: A szerkezeti problmknak lehetnek bels okai, kls okai vagy mindkett.
A szerkezeti beavatkozsok magukba foglalhatjk az altmasztst/dcolst, ktgerendk beillesztst, krosodott elemek kicserlst, a falban lev hzagok injektlst, stb.

Intervenii structurale

Ro

BG

Definiie: Intervenii asupra unui edificiu cu

scopul de a-i reda stabilitatea structural sau
integritatea.

: ,
.

Adnotare: Cauzele problemelor structurale

pot fi interne, externe, sau ambele. Interveniile structurale pot include armtura, inserarea tiranilor, nlocuirea elementelor deteriorate, chituirea lacunelor din perei, etc.

: ,
.
,
, ,

.

injectare de mortar

vakoltinjektls

Interventi strutturali

It

Intervenciones estructurales

ES

Definizione: Interventi su un edificio che hanno lobiettivo di ripristinare la sua stabilit

strutturale o la sua integrit.

Definicin: Actuaciones en un bien inmueble

que persiguen el objetivo de recuperar su estabilidad o integridad estructural.

Commento: Le cause dei problemi strutturali

possono essere interne, esterne o di entrambe
le nature. Gli interventi strutturali possono includere puntellamento, inserimento di tiranti,
sostituzione di elementi danneggiati, boiaccatura, etc.

Comentario: Las causas de los problemas estructurales pueden ser internas, externas, o de
ambos tipos. Algunas intervenciones estructurales pueden ser el apuntalamiento, la insercin de travesaos, la sustitucin de elementos daados, la inyeccin de morteros, etc.

iniezione di boiacca

inyeccin de morteros

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Missing part of painted plaster, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2006, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean).

Lacuna

EN

Lacune

FR

Fehlstelle

DE

Definition: A missing part of an architectural

surface or wall painting which affects their integrity.

Dfinition: partie manquante dune surface

architecturale ou dune peinture murale qui
affecte son intgrit.

Definition: Ein fehlender Teil in einer Architekturoberflche oder einer Wandmalerei, der
sich auf deren Geschlossenheit auswirkt.

Comment: This form of deterioration causes

a discontinuity across a surface and can be
produced by accidents or by loss of adhesion.
Lacunae are differentiated by their size, which
in turn determine the possibility (or not) of
restoring the integrity of the image through
the use of integration techniques.
Synonym: loss

Commentaires: Cette forme de dgradation

provoque une discontinuit dans la surface et
peut tre produite par des accidents, ou par
perte dadhrence. Les lacunes sont diffrencies par leur taille, ce qui dtermine son
tour la possibilit (ou non) de rtablir lintgrit de limage grce lutilisation de techniques dintgration.
Synonyme: partie manquante

Kommentar: Diese Schadensform fhrt zu einer Strung der Oberflche und kann sowohl
durch mechanische Einwirkung als auch
durch Haftverlust der Anbindung entstehen.
Fehlstellen unterscheiden sich in ihren Ausmaen, was die Mglichkeiten bestimmt, ob
ein geschlossenes Bild durch Kittungs-, Ergnzungs- oder Retuschetechniken wiederhergestellt werden kann oder nicht.

cavit, comblement

Loch, Integration, Kittung

cavity, infill

Sources: Brandi 1996, 215-217; Rauca 2014b, 190; Giannini et al. 2000,100; Istudor 1985, 30; Murean 2014; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 95; Art Conservation
Terms: Loss (2.5.2015)

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Lakuna

HR

ubytek

PL

Lakuna

tR

Definicija: Dio koji nedostaje na arhitektonskoj povrini ili zidnoj slici koji utjee na njihovu cjelovitost.

Definicja: Brakujcy fragment powierzchni

architektonicznej lub malowida ciennego,
ktry narusza jego integralno.

Napomena: Ovakav oblik oteenja prouzrouje prekid povrine i moe nastati zbog nezgoda ili gubitka adhezije. Lakune se razlikuju
po veliini, na osnovi koje se odreuje moe li
se cjelovitost slike obnoviti s pomou tehnika
integracije.

Komentarz: Ta forma zniszcze powoduje naruszenie powierzchni i moe by wynikiem

mechanicznego urazu lub utraty przyczepnoci. Ubytki maj zrnicowany zakres, co z kolei okrela moliwo (lub jej brak) odrestaurowania integralnego wizerunku poprzez zastosowanie technik integracji.

Yorum: Kazalar veya yapma kayb sebebiyle

oluan bu tr bozulma ekli yzeydeki devamlln kesintiye uramasna sebep olur. Farkl
ebatlardaki boluklar yzeyin ya da yzeydeki
desenin btnleme teknikleri kullanarak restore etmenin mmkn olup olmayacan belirler.
E anlaml: boluk, kayp

zagbienie, kitowanie

oyuk, dolgu

upljina, ispunjavanje

Hiny

Hu

Lacun

Ro

Tanm: Mimari yzeyin veya duvar resminin

btnln etkileyen eksik ksm.

BG

Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti fellet vagy falfestmny hinyz rsze, mely megbontja a fellet egysgt.

Definiie: Un fragment lips dintr-o pictur

mural sau o suprafa arhitectural ce afecteaz integritatea acesteia.

: , .

Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta krosods a fellet szszefggsgt bontja meg, s okozhatja baleset vagy a hordozhoz val tapads megsznse. A hinyokat mretk alapjn klnbztetjk meg; ez hatrozza meg azt, hogy lehetsges-e vagy sem a kp egysgnek helyrelltsa klnbz kiegsztsi technikk segtsgvel.
Szinonima: anyagvesztesg

Adnotare: Aceast form de degradare provoac o discontinuitate n cadrul unei suprafee i se poate produce prin accidente sau
prin pierderea aderenei. Lacunele se difereniaz prin dimensiune, care la rndul su determin posibilitatea (sau nu) de refacere a integritii imaginii prin utilizarea tehnicilor de
reintegrare cromatic.

:
. ,
( ) .

cavitate, chituire

reg, tmts

Lacuna

It

Laguna

ES

Definizione: Parte mancante di una superficie architettonica o di un dipinto murale che

incide sulla loro integrit.

Definicin: Parte faltante en una superficie

arquitectnica o pintura mural que afecta a su
integridad.

Commento: Questo danno arreca discontinuit strutturale ed estetica alla superficie.

Pu essere causato meccanicamente o da perdita di adesione. Le lacune sono differenziate
a seconda della loro dimensione, che a sua
volta determina la possibilit (o meno) di ripristinare lintegrit dellimmagine attraverso
luso di tecniche di reintegrazione.
Sinonimo: caduta

Comentario: Este tipo de deterioro ocasiona

una discontinuidad en una superficie y puede
deberse a accidentes o a prdidas de adhesin. Las lagunas se diferencian por su tamao, que puede ser o no determinante para la
restauracin de la integridad de la imagen a
travs del uso de las tcnicas de reintegracin.
Sinnimos: faltante, prdida

cavit, stuccatura

oquedad, estucado

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Deep hole in external wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 1993, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)

Cavity

EN

Definition: A hollow space (a loss of components) usually enclosed within solid material.
Comment: It is most often caused by weathering, erosion, migration of soluble salts or by
other physical factors. Alveolar weathering, also called honeycombing, is a type of erosion
specific to porous or non-homogenous architectural surfaces (e.g. certain types of limestones, sandstones).
soluble salts

Cavit

Dfinition: Espace creux (une perte de composants) gnralement entour dun matriau solide.
Commentaires: Il est le plus souvent caus
par altration mtorique, rosion, migration
des sels solubles ou par d'autres facteurs physiques. L'alvolisation est un type de dgradation spcifique des surfaces architecturales
poreuses ou htrognes (par exemple certains types de calcaires, grs).
sels solubles

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 17, 25; Istudor 1985, 30; Giannini et al. 2000, 100; Brandi 1996, 215217

182

FR

Loch

DE

Definition: Hohlraum (Substanzverlust), in

der Regel umgeben von festem Material.
Kommentar: Entsteht hufig durch Verwitterung, Erosion, Migration von lslichen Salzen
oder durch andere physikalische Faktoren. Alveolenbildung, im Englischen auch als honeycombing (wabenfrmige Verwitterung)
bezeichnet, ist eine fr porse oder nicht homogene Architekturoberflchen typische Erosionsform (z. B. fr einige Kalkstein- oder
Sandsteintypen).
lsliche Salze

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upljina

HR

Zagbienia

PL

Definicija: Prazan prostor unutar vrstoga

materijala nastao gubitkom komponenta.

Definicja: Wklsa przestrze (utrata czci)

zwykle otoczona stabilnym materiaem.

Napomena: upljina je najee prouzroena

troenjem, erozijom, migracijama topljivih soli
ili drugim fizikim imbenicima. Alveolarno
(saasto) troenje tip je erozije specifian za
porozne ili nehomogene arhitektonske povrine, (npr. odreene vrste vapnenaca ili pjeenjaka).

Komentarz: Bardzo czsto spowodowane

przez wietrzenie, erozj, migracj soli rozpuszczalnych lub inne czynniki fizyczne.
Pcherzykowe wietrzenie / sezonowanie typu
plaster miodu jest rodzajem erozji powierzchni architektonicznych, charakterystycznym dla
materiaw porowatych lub niejednorodnych.
(np. niektrych rodzajw wapieni, piaskowcw).

topljive soli

sole rozpuszczalne

reg

Hu

Cavitate

Ro

oyuk

tR

Tanm: (Yzeylerde) genellikle bir kat madde

ile evrelenmi ve bileenlerini kaybetmi ukur bir alan.
Yorum: Genellikle kt hava sebebiyle bozulma, erozyon, znr tuz hareketi veya dier
fiziksel etkenler sebebiyle meydana gelir. Peteklenme de denilen Alveolar bozulma, gzenekli veya homojen olmayan mimari yzeylere (rn; baz kireta trleri, kumta gibi) zg
erozyon tipidir.
znr tuzlar

BG

Meghatrozs: Lyuk, mlyeds, reges tr

(alkotanyagok hinya), melyet ltalban szilrd anyag vesz krl.

Definiie: Un spaiu gol (o pierdere de materiale componente), de obicei nchis, ntr-un

material solid.

: (
),
.

Megjegyzs: Leggyakrabban az idjrsi viszonyok, erzi, a vzben oldhat sk vndorlsa vagy ms fizikai tnyezk okozzk. Az alveolris mlls, egy lyukacsos, mhsejtszer
mlls, az erzinak egyik vlfaja, mely porzus vagy nem homogn ptszeti felletekre
jellemz (pl. egyes mszk- vagy homokkfajtkra).

Adnotare: Este cel mai adesea cauzat de intemperii, eroziune, migraia srurilor solubile
sau de ali factori fizici. Eroziunea alveolar este un tip de eroziune specific suprafeelor arhitecturale poroase sau neomogene (de
exemplu, anumite tipuri de calcare, gresii).

: - , ,
. , (. , ).

sruri solubile

vzoldhat sk

Cavit

It

oquedad

ES

Definizione: Spazio cavo (perdita di componenti) generalmente racchiuso, all'interno di

un materiale solido.

Definicin: Prdida de componentes que

provoca un espacio vaco (normalmente cerrado) en un material slido.

Commento: per lo pi causato da degradazione meteorica, erosione, migrazione di sali

solubili o da altri fattori fisici. La degradazione
meteorica alveolare, altrimenti chiamata alveolizzazione, un tipo di erosione specifico
di superfici architettoniche porose o non
omogenee (per es. alcuni tipi di pietre calcaree
e arenarie).

Comentario: Est causada principalmente

por el desgaste, erosin, migracin de sales
solubles o por otros factores fsicos. La meteorizacin alveolar, es un tipo de erosin especfico de las superficies arquitectnicas porosas y no homogneas (por ejemplo, ciertos tipos de calizas y areniscas).
Sinnimo: cavidad

sali solubili

sales solubles

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Crumbling building faade, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Crumbling

EN

Definition: The disintegration of a material into small pieces as a result of chemical, physical
or biological deterioration; the loss of cohesion between component materials, which
can be due to gradual dissolution of the
binder.
Comment: The surface or internal structure of
crumbling masonry becomes weakened, resulting in small fragments of the material
falling off, thus breaking up the architectural
surfaces. It may be the result of salts or moisture entering the masonry.
support, masonry, plaster, binder, sol-

uble salts, humidity

Emiettement

FR

Dfinition: Dsintgration d'un matriau en

petits morceaux, suite une dgradation chimique, physique ou biologique; la perte de
cohsion entre les matriaux constitutifs peut
tre due la dissolution progressive du liant.
Commentaires: La surface ou la structure interne de la maonnerie s'affaiblit, conduisant
la chute de petits fragments de la matire et
la dsintgration des surfaces architecturales. Elle peut tre le rsultat de l'humidit ou
des sels entrant dans la maonnerie.
support, maonnerie, enduit, liant, sels

solubles, humidit

abbrckeln

Definition: Zerfall eines Materials in kleine

Bruchstcke in der Folge von chemischer,
physikalischer oder biogener Schdigung.
Bindungsverlust von Materialgefge, was auf
allmhlicher Zersetzung des Bindemittels beruhen kann.
Kommentar: Die Oberflche oder die innere
Struktur von abbrckelndem Mauerwerk wird
soweit geschwcht, dass kleine Fragmente
des Materials abstrzen, wodurch Architekturoberflchen verfallen. Dies kann auch das Ergebnis von eindringender Feuchte oder Salzen im Mauerwerk sein.
Synonyme: Brckelzerfall, Absanden
Trger, Mauerwerk, Putz, Bindemittel,
lsliche Salze, Feuchte

Sources: Mora et. al. 1986, 171214; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2/1; Strada 1993; Grimmer 1984, 8; Cameo: Crumbling (2.5.2015)

184

DE

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Mrvljenje

HR

Definicija: Raspadanje materijala u komadie

kao rezultat kemijskoga, fizikoga ili biolokoga propadanja ili gubitak kohezije meu komponentama materijala, to moe biti posljedica postupnoga raspadanja veziva.
Napomena: Povrina ili unutarnja struktura
izmrvljenoga zida postaje oslabljena to rezultira otpadanjem malih fragmenata materijala,
te na taj nain dolazi do razbijanja arhitektonskih povrina. Mrvljenje moe biti rezultat ulaska soli ili vlage u zidove.
nosa, zidanje, buka, vezivo, topljive

soli, vlanost

Rozpad

PL

Definicja: Dezintegracja materiau na drobne

kawaki w wyniku dziaania czynnikw chemicznych, fizycznych, biologicznych; utrata
spjnoci pomidzy skadnikami materiau,
ktra moe by nastpstwem stopniowego
rozpadu spoiwa.
Komentarz: Powierzchnia lub wewntrzna
struktura kruszcego si muru jest osabiona,
w efekcie mae fragmenty materiau odpadaj
niszczc powierzchnie architektoniczne. Moe
to by skutek dziaania soli lub wilgoci wnikajcej w budynek.
Synonim: destrukcja

ufalanma

tR

Tanm: Kimyasal, fiziksel veya biyolojik bozulma sebebiyle malzemenin kk paralar halinde dalmas; balaycnn giderek ayrmas
sebebiyle bileen malzemeler arasndaki tutunmann kaybolmas.
Yorum: Ufalanan duvarn yzeyi ya da iyaps
zayflar; malzemeden kk paralar kopmasyla sonulanr, bylece mimari yzeyler paralanr. Bu duvara giren nem veya tuzlarn sonucu olabilir.
destek, duvar, sva, balayc, znr

tuzlar, nem

podoe, budownictwo, tynk, spoiwo,

sole rozpuszczalne, wilgotno

(Szt)morzsolds

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy anyag sztmllsa, kis darabkkra val felaprzdsa, kmiai, fizikai s
biolgiai krosods kvetkeztben; az sszetevk kztti kohzi megsznse, mely a ktanyag fokozatos kiolddsnak is tulajdonthat.

Frmiare

Ro

Definiie: Dezintegrarea unui material n fragmente de mici dimensiuni, ca urmare a degradrii chimice, fizice sau biologice; dizolvarea
treptat a liantului duce la pierderea coeziunii
dintre materiale componente.

BG

:
, ;
,
.

Megjegyzs: A morzsold fal fellete vagy

bels szerkezete elgyengl, ennek kvetkeztben apr anyagdarabkk esnek ki belle, az
ptszeti fellet tredezett vlik. A falba hatol sk vagy a nedvessg hatsnak eredmnye lehet.

Adnotare: Suprafaa sau structura intern a

unei zidrii frmicioase devine decoeziv, rezultnd pierderea de fragmente de material,
conducnd astfel la frmiarea suprefeei arhitecturale. Pierderea coeziunii poate fi rezultatul umiditii sau srurilor din zidrie.
Sinonim: decoeziune

:

,
.
, .

hordoz, fal, vakolat, ktanyag, vz-

suport, zidrie, tencuial, liant, sruri

o, /, ,

Sgretolamento

Disgregacin

oldhat sk, nedvessg

It

solubile, umiditate

ES

Definizione: Disintegrazione di un materiale

in piccoli pezzi come conseguenza di un deterioramento chimico, fisico o biologico; perdita di coesione all'interno dei materiali costitutivi, che pu essere dovuta alla graduale disgregazione del legante.

Definicin: Desintegracin de un material en

pequeas piezas como resultado de un deterioro qumico, fsico o biolgico. Prdida de
cohesin entre los materiales constituyentes,
que puede deberse a la disolucin gradual del
ligante.

Commento: La struttura superficiale o interna

di una costruzione in muratura fatiscente si indebolisce, lasciando cadere piccoli frammenti
di materiale, e disgregando cos le superfici architettoniche. Pu essere la conseguenza dell'ingresso di sali o umidit nella muratura.

Comentario: La estructura superficial o interna de la fbrica disgregada se debilita lo suficiente como para que pequeos fragmentos
del material caigan, lo que produce la tendencia de la superficie arquitectnica a romperse
en pedazos. Puede deberse a las sales o la humedad de la fbrica.
Sinmino: descohesin

supporto, muratura, intonaco, legante,

sali solubili, umidit

, ,

soporte, fbrica, revoque, ligante, sa-

les solubles, humedad

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Loss of paint layer of a wall painting, Sucevia Monastery (Romania), 1585; Photo: 2009, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

abrasion

EN

abrasion

FR

Definition: Superficial loss or damage as a result of mechanical action due to friction.

Dfinition: Perte de matire ou dgradation

rsultant dune action mcanique par friction.

Comment: Abrasion can be caused by erosion

through weathering or repeated physical use
with the visible effects becoming gradually
apparent over time. Abrasion can also be
caused by a deliberate attempt to clean, polish, or otherwise modify an architectural surface with immediately apparent effects. In
most cases, however, abrasion has an anthropogenic origin.

Commentaires: Labrasion peut tre cause

par lutilisation rpte de lobjet ou un essai
de nettoyage, un adoucissement ou le polissage dune surface. Elle peut aussi tre cause
par une action volontaire et immdiatement
visible visant modifier une surface architecturale en la nettoyant, la polissant ou par tout
autre moyen. Dans la plupart des cas, labrasion a une origine humaine.

extrinsic cause of deterioration, wind erosion

facteurs externes de dgradation, rosion o-

abrieb

Definition: Oberflchlicher Verlust oder Schaden als Ergebnis eines mechanisch verursachten Abriebs.
Kommentar: Abrieb kann durch den Versuch,
eine Oberflche zu reinigen oder aufzupolieren, verursacht werden, er kann aber auch
durch Windverwehung, z. B. von Sand oder
Staub, entstehen. Meistens ist Abrieb anthropogenen Ursprungs.
Synonym: Abrasion
uere Schadensursache, Winderosion

lienne

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 18; Rauca 2014b, 188; Glossary on Stone 2008, 32/3; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 10; Cameo: Abrasion (2.5.2015)

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abrazija

HR

Definicija: Povrinski gubitak ili oteenje kao

rezultat djelovanja trenjem.

otarcia

PL

Definicja: Powierzchniowy ubytek lub uszkodzenie powstae w wyniku mechanicznego

dziaania, tarcia.

Napomena: Abraziju moe prouzroiti erozija

troenjem ili ponavljanjem fizikoga djelovanja s vidljivim posljedicama koje vremenom
postaje oitije. Abrazija moe nastati i kao posljedica namjernih radnji poput ienja, zaglaivanja ili poliranja povrine te mijenjanjem arhitektonske povrine na nain da su
posljedice odmah vidljive. Meutim, u veini
sluajeva abrazija je posljedica ljudskoga djelovanja.

Komentarz: Otarcie moe by spowodowane

przez erozj, wskutek wietrzenia albo powsta
w wyniku uytkowania, ktrego stopniowe
efekty z czasem stan si widoczne. Otarcia
mog te powsta przy prbie oczyszczenia,
polerowania lub opracowywania powierzchni
architektonicznej dla uzyskania natychmiastowego efektu. Jednake w wikszoci wypadkw otarcia s skutkiem dziaa ludzkich.

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, erozija vjetrom

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, erozja wiat-

anma

tR

Tanm: Srtnmenin mekanik etkisi sebebiyle

yzeysel kayp veya hasar.
Yorum: Anma, hava etkisi yoluyla erozyon
veya zamanla grnr olan etkilerin fiziksel
kullanmnn tekrarlanmas ile meydana gelebilir. Anma, kullanmdan veya bilinli olarak
bir yzeyi temizleme, przszletirme veya
parlatma gibi eylemlerden dolay oluur. Fakat
birok durumda anma insan kaynakldr.
dsal bozulma nedenleri, rzgar erozyonu

rowa

Kops

Hu

Meghatrozs: Felleti hiny vagy krosods,

mely srldsbl add mechanikai hats
eredmnye.
Megjegyzs: A kopst okozhatja az idjrs
hatsaknt bekvetkez erzi, vagy ismtelt
hasznlat, melyek hatsai fokozatosan vlnak
lthatv. Kopst eredmnyezhet az ptszeti fellet tudatos tiszttsa, csiszolsa vagy
egyb mvelet, mely a fellet mdostsra
irnyul; ezek hatsai azonnal lthatak. Legtbb esetben a kops emberi tevkenysghez
kthet.
kls krosodsi tnyez, szlerzi

abraziune

Ro

Definiie: Pierdere superficial sau degradare,

rezultat al aciunii mecanice n urma friciunii.
Adnotare: Abraziunea poate fi produs de
eroziunea cauzat de intemperii sau prin utilizarea fizic repetat, cu efecte ce devin vizibile treptat. De asemenea, abraziunea poate
fi cauzat prin ncercarea deliberat de a cura, a lustrui sau modifica o suprafa arhitectural cu efecte vizibile imediat. Cu toate acestea, abraziunea, este n cele mai multe cazuri
de origine antropic.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, coraziune

BG

:
.
:
, , .
, . .
, -

abrasione

It

abrasin

ES

Definizione: Perdita superficiale o danneggiamento causati da un'azione meccanica dovuta a sfregamento.

Definicin: Prdida superficial o dao resultante de una accin mecnica debida a la friccin.

Commento: L'abrasione pu essere causata

dall'erosione delle intemperie o dal ripetuto
uso fisico, con effetti visibili che diventano con
il tempo evidenti. L'abrasione pu anche essere causata da un tentativo deliberato di pulire, levigare o modificare in altro modo una
superficie architettonica con effetti immediatamente evidenti. Nella maggior parte dei casi, l'abrasione ha origini antropogeniche.

Comentario: Puede ser causada, bien por el

uso, o bien por un atentado deliberado al limpiar o pulir una superficie; tambin puede producirse por la accin de las partculas arrastradas por el viento. En la mayor parte de los casos, la abrasin tiene un origen antrpico.
Sinnimo: desgaste
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, erosin elica

erosione di vento, causa estrinseca di deterioramento

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Corroded metal, building faade, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 20th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Corrosion

EN

Corrosion

FR

Definition: The chemical and physical degradation of architectural surfaces, stone or metal, caused by weathering or corrosive substances with which they come into contact.

Dfinition: Dgradation chimique et physique dune surface architecturale en pierre ou

mtallique, cause par laltration mtorique
ou au contact de substances corrosives.

Comment: This type of alteration causes irreversible damage to murals, starting with the
surface and then, progressively penetrating in
depth. The surrounding environment can
cause damage because of air pollution: metallic pigments used in mural paintings can be
corroded, thus changing their colour through
oxidation. The corrosion of metallic elements
used to reinforce architectural components
may cause a localised loss of material due to
internal pressure, the result of which manifests itself in the form of a loss of material.

Commentaires: Cause de dgradations irrversibles des peintures murales, dabord en

surface puis en profondeur. Un environnement pollu peut la causer et conduire au
changement de couleur de pigments mtalliques du fait de leur oxydation. La corrosion
dlments mtalliques renforant des composants architecturaux peut conduire une
perte locale de matire du fait de pressions internes gnres.

extrinsic cause of deterioration, pigment al-

des pigments

teration

facteurs externes de dgradation, altration

Korrosion

Definition: Chemischer und physikalischer

Verfall von Architekturoberflchen, Stein oder
Metall, verursacht durch Verwitterung oder
korrosive Substanzen, mit denen sie in Kontakt kommen.
Kommentar: Diese Art der Vernderung verursacht irreversible Schden an Wandmalereien, zunchst oberflchlich, dann auch in der
Tiefe. Umweltbedingte Schdigungen knnen
durch Luftverschmutzung entstehen: metallhaltige, in der Wandmalerei verwendete Pigmente knnen korrodieren, so dass sich ihre
Farben durch Oxidation verndern. Die Korrosion von metallischen Elementen, die zur statischen Sicherung von Architekturteilen verwendet werden, kann infolge internen Drucks
zu lokalen Schden fhren, ein Befund, der
sich in Form von Materialverlust zeigt.
uere Schadensursache, Pigmentvernderung, Luftverschmutzung

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 56; Glossary on Stone 2008, 16/7, 46; Illustrated Glossary 2003: corrosion (2.5.2015); Cameo: Corrosion (2.5.2015)

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Korozija

HR

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, alterazio-

ne dei pigmenti

Definicija: Kemijsko i fiziko propadanje arhitektonskih povrina, kamena ili metala prouzroeno izlaganjem atmosferi ili korozivnim
tvarima s kojima dolaze u dodir.
Napomena: Taj tip promjena prouzrouje nepovratna oteenja zidnim slikama, koja poinju od povrine i progresivno prodiru u dubinu.
Okoli moe prouzroiti tetu zbog oneienja
zraka: metalni pigmenti upotrijebljeni u zidnim
slikama mogu korodirati te promijeniti njihovu
boju oksidiranjem. Korozija metalnih elemenata koji su rabljeni kako bi se uvrstili dijelovi arhitekture mogu prouzroiti lokalizirane gubitke
materijala zbog unutarnjega tlaka.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, promjena pigmenta

Korrzi

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felletek, kvek

vagy fmek kmiai s fizikai krosodsa, melyet az idjrs vagy a fellettel rintkez korrozv anyagok okoznak.
Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta krosods visszafordthatatlan elvltozst okoz a falkpeken; a krosods a felleten indul el, majd fokozatosan
mlyebbre hatol. A kzvetlen krnyezet a levegszennyezds ltal okozhat krt: a falkpeken hasznlt fm alap pigmentek korrodldhatnak, sznk az oxidci rvn megvltozik. Az plet szerkezetnek megerstsre hasznlt fmelemek korrzija a bels
nyoms miatt okozhat loklis anyagvesztesget, mely anyaghinyt eredmnyez.
kls krosodsi tnyez, pigment elvltozs

Corrosione

It

Definizione: Degradazione chimica e fisica di

superfici architettoniche, roccia o metallo,
causata da degradazione meteorica o da sostanze corrosive con cui vengono a contatto.

Korozja

PL

Definicja: Chemiczna i fizyczna degradacja powierzchni architektonicznej, kamienia lub metalu spowodowana wskutek wietrzenia lub kontaktu z substancjami powodujcymi korozj.
Komentarz: Ten rodzaj zmian powoduje nieodwracalne szkody malowide ciennych poczynajc od powierzchni, postpuje w gb.
Otaczajce rodowisko moe powodowa
szkody w zwizku z zanieczyszczeniami powietrza: korodowa mog metaliczne pigmenty uywane w malarstwie ciennym, zmieniajc
kolor w wyniku utleniania. Korozja elementw
metalowych uytych do wzmocnienia elementw architektury, moe prowadzi do miejscowych strat materiau w wyniku wewntrznych
napre, co ujawni si w postaci ubytkw.
Synonim: rozkad
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zmiany pig-

mentw

Coroziune

Ro

Definiie: Degradarea chimic i fizic a suprafeelor arhitecturale, a pietrei sau a metalului, cauzat de intemperii sau substane corozive cu care acestea intr n contact.
Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare cauzeaz deteriorri ireversibile n picturile murale, ncepnd
cu suprafaa obiectului, i apoi, penetrnd progresiv n adncime. Mediul nconjurtor poate
cauza deteriorri din cauza polurii atmosferice: pigmenii metalici folosii n picturile murale
pot fi corodai, schimbndu-i astfel culoarea
prin oxidare. Coroziunea elementelor metalice
utilizate pentru consolidarea componentelor
arhitecturale poate cauza pierderea materialului la nivel local din cauza presiunii interioare.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, alterarea pig-

mentului

Commento: Questa alterazione causa un danno

irreversibile ai dipinti murali, che comincia dalla
superficie per poi penetrare in profondit. L'ambiente circostante pu provocare un danneggiamento a causa dell'inquinamento: i pigmenti
contenenti metalli usati nei dipinti murali possono subire corrosione, cambiando cos colore
per ossidazione. La corrosione di elementi metallici usati per rinforzare elementi architettonici
pu causare una perdita localizzata di materiale
a causa della pressione interna, il cui risultato si
mostra sotto forma di perdita di materiale.

Corrosin

ES

Definicin: Degradacin qumica y fsica de

las superficies arquitectnicas, piedra o metal,
originada por la meteorizacin o por sustancias corrosivas con las que entran en contacto.
Comentario: Este tipo de alteracin causa daos irreversibles en los murales, que comienzan en la superficie y penetran progresiva-

mente en profundidad. El medio ambiente

puede ocasionar daos debido a la contaminacin: los pigmentos metlicos empleados
en las pinturas murales pueden corroerse y
cambiar de color debido a la oxidacin. La corrosin de los elementos metlicos usados para reforzar la arquitectura, puede causar prdida localizada de material, debido a presin
interna que se manifiesta de este modo.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, alteracin de

pigmento

Kimyasal anma

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzey, ta veya metallerin hava

koullarndan kaynaklanan bozulmalar veya
andrc maddelerden etkilenmesi sebebiyle
kimyasal ve fiziksel olarak bozulmas.
Yorum: Bu tip deiim, duvar resimlerinde yzeyden balayp giderek daha da derinlere
inen ve geri dn olmayan zararlar verir. Hava kirlilii sebebiyle evre zarar verici olabilir:
Duvar resimlerinde ki metalik pigmentler anp oksidasyon yoluyla pigmentlerin renklerini deitirebilir. Mimari bileenleri glendirmek iin kullanlan metal unsurlarn anmas
i basntan dolay malzemede ksmi kayplara
sebep olabilir.
E anlam: korozyon
dssal bozulma sebepleri, pigment deiimi

BG

: ,
,
,
.
: ,

.
: ,
. ,
,
, .
, -

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Partial detachment of paint layers, Marin Dri Theatre, Dubrovnik (Croatia) 20th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Peeling

EN

Definition: The partial detachment of a superficial layer which often looks like a detached coating that has been applied to its
surface.
Comment: An architectural surface is considered to be peeling when it is deteriorating by
losing material in layers. The thickness of the
area of peeling is generally measured on a
submillimetric to millimetric scale. Peeling is
often linked to humidity and salt crystallisation at the surface.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, scaling,
flaking

Pelage

FR

Dfinition: Dtachement partiel dune couche

superficielle qui ressemble au dtachement
dun revtement appliqu sur sa surface.
Commentaires: Une surface architecturale est
considre comme pelable quand elle se dgrade en perdant de la matire par couches. Le
pelage a une paisseur submillimtrique millimtrique. Il est souvent li lhumidit et la
cristallisation de sels en surface.
facteurs externes de dgradation, desquamation, caillage

abschlen

Definition: Partielle Ablsung einer Oberflche, was hufig so aussieht, als wenn sich eine
Beschichtung von der Oberflche abschlen
wrde.
Kommentar: Man spricht vom Abschlen einer Architekturoberflche, wenn der Materialzerfall schichtenweise vonstattengeht. Die
Schichtstrke der abschlenden Bereiche wird
in der Regel im Millimeterbereich oder darunter bemessen. Abschlen steht hufig im Zusammenhang mit Feuchte und Salzkristallisation an der Oberflche.
uere Schadensursache, Schalenbildung,
Abschuppen

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 16; Rauca 2014b, 189; Giannini et al. 2000, 69; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2427; Strada 1993

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Ljutenje

HR

Zuszczanie

PL

Soyulma

tR

Definicija: Djelomina odvojenost povrinskoga sloja koja esto izgleda kao odvojeni premaz
koji je bio stavljen na njegovu povrinu.

Definicja: Czciowe oddzielenie si wierzchniej warstwy, co czsto wyglda jak odspojona

powoka naoona na powierzchni.

Tanm: Yzey katmannn ksmi ayrlmas (genellikle yzeye uygulanan bir kaplamann ayrlmas gibi grnr).

Napomena: Kada arhitektonska povrina propada zbog gubljenja materijala u slojevima

smatra se da je rije o ljutenju. Debljina povrine ljutenja openito se mjeri u milimetrima ili veliinama manjim od milimetra. Ljutenje se esto povezuje uz vlanost i kristalizaciju soli na povrini.

Komentarz: Powierzchni architektoniczn

uzna mona za uszczc si gdy materia odpada warstwami. Grubo zuszcze jest zwykle
mierzona w skali poniej milimetra i milimetrowej. Zuszczanie jest czsto powizane z zawilgoceniem i krystalizacj soli na powierzchni.

Yorum: Bir mimari yzeyin katmanlarndaki

malzemeyi kaybederek bozulmas soyulma
olarak kabul edilir. Soyulma blgesinin kalnl genellikle submilimetre milimetrik lekte llr. Soyulma genellikle yzeydeki nem
ve tuz kristallemesi ile balantldr.

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zuszczanie

dsal bozulma sebepleri, pul eklinde ayrl-

Exfoliere

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, listanje, ljuskanje

Hmls

Hu

patami, odpadanie usek

Ro

ma, kk pullar halinde dklme

BG

Meghatrozs: A felleti rteg rszleges felvlsa, mely gyakran a felletre felhordott bevonat felvlshoz hasonl.

Definiie: Desprinderea parial a unui strat

superficial ce adesea are aspectul unui strat
dezlipit ce a fost aplicat pe o suprafa.

Megjegyzs: Egy ptszeti felletet akkor tekintnk hml felletnek, mikor a krosods
rteges anyagvesztesggel jr. A hml fellet
vastagsga ltalban millimteres vagy millimter alatti skln mrhet. A hmls gyakran
nedvessggel s felleti skristlyosodssal
hozhat sszefggsbe.

Adnotare: O suprafa arhitectural este considerat a fi n stadiu de exfoliere atunci cnd

se deterioreaz prin pierderea materialului n
straturi. Grosimea stratului de exfoliere n zona
afectat este n general msurat pe o scar
milimetric pn la submilimetric. Exfolierea
este adesea corelat cu umiditatea i cu cristalizarea srurilor pe suprafa.

: , .
.
.

cauze extrinseci de degradare, exfoliere n

, -

kls krosodsi tnyez, lemezes levls,

pergs

Esfoliazione

solzi, exfoliere n fulgi

It

Delaminacin

Definicin: Prdida de adhesin parcial de

una capa superficial que se asemeja al efecto
de la aplicacin de un decapante.

Commento: Una superficie architettonica viene considerata esfoliata quando si deteriora

perdendo materiale sotto forma di strati. Lo
spessore dellarea dellesfoliazione rientra in
genere nellordine di una scala submillimetrica
o millimetrica. Lesfoliazione spesso connessa alla presenza di umidit e alla cristallizzazione dei sali su una superficie.

Comentario: Se considera que una superficie

arquitectnica tiene delaminacin cuando
pierde material en capas. El grosor del rea de
delaminacin se mide generalmente en escala submilimtrica o milimtrica. Est ligada,
comnmente, a la presencia de humedad y a
la cristalizacin de sales en superficie.

tura, scagliatura

ES

Definizione: Parziale distacco di uno strato

esterno che spesso appare come un rivestimento scollato applicato sulla sua superficie.

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, squama-

: , , .

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, exfoliacin,

descamacin

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Detachment of plaster, stone fence, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 20th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Scaling

EN

Desquamation

Schalenbildung

DE

Definition: The detachment of surface layers

of stone parallel to the stone surface (like fish
scales). These are larger than flakes (flaking).

Dfinition: Dtachement de couches de surface de pierres parallles la surface de la

pierre (ressemblant des cailles de poisson).

Comment: Scaling is often linked to humidity

and salt crystallization at the surface of architectural surfaces, which are usually made of
limestone or sandstone. May also be due to
working techniques.

Commentaires: Les parties dtaches sont

plus grandes que des cailles. Souvent lie
lhumidit ou la cristallisation de sel sur les
surfaces architecturales qui sont gnralement faites en calcaires ou en grs. Peut tre
aussi la consquence de techniques de travail
de la pierre.

Kommentar: Schalenbildung ist hufig mit

Feuchte und Salzkristallisation an Architekturoberflchen aus Kalk- oder Sandstein verbunden. Sie kann auch auf Bearbeitungstechniken zurckzufhren sein.
Synonym: Abschalen

facteurs externes de dgradation, pelage,

uere Schadensursache, Abschlen, Ab-

extrinsic cause of deterioration, peeling,

flaking

caillage

Sources: Boldura 2013, 7496; Grimmer 1984, 16; Glossary on Stone 2008, 2427; Strada 1993

192

FR

Definition: Das Ablsen der oberen Schichten vom Stein parallel zu dessen Oberflche
(wie Fischschuppen). Schalen sind grer als
Schuppen.

schuppen

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Listanje

HR

Definicija: Odvajanje povrinskih slojeva kamena usporedno s njegovom povrinom u komadiima koji su nalik na riblje ljuske, no vei
od ljusaka kod ljuskanja.

Zuszczanie patami

PL

Definicja: Oddzielanie si warstw kamienia

rwnolegle do jego powierzchni (jak rybie uski). Paty s wiksze od usek.

Pul eklinde ayrlma

tR

Tanm: Yzey katmanlarnn taa paralel olarak ta yzeyinden ayrlmas (balk pullar gibi).
Bu bozulma tr, kk pullar halinde dklme sonucu oluan bozulmadan daha genitir.

Napomena: Listanje se esto povezuje uz vlagu i kristalizaciju soli na arhitektonskim povrinama, obino od vapnenca ili pjeenjaka
mogu nastati i zbog izvedbene tehnike.

Komentarz: Zuszczanie patami jest czsto

powizane z wilgotnoci i krystalizacj soli
na powierzchniach architektonicznych, zwykle wykonanych z wapienia lub piaskowca. Mog te odpowiada technice obrabiania.

Yorum: Pul eklinde ayrlma genellikle kireta

veya kum tandan yaplm mimari yzeylerin
yzeyindeki nem ve tuz kristallenmesi ile balantldr. alma teknii sebebiyle de olabilir.

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, ljutenje, lju-

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zuszczanie,

dal bozulma sebepleri, soyulma, kk

skanje

Lemezes levls

Hu

odpadanie usek

Exfoliere n solzi

pullar halinde dklme

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: A k felleti rtegeinek levlsa a k felletvel prhuzamosan (halpikkelyhez hasonlan). Ezek a levl rszecskk
nagyobb mretek, mint a pergs sorn keletkezek.

Definiie: Detaarea straturilor superficiale de

piatr paralel cu suprafaa acesteia (asemntoare solzilor de pete). Aceste tipuri de desprinderi sunt de dimensiuni mai mari n comparaie cu exfolierile n fulgi.

Megjegyzs: A lemezes levls gyakran a

nedvessggel s az ltalban mszkbl vagy
homokkbl kszlt ptszeti felleteken val skristlyosodssal hozhat sszefggsbe. Hasonlkppen az anyag megmunklsnak kvetkezmnye is lehet.

Adnotare: Exfolierea n solzi este adesea corelat cu umiditatea i cristalizarea srurilor pe

suprafaa structurilor arhitecturale, realizate
de obicei din calcar sau gresie. De asemenea,
se poate produce din cauza unui viciu de tehnic.

:
,
.
.
:

kls krosodsi tnyez, hmls, pergs

cauze extrinseci de degradare, exfoliere,

, -

Squamatura

Exfoliacin

It

Definizione: Distacco di strati superficiali di

pietra paralleli alla superficie della pietra stessa (come squame di pesce). Queste sono pi
grandi delle scaglie (scagliatura).
Commento: La squamatura spesso riconducibile alla presenza di umidit e alla cristallizzazione di sali sulle parti esterne delle superfici
architettoniche, che sono di solito costituite da
calcari o arenaria. Potrebbe anche essere dovuto alle tecniche di lavorazione della pietra.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, esfolia-

exfoliere n fulgi

:
,
( ). - .

ES

Definicin: Separacin de capas superficiales

de piedra de forma paralela (como escamas
de pez). Es ms grande que la descamacin.
Comentario: Est ligada, a menudo, a la cristalizacin de sales en la superficie, o en superficies arquitectnicas hechas de piedra caliza
o arenisca. Tambin puede deberse a las tcnicas empleadas.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, delamina-

cin, descamacin

zione, scagliatura

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Partly detached paint layer, Franciscan Monastery, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18/19th century; Photo: 2009, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica).

Flaking

EN

Definition: The detachment of small, flat, thin

pieces of outer stone layers or other surfaces
(e.g. mural paintings). Flakes are smaller than
scales.
Comment: It is usually a combination of adhesion loss and cracking which is the result of
physical causes such as salt crystallization.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, peeling,
scaling

Ecaillage

FR

abschuppen

DE

Dfinition: Dtachement de petits fragments

fins et plats des couches externes de la pierre
ou dune autre surface (ex. peintures murales).
Les cailles sont plus petites que les fragments
desquams.

Definition: Das Ablsen kleiner, flacher, dnner Teilchen von der ueren Steinschicht
oder von anderen Oberflchen, wie z. B.
Wandmalereien. Schuppen sind kleiner als
Schalen.

Commentaires: Correspond gnralement

la combinaison de la perte dadhsion et de
fissures qui rsultent de causes physiques
telles que la cristallisation des sels.

Kommentar: Es handelt sich in der Regel um

eine Kombination von Adhsionsverlust und
Rissbildung als Ergebnis physikalischer Ursachen, wie z.B. Salzkristallisation.

facteurs externes de dgradation, pelage,

uere Schadensursache, Abschlen, Scha-

desquamation

lenbildung

Sources: Boldura 2013, 7496; Giannini et al. 2000, 163164; Istudor 1985, 30; Grimmer 1984, 16; Glossary of Conservation 2006, 60; Cameo: Exfoliation
(2.5.2015)

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Ljuskanje

HR

odpadanie usek

PL

Kk pullar halinde dklme

tR

Definicija: Odvajanje malih, plosnatih tankih

komadia vanjskih slojeva kamena ili drugih
povrina (npr. zidne slike). Ljuske su manje od
listova.

Definicja: Oddzielanie si maych, paskich,

cienkich kawaeczkw warstw zewntrznych
kamienia lub innej powierzchni (np. malowide ciennych). uski s mniejsze od patw.

Tanm: Ta veya dier yzeylerin (duvar resimleri gibi) d katmanlarnda kk, dz, ince
paralarn ayrlmas. Pullanma, kabarmadan
daha kktr.

Napomena: Ljuskanje je obino kombinacija

gubitka adhezije i pucanja do kojih dolazi
zbog fizikih uzroka poput kristalizacije soli.

Komentarz: Zwykle powizanie z utrat przyczepnoci i pkaniem, jest skutkiem zjawisk

fizycznych, jak krystalizacja soli.

Yorum: Genellikle tuz kristallenmesi gibi fiziksel sebepler sonucuyla oluan atlama ve yapma kaybnn birleimidir.

vanjski uzroki pogoranja, ljutenje, listanje

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zuszczanie

dal bozulma sebepleri, soyulma, pul ek-

linde ayrlma

Pergs

Hu

Exfoliere n fulgi

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Kismret, lapos, vkony rszecskk levlsa, pergse a k vagy ms felletek (pl. falkpek) kls rtegeirl. Ezek a
rszecskk kisebbek, mint a lemezes levlsnl keletkezek.

Definiie: Detaarea fragmentelor mici, plane

i subiri din straturile exterioare ale pietrei sau
ale altor suprafee (de ex. picturi murale). Fulgii (exfolierea n fulgi) sunt mai mici dect solzii (exfolierea n solzi).

: , ,
-
(. ). -
.

Megjegyzs: A pergst ltalban egyttesen

eredmnyezi a hordozhoz val tapads elvesztse s a repedezs, melyeket fizikai tnyezk okoznak, mint pldul a skristlyosods.
Szinonima: lepattogzs

Adnotare: Aceasta este de obicei o combinaie ntre pierderea aderenei i fisurare, fiind
rezultatul unor cauze fizice, precum cristalizarea srurilor.

: I


.

cauze extrinseci de degradare, exfoliere, exfoliere n solzi

, ,

kls krosodsi tnyez, hmls, lemezes

levls

Scagliatura

It

Definizione: Distacco di piccoli pezzi sottili e

piatti dagli strati esterni di una roccia o di altre
superfici (ad es. dipinti murali). Le scaglie sono
pi piccole delle squame.
Commento: Si tratta di solito di una combinazione tra perdita di adesione e fratture che
il risultato di fenomeni di natura fisica come la
cristallizzazione di sali.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, esfolia-

zione, squamatura

Descamacin

ES

Definicin: Separacin de pequeos fragmentos finos y planos de las capas superficiales de piedras o de otras superficies (como
pintura mural). Las escamas son ms pequeas que las exfoliaciones.
Comentario: Habitualmente se deben a una
combinacin de prdida de adhesin y craquelado de origen fsico, como por la cristalizacin de sales.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, exfoliacin,
delaminacin

195

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Paint layers

Ground / plaster

Support

Loss of cohesion of paint layer; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Adrian Rauca

Chalking

EN

Definition: The loss of cohesion and the generation of very fine particles (chalk / powder
like) on the surface of a material.
Comment: This type of alteration can be
caused by the disintegration or loss of binding agents from the material and by weathering; it can affect mural paintings as well as architectural surfaces. Chalking generally starts
from the surface and can either alter only the
surface of the material or occur at a depth of
up to several millimetres.
Synonyms: powdering, friability, pulverization, loss of cohesion
extrinsic cause of deterioration, intrinsic cause
of deterioration, crumbling, humidity

Pulvrulence

FR

Dfinition: Perte de cohsion du fait de la formation de trs fines particules (ressemblant

de la poudre, de la craie) sur la surface dun
matriau.
Commentaires: Cause par la dgradation ou
la perte des liants et par altration mtorique. Peut affecter les peintures murales et les
surfaces architecturales. Dbute gnralement sur la surface et peut seulement laffecter ou se dvelopper sur une profondeur de
quelques millimtres.
Synonymes: poudroiement, farinage, perte de
cohsion
facteurs externes de dgradation, miette-

ment, humidit

abmehlen

DE

Definition: Kohsionsverlust und Ablagerung

von sehr feinen Partikeln (kreide- oder puderartig) auf der Oberflche des Materials.
Kommentar: Diese Art von Zersetzung kann
durch Zerfall oder Verlust von Bindemittel des
Materials oder durch Verwitterung verursacht
werden; es kann sowohl Wandmalereien als
auch Architekturoberflchen betreffen. Abmehlen beginnt in der Regel an der Oberflche des Materials und kann sowohl hier zu
Vernderungen fhren als auch bis in mehrere
Millimeter Tiefe.
Synonyme: Pudern, Kreiden, Pulverisierung,
Kohsionsverlust
uere Schadensursache, materialimmanente
Schadensursache, Abbrckeln, Feuchte

Sources: Brandi 1996, 220; Rauca 2014b, 133; Boldura 2013, 7496; Botticelli 1992, 3350; Giannini et al. 2000, 51; Glossary on Stone 2008, 20/1; Brittanica:
Chalking (2.5.2015)

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Prakasto osipanje

HR

Pudrowanie

PL

tozlanma

tR

Definicija: Gubitak kohezije i stvaranje veoma

finih estica (poput krede/praha) na povrini
materijala.

Definicja: Utrata spoistoci i tworzenie na powierzchni materiau bardzo drobnych czsteczek (jak kreda / puder).

Tanm: Malzemenin yzeyinde ok ince paracklarn(tebeir/ toz benzeri) olumas ve tutunma kayb.

Napomena: Taj tip promjena moe biti prouzroen raspadanjem ili gubitkom vezivnih tvari u materijalu i troenjem te moe tetiti zidnim slikama i arhitektonskim povrinama. Prakasto osipanje openito zapoinje od povrine te moe ili mijenjati samo povrinu materijala ili se moe pojaviti u dubini do nekoliko milimetara.

Komentarz: Takie zmiany mog by spowodowane rozkadem lub utrat spoiwa w materiale, czy te wietrzeniem; moe dotyczy
zarwno malowide ciennych jak i powierzchni architektonicznych. Pudrowanie
zwykle rozpoczyna si od powierzchni i moe
si na niej zatrzyma lub postpowa do kilku
milimetrw w gb materiau.
Synonimy: kredowanie, krucho, pulweryzacja, utrata spoistoci

Yorum: Bu tr deiiklik, zlme veya malzemeden balayc maddelerin kayb ve kt

havadan anma sebebiyle olabilir. Duvar resimlerinin yannda mimari yzeyleri de etkileyebilir. Tozlanma genellikle yzeyden balar
veya malzemenin sadece yzeyini deitirebilir ya da birka milimetre derinlie kadar oluabilir.
E anlaml: ufalanabilirlik, toz haline gelme, ekim kuvvetinin kayb

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wewntrzne

dsal bozulma sebepleri, isel bozulma se-

Pulverulen

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, unutarnji uzroci

pogoranja, mrvljenje, vlanost

przyczyny zniszcze, rozpad, wilgotno

Krtsods

Hu

Ro

bepleri, ufalanma, nem

BG

Meghatrozs: A kohzis erk megsznse,

ami ltal nagyon finom (krta-/porszer) rszecskk jnnek ltre az anyag felletn.

Definiie: Pierderea coeziunii i generarea de

particule foarte fine (pulberi) pe suprafaa
unui material.

: ( ,
) .

Megjegyzs: Ezt a tpus krosodst a ktanyagok lebomlsa vagy a ktanyag vesztesg, valamint az idjrs okozza; falkpeket s
ptszeti felleteket egyarnt rinthet. A porlkonysg ltalban a felleten kezddik s krosthatja csupn az anyag felsznt, de jelentkezhet nhny millimter mlysgben is.
Szinonimk: porlkonysg, mllkonysg,
porls, kohzi/sszetart er hinya

Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare poate fi cauzat

de dezintegrarea sau pierderea lianilor din
material i de factorii de mediu; poate afecta
att picturile murale, ct i suprafeele arhitecturale. Pulverulena se manifest de obicei de
la suprafa spre interior, i poate altera doar
suprafaa materialului, sau chiar la o adncime
de pn la civa milimetri.
Sinonime: friabilitate, decoeziune

:


. .
.

kls krosodsi tnyez, bels krosodsi

tnyez, (szt)morzsolds, nedvessg

cauze extrinseci de degradare, frmiare,

, -

Sfarinamento

Pulverizacin

It

umiditate, cauze intrinseci de degradare

ES

Definizione: Perdita di coesion e e formazione di particelle molto fini (somiglianti a gesso/polvere) sulla superficie di un materiale.

Definicin: Prdida de cohesin y generacin

de partculas muy finas en la superficie de un
material.

Commento: Questo tipo di alterazione pu

essere causato dalla disintegrazione o dalla
perdita di un legante dal materiale, e dalla degradazione meteorica; pu interessare dipinti
murali come pure superfici architettoniche. Lo
sfarinamento di solito inizia dalla superficie e
pu alterare sia soltanto la superficie del materiale che verificarsi fino ad una profondit
che raggiunge diversi millimetri.
Sinonimi: polverizzazione, friabilit, perdita di
coesione

Comentario: Este tipo de alteracin puede ser

originado por la desintegracin o prdida de
los agentes ligantes de un material y por la climatologa; puede afectar tanto a las pinturas
murales, como a las superficies arquitectnicas. La pulverizacin generalmente comienza
en la superficie del material y puede alterar
solo dicha superficie, o bien producirse a varios milmetros de profundidad.
Sinnimos: descohesin, pulverulencia

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, sgretola-

mento, umidit, causa intrinseca di deterioramento

, ,

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, disgregacin,

humedad

197

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Convex deformation of painted plaster layer, Chapel of Saint-Martial, Palais des Papes, Avignon (France), 14th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Deformation

EN

Dformation

FR

Definition: A change or alteration of the original form, shape and/or dimensions of a material caused by the application of force, without a breach of the continuity of its parts.

Dfinition: Changement ou altration de la

forme originale ou des dimensions dun matriau caus par lapplication dune force sans
perte de son intgrit.

Comment: This can be caused by environmental factors such as humidity, heat produced by fire, the direct influence of sunlight,
and the use of construction or conservation
materials.

Commentaires: Cause par des facteurs

environnementaux comme lhumidit, la chaleur dun incendie, linfluence directe de lensoleillement et lutilisation de certains matriaux de construction ou de conservation.

extrinsic cause of deterioration, humidity

facteurs externes de dgradation, humidit

Verformung

Definition: Vernderung der ursprnglichen

Form, Gestalt und/oder der Abmessungen/Dimensionen eines Materials, verursacht durch
Krafteinwirkung, ohne dabei den Zusammenhalt der einzelnen Teile zu verlieren.
Kommentar: Diese kann durch uere Faktoren ausgelst werden, wie z.B. Feuchte, durch
Feuer verursachte Hitze, direkte Einwirkung
von Sonnenlicht oder durch eingebrachte
Baustoffe oder Konservierungsmaterialien.
uere Schadensursache, Feuchte

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 2007, 3350; Boldura 2013, 7496; Giannini et al. 2000, 61; Cameo: Deformation (2.5.2015)

198

DE

CoNDItIoN
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Izoblienje

HR

Deformacja

PL

Deformasyon

tR

Definicija: Izmjena ili promjena izvornoga

oblika, lika i/ili veliine materijala prouzroena
primjenom sile, bez prekida povezanosti njegovih dijelova.

Definicja: Odksztacenie lub zmiana oryginalnej formy, ksztatu i / lub wymiarw materiau
spowodowana przez zadziaanie si bez naruszenia cigoci poszczeglnych czci.

Tanm: Paralarn srekliliini bozmadan, kuvvet uygulanmas sebebiyle malzemenin zgn formunun, eklinin, boyutunun bozulmas veya deiimi.

Napomena: Izoblienje moe biti prouzroeno imbenicima okolia poput vlanosti, topline vatre, izravnim izlaganjem Sunevoj
svjetlosti te uporabom graevnih ili restauratorskih materijala.

Komentarz: Moe by spowodowana przez

czynniki rodowiska, jak wilgotno, gorco
od ognia, bezporednie dziaanie promieni
sonecznych, zastosowanie materiaw do
konstrukcji lub konserwacji.

Yorum: Yap veya koruma malzemelerinin kullanm, dorudan gne etkisi, ate sebebiyle oluan scaklk, nem gibi evresel faktrler yoluyla oluabilir.
E anlam: ekil deiiklii

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, vlanost

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wilgotno

dsal bozulma sebepleri, nem

Deformare

torzuls

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy anyag eredeti alakjnak,

formjnak s/vagy mreteinek elvltozsa,
talakulsa, mely egy er hatsra megy vgbe, anlkl, hogy a rszek folytonossga srlne, megszakadna.

Ro

Definiie: O modificare sau o alterare a formei

originale, a proporiei i/sau a dimensiunii
unui material (fr fracturarea acestuia) prin
aplicarea unei fore.

Megjegyzs: Olyan krnyezeti tnyezk

okozhatjk, mint a nedvessg, tz ltal gerjesztett h, kzvetlen napfny, ptkezsi vagy
konzervlsi anyagok hasznlata.

Adnotare: Aceasta poate fi cauzat de factorii

de mediu, precum umiditatea, cldura produs de foc, influena direct a razelor solare,
precum i de utilizarea materialelor de construcie i de conservare.

kls krosodsi tnyez, nedvessg

cauze extrinseci de degradare, umiditate

BG

:
, ,
.
:
, , , .
, -

Deformazione

It

Deformacin

ES

Definizione: Cambiamento o alterazione della forma, della sagoma e/o delle dimensioni
originali di un materiale causati dall'applicazione di una forza, senza che si verifichi una
rottura nella continuit delle sue parti.

Definicin: Cambio o alteracin de la forma,

perfil o dimensiones originales de un material
causado por la aplicacin de una fuerza, sin
prdida de la continuidad entre sus partes (sin
rotura).

Commento: Pu essere causata da fattori ambientali come umidit, calore generato dal
fuoco, influenza diretta della luce del sole, e
dalluso di materiali da costruzione o per la
conservazione.

Comentario: Puede originarse por factores

medioambientales como la humedad, el calor
producido por un fuego, la influencia directa
de la luz solar y el uso de determinados materiales de construccin o conservacin.

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, umidit

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, humedad

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Paint layer showing bulges, Secco wall painting, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Bulge

EN

Bombement

Blase

DE

Definition: Localised rounded protuberance

or swelling from within or underneath caused
by pressure.

Dfinition: Protubrance de forme arrondie

et localise ou gonflement du fait de pressions
internes.

Definition: Lokal begrenzte, runde Wlbung

oder Schwellung in einer oder unterhalb einer
Schicht, die durch Druck entstand.

Comment: A possible cause is subflorescence

in between plaster layers.
Synonyms: swelling, protuberance

Commentaires: Une cause possible peut tre

lie des subefflorescences entre les couches
denduits.
Synonymes: protubrance, boursouflure

Kommentar: Mgliche Ursache sind Subfloreszenzen, d.h. eine Salzkristallisation unter

der Oberflche bzw. zwischen den Mrtelschichten.
Synonyme: Wlbung, Aufwlbung, Beule

extrinsic cause of deterioration, salt efflorescence

facteurs externes de dgradation, efflores-

cence saline

Sources: Boldura 2013, 8998; Giannini et al. 2000, 155; Strada 1993

200

FR

uere Schadensursache, Salzausblhung

CoNDItIoN
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Ispupenost

HR

Definicija: Lokalno zaobljena podbuhlina ili

oteklina prouzroena pritiskom.
Napomena: Mogui je uzrok subflorescencija
meu bukanim slojevima.
Sinonim: podbuhlina
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, cvjetanje soli

Pcherz

PL

Definicja: Lokalne, zaokrglone, uniesione

wybrzuszenie lub spcznienie, spowodowane
dziaaniem cinienia.
Komentarz: Prawdopodobn przyczyn moe
by wysolenie pomidzy warstwami tynku.
Synonimy: puchnicie, wybrzuszenie, wypuko
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, wysolenia

Feltsksods

Hu

Meghatrozs: Bellrl vagy alsbb rtegbl

szrmaz nyoms ltal okozott helyi, elszigetelt, gmblyded, ppos kidudorods vagy
domborulat.
Megjegyzs: Egyik lehetsges kivlt oka a
vakolatrtegek kzti, felszn alatti skivirgzs(ok).
Szinonimk: kidudorods, kidomborods, felhlyagosods

Protuberan

Ro

Kabarma

tR

Tanm: erden veya alttan basn sebebiyle

oluan ksmi yuvarlak kabarklk veya ikinlik.
Yorum: Kabarkla muhtemel sebeplerden
birisi, sva katmanlarnn arasndaki yzey alt
tuzlanmadr.
E anlaml: ikinlik, kabarklk
dsal bozulma sebepleri, yzey alt tuzlanma

BG

Definiie: Proeminen rotunjit sau umfltur la nivel local, cauzat de o presiune exercitat din interior sau din straturile subiacente.

:
, , .

Adnotare: O posibil cauz este subflorescena ntre straturile de tencuial.

Sinonim: umfltur

: .

cauze extrinseci de degradare, eflorescen

, -

salin

kls krosodsi tnyez, skivirgzs

Rigonfiamento

It

abolsamiento

ES

Definizione: Protuberanza arrotondata circoscritta o rigonfiamento dallinterno o al di sotto di unarea causato dalla pressione.

Definicin: Protuberancia o abultamiento redondeado y localizado, causado por una presin.

Commento: Una possibile causa la sub-efflorescenza tra gli strati di intonaco.

Sinonimo: protuberanza

Comentario: Sus posibles causas son las criptoflorescencias entre los estratos de revoques.
Sinnimo: abolsado

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, efflore-

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, eflorescencia

salina

scenza di sali

201

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Crack caused by structural movement of a building, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2012, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Static crack

EN

Definition: A crack which is caused by a change

in the distribution of the static charge/load of
the masonry structure.
Comment: A static crack can be caused by:
- a movement of a part of building structure
or problems with the foundations of the
building resulting in serious modifications
within the structure;
- problems with the buildings underlying
material (e.g. if it is made of clay or sand);
- earthquakes.
An intervention is only necessary when the affected layer becomes detached from the support or in the case of very great aesthetic interference. Often this kind of crack will open
up again with the movement of the building.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, intrinsic cause
of deterioration, crack

Fissuration due des problmes

de statique

FR

Dfinition: Fissure cause par un changement de distribution de la charge/contrainte

statique dune structure maonne.

Commentaires: Peut tre cause par:

- un mouvement dune partie de la structure
du fait de problmes de fondation;
- problmes lis au sol sous-jacent (ex: sil est
fait de matriaux argileux ou de sable);
- tremblements de terre.
Il ny a intervention que si les couches affectes menacent de se dtacher du support ou
en cas dun aspect inesthtique trop prjudiciable. Ce type de fissure souvrira encore
tout nouveau mouvement du btiment.

uere Schadensursache, materialimmanen-

te Schadensursache, Riss

facteurs externes de dgradation, causes intrinsques de dgradation, fissure

Statika pukotina

Statischer Riss

Definicija: Pukotina pruzroena promjenom u raspodjeli statikoga optereenja zidne strukture.

DE

Definition: Ein Riss, der durch Vernderung in

der Verteilung statischer Belastung / Last auf
eine Mauerwerkskonstruktion verursacht
wird.
Kommentar: Ein statischer Riss kann verursacht werden durch:
- Bewegung eines Teils der Konstruktion /
Probleme mit der Grndung des Gebudes,
die in der Konstruktion zu gravierenden
Formvernderungen fhren knnen;
- Probleme mit dem Material des Unter-

Sources: Boldura 2013, 194/5; Rauca 2014a; OED: fissure (14.5.2015); Cameo: Fissure, (2.5.2015)

202

grunds (wenn dieser z. B. aus Lehm oder

Sand besteht);
- Erdbeben.
Ein Eingriff ist nur notwendig, wenn die betroffenen Schichten sich vom Trger ablsen
oder im Fall von starker sthetischer Beeintrchtigung. Hufig ffnen sich diese Art der
Risse bei Bewegung des Gebudes erneut.

HR

Napomena: Statika pukotina moe biti prouzroena:

- pomicanjem dijela graevne strukture zbog
problema s njezinim temeljima, to dovodi
do ozbiljnih promjena u strukturi;
- problemima s donjim slojevima graevnih
materijala (npr. ako su oni od gline ili pijeska);
- potresima.
Intervencija je potrebna jedino kad se naeti
sloj odvoji od nosaa ili u sluaju velike estetske smetnje. S pomicanjem graevine takve
se pukotine esto ponovno otvaraju.

CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, unutarnji uzroci

pogoranja, pukotina

Szerkezeti repeds

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan repeds, melyet a

falazat statikus terhelsnek eloszlsban bekvetkezett vltozs okoz.
Megjegyzs: Szerkezeti repedst okozhat:
- ha az plet szerkezetnek egy rsze kimozdul, megmozdul, gondok vannak az
plet alapozsval, s ez komoly elvltozsokat idz el a szerkezetben;
- ha gond van az plet alapozsul szolgl
anyaggal (pl. agyag vagy homok);
- fldrengs.
Csak akkor szksges beavatkozni, ha az rintett rteg elvlik a hordoztl, vagy eszttikailag nagyon zavar hatst kelt. Az ilyen tpus
repedsek gyakran jra jelentkeznek, megnylnak, ha az plet megmozdul.
kls krosodsi tnyez, bels krosodsi
tnyez, repeds

Frattura statica

It

Definizione: Frattura provocata da un cambiamento nella distribuzione del carico statico

della struttura muraria.
Commento: Una frattura statica pu essere
causata da:
- movimenti di una parte della struttura delledificio, e/o problemi con le fondamenta di
un edificio, che causano gravi modificazioni
allinterno della struttura;
- problemi con i materiali primari delledificio
(ad es. se fatto con argilla o sabbia);
- terremoti.
Un intervento necessario solo nel caso in cui
lo strato interessato si distacca dal supporto o
nel caso di un grave disturbo a livello estetico.
Spesso questo tipo di frattura si apre di nuovo
in seguito ai movimenti delledificio.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, frattura,
causa intrinseca di deterioramento

Pknicia statyczne

PL

Definicja: Pknicie spowodowane zmianami

statyki rozkadu nacisku / obcie konstrukcji
budowlanej.
Komentarz: Pknicia statyczne mog by
spowodowane przez:

- ruchy czci struktury budynku spowodowane

problemami w partii fundamentw, prowadzcymi do powanych zmian w konstrukcji
- kwestie zwizane z charakterem podoa
budynku (np. gliny lub piasku)
- trzsienia ziemi
Interwencja jest konieczna tylko gdy naruszona warstwa oddziela si od podoa lub w wypadku znacznego zakcenia estetyki. Czsto
ten rodzaj pknicia ujawnia si przy ponownym ruchu budynku.
wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zewntrzne

przyczyny zniszcze, pknicie

Fisur static

Ro

Definiie: O fisur cauzat de o schimbare n

distribuia ncrcrii / sarcinii statice a unei
structuri de zidrie.
Adnotare: O fisur static poate fi cauzat de:
- micarea unei poriuni a cldirii, probleme
structurale la fundaia cldirii, care provoac modificri serioase n structura acesteia;
- probleme cu materialele componente ale
fundaiei cldirii (de exemplu, n cazul n care este realizat din argil sau nisip);
- cutremure.
Este necesar o intervenie numai n cazul n
care stratul afectat se desprinde de suport sau
n cazul unei foarte mari interferene estetice.
Adesea acest tip de fisur se va deschide din
nou odat cu deplasarea cldirii.
cauze intrinseci de degradare, fisur, cra-

clur

Grieta estructural

ES

Definicin: Grieta causada por un cambio en

la distribucin de las fuerzas estticas de la estructura de construccin.
Comentario: Una grieta estructural puede
producirse por:
- movimientos de una parte de la estructura
del edificio debido a problemas en los cimientos, y que originan serias modificaciones en la estructura;
- problemas con las capas subyacentes de la
construccin (por ejemplo, si estn hechas
con arcilla o arena);
- terremotos.
Solo es necesaria la intervencin cuando el estrato afectado corre el riesgo de desprenderse
del soporte, o en el caso de que exista una grave interferencia esttica. A menudo, este tipo

de grietas volver a abrirse con los movimientos del edificio.

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, grieta

Statik atlak

tR

Tanm: Statik ykn dalm veya duvar yapsnn ykndeki deiiklik sebebiyle olumu
atlak.
Yorum: Statik atlak u sebeplerden oluabilir:
- binann bir ksmndaki hareketin binann temelinde yapsal problemler oluturarak yapda ciddi deiikliklere sebep olduunda;
- binann temel malzemeleri ile ilgili problemler (rnein kil veya kumdan yaplmas gibi);
- depremler.
Mdahale, sadece etkilenen tabaka taycdan ayrldnda veya nemli bir estetik sorun
oluturmas durumunda gereklidir. Genellikle
bu tr atlak, binann hareket etmesi ile yeniden alabilir.
dsal bozulma sebepleri, isel bozulma se-

bepleri, atlak

BG

: , .
: :
- , ,

;
-
(. );
- .
.

.
, -

203

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Crack in painted plaster, Sucevia Monastery (Romania), 1585; Photo: 2003, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Crack

EN

Fissure

FR

Definition: A discontinuity in an architectural

surface or wall painting, resulting in a visible
separation of one part from another, that extends through one or more layers.

Dfinition: Discontinuit dans une surface

architecturale ou une peinture murale rsultant dune sparation visible en deux parties
et traversant une couche ou plus.

Comment: Cracking may result from environmental causes, vibrations, internal and/or external stresses, flaws in the architectural surfaces, static problems, fire, frost, etc. It must
have a width of more than 0.15 mm to qualify
as a crack (i.e. be visible to the naked eye).
Crack sub-types: hairline crack, wide crack,
parallel crack, star crack, radial crack, spiral
crack, etc.
Synonym: fissure

Commentaires: Due des causes environnementales, des vibrations, des contraintes internes ou externes, des dfauts dans les surfaces architecturales, des problmes statiques,
un incendie, le gel etc. La largeur douverture
est suprieure 0,15 mm (visible loeil).
Sous- types: micro fissure, fissure large, fissure
parallle, fissuration en toile, fissure radiale,
fissuration en spirale etc.
Synonymes: craquelure, flure

intrinsic cause of deterioration, extrinsic cause

of deterioration, static crack, craquelure,
hairline crack

causes intrinsques de dgradation, facteurs ex-

ternes de dgradation, fissuration due des problmes de statique, craquelure, microfissure

Riss

DE

Definition: Eine Unterbrechung in einer Architekturoberflche oder Wandmalerei, die

sich in einer optischen Trennung von zwei Bereichen zeigt, und eine oder mehrere Schichten durchziehen kann.
Kommentar: Risse knnen verursacht werden durch Umwelteinflsse, Vibrationen, innere oder uere Belastung / Druck, Schwachstellen in der Architekturoberflche, statische
Probleme, Feuer, Frost etc.
Ein Riss ist mindestens 0,15 mm breit und mit
bloem Auge zu erkennen.
Riss-Typen: Haarriss, breiter Riss, Parallelriss,
sternfrmiger Riss, Radialriss, Spiralriss usw.
Synonym: Spalt
materialimmanente Schadensursache, ue-

re Schadensursache, statischer Riss, Haarriss,

Craquele

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 6; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Boldura 2013, 194/5; Giannini et al. 2000, 57; OED: crack (18.5.2015); Art Conservation Terms: Crack
(2.5.2015)

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Pukotina

HR

Definicija: Prekid na arhitektonskoj povrini ili

zidnoj slici, koji rezultira vidljivim odvajanjem dijelova, a koji se prua kroz jedan sloj ili vie njih.
Napomena: Pucanje moe biti posljedica okolinih uzroka, vibracija, unutarnjih i/ili vanjskih
naprezanja, nedostataka u arhitektonskim povrinama, statikih problema, poara, mraza itd. Da
bi se prekid klasificirao kao pukotina mora biti
iri od 0,15 mm (tj. treba biti vidljiv golim okom).
Podvrste pukotine: siuna pukotina, iroka pukotina, usporedna pukotina, zvjezdasta pukotina, zrakasta pukotina, zavojita pukotina itd.
unutarnji uzroci pogoranja, vanjski uzroci po-

goranja, statika pukotina, krakelire

Repeds

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti felleten vagy

falfestmnyen jelentkez trs, folytonossg
megszakadsa, melyet kt rsz egymstl val lthat elklnlse okoz; ez a sztvls
egy vagy tbb rteget is rinthet.
Megjegyzs: A repedst okozhatjk krnyezeti tnyezk, rezgsek, bels s/vagy kls
feszltsgek, az ptszeti fellet hibja, tartszerkezeti gondok, tz, fagy stb. Ahhoz,
hogy repedsnek minsljn, szlessgnek
0,15 mm-nl tbbnek kell lennie (vagyis legyen szabad szemmel lthat).
A repeds fajti: hajszlrepeds, szles repeds,
prhuzamos repeds, csillag formj repeds,
sugrirny repeds, krkrs repeds, stb.
Szinonima: rs
bels krosodsi tnyez, kls krosodsi tnyez,
szerkezeti repeds, repedshl, hajszlrepeds

Frattura

It

Definizione: Discontinuit allinterno di una

superficie architettonica o di un dipinto murale, con una conseguente separazione visibile di una parte dallaltra, che si estende attraverso uno o pi strati.
Commento: Una frattura pu derivare da cause ambientali, vibrazioni, sollecitazioni interne
e/o esterne, difetti nelle superfici architettoniche, problemi statici, fuoco, gelo, etc. Una
frattura deve avere unampiezza di almeno
0,15 mm per essere considerata tale (deve
cio poter essere visibile a occhio nudo).
Tipi di frattura: microfrattura, frattura estesa,
frattura parallela, frattura a stella, frattura radiale, frattura a spirale, etc.

Sinonimi: fessura, fessurazione, fratturazione

causa intrinseca di deterioramento, causa

estrinseca di deterioramento, frattura statica,

crettatura, microfrattura

Pknicie

PL

estrs interno y/o externo, defectos en las superficies arquitectnicas, problemas estticos,
fuego, hielo, etc. Deben tener una anchura mayor de 0.15 mm para ser calificadas como grietas
(tienen que ser apreciables a simple vista).
Subtipos de grietas: microfisuras, agrietado en
paralelo, agrietado en forma de estrella, agrietado radial, agrietado espiral, etc.
Sinnimo: fisura

Definicja: Przerwa w powierzchni architektonicznej lub malowidle ciennym przebiegajca przez jedn lub wicej warstw, skutkujca
widocznym oddzieleniem si jednej czci od
drugiej.

causa intrnseca de deterioro, causas extrnsecas de deterioro, grieta estructural, craqueladura, microfisura

Komentarz: Pknicie moe by skutkiem warunkw rodowiska, drga, napi wewntrznych i / lub zewntrznych, wad w powierzchniach architektonicznych, problemw statycznych, ognia, mrozu, itd. Szeroko pknicia
musi by wiksza ni 0.15 mm by je zakwalifikowa jako pknicie (widoczne goym okiem).
Rodzaje pkni: wosowate, szerokie, rwnolege, gwiadziste, promieniowe, spiralne itd.
Synonim: szczelina

atlak

wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zewntrzne

przyczyny zniszcze, pknicie statyczne,

krakelura, spkania wosowate

Fisur

Ro

Definiie: O discontinuitate ntr-o suprafa arhitectural sau o pictur mural, avnd ca rezultat o separare vizibil a unei pri de alta, care se extinde prin unul sau mai multe straturi.

Tanm: Bir parann dier paradan gzle grlr ekilde ayrlmas ile sonulanan, bir veya
daha fazla katman boyunca uzayan duvar resmi veya mimari yzeylerdeki devamszlk.
Yorum: atlak; don, ate, yapsal sorunlar, mimari yzeylerdeki kusurlar, i veya d gerilmeler, titreimler gibi evresel sebeplerden meydana gelebilir. atlak olarak nitelendirilmesi
iin 0.1 mmden daha fazla genilii olmak zorundadr (plak gzle grlebilir olmal).
atlak trleri: klcal atlak, geni atlak, paralel
atlak, yldz atlak, radyal atlak, sarmal atlak, vb.
E anlam: yark
isel bozulma sebepleri, dsal bozulma sebep-

leri, statik atlak, ince atlak, klcal atlak

Adnotare: Fisurarea se poate produce din cauze de mediu, vibraii, tensiuni interne i/sau externe, defecte n suprafeele arhitecturale, probleme statice, incendiu, cicluri nghe-dezghe,
etc. Pentru a se califica drept fisur, discontinuitatea trebuie s aib o lime mai mare de
0,15 mm, (s fie vizibil cu ochiul liber).
Tipuri de fisur: microfisur, fisur larg, fisur
paralel, fisur stelat, fisur radial, fisur n
spiral, etc.
cauze intrinseci de degradare, cauze extrinseci de

degradare, fisur static, craclur, microfisur

Grieta

ES

Definicin: Discontinuidad en una superficie

arquitectnica o pintura mural, resultado de una
visible separacin entre una parte y otra, que se
extiende a lo largo de uno o ms estratos.

tR

BG

: , ,
.
: , , ,
,
, , . , 0,15 (..
).
- : ,
, ,
, , .
, -

, ,

Comentario: La formacin de grietas puede deberse a causas medioambientales, vibraciones,

205

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Detail (magnification = 50 x) of fine cracks in a paint layer, Church of Saint Nicholas, Ribia (Romania), 15th century; Photo: 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Hairline crack

EN

Microfissure

FR

Haarriss

DE

Definition: A minor, individual discontinuity

that is visible on the surface.

Dfinition: Petite discontinuit individuelle

qui est visible la surface.

Definition: Kleine, einzelne Unterbrechung/

Diskontinuitt der Oberflche.

Comment: It is a crack sub-type. Its width is

less than 0.1 mm. Hairline cracks may be due
to environmental causes, vibrations, internal
and/or external stresses, flaws in architectural
surfaces, static problems, fire, frost, etc.

Commentaires: Cest un sous type de fissure.

La largeur de son ouverture est infrieure
0,1 mm. Elle est due lenvironnement, des
vibrations, des contraintes internes ou externes, des dfauts dans les surfaces architecturales, une fissuration due des problmes
de statique, un incendie, le gel etc.

Kommentar: Es handelt sich um eine Unterart

von Rissen. Seine Breite ist kleiner als 0,1 mm.
Haarrisse knnen durch Umwelteinflsse entstehen, durch Vibrationen, innere oder uere
Beanspruchungen, Materialschwchen in der
Architekturoberflche, statische Probleme,
Feuer, Frost u.a.

fissure, fissuration due des problmes de statique, craquelure

Riss, statischer Riss, Craquele

crack, static crack, craquelure

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 6; Murean 2014; Giannini et al. 2000, 57; Boldura 2013, 184186; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Art Conservation Terms: Crack (2.3.2015)

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Siuna pukotina

HR

Pknicie wosowate

PL

Klcal atlak

tR

Definicija: Mali, pojedinani prekid vidljiv na

povrini.

Definicja: Cienka pojedyncza przerwa widoczna na powierzchni.

Tanm: Yzeyde gzle grlebilen en ince bamsz, bir devamszlk

Napomena: To je podvrsta pukotine. Njezina

irina iznosi manje od 0,1 mm. Siune pukotine mogu biti prouzroene okoliem, vibracijama, unutarnjim i/ili vanjskim naprezanjima,
napuklinama u arhitektonskim povrinama,
statikim problemima, vatrom, mrazom itd.

Komentarz: Rodzaj pknicia o szerokoci

poniej 0,1 mm. Pknicia wosowate mog
by powodowane przez warunki rodowiska,
drgania, wewntrzne i / lub zewntrzne napicia, wady na powierzchniach architektonicznych, problemy statyczne, ogie, mrz itd.

Yorum: Bir atlak alt tipidir. Genilii 0,1 mm

den daha azdr. Klcal atlaklar, don, ate, yapsal
sorunlar, mimari yzeylerdeki kusurlar, i veya
d gerilmeler, titreimler gibi evresel sebeplerden meydana gelebilir.

pukotina, statika pukotina, krakelire

pknicie, pknicie statyczne, krakelura

Hajszlrepeds

Hu

Microfisur

Ro

atlak, statik atlak, ince atlaklar a

BG

Meghatrozs: Kismret, klnll, lthat

megszakadsa a felletnek.

Definiie: O discontinuitate minor, individual, vizibil pe suprafa.

: , .

Megjegyzs: A repeds egyik alfajtja. Szlessge kevesebb, mint 0,1 mm. A hajszlrepedst okozhatjk krnyezeti tnyezk, rezgsek, bels s/vagy kls feszltsgek, az ptszeti felletek hibja, repedsei, szerkezeti
gondok, tz, fagy stb.

Adnotare: Este un tip de fisur. Limea acesteia este mai mic de 0,1 mm. Microfisurile se
pot produce datorit unor cauze de mediu, vibraiilor, tensiunilor interne i/sau externe, defectelor din suprafeele arhitecturale, problemelor statice, focului, ciclurilor nghe-dezghe, etc.

: . 0,1 .
, , , , , , ..

fisur, fisur static, craclur

, ,

repeds, szerkezeti repeds, repedshl

Microfrattura

It

Definizione: Singola discontinuit secondaria

visibile sulla superficie.
Commento: Si tratta di uno dei tipi di frattura.
La sua larghezza inferiore a 0,1 mm. Le microfratture possono essere indotte da cause
ambientali, vibrazioni, sollecitazioni interne
e/o esterne, difetti nelle superfici architettoniche, problemi statici, fuoco, gelo, etc.
frattura, frattura statica, crettatura

Microfisura

ES

Definicin: Pequea discontinuidad de carcter individual y poco importante que es visible

sobre la superficie.
Comentario: Es una tipologa de grieta o fisura. Su tamao es menor de 0,1 mm. Las microfisuras pueden deberse a causas medioambientales, vibraciones, estrs interno y/o externo, defectos en las superficies arquitectnicas, problemas de estabilidad, fuego, heladas, etc.
grieta, grieta estructural, craquelado

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Network of fine cracks in a paint layer, painting by Jacob Carl Stauder, Cloister St. Katharinental, Diessenhofen (Schweiz), 1735; Photo: 2006, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Craquelure

EN

Definition: A network of fine minor cracks

specific to secco paint layers.
Comment: It is caused by ageing, technical errors or by the differential movement of the
coating (e.g. paint layer, varnish) and the substrate. This phenomenon can also be observed in glazed ceramics.
Synonym: crackle
crack, static crack

Craquelure

FR

Craquele

Dfinition: Rseau de fines fissures secondaires propres des couches de peinture a

secco.

Definition: Netz von kleinsten Rissen, typisch

fr Malschichten, die in Secco-Technik ausgefhrt sind.

Commentaires: Cause par le vieillissement,

des erreurs techniques ou par des mouvements diffrentiels du revtement (ex. couche
de peinture, vernis) et le substrat. Ce phnomne peut aussi tre observ sur des cramiques vernisses.

Kommentar: Es wird durch Alterung, technische Fehler oder durch unterschiedliche Bewegung von Schichten (z.B. Malschicht, Firnis)
und Untergrund verursacht. Dieses Phnomen kann auch bei glasierter Keramik beobachtet werden.
Synonyme: Krakelee, Krakl

fissure, fissuration due des problmes de statique

Riss, Haarriss

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 57/8; Glossary on Stone 2008, 10/1; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 54/5; Pop 2013, 209; Cameo: Craquelure (5.3.2015)

208

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Krakelire

HR

Krakelura

PL

nce atlaklar a

tR

Definicija: Mrea finih malih pukotina specifinih za slikane slojeve secca.

Definicja: Siatka drobnych spka swoistych

dla warstw malarskich secco.

Tanm: Secco boya katmanlarna zg ince,

ok kk atlaklar a.

Napomena: Krakelire su prouzroene starenjem, tehnikim pogrekama ili razliitim kretanjem premaza (npr. slikani sloj, lak) i podloge. Taj se fenomen moe uoiti i na glaziranoj
keramici.
Sinonim: mreaste pukotine

Komentarz: Spowodowana przez starzenie,

bdy technologiczne lub zrnicowane zmiany w powokach (np. warstwy malarskiej i werniksu) oraz podoa. Zjawisko to mona obserwowa te w szkliwionej ceramice.
Synonim: siatka spka

Yorum: Yalanma, teknik hatalar veya kaplamalarnn ve alt katmann farkl hareketinden
(rnein, boya katman, vernik) meydana gelebilir. Bu olgu srl seramiklerde de gzlemlenebilir.

pukotina, statika pukotina

pknicie, pknicie statyczne

Repedshl

Hu

Meghatrozs: Vkony, kis repedsekbl alkotott hl, mely a szekk technikval kszlt
festkrtegek sajtossga.
Megjegyzs: Okozhatja az sszetevk regedse, ksztstechnikai hinyossg, vagy a bevonatok, felleti rtegek (pl. festkrteg, vdbevonat) s az alsbb rtegek vagy hordoz klnbz mozgsa. Ez a jelensg a mzas
kermik esetben is megfigyelhet.
Szinonima: krakl

Craclur

Ro

atlak, statik atlak

BG

Definiie: O reea de fisuri fine, specifice unui

strat de pictur a secco.

: , .

Adnotare: Aceasta este cauzat de mbtrnire, de erori tehnice (vicii de tehnic) sau de
micarea diferenial a stratului de acoperire
(de exemplu strat de pictur, vernis) i a substratului. Acest fenomen poate fi, de asemenea, observat n ceramica glazurat.

: ,
(. , )
. .

fisur, fisur static

repeds, szerkezeti repeds

Crettatura

It

Craquelado

ES

Definizione: Rete di sottili fratture minori specifiche di strati pittorici dipinti a secco.

Definicin: Red de grietas muy finas especfica de las capas de pintura al seco.

Commento: causata da invecchiamento, errori tecnici o da movimenti differenziali degli

strati di rivestimento (ad es. strato pittorico,
vernice) e del substrato. Questo fenomeno
pu essere osservato anche su ceramiche
smaltate.
Sinonimo: craquelure

Comentario: Se produce por el envejecimiento, errores tcnicos o por diferencias de movimiento entre los estratos (por ejemplo, capa
pictrica, barniz) y la base. Este fenmeno
puede apreciarse tambin en las cermicas esmaltadas.

frattura, frattura statica

griet, grieta estructural

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Darkened render on a faade, private building, Zagreb (Croatia), early 20th century; Photo: 2015, (Stefan Belishki)

Patina

EN

Definition: A natural alteration which appears

at the surface of various materials due to ageing, use, handling, oxidation, and/or exposure
to the environment. A patina can also be applied artificially.
Comment: Without disfiguring the surface, a
patina is essentially an intrinsic part of the material (in the conservation and restoration of
cultural heritage, the assessment of patina
and the possibility of its removal, remain one
of the main issues). To the naked eye, patina
has no noticeable thickness. Sometimes a
patina can be a protective layer, as in the case,
for instance, of calcium oxalate. Patinas can also be synthetically made with chemicals, but
this results in a different microchemical structure of the surface layers.

Commentaires: Partie intrinsque de la matire en surface (lvaluation de la patine et

lventualit de sa suppression du point de
vue de la conservation, sont toujours en dbat) sans paisseur notable loeil nu. Parfois,
une patine est aussi une sorte de couche pouvant tre certaines fois protectrice: les oxalates
de calcium peuvent avoir cette fonction dans
certains cas. Elle peut galement tre synthtise chimiquement, mais il en rsulte une
structure microchimique diffrente entre les
couches de surface. Peut aussi tre applique
artificiellement.

FR

Dfinition: Altration naturelle apparaissant

la surface de matriaux varis et due au vieil-

Kommentar: Ohne die Oberflche zu beeintrchtigen, ist sie im Wesentlichen ein fester Bestandteil des Materials (in der Konservierung
und Restaurierung bleibt die Bewertung von
Patina und die Mglichkeit ihrer Entfernung ein
zentrales Thema). Fr das bloe Auge hat sie
keine erkennbare Schichtstrke. Manchmal bildet sie auch eine Art Schutzschicht, so z.B. bei
Calciumoxalat. Patina kann mittels Chemikalien
auch knstlich hergestellt werden, dies fhrt
jedoch zu einer anderen mikrochemischen
Struktur der Deckschichten.
Vergilbung, Verdunklung

Patina

jaunissement, assombrissement

Patina

yellowing, darkening

Patine

lissement, lusage, la manutention, loxydation, ou lexposition lenvironnement.

DE

Definition: Eine natrliche Vernderung, die

sich auf der Oberflche verschiedener Materialien durch Alterung, Benutzung, Gebrauch,
Oxidation und/oder Umwelteinflsse ergeben
kann. Sie kann auch knstlich aufgebracht
werden.

Definicija: Prirodna promjena koja se na povrini razliitih materijala pojavljuje zbog starenja, uporabe, rukovanja, oksidacije i/ili izlaganja
okoliu. Patina se moe i umjetno nanijeti.
Napomena: Bez da nagruje povrinu, patina
je zapravo neizostavni dio materijala (u konzerviranju i restauriranju kulturne batine procjena patine i mogunost njezina uklanjanja
ostaje jedan od glavnih problema). Debljina

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 130; Rauca 2014b, 190; Pop 2013, 208/9; Brandi 1996, 219; Glossary on Stone 2008, 58; Cameo: Patina (2.5.2015)

210

HR

CoNDItIoN
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patine ne moe se vidjeti golim okom. Ponekad patina moe biti zatitni sloj, kao primjerice u sluaju kalcijeva oksalata. Patine se takoer mogu sintetiki napraviti kemikalijama,
no to rezultira drukijom mikrokemijskom
strukturom na povrinskim slojevima.
uenje, tamnjenje

Patina

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes elvltozs,

mely a klnbz anyagok felletn jelentkezik az regeds, hasznlat, kezels, bnsmd,
oxidci s/vagy krnyezeti tnyezk hatsra. Patint mestersgesen is el lehet idzni a
felleten.
Megjegyzs: A fellet eltorztsa nlkl, a patina lnyegben az anyagnak szerves alkot
rsze (kulturlis rksgnk llagmegvsa s
restaurlsa sorn a patina megtlse s eltvoltsnak lehetsge az egyik kulcsfontossg krds). Szabad szemmel a patinnak
nincs lthat, rzkelhet vastagsga. Nha a
patina egy vdrteget is kpez a felleten,
mint pldul a klcium-oxalt esetben. Patint mestersgesen, vegyi anyagokbl is el lehet lltani, de ez ms mikrokmiai szerkezet
felleti rtegeket eredmnyez.
srguls, (el)sttls

Patina

It

Definizione: Alterazione naturale che si forma sulla superficie della materia a causa di deterioramento, uso o manipolazione delloggetto, ossidazione, e/o esposizione allambiente esterno. Una patina pu anche essere
applicata artificialmente.
Commento: Senza alterare laspetto della superficie, una patina una parte intrinseca del
materiale (la valutazione della patina e della sua
rimozione rimane un punto di discussione fondamentale nella conservazione e nel restauro).
A occhio nudo la patina non ha spessore evidente. A volte una patina anche una sorta di
strato protettivo, ad es. nel caso dellossalato di
calcio. Le patine possono anche essere fatte artificialmente con sostanze chimiche, ma questo
processo genera una diversa struttura microchimica degli strati superficiali.
ingiallimento, scurimento

Patyna

PL

Definicja: Naturalne zmiany widoczne na powierzchni rnych materiaw, powstae

wskutek procesu starzenia, uytkowania, traktowania, utleniania i / lub wystawienia na dziaanie rodowiska. Patyna moe by te nakadana sztucznie.
Komentarz: Patyna stanowi z reguy integraln cz materiau, nie zaburza jego powierzchni (w konserwacji i restauracji dziedzictwa kulturowego ocena patyny i moliwoci jej usuwania pozostaje jedn z najwaniejszych kwestii). Dla nagiego oka nie ma wyranej gruboci. Patyna bywa te rodzajem warstwy ochronnej, np. szczawian wapnia. Patyny
mog by te sztucznie wykonane chemicznie, ale skutkuje to zmianami struktury mikrochemicznej warstw powierzchniowych.
zacenie, pociemnienie

Patin

Ro

Definiie: O alterare natural ce se produce pe

suprafaa diferitelor materiale, datorit mbtrnirii, utilizrii, manipulrii, oxidrii, i/sau expunerii acestora la aciunea factorilor de mediu. Patina poate fi realizat i n mod artificial.
Adnotare: Fr a desfigura suprafaa, patina
este o parte intrinsec a materialului (n conservarea i restaurarea patrimoniului cultural,
evaluarea patinei i posibilitatea ndeprtrii
acesteia, rmn unele dintre principalele probleme). La o examinare cu ochiul liber patina
nu are o grosime perceptibil. Uneori patina
poate avea rol de strat protector, de exemplu
n cazul oxalatului de calciu. Patina poate fi obinut i n mod artificial cu ajutorul produselor
chimice, dar acest lucru are ca rezultat o structur chimic diferit a straturilor de suprafa.
nglbenire, ntunecare

Ptina

ES

Definicin: Alteracin natural de la superficie

de diversos materiales debida al envejecimiento, uso, manipulacin, oxidacin y/o exposicin a agentes medioambientales; puede
ser tambin aplicada artificialmente.
Comentario: Una ptina es, esencialmente, una
parte intrnseca del material que no desfigura
la superficie (su evaluacin y remocin contina
siendo uno de los principales debates). A simple
vista, no tiene un grosor significativo. Puede ac-

tuar como una especie de capa protectora (por

ejemplo, el oxalato de calcio). Normalmente, las
naturales son apreciadas y se consideran parte
del envejecimiento (indicativas de la edad);
tambin pueden provocarse artificialmente con
sustancias qumicas, con lo que se obtiene una
estructura microqumica diferente.
amarilleado, oscurecimiento

Patina

tR

Tanm: eitli malzemelerin yzeyinde yalanma, kullanm, dokunum, oksitlenme ve/veya

evresel koullardan etkilenme sebebiyle grnen doal deiim. Renkli oksit tabakas, yapay olarak da elde edilebilir.
Yorum: Yzeyin eklini bozmasndan ziyade
renkli oksit tabakas aslnda malzemenin isel
parasdr (kltrel mirasn koruma ve restorasyonunda, renkli oksit tabaksnn deerlendirilmesi ve kaldrlma olasl, ana meselelerden biri olarak kalr). Renkli oksit tabakas/ patina plak gzle fark edilebilir kalnla sahip
deildir. Bazen renkli oksit tabakas koruyucu
katman trdr, kalsiyum oksalat rnei durumunda. Renkli oksit tabakas/ patina kimyasallarla sentetik olarak da yaplr ama bu, yzey
katmanlarnda farkl bir mikro kimyasal yap
ile sonulanr.
E anlam: renkli oksit tabakas
sararma, kararma

BG

: ,

, , , /
. .
: ,
( ,
).
.
, . .
,

.
,

211

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White haze on a wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania),1532; Photo: 1994, UAD (Theo-Sandu Murean)

White veil

EN

Voile blanc

FR

Weischleier

Definition: A whitish haze forming over an architectural surface.

Dfinition: Blanchiment de la surface architecturale d la formation dun dpt.

Definition: Ein weilicher Schleier, der sich

auf einer Architekturoberflche bildet.

Comment: This type of alteration consists of

a thin deposit of very fine particles (dust, atmospheric deposits, crystallised salts) which
causes a chromatic alteration, more specifically a whitish haze over an architectural surface.
A calcitic layer on the surface also produces a
white veil. It most often accumulates some time after a wall painting has been finished,
through the redeposition of calcium carbonate, or early on in the process, such as when a
fresco painting is applied onto wet lime plaster. One can also produce a white veil through
the application of conservation media such as
through treatment with water glass.

Commentaires: Fin dpt de trs petites particules (poussires, dpts atmosphriques,

sels cristalliss) responsable dune altration
chromatique. Une couche de calcite sur la surface peut produire ce voile blanc. Il se forme
avec le temps, aprs quune peinture murale
soit acheve, par redpt de carbonate de calcium, ou ds le dpart, quand une peinture a
fresco est applique sur enduit la chaux humide. Il peut apparaitre suite un traitement
de conservation comme un silicate alcalin.

Kommentar: Diese Art von Vernderung besteht aus einer dnnen Ablagerung feinster
Partikel (Staub, atmosphrische Ablagerungen,
Salzkristalle), die eine chromatische Vernderung bzw. eine weie Trbung auf einer Oberflche verursachen. Auch Kalkablagerungen
fhren zu einem Weischleier. Dieser kann sich
auch kurz nach Fertigstellung einer Wandmalerei durch Ablagerung von Calciumcarbonat
bilden. Wenn z.B. ein Fresko auf einem zu
feuchten Kalkputz ausgefhrt wird, kann sich
dieses Phnomen bereits im Arbeitsprozess abzeichnen. Ein Weischleier kann auch durch
Konservierungsmaterialien verursacht werden,
wie z.B. durch die Behandlung mit Wasserglas.

facteurs externes de dgradation, dcolora-

tion, fadissement

extrinsic cause of deterioration, bleaching,

fading

uere Schadensursache, Bleichung, Ver-

blassen
Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Rauca 2014b, 139141; Boldura 2013, 7496; Grimmer 1984, 11

212

DE

CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

Bijela koprena

HR

Definicija: Bjelkasta maglica na arhitektonskoj povrini.

Napomena: Bijela koprena sastoji se od tankoga taloga veoma finih estica (praine, atmosferskih taloga, kristaliziranih soli) koji
prouzrouje promjene u boji, tonije bjelkastu
maglicu na arhitektonskoj povrini. esto se
pojavljuje ubrzo nakon to je zidna slika zavrena, ponovnim taloenjem kalcijeva karbonata ili rano u procesu, kada se fresco slika izvodi na mokroj vapnenoj buci. Do stvaranja
bijele koprene takoer moe doi pri restauratorskome zahvatu, poput primjene postupka s vodenim staklom.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, izbjeljivanje, bli-

jeenje

Fehr ftyol

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felleteken kialakul fehres rteg.

Megjegyzs: Ez a fajta elvltozs egy finom
szemcskbl (por, lgkri lerakds, kikristlyosodott sk) ll nagyon vkony lerakds;
az ptszeti felleten ez sznelvltozst okoz,
pontosabban egy fehres leplet idz el. Hasonl fehr ftylat kpez a felleten lev kalcitos rteg. Leggyakrabban a falfestmny befejezst kveten kpzdik, a kalcium-karbont jralerakdsa ltal, vagy a folyamat
kezdetn, pldul amikor egy fresk technikval kszlt falkpet felfestenek a nedves
mszvakolatra. Fehr ftyol ltrehozhat konzervl anyag felhordsval is, mint pldul
vzveggel val kezels rvn.
kls krosodsi tnyez, fehreds, fakuls

Velo bianco

It

Definizione: Un velo bianco che si forma su

una superficie architettonica.
Commento: Questo tipo di alterazione consiste di una sedimentazione sottile di particelle
finissime (polvere, depositi atmosferici, sali cristallizzati) che causano unalterazione cromatica, cio una velatura bianca su una superficie
architettonica. Anche uno strato calcareo sulla
superficie causa un velo bianco. Questo velo
spesso si forma poco tempo dopo il compimento di una pittura murale, a causa di una
deposizione di carbonato di calcio. Quando
una pittura a fresco eseguita su un intonaco
troppo umido, questo fenomeno pu presen-

tarsi gi durante il processo di lavorazione. Un

velo bianco pu anche essere causato dallapplicazione di un materiale di conservazione,
ad esempio attraverso un trattamento con vetro solubile sodico.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, sbianca-

mento, sbiadimento

Biay woal

PL

Definicja: Biaawa mgieka na powierzchni architektonicznej.

Komentarz: Rodzaj zmian obejmujcy cienkie zogi drobnych czsteczek (kurzu, osadw
atmosferycznych, wykrystalizowanych soli)
powodujcych zmiany chromatyczne, szczeglnie biae naloty na powierzchniach architektonicznych. Biay woal powoduje take
wapniowa warstwa na powierzchni. Zwykle
upywa nieco czasu od pocztku naoenia
fresku na mokr zapraw wapienn do ukoczenia malowida ciennego i procesu skrystalizowania wglanu wapnia. Biay woal moe
te powsta w wyniku stosowania do konserwacji preparatw takich jak szko wodne.
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, blaknicie,
powienie

Voal alb

Ro

Definiie: O pelicul albicioas ce se formeaz

pe o suprafa arhitectural.
Adnotare: Acest tip de alterare const dintr-un
depozit superficial de particule foarte fine (praf,
depozite atmosferice, sruri cristalizate) ce provoac pe suprafaa arhitectural o alterare cromatic, avnd aspectul unui strat albicios semitransparent. Un strat calcic pe suprafa produce, de asemenea, un voal alb. Se acumuleaz
de cele mai multe ori la un anumit timp dup
finalizarea unei picturi murale, prin redepunerea carbonatului de calciu, sau mai devreme n
proces, atunci cnd pictura a fresco este executat pe o tencuial de var prea umed. Un voal
alb se poate produce, de asemenea, prin aplicarea unor materiale de conservare (ex. tratamentul cu ap de sticl).
cauze extrinseci de degradare, albire, de-

colorare

Velo blanquecino

ES

Definicin: Capa blanquecina formada sobre

una superficie arquitectnica.

Comentario: Consiste en un depsito fino de

partculas pequeas (polvo, depsitos atmosfricos, sales cristalizadas) que origina una alteracin cromtica, un velo blanquecino. Las
superficies arquitectnicas pintadas, como pinturas murales, suelen ser las ms afectadas. Una
capa calctica sobre la superficie tambin genera un velo blanco. Lo ms habitual es que se
vaya acumulando progresivamente un tiempo
despus de finalizar la pintura mural.Aunque
tambin puede ser antes, por ejemplo cuando
una pintura al fresco se ejecuta sobre un enlucido de cal hmedo. Tambin se puede originar
al aplicar tratamientos de conservacin, como
los que emplean silicatos alcalinos.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, blanquea-

miento, decoloracin

Beyaz rt

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzey zerinde oluan beyazms pus.

Yorum: Bu tip renksel deiim, zellikle mimari yzey zerinde beyazms pusa neden olan
ok ince paracklarn (toz, atmosferik kntler, kristallemi tuzlar vb.) ince kntsnden oluur. Yzey zerindeki kalsitli katman
da beyaz pus oluturabilir. ounlukla duvar
resmi bitirildikten sonra kalsiyum karbonatn
tekrar knt oluturmasyla ya da fresk yaparken resmin slak kire svann zerine uyguland durumlarda ve sucam uygulamas
yntemi gibi koruma malzemeleri uygulanmas sonucunda da beyaz rt oluturulabilir.
E anlam: beyazlama
dsal bozulma sebepleri, aarma, solma

BG

:
: (, , ),
, - .
. -
,
,
.
.

213

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Yellow discolouration of a stone surface, Tomb (detail), Central Cemetery, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 19th century; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Yellowing

EN

Jaunissement

Vergilbung

DE

Definition: Chromatic alteration manifested

as a change in colour in materials, usually in a
yellowish hue.

Dfinition: Altration chromatique se manifestant par un changement de couleur des

matriaux, gnralement de teinte jaune.

Definition: Farbvernderung, die sich in einem Farbwechsel des Materials zeigt, in der
Regel zu einem gelblichen Farbton.

Comment: Many organic materials tend to

yellow over time, for example binding media
and varnishes. Some conservation materials
can also yellow over time, as is the case of
coatings with casein, and natural and synthetic resins. Yellowing can have different causes
such as the superimposition of very thin deposits caused by soiling, pollutants, or the
presence of microorganisms that produce yellow chemical products, the chemical transformations of oils, varnishes or restoration products, and mineralogical transformations that
lead, for example, to the formation of iron oxyhydroxides.

Commentaires: Beaucoup de matriaux organiques (ex. liants, vernis) tendent jaunir

dans le temps, comme certains matriaux de
conservation comme la casine, les rsines naturelles ou synthtiques. Sa cause est varie
comme la surimposition de trs fins dpts du
fait dencrassement, de polluants ou de la prsence de micro organismes qui secrtent des
produits chimiques jaunes ou des transformations minralogiques qui conduisent par
exemple la formation doxyhydroxydes de
fer.

Kommentar: Viele organische Materialien

neigen mit der Zeit zu Vergilbungen, z.B. Bindemittel und Firnisse. Einige Konservierungsmaterialien knnen ebenfalls mit der Zeit vergilben, wie z.B. berzge aus Kasein sowie natrliche und synthetische Harze. Vergilbung
wird unterschiedlich verursacht, z.B. durch
dnne Ablagerungen von Schmutz und
Schadstoffen oder durch Mikroorganismen,
die gelbliche chemische Stoffe ausscheiden,
durch die chemische Umwandlung von len,
Firnissen oder Restaurierungsmaterialien und
mineralogische Umwandlungen, z.B. zu Eisenoxidhydroxid.

altration des pigments

pigment alteration

Sources: Boldura 2013, 3874; Giannini et al. 2000, 92; Cameo: Yellowing (16.5.2015)

214

FR

Pigmentvernderung

CoNDItIoN
DEtERIoRatIoN PHENoMENa

uenje

HR

Definicija: Kromatska promjena u materijalima, obino ukaste nijanse.

Napomena: Mnogi organski materijali poput
vezivnih sredstava ili lakova mogu poutjeti tijekom vremena. Neki restauratorski materijali
takoer mogu s vremenom poutjeti, kao primjerice premaz s kazeinom te prirodne i sintetike smole. uenje moe imati razliite uzroke, poput superponiranja vrlo tankoga taloga
prouzroenog uprljanjem, oneiivaima ili
prisutnou mikroorganizama koji proizvode
ute kemijske tvari, kemijskim transformacijama ulja, lakova ili restauratorskih proizvoda te
mineralokim transformacijama koje mogu dovesti do formiranja eljezovih oksidhidroksida.
promjena pigmenta

Srguls

Hu

Meghatrozs: Sznelvltozs, mely az anyagok sznnek ltalban srgs rnyalatra val

mdosulsban nyilvnul meg.
Megjegyzs: Sok szerves anyag hajlamos idvel srgulsra, pldul a ktanyagok vagy vdbevonatok, lakkok. A restaurlsra hasznlt
anyagok szintn megsrgulhatnak idvel,
mint ahogyan a kazeines bevonatok s a termszetes, valamint mestersges gyantk. A
srgulsnak tbb oka lehet, mint pldul
szennyezdsek nyomn ltrejv vkony lerakdsok egymsra tevdse, a srga anyagcseretermkeket htrahagy mikroorganizmusok jelenlte, az olajok, bevonatok s restaurlsi termkek vegyi talakulsa, vagy az
svnyi talakulsok, melynek sorn, pldul,
vas-oxi-hidroxidok keletkeznek.
pigment elvltozs

Ingiallimento

It

Definizione: Alterazione cromatica che si manifesta come un cambiamento di colore nei

materiali, in genere con una tonalit giallastra.
Commento: Molti materiali organici tendono
a ingiallire nel tempo, come ad esempio i leganti e le vernici. Anche alcuni materiali per la
conservazione possono ingiallire, come i protettivi contenenti caseina, o le resine naturali
e sintetiche. Lingiallimento pu avere cause
diverse, come il sovrapporsi di depositi molto
sottili provocato da sporcizia, inquinanti, microorganismi che producono sostanze chimiche gialle, o la trasformazione chimica degli oli,

delle vernici e dei prodotti per il restauro, e

quelle mineralogiche che conducono, ad es.,
alla formazione degli idrossidi di ferro.
alterazione dei pigmenti

Zacenie

PL

Definicja: Zmiany barwne objawiajce si

zmian koloru materiaw, zwykle poprzez
te zabarwienie.
Komentarz: Wiele materiaw organicznych
ma z upywem czasu tendencj do knicia,
np. spoiwa i werniksy. Niektre materiay konserwatorskie, jak powoki zawierajce kazein
oraz naturalne i syntetyczne ywice te z czasem kn. Przyczyny knicia mog by
rne, jak nagromadzenie bardzo cienkich
zogw spowodowane przez zabrudzenia, zanieczyszczenia lub obecno mikroorganizmw wytwarzajcych te chemiczne produkty, chemiczne zmiany olejw, werniksw,
produktw stosowanych w restauracji i przemian mineraw, ktre prowadz np. do formowania tlenowodorotlenkw elaza.
zmiany pigmentw

nglbenire

Ro

Definiie: Alterare cromatic care se manifest ca o modificare a culorii materialelor, de

obicei o virare spre o nuan glbuie.
Adnotare: Multe materiale organice au tendina de a nglbeni n timp, de exemplu lianii
i verniurile. Unele materiale de conservare
pot, de asemenea, s nglbeneasc n timp,
aa cum se ntmpl n cazul straturilor de acoperire cu cazein, sau n cazul rinilor naturale i sintetice. nglbenirea poate avea diferite cauze, precum suprapunerea depozitelor
foarte subiri de murdrie, de poluani, sau
prezena microorganismelor ce produc reziduuri chimice de culoare galben, transformrile chimice ale uleiurilor, verniurilor sau produselor de restaurare i transformri mineralogice care conduc, de exemplu, la formarea
oxihidroxizilor de fier.
alterarea pigmentului

amarilleado

ES

Definicin: Alteracin cromtica manifestada

como cambio de color en los materiales, generalmente hacia el amarillo.

Comentario: La mayora de materiales orgnicos, como los medios aglutinantes y los barnices, tienden a amarillear con el tiempo. Algunos materiales de conservacin, como las
protecciones hechas con casena y con resinas
naturales y sintticas, tambin pueden amarillear.
Se origina por distintas causas: acumulacin
de depsitos muy finos de suciedad o contaminantes; presencia de microorganismos que
generan productos qumicos amarillos; transformacin qumica de aceites, barnices u otros
productos de conservacin; o transformaciones mineralgicas que conducen, por ejemplo, a la formacin de oxihidrxidos de hierro.
alteracin de pigmentos

Sararma

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzeylerde genellikle sarms

bir ton olarak beliren renk deiimi.
Yorum: Birok organik malzeme rnein balayc rnler ve cilalar zamanla sararma eilimdedir. Kazein, doal ve sentetik reine kaplamalar gibi baz koruma malzemeleri de zamanla sararabilir. Sararmann nedeni kirleticiler, leke yapclar veya sar kimyasal rnler
oluturan mikroorganizmalarn brakt ok
ince birikintiler, yalarn, vernik veya restorasyon rnlerinin kimyasal dnm ve demir
okshidroksit reten minerolojik dnmleri
gibi farkl sebepleri olabilir.
pigment deiimi

BG

: , ,
.
:
,
. . , . , .
,
, , , ,
, , , . .

215

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Darkening of a wall painting caused by candle soot, wall painting, Humor Monastery (Romania), 1530; Photo: 2008, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Darkening

EN

Definition: A change in the surface colour

due to a decrease in hue (reduction of visible
light reflection).
Comment: Darkening can be the result of:
- a deposit, including accumulations of soot,
smoke, dust and tar that can indurate so as
to form a black crust;
- ageing of consolidation materials;
- a local presence of humidity (wet areas);
- biological colonisation;
- a mineralogical transformation of a pigment (modification of its crystal structure
or its chemical composition) such as in the
case of lead-based pigments or vermilion;
- a transformation of an organic binder including oil or varnish.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, air pollution,
soiling

assombrissement

Commentaires: Est d :
- un dpt tel que laccumulation de suies,
de fume, de poussire qui peuvent former une crote noire;
- un vieillissement de consolidants;
- une prsence locale dhumidit (zones humides);
- une colonisation biologique;
- une transformation minralogique dun pigment (modification de sa structure cristalline,
de sa composition chimique) comme pour
les pigments base de plomb, le vermillon;
- une transformation dun liant organique
comme lhuile, les vernis.
facteurs externes de dgradation, pollution

Alterung von Festigungsmaterialien;

lokales Vorkommen von Feuchte (feuchte
Bereiche);
- biologischer Bewuchs;
- mineralogische Umwandlung eines Pigments (Modifikation seiner Kristallstruktur
oder seiner chemischen Zusammensetzung), wie z. B. bei bleihaltigen Pigmenten
oder Zinnober;
- Umwandlung eines organischen Bindemittels mit l- oder Harzanteilen.
Synonym: Verschwrzung
uere Schadensursache, Luftverschmut-

zung, Verschmutzung

de lair, encrassement

tamnjenje
Verdunklung

DE

Definition: Eine Farbvernderung der Oberflche durch Dmpfung des Farbtons (Herabsetzung der Reflexion des sichtbaren Lichts).
FR

Dfinition: Changement de couleur en surface du fait dune diminution de clart (diminution de la rflexion de la lumire visible)

Kommentar: Verdunklung kann das Ergebnis

sein von:
- Ablagerungen, wie Ru, Rauch, Staub und
Teer, die sich erhrten und eine schwarze
Kruste bilden knnen;

Definicija: Promjena u povrinskoj boji prouzroena opadanjem nijanse (redukcija vidljive

refleksije svjetla).
Napomena: Tamnjenje moe biti rezultat:
- taloga, ukljuujui nakupljanje ae, dima,
praine i katrana koji mogu otvrdnuti tako
da oblikuju crnu koru;
- starenja materijala za uvrivanje;
- lokalnoga prisustva vlage (vlana podruja);
- biolokoga naseljavanja;

Sources: Giannini et al. 2000, 167; Rauca 2014b, 139141; Boldura 2013, 2530; Glossary on Stone 2008, 46

216

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mineralokih transformacija pigmenta

(modifikacije njihovih kristalnih struktura
ili kemijskih kompozicija) kao to je sluaj
s pigmentima na bazi olova ili cinobera;
transformacija organskoga veziva, ukljuujui ulje ili lak.

vanjski uzroci pogoranja, oneienje zraka,

zaprljanje

(El)sttls

Hu

Meghatrozs: A fellet sznnek mdosulsa, a sznrnyalat mlylse miatt (a fnyviszszaver kpessg cskkense).
Megjegyzs: Az (el)sttls a kvetkez tnyezk eredmnye lehet:
- korom, fst, por s ktrny lerakdsok,
melyek fekete kregg kemnyedhetnek;
- szilrdt, konzervl anyagok regedse;
- nedvessg helyi jelenlte (nedves vezetek);
- biolgiai kolonizci;
- svnyi pigmentek elvltozsa (kristlyos
szerkezetk vagy vegyi sszettelk mdosulsa), mint az lomtartalm pigmentek vagy a cinber esetben;
- szerves ktanyagok elvltozsa, idertve
az olajokat s lakkokat is.
kls krosodsi tnyez, lgszennyezds,
elszennyezds

Scurimento

It

Definizione: Cambiamento nel colore di superficie causato da unattenuazione della tonalit (riduzione della riflessione della luce nel
visibile).
Commento: Lo scurimento pu essere il risultato di:
- un deposito, inclusi accumuli di fuliggine,
fumo, polvere e catrame che possono indurirsi formando una crosta nera;
- invecchiamento dei materiali di consolidamento;
- presenza localizzata di umidit (aree umide);
- colonizzazione biologica;
- trasformazione mineralogica di un pigmento (modificazione della sua struttura
cristallina o della sua composizione chimica) come nel caso di pigmenti a base di
piombo e del vermiglione;
- trasformazione di un legante organico
compreso lolio o della vernice.
causa estrinseca di deterioramento, inquina-

mento atmosferico, imbrattamento

PL

Definicja: Zmiany koloru powierzchni z powodu osabienia odcienia (redukcji odbicia wiata
widzialnego).

Pociemnienie

Komentarz: Pociemnienie moe by skutkiem:

- zogw zawierajcych sadz, dym, kurz i
smo, ktre mog stworzy twardy, czarny
nalot;
- starzenia materiaw uytych do impregnacji;
- lokalnej obecno wilgoci (wilgotne obszary);
- zasiedlenia przez mikroorganizmy;
- przemiany mineralnych pigmentw (modyfikacji ich struktury krystalicznej lub
skadu chemicznego) jak w wypadku pigmentw oowiowych czy cynobru;
- zmiany w spoiwach organicznych, wczajc olej i werniks.
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, zanieczysz-

czenie powietrza, brud/zaplamienia

ntunecare

Ro

Definiie: O modificare a culorii suprafeei prin

estomparea nuanei (reducerea reflexiei luminii
vizibile).
Adnotare: ntunecarea poate fi rezultatul:
- unui depozit, ce include acumulri de funingine, fum, praf i gudroane ce se pot solidifica n aa fel nct s formeze o crust
neagr;
- mbtrnirii materialelor de consolidare;
- prezenei locale a umiditii (zone umede);
- colonizrii biologice;
- transformrii mineralogice a unui pigment
(modificarea structurii de cristal sau compoziiei sale chimice) precum n cazul pigmenilor pe baz de plumb sau rou vermilion;
- unei transformri a unui liant organic, incluznd uleiul sau verniul.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, poluare at-

mosferic, depunere

oscurecimiento

ES

Definicin: Cambios en el color de la superficie debido a una disminucin del tono (reduccin de la reflexin de luz visible).
Comentario: Puede ser el resultado de:
- un depsito(acumulaciones de holln, humo, polvo y alquitrn) que puede endurecerse incluso hasta formar una costra negra;
- el envejecimiento de materiales de consolidacin;

la presencia de humedad localizada (reas

hmedas);
la colonizacin biolgica;
la transformacin mineralgica de un pigmento (modificacin de su estructura cristalina o de su composicin qumica), como
en el caso de los pigmentos de plomo o del
bermelln;
la transformacin de un ligante orgnico a
base de aceite o barniz.

causas extrnsecas de deterioro, contamina-

cin atmosfrica, acumulacin de suciedad

Kararma

tR

Tanm: Yzeyin renk tonundaki azalma (grnr k yansmasnn azalmas) sebebiyle grlen deiim.
Yorum: Kararma unlarn sonucu olabilir:
- s, duman, toz ve zift birikmesini ieren ve
siyah bir kabuk olarak sertleebilen tortu;
- Salamlatrma malzemelerinin eskimesi;
- Blgesel nem alma durumu (slak alanlar);
- Biyolojik yaylma;
- Kurun esasl renk maddeleri veya zincifre
boyas/civa slfr gibi renk maddesinin mineralojik dnm (Kristal yapsnn ya da
kimyasal bileiminin deiiklii);
- Ya ve cilann da bulunduu organik balayclarn dnm.
dsal bozulma sebepleri, hava kirliii

BG

: , (
).
: :
- , ,
, ,
;
- ;
- ( );
- ;
- (
)
;
- , .
, -

217

CoNDItIoN
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Partial colour saturation e.g. on red coat, Chapel of Saint-Hyppolyte du Bouchier, Saint Martin de Queyrires (France), 15/16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Odile Guillon)

Colour saturation

EN

Definition: The intensification of colour of a

surface caused by humidity or by the use of
construction or conservation materials.
Comment: A saturated colour is not mixed
with black or white. Only the saturation (chroma) and the lightness (value) of the colour
change not the hue. These changes can be
caused by humidity, the presence of conservation materials, hygroscopic salts or by sulfation of stone, plasters and paint layers (ones
which are glaze-like or close to the surface of
the fabric). Here, the refraction of light on the
substrate (stone, plaster) in which most of the
interstices are filled with another medium (e.g.
water or organic conservation material), is
lowered. This results in a deepening of the
colour effect on the surface.
humidity

Saturation de la couleur

FR

Dfinition: Intensification de la couleur dune

surface cause par lhumidit ou lutilisation
de certains matriaux de construction et de
conservation.

Farbsttigung

Definition: Intensivierung der Farbe einer

Oberflche durch Feuchte oder durch eingebrachte Bau- oder Konservierungsmaterialien.

Commentaires: Ce nest pas un mlange de

blanc et de noir. Seule la saturation et la clart
dune couleur changent, pas la teinte. Ces
changements sont dus lhumidit, la prsence de matriaux de conservation, les sels
hygroscopiques ou par la sulfatation de la
pierre, des enduits et couches picturales
(celles donnant un aspect vitreux ou proche
de la surface dun tissu). La rfraction de la lumire sur le substrat (pierre, enduit) o les
interstices sont combls par un autre matriau
(ex. eau ou matriau de conservation organique) est affaiblie et conduit une intensification de la couleur.

Kommentar: Einer gesttigten Farbe ist weder schwarz noch wei beigemischt. Nur die
Sttigung (Chroma) und der Helligkeitswert
der Farbe verndern sich, nicht der Farbton.
Diese Vernderungen knnen durch Feuchte,
Konservierungsmaterialien, hygroskopische
Salze oder durch Vergipsung von Stein, Mrtel, lasurartigen oder oberflchennah aufliegenden Malschichten entstehen. Die Lichtbrechung auf dem Substrat (Stein/Mrtel) ist
hier herabgesetzt, weil viele Zwischenrume
mit einem anderen Medium gefllt sind (z.B.
Wasser oder Konservierungsmittel). Dies fhrt
zu dem Effekt der Farbvertiefung auf der
Oberflche.

humidit

Feuchte

Sources: Murean 2014; Boldura 2013, 132; Giannini et al. 2000, 43; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 4749; Cameo: Saturation (2.5.2015)

218

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Zasienost boje

HR

Definicija: Pojaavanje boje na povrini prouzroeno vlagom ili uporabom graevnih ili restauratorskih materijala.
Napomena: Zasiena boja nije pomijeana s
crnom ili bijelom. Mijenja se samo zasienje
(chroma) i svjetlost (valna duina) boje ne i
nijansa. Ove promjene mogu biti prouzroene
vlagom, prisustvom restauratorskih materijala, higroskopnim solima ili sulfatizacijom kamena, buka ili slikanih slojeva (onih nalik na
lak ili blizu povrine materijala). Refrakcija
svjetla nia je na podlozi (kamen, buka) u kojoj je veina meuprostora ispunjena drugim
sredstvom (npr. vodom ili organskim restauratorskim materijalom). To rezultira produbljivanjem efekta boje na povrini.
vlanost

Sznek teltdse

Hu

Meghatrozs: Egy fellet sznnek meglnklse nedvessg, valamint pt vagy konzervl anyagok hatsra.
Megjegyzs: Egy teltett szn nincsen feketvel vagy fehrrel vegytve. Csupn a teltettsg
s a sznrtk vltoznak, az rnyalat nem. Ezeket a vltozsokat okozhatjk nedvessg, konzervl anyagok jelenlte, higroszkpos sk
vagy a k, vakolatok s azon festkrtegek
szulftosodsa, melyek lazrszerek vagy kzel llnak az anyag felsznhez. Ez esetekben,
a fnytrs az anyagon (k, vakolat), mely prusainak nagy rszt egy msik anyag tlti ki
(pl. vz vagy szerves konzervl anyag), kisebb
mrtk. Ez a fellet sznhatsnak mlylst
eredmnyezi.
nedvessg

Saturazione del colore

It

Definizione: Intensificazione del colore di una

superficie causato da umidit o dalluso di materiali da costruzione o per la conservazione.
Commento: Un colore saturo non mischiato
con nero o bianco. Solo saturazione (chroma)
e luminosit (value) cambiano nel colore, non
la tonalit. Questo pu essere causato da umidit, materiali da conservazione, sali igroscopici, solfatazione di roccia, intonaci e strati pittorici (vicini alla superficie del tessuto/simili a
velature).
La rifrazione della luce sul substrato (pietra, intonaco), nel quale gran parte degli interstizi so-

no riempiti con un altro medium (acqua o materiali per conservazione organici), si abbassa.
Questo si traduce in unintensificazione delleffetto del colore sulla superficie.
umidit

Nasycenie koloru

PL

Definicja: Intensyfikacja koloru powierzchni

spowodowana przez zawilgocenie lub zastosowanie materiaw konstrukcyjnych lub konserwatorskich.
Komentarz: Nasycony kolor nie jest zmieszany z czerni ani biel. Zmienia si tylko nasycenie (barwno) i jasno (walor) koloru nie
odcie. Zmiany te mog by spowodowane
przez wilgo, obecno materiaw konserwatorskich, soli higroskopijnych lub zasiarczenie
kamienia, tynku czy warstw malarskich (lnicych lub przypominajcych powierzchni kamienia). Gdy wikszo szczelin podoa (kamienia, tynku) wypenia inny rodek (np. woda, organiczne materiay konserwatorskie) zaamanie wiata jest osabione. Skutkuje to pogbieniem koloru na powierzchni.
wilgotno

Saturarea culorii

Ro

Definiie: Intensificarea culoriil unei suprafee, cauzat de umiditate sau de utilizarea materialelor de construcie sau de conservare.
Adnotare: O culoare saturat nu este amestecat cu negru sau alb. Numai saturaia (cromatic) i luminozitatea (valoarea luminozitii) culorii se modific nu i nuana. Aceste
schimbri pot fi cauzate de umiditate, de prezena materialelor de conservare, de sruri higroscopice, sau prin sulfatarea pietrei, tencuielilor i straturilor de culoare. n acest caz, refracia luminii pe substrat (piatr, tencuial),
n care cele mai multe interstiii sunt umplute
cu un alt mediu (de exemplu, ap sau material
organic de conservare), este redus. Acest lucru duce la o intensificare a efectului de culoare pe suprafa.
umiditate

Saturacin del color

ES

Definicin: Intensificacin del color de una

superficie causada por la humedad o por el
uso de materiales de construccin o conservacin.

Comentario: Un color saturado no est mezclado con blanco o negro. Solo la saturacin y la luminosidad del color cambia, no el matiz o el tono. Estos cambios pueden producirse por humedad, presencia de materiales de conservacin,
sales higroscpicas o por sulfatacin de piedra,
revoques o estratos pictricos (los que son como
veladuras). En estos casos, la refraccin de la luz
en el sustrato (piedra, revoques, etc.), en los que
la mayora de los huecos intersticiales estn llenos de otro material (por ejemplo, agua o un material orgnico de conservacin), se reduce. Esto
produce un efecto de intensificacin del color.
humedad

Renk doygunluu

tR

Tanm: Restorasyon, yap malzemeleri kullanm veya nem sebebiyle yzeyin renginin younlamas.
Yorum: Doygun renk siyah veya beyaz ile kartrlmaz. Sadece rengin doygunluu (renk
doygunluu) ve canll (deer) deiir, tonu
deil. Bu deiiklikler nem, koruma malzemelerinin olmas, higroskopik tuzlar ile ta, sva veya boya katmanlarnn slfatlamas (srl ya da
yapnn yzeyine yakn olanlar) gibi sebeplerle
meydana gelebilir. Aralklarn ou baka bir
malzeme (su veya organik koruma malzemeleri) ile doldurulduu durumlarda alt katmanda
(ta, sva) n krlmas azalr ve bu durum, yzeyde renk etkisinin derinlemesine neden olur.
nem

BG

: , .
:
. ()
, (). , , , , (,
).
(, ),
-
( ), . -
.

219

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Bleaching caused by opacification of a restoration product, Chapel of Ben Va, Lorgues (France), 15th century; Photo: 2003, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Bleaching

EN

Dcoloration

FR

Bleichung

DE

Definition: A chromatic change manifested

as a whitening of the constituent materials; to
become white over time.

Dfinition: Changement chromatique se manifestant par un blanchiment dun matriau

qui devient blanc avec le temps.

Definition: Eine Farbvernderung, die sich im

Blasswerden bestehender Materialien uert.

Comment: It is generally caused by the direct

exposure of a material to weather or by a
chemical reaction.

Commentaires: Cause en gnral par une

exposition directe du matriau une altration mtorique ou une raction chimique.

Kommentar: In der Regel verursacht durch direkte Witterungseinflsse auf das Material
oder durch eine chemische Reaktion.
Synonyme: Bleichen, Ausbleichen, Entfrbung

fading, white veil

fadissement, voile blanc

Verblassen, Weischleier

Sources: Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Mora et. al. 1986, 208; Giannini et al. 2000, 163; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 67; Art Conservation Terms: Bleaching
(2.5.2015)

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Izbjeljivanje

HR

Blaknicie

PL

aarma

tR

Definicija: Kromatska promjena koja se oituje kao bijeljenje sastavnih materijala; koji s
vremenom postaju bijeli.

Definicja: Zmiana koloru ujawniajca si jako

pojanienie materiaw skadowych; bielenie
z upywem czasu.

Tanm: Bileen malzemelerin beyazlanmas

olarak ortaya kan; renk deiimi zamanla beyazlama.

Napomena: Izbjeljivanje je uglavnom prouzroeno kemijskom reakcijom ili izravnim izlaganjem materijala vremenskim uvjetima.

Komentarz: Zwykle jest spowodowane bezporednim dziaaniem na materia warunkw

naturalnych lub w wyniku reakcji chemicznej.

blijeenje, bijela koprena

powienie, biay woal

Yorum: Genellikle malzemenin kimyasal reaksiyon veya havaya direk maruz kalmas yoluyla
meydana gelir.
E anlam: beyazlanma

Fehreds

Hu

albire

solma, beyaz rt

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Sznelvltozs, mely az sszetev anyagok kifehredsben nyilvnul meg;

idvel bekvetkez kifehreds.

Definiie: O schimbare cromatic manifestat

ca o albire a materialelor constitutive; a deveni
alb n decursul timpului.

: ,
; .

Megjegyzs: ltalban az okozza, ha egy

anyag kzvetlenl ki van tve az idjrs vltozsainak; ltrejhet vegyi reakci ltal is.

Adnotare: Este n general cauzat de expunerea direct a unui material la intemperii sau de
o reacie chimic.

:
.

(ki)fakuls, fehr ftyol

decolorare, voal alb

Sbiancamento

It

Definizione: Cambiamento cromatico che si

manifesta come uno sbiancamento dei materiali costituenti nel corso del tempo.
Commento: generalmente causato dallesposizione diretta di un materiale alle intemperie o da una reazione chimica.
sbiadimento, velo bianco

Blanqueamiento

ES

Definicin: Cambio cromtico que se manifiesta como un aclarado de los materiales

constituyentes, un hacerse blanco con el paso
del tiempo.
Comentario: Generalmente es causado por la
exposicin directa de un material a la climatologa, o bien por una reaccin qumica.
decoloracin, velo blanquecino

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Weakening of colours in a wall painting, Moldovia Monastery (Romania), 1532; Photo: 2014, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Fading

EN

Definition: A chromatic alteration manifested

as the weakening of colour (pigment) saturation and which is generally the result of chemical reactions or exposure to direct sunlight.
Comment: Direct sunlight, even when weak,
can cause discolouration (fading) of architectural surfaces or wall paintings resulting in loss
of chroma and a gain in value.
white veil, bleaching

Fadissement

FR

Verblassen

DE

Dfinition: Altration chromatique se manifestant par une perte de saturation des couleurs (pigment), qui rsulte gnralement de
ractions chimiques ou dune exposition au
soleil direct.

Definition: Eine Farbvernderung, die sich in

Form einer Schwchung der Farb- oder Pigmentsttigung zeigt und in der Regel auf chemische Reaktionen oder direktes Sonnenlicht
zurckzufhren ist.

Commentaires: Lensoleillement direct,

mme faible, peut causer une dcoloration
(fadissement) des surfaces architecturales ou
des peintures murales rsultant dune perte
de saturation de la couleur et un gain de
clart.

Kommentar: Direktes Sonnenlicht, auch

wenn es nur schwach ist, kann zu einer Entfrbung (Verblassen) von Architekturoberflchen oder Wandmalereien durch Farbverlust
und zur Verstrkung des Helligkeitswertes
fhren.

voile blanc, dcoloration

Weischleier, Bleichung

Sources: Glossary on Stone 2008, 46; Mora et. al. 1986, 208; Glossary of Conservation 2005, 67; Cameo: Fading (2.5.2015); Art Conservation Terms: Fading
(15.3.2015)

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Blijeenje

HR

Definicija: Kromatska promjena koja se oituje kao slabljenje zasienosti boje (pigmenta)
i koja je openito rezultat kemijskih reakcija ili
izlaganja izravnoj sunevoj svjetlosti.
Napomena: Izravna suneva svjetlost ak i
kad je slaba, moe prouzroiti gubitak boje
(blijeenje) na arhitektonskim povrinama ili
zidnim slikama, to rezultira gubitkom zasienosti boje i dobitkom na vrijednosti.
bijela koprena, izbjeljivanje

Powienie

PL

Definicja: Zmiana kolorystyczna widoczna w

postaci osabienia nasycenia koloru (pigmentu), ktra jest wynikiem reakcji chemicznej lub
wystawiania na bezporednie dziaanie promieni sonecznych.
Komentarz: Bezporednie dziaanie wiata
sonecznego, nawet o sabym nateniu, moe powodowa odbarwienie (powienie) powierzchni architektonicznych lub malowide
ciennych, objawiajce si utrat barwy i
zwyk waloru.

Solma

tR

Tanm: Genellikle kimyasal tepkimeler veya

dorudan gnna maruz kalma sebebiyle
oluan (renk) pigment doygunluunun zayflamasyla ortaya kan renk deiimi.
Yorum: Direk gn, zayfken bile mimari
yzeyler veya duvar resimlerinde renk parlakl ve deer kayb ile sonulanan renk bozulmasna sebep olabilir.
beyaz rt, aarma

biay woal, blaknicie.

(Ki)fakuls

Hu

Decolorare

Ro

BG

Meghatrozs: Sznelvltozs, mely a sznek

(pigmentek) sznteltettsgnek cskkensben nyilvnul meg, s mely ltalban egy kmiai reakci vagy a kzvetlen napfny hatsnak eredmnye.

Definiie: O modificare cromatic manifestat

prin diminuarea saturaiei culorilor (pigmenilor) i care este, n general, rezultatul reaciilor chimice sau expunerii la lumina direct a
soarelui.

: , ( ),

.

Megjegyzs: A kzvetlen napfny, mg akkor

is, ha gyenge, okozhatja az ptszeti felletek
vagy falkpek sznelvltozst (fakulst), a teltettsg cskkense s a sznrtk nvekedse ltal.

Adnotare: Lumina direct a soarelui, chiar dac este slab, poate provoca plirea culorilor
(decolorarea) suprafeelor arhitecturale sau a
picturilor murale, soldat cu pierderea intensitii cromatice i ctig n luminozitate.

: ,
, () ,
- .

fehr ftyol, fehreds

voal alb, albire

Sbiadimento

It

Decoloracin

ES

Definizione: Alterazione cromatica che si manifesta come un indebolimento della saturazione dei colori (pigmenti) e che in genere il
risultato di reazioni chimiche o di una esposizione diretta ai raggi solari.

Definicin: Alteracin cromtica que se manifiesta como un debilitamiento de la saturacin de los colores y que, generalmente, es el
resultado de reacciones qumicas o de la exposicin a la luz directa del sol.

Commento: La luce del sole diretta, anche

quando debole, pu provocare uno scolorimento (sbiadimento) di superfici architettoniche o di dipinti murali con conseguente perdita di saturazione e aumento in luminosit.

Comentario: La exposicin directa a la luz solar, incluso cuando es dbil, puede causar decoloracin de las superficies arquitectnicas
o pinturas murales y provocar una prdida de
croma y un aumento del tono.

velo bianco, sbiancamento

velo blanco, blanqueamiento

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Change in colour of pigments from blue to green, external wall painting, Arbore Church (Romania), 1502; Photo: 2009, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Pigment alteration

EN

Definition: Change in colour or chemical

structure by means of a chemical or physical
reaction.
Comment: Pigment alteration can be the result of:
- changes in chemical composition caused
by environmental conditions such as humidity, heat produced by fire, or the influence of sunlight;
- reactions with the metabolic products of
microorganisms;
- the use of construction or conservation materials;
- influence of salt efflorescence;
- physically induced pigment change (e.g. by
heating yellow iron oxyhydroxides to red
iron oxides).
extrinsic cause of deterioration

altration des pigments

FR

Dfinition: Changement de la couleur par

raction physique ou chimique.
Commentaires: Peut rsulter de:
- changements de la composition chimique
causs par lenvironnement tel que lhumidit, la chaleur lie un incendie ou lensoleillement;
- raction avec les produits du mtabolisme
des micro organismes;
- lutilisation de certains matriaux de
construction ou de conservation;
- des efflorescences salines;
- des modifications du pigment induites physiquement (ex. chauffage des oxyhydroxydes de fer jaunes, transforms en
oxydes de fer rouges).
facteurs externes de dgradation

Pigmentvernderung

Definition: Vernderung der Farbe oder der

chemischen Struktur durch chemische oder
physikalische Reaktion.
Kommentar: Pigmentvernderung kann das
Ergebnis sein von:
- Vernderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung, bewirkt durch Umwelteinflsse, wie Feuchte, durch Feuer verursachte
Hitze oder Sonnenlicht;
- Reaktion auf Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen;
- Verwendung von Bau- oder Konservierungsmaterialien;
- Einfluss von Salzausblhungen;
- Physikalisch verursachte Pigmentvernderung (wie z. B. gelbes Eisenoxidhydroxid
durch Erhitzen in rotes Eisenoxid).
uere Schadensursache

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Murean 2014; Rauca 2014a; Giannini et al. 2000, 24; Istudor 2011, 320371; Boldura 2013, 3874; Mora et. al. 1986, 188

224

DE

CoNDItIoN
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Promjena pigmenta

HR

Definicija: Promjena boje ili kemijske strukture kemijskim ili fizikim reakcijama.
Napomena: Promjena pigmenta moe biti rezultat:
- promjenama u kemijskome sastavu prouzroenih uvjetima okolia poput vlanosti,
topline vatre ili utjecajem Suneve svjetlosti;
- reakcijama metabolikih produkta mikroorganizama;
- uporabom graevnih ili restauratorskih materijala;
- utjecajima cvjetanja soli;
- fiziki potaknutom promjenom pigmenta
(npr. grijanjem utoga eljezova oksihidroksida u crveni eljezov oksid).
vanjski uzroci pogoranja

Pigment elvltozs

Hu

Meghatrozs: A pigmentek sznnek vagy

vegyi sszettelnek, szerkezetnek vltozsa
kmiai vagy fizikai folyamatok ltal.
Megjegyzs: A pigmentek elvltozst okozhatja:
- vegyi sszettelk mdosulsa krnyezeti
hatsok, pldul nedvessg miatt, tz okozta h ltal vagy napfny hatsra;
- a mikroorganizmusok anyagcsere termkeivel val reakcik;
- ptkezsi vagy konzervlsi anyagok hasznlata;
- skivirgzsok hatsa;
- fizikailag gerjesztett pigment-vltozsok
(pl. a srga vas-oxi-hidroxidok vrs vasoxidokk val mdosulsa melegts ltal).
kls krosodsi tnyez

alterazione dei pigmenti

It

Definizione: Cambiamento nel colore mediante leffetto di una reazione chimica o fisica.
Commento: Lalterazione dei pigmento pu
essere il risultato di:
- cambiamenti nella composizione chimica
causati da condizioni ambientali come umidit, calore prodotto dal fuoco, o dallinflusso della luce del sole;
- reazioni con i prodotti metabolici di microorganismi;
- luso di materiali da costruzione o da conservazione;
- influenza dellefflorescenza salina;
- cambiamenti nel pigmento indotti per

mezzo fisico (ad es. riscaldando idrossidi di

ferro gialli in ossidi di ferro rossi).
causa estrinseca di deterioramento

Zmiany pigmentu

PL

Definicja: Zmiana koloru lub budowy chemicznej w wyniku reakcji chemicznej lub
zmiany fizycznej.
Komentarz: Zmiana pigmentu moe by spowodowana przez:
- zmiany w budowie chemicznej spowodowane przez warunki rodowiska, jak wilgotno, ciepo ognia, wpyw promieni sonecznych;
- reakcje z produktami przemiany materii
drobnoustrojw;
- uycie materiaw do konstrukcji i konserwacji;
- wpyw wykwitw soli;
- fizycznie prowokowane zmiany pigmentu
(jak np. podgrzanie tych wodorotlenkw
elaza by przeszy w czerwone tlenki).
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze

alterarea pigmentului

Ro

Definiie: Modificarea culorii sau a structurii chimice ca urmare a unei reacii chimice sau fizice.
Adnotare: Alterarea pigmentului poate fi rezultatul:
- unor modificri ale compoziiei chimice
cauzate de condiiile de mediu, precum
umiditatea, cldura produs de foc, sau influena luminii solare;
- unor reacii cu produsele metabolice ale
microorganismelor;
- utilizrii materialelor de construcie sau de
conservare;
- unor influene ale eflorescenelor saline;
- unor modificri cromatice induse fizic (de
ex. prin expunere la temperaturi ridicate
oxihidroxidul galben de fier se transform
n oxid rou de fier).
cauze extrinseci de degradare

alteracin del pigmento

ES

Definicin: Cambio de color o de estructura

qumica, producido por una reaccin qumica
o fsica.
Comentario: La alteracin de pigmentos puede porducirse por:

- cambios en la composicin qumica causados por condiciones medioambientales como la humedad, el calor producido por el
fuego o la influencia de la luz solar;
- reacciones con productos metablicos de
microorganismos;
- uso de materiales de construccin o conservacin;
- influencia de eflorescencias salinas;
- cambios de pigmentos inducidos fsicamente (por ejemplo, el cambio del amarillo
oxihidrxido de hierro al rojo xido de hierro por calentamiento).
causas extrnsecas de deterioro

Pigment deiimi

tR

Tanm: Kimyasal veya fiziksel tepkime yoluyla

renk hcresi deiimi.
Yorum: Renk deiimi unlarn sonucu olabilir:
- nem, ate sebebiyle oluan s veya gne etkisi gibi evresel koullar sebebiyle meydana gelen kimyasal yapdaki deiimler;
- mikroorganizmalarn metabolik rnlerle
tepkimesi;
- yap veya koruma malzemeleri kullanm;
- tuz ieklenmesinin etkisi;
- fiziksel tepkime sonucu renk hcresi deiimi (rnein sar demir oksihidroksitin stlmayla krmz demir oksite dnmesi).
E anlam: renk hcresi deiimi
dsal bozulma sebepleri

BG

: .
: :
- ,
,
;
- ;
- ;
- ;
-
(.
).

225

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Salt crystals on the surface of a wall painting, no. 8 Universitii Street, Cluj-Napoca (Romania), 2002; Photo: 2015, UAD (Adrian Rauca)

Salt eorescence

EN

Definition: An accumulation of a white powder or crystals, made up of soluble salts, on an

architectural surface or mural painting. The
migration of soluble salts and water evaporation lead to salt crystallisation on the surface.
When hard and compact it is referred to as a
salt crust.
Comment: The presence of efflorescence on
architectural surfaces or wall paintings often
indicates that water has found a point of entry
into the masonry this will introduce salts into
the masonry or else cause their migration.
Capillary action may also draw in soluble salts
from the ground. Salt efflorescence may point
to salt accumulation beneath the surface of
the masonry (called subflorescence) which is
potentially damaging.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, soluble salts,

humidity, infiltration, rising damp, cement, wet-dry cycles

Eorescence saline

FR

Dfinition: Accumulation de poudre blanche,

faite de cristaux de sels solubles sur une surface architecturale ou une peinture murale. La
migration des sels solubles et lvaporation de

leau conduisent leur cristallisation sur la surface. Cette accumulation est appele incrustation saline quand elle devient compacte et
dure.
Commentaires: Leur prsence sur des surfaces architecturales ou des peintures murales
indique souvent que leau a trouv un point
dentre dans la maonnerie et introduit les
sels ou permet leur migration. Les remontes
capillaires transportent les sels depuis le sol
dans les maonneries. Elles peuvent se former
sous la surface de la maonnerie (subefflorescence).
facteurs externes de dgradation, sels solubles,
humidit, infiltration, remonte capillaire,
ciment, cycle dhumectation-schage

Salzausblhung

DE

Definition: Hufung von weiem Pulver oder

Kristallen aus lslichen Salzen auf einer Oberflche. Die Migration von lslichen Salzen
und Wasserverdunstung fhrt zu Salzkristallisation auf der Oberflche. Wenn sie hart und
kompakt ist, handelt es sich um eine Salzkruste.
Kommentar: Sie weist oft darauf hin, dass
Wasser ins Mauerwerk eingedrungen ist, das

Salze ins Mauerwerk transportieren oder deren Migration verursachen kann. Lsliche Salze knnen auch durch Kapillarwirkung aus
dem Baugrund transportiert werden. Ausblhungen knnen auf Salze zwischen Oberflche und Mauerwerk (Subfloreszenz) hindeuten, die potentiell schdigend sind.
uere Schadensursache, lsliche Salze,

Feuchte, Infiltration, Zement, Nass-Tro-

cken-Wechsel, Mauerwerk, Weischleier

Cvjetanje soli

HR

Definicija: Nakupljanje bijeloga praha ili kristala topljivih soli na arhitektonskoj povrini ili
zidnoj slici. Migracija topljivih soli i isparavanje
vode vodi do njihove kristalizacije na povrini.
Kad je tvrda i vrsta naziva se slanom korom.
Sinonim: inkrustacija
Napomena: Prisutnost cvjetanja soli na arhitektonskim povrinama ili zidnim slikama esto upuuje na to da je voda nala toku ulaska u zidu uvodei soli u zid ili prouzroujui njihovu migraciju. S pomou kapilara topljive soli mogu se povui iz tla. Cvjetanje soli
moe upuivati na akumuliranje soli ispod
povrine zida (podcvjetanje) koje je moe biti
tetno.

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 3350; Giannini et al. 2000, 66; Brandi 1996, 211; Boldura 2013, 7689; Borelli 2006; Grimmer 1984, 11/2; Glossary on Stone 2008,
48/9; Mora et. al. 1986, 185/6

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vanjski uzroci pogoranja, topljive soli, vla-

nost, infiltracija, uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga,

cement, mokro-suhi ciklusi

malowidle ciennym. Migracja soli rozpuszczalnych i odparowywanie wody wiedzie do

krystalizacji soli na powierzchni. Twarde i zbite
okrela si jako solny nalot.

Skivirgzs

Komentarz: Obecno wykwitw na powierzchni architektonicznej malowida ciennego czsto wskazuje miejsce przedostawania si wody do muru spowoduje to wprowadzenie soli i dalsz ich migracj. Proces
podcigania kapilarnego moe te wprowadza sole z gruntu. Wysolenia mog akumulowa si pod powierzchni, co moe prowadzi do zniszczenia. Naloty s nieregularne,
gruboci mierzonej w milimetrach, zwykle zakcaj czytelno szczegw powierzchni
detali architektonicznych.

Hu

Meghatrozs: Vzoldhat skbl ll fehr

por vagy kristlyok felgylemlse az ptszeti
felleten vagy falkpen. A vzoldhat sk kivndorlsa s a vz elprolgsa a sk kikristlyosodshoz vezet a felleten. Az sszefgg, kemny rteget alkot skivirgzsokat
skregnek nevezzk.
Megjegyzs: A skivirgzs jelenlte az ptszeti felleteken vagy falkpeken gyakran arra
utal, hogy a vz be tud hatolni a falba, s, ezltal,
skat visz be, vagy pedig azok mozgst segti
el. A kapillris hats szintn szllthat oldhat
skat a talajbl. A skivirgzsok rmutathatnak
a falazat felszne alatti, szerkezeti sfelhalmozdsokra, melyek krosodsokat okozhatnak.
kls krost tnyez, vzoldhat sk, nedvessg, beszivrgs, felszvd nedvessg,
cement, nedves-szraz ciklusok

eorescenza di sali

It

Definizione: Unaccumulazione di una polvere bianca o di cristalli bianchi sulla superficie

di unarchitettura o di una pittura murale, composta da sali solubili. La migrazione di sali solubili e levaporazione di acqua causa la cristallizzazione dei sali sulla superficie. Se diventata
solida si qualifica di come crosta di sali.
Commento: La presenza di efflorescenze sulla
superficie architettonica o delle pitture murali
spesso indica che acqua potuta infiltrare nella muratura cosi anche i sali possono entrare
nella muratura o in caso contrario pu avvenire la migrazione dei sali. Meccanismi capillari possono anche attrarre sali solubili dal
suolo. Unefflorescenza di sali pu anche indicare una concentrazione di sali sotto la superficie architettonica (una forma di efflorescenza
subcutanea, sotto uno strato p. es. di intonaco) un fattore di danno potenziale.

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, sole roz-

puszczalne, wilgotno, infiltracja, podciganie wody, cement, cykle zamakania-wysychania

Eflorescen salin

Ro

Definiie: O acumulare de pulbere alb sau

de cristale, format din sruri solubile, pe o suprafa arhitectural sau pictur mural. Migrarea srurilor solubile i evaporarea apei
conduc la cristalizarea srurilor pe suprafa.
n cazul n care este tare i compact, este
menionat ca o crust de sare.
Adnotare: Prezena eflorescenei pe suprafeele arhitecturale sau pe picturile murale indic
de multe ori faptul c apa a gsit un punct de
intrare n zidrie acest lucru va introduce sruri n zidrie sau va provoca migrarea acestora. Aciunea capilar poate, de asemenea, s
atrag sruri solubile din sol. Eflorescena salin poate indica acumularea de sruri sub suprafaa zidriei (numit subflorescen), acestea fiind un potenial factor de degradare.
cauze extrinseci de degradare, sruri solubile,

umiditate, infiltrare, umiditate de capilaritate, ciment, cicluri umed-uscat

da que introduce sales en los muros y origina

su migracin. La accin capilar tambin puede
originar sales derivadas del terreno. Las eflorescencias salinas pueden indicar la presencia de
sales acumuladas cerca de la superficie (criptoeflorescencias) potencialmente dainas.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, sales solubles,

humedad, infiltracin, humedad ascen-

dente por capilaridad, cemento

tuz ieklenmesi

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzey veya duvar resimleri

zerinde znr tuzlardan oluan beyaz toz
veya kristal birikimi. znr tuzlarn yer deitirmesi ve su buharlamas yzeyde tuz
kristallemesine yol aar. Sert ve sk olduunda tuz kabuu olarak adlandrlr.
Yorum: Mimari yzeyler veya duvar resimleri
zerinde tuzlanma olmas suyun kargir duvara
bir giri yolu bulduunu gsterir, bu da tuzun
duvara giriine veya bunlarn yer deitirmesine yol aar. Klcal hareket, zeminden znr
tuzlar iine ekebilir. Tuzlanma potansiyel olarak zarar verici olan, yzey altnda da (yzey
alt tuzlanmas) tuz birikimine iaret edebilir.
dsal bozulma sebepleri, znr tuzlar,
ieri szdrma, szma, ykselen nem imento,
slanma kuruma dngs

BG

:
, ,
. .
.

PL

Definicin: Acumulacin superficial de polvo

blanco o cristales formados por sales solubles.
La migracin de estas sales y la evaporacin
de agua permite su cristalizacin en superficie. Cuando es dura y compacta, se denomina
costra salina.

:

,
.

.

(),
.
:

Definicja: Nagromadzenie biaego proszku

lub krysztaw zoonych z soli rozpuszczalnych na powierzchni architektonicznej lub

Comentario: Su presencia en superficies arquitectnicas o pinturas murales suele indicar

que el agua ha encontrado un punto de entra-

, , , ,
,

causa estrinseca di deterioramento, umidit,

sali solubili, infiltrazione, umidit di risalita,
cemento, ciclo di umido-secco

Wysolenia

Eflorescencia salina

ES

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Loss of material caused by wind erosion, Dominikanerkirche, Colmar (France), 12891346; Photo: 2015, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

Wind erosion

EN

Definition: The slow surface attrition or wear

of architectural surfaces or mural paintings,
which is usually caused by the natural action
of wind-blown particles (e.g. dust, sand).
Comment: Wind erosion can lead to rounded
and smoothed out shapes. It is also one of the
forms of abrasion that may occur on the exterior.
extrinsic cause of deterioration, abrasion

Erosion olienne

FR

Dfinition: Usure lente de la surface ou de

lpiderme des surfaces architecturales et de
peintures murales, gnralement cause par
laction naturelle de particules transportes
par le vent (ex. poussires, sable).
Commentaires: Lrosion olienne peut
conduire des adoucissements des formes.
Cest aussi une des formes dabrasion qui apparait en extrieur.
facteurs externes de dgradation, abrasion

Winderosion

DE

Definition: Die langsame Abnutzung oder

der Abrieb von Architekturoberflchen oder
Wandmalereien, die blicherweise durch den
natrlichen Einfluss von windgetragenen Partikeln (wie z.B. Staub, Sand) verursacht werden.
Kommentar: Winderosion kann zu abgerundeten Formen (Zurundung) fhren. Es ist auch
eine Form von Abrieb, die Auenflchen betrifft.
uere Schadensursache, Abrieb

Sources: Boldura 2013, 97100; Glossary on Stone 2008, 30/1; Rauca 2014b, 134136; Mora et. al. 1986, 207/8; Grimmer 1984, 12; Cameo: Erosion (2.5.2015)

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Erozija vjetrom

HR

Definicija: Sporo povrinsko trljanje ili troenje arhitektonskih povrina ili zidnih slika, obino prouzroeno prirodnim djelovanjem vjetrom noenih estica (npr. praine i pijeska).
Napomena: Erozija vjetrom moe dovesti do
zaglaenih oblika. Erozija vjetrom jedna je od
vrsta abrazije koja se moe pojaviti na vanjtini.
vanjski uzroci pogoranja, abrazija

Szlerzi

Erozja wiatrowa

PL

Definicja: Powolne cieranie si lub zuycie

powierzchni architektonicznych lub malowide ciennych, zwykle powodowane przez naturalne dziaanie nawiewanych czsteczek
(np. kurz, piasek).
Komentarz: Erozja wiatrowa moe prowadzi
do zagodzenia / zaokrglenia ksztatw. Jest
te jedn z przyczyn otar wystpujcych na
powierzchniach zewntrznych.

tR

Tanm: Rzgrla tanan paracklarn (toz,

kum gibi) doal etkisi sebebiyle mimari yzeyler veya duvar resimlerinde yzeyin yavaa
ypranmas veya eskimesi.
Yorum: Rzgr erozyonu przszlemi ekillere yol aabilir. Ayrca d yzeyde oluabilen anma formunun bir trdr.
dsal bozulma sebepleri, anma

zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze, otarcia

Hu

Meghatrozs: Az ptszeti felletek vagy

falkpek felletnek lass kopsa vagy lepusztulsa, melyet ltalban a szl ltal szlltott
rszecskk (pldul por, homok) termszetes
hatsa eredmnyez.

Coraziune

Ro

Definiie: Uzura lent a suprafaelor arhitecturale sau a picturilor murale, cauzat de aciunea natural a vntului ncrcat cu diverse
suspensii (de ex. praf, nisip).

Megjegyzs: A szlerzi kvetkeztben a

formk, idomok kisimulhatnak, elkophatnak.
Ez a kopsnak egy olyan formja, mely a kls
felleteket rinti.

Adnotare: Coraziunea poate duce la netezirea

i rotunjirea suprafeelor. Este de asemenea
una dintre formele de abraziune care se produce la exterior.
Sinonim: eroziunea vntului

kls krost tnyez, kops

cauze extrinseci de degradare, abraziune

Erosione di vento

Rzgar erozyonu

It

Definizione: Labrasione di una superficie che

accade frequentemente quando superfici architettoniche o pitture murali sono esposte
allesterno. Di solito causata da unattivit naturale del vento che trasporta particelle come
ad esempio di polvere o sabbia.
Commento: Lerosione di vento pu levigare
le forme e ammorbidire i loro contorni.
Questa anche una delle forme di abrasione
che accade allesterno.
abrasione, causa estrinseca di deterioramento

Erosin elica

BG

: , (. , ).
: .
.
,

ES

Definicin: Abrasin lenta de superficies arquitectnicas o pinturas murales, causada generalmente por la accin natural de las partculas arrastradas por el viento (por ejemplo,
polvo o arena).
Comentario: La accin del viento puede suavizar las formas existentes.
Es una de las formas de abrasin que puede
ocurrir en el exterior.
causas extrnsecas de deterioro, abrasin

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Historical
investigation

Site
investigation

non-invasive
investigation

Contactless
investigation
Photodocumentation

Structural
examination

Phenomenological
approach

Building
archaeology

Sampling

Scientific
investigation

Cross
section
Thin
section

Mineralogical
examination
Spot
test

Mapping
Stratigraphic
investigation

Drill core
sampling
Sample
preparation

Object
investigation

Architectural
paint research

Raking
light

Non invasive
investigation

Metric
survey

Building and
site survey

Scientific
images

Material
analysis and
investigation

Pigment
analysis
Analysis of
binding media
Biological
examination
Treatment
trials

Tree diagram showing the relationships between the phenomenological approach and other terms that can be used for the documentation
and the investigation of surfaces and their surroundings; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Jean-Marc Vallet

Phenomenological approach

EN

Definition: A method through which one

gathers relevant knowledge and observations
in order to identify and study phenomena related to conservation issues.
Comment: The first step of a phenomenological
approach is to list, organise and order empirical
information, as well as previous knowledge, before starting the actual investigation of the object
concerned. Such studies also aim to describe empirically the different phenomena that affect wall
paintings; they are, in essence, scientific investigations that facillitate the study of the observed phenomena in depth. They define the current state of
conservation of a wall painting, and, where possible, its past and potential future condition. They
conclude with a diagnosis of the problem/s.
historical investigation, building and site sur-

vey, photodocumentation, non-invasive investigations, sampling

Etude phnomnologique

FR

Dfinition: Mthodologie consistant rassembler des connaissances et des observations pertinentes dans le but didentifier et
dtudier les phnomnes relis aux problmatiques de conservation dun objet.
Commentaires: La premire tape est de lister,
organiser et hirarchiser les informations empiriques, de mme que les connaissances pra-

lables, avant dentamer lexamen approfondi de

lobjet. Elle a pour objectif de dcrire de manire empirique les diffrents phnomnes affectant une peinture murale. Il sagit essentiellement dexamens scientifiques qui aident
tudier en profondeur les phnomnes observs. Ils dfinissent ltat prsent et potentiellement pass et venir de luvre. Ils aboutissent
au diagnostic. Terme peu employ en France.
tude historique, tude diagnostic des btiments

et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), analyses non invasive,

documentation photographique, chantillonnage

Phnomenologische Untersuchung DE
Definition: Methode, mit der relevantes Wissen
und Beobachtungen gesammelt werden, um
Phnomene im Zusammenhang mit Erhaltungsfragen zu identifizieren und zu untersuchen.
Kommentar: Der erste Schritt vor der tatschlichen Untersuchung des Objektes, bei dem
empirisch gewonnene Informationen und
bekanntes Wissen gesammelt und geordnet
wird. Man beschreibt empirisch verschiedene
Phnomene, die eine Wandmalerei beeintrchtigen: Es sind vor allem naturwissenschaftliche
Untersuchungen, die helfen, ein beobachtetes
Phnomen eingehend zu untersuchen: Sie stellen den aktuellen Zustand einer Malerei fest
und wenn mglich auch seinen vergangenen und den eventuellen zuknftigen. Sie enden mit einer Diagnose der Probleme.
Synonym: Stoffsammlung

Sources: GRADOC 2000; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Lester 1999; Meyor et al. 2005; Peintures murales 2002

230

Quellenrecherche, Bauaufnahme, Fotodo-

kumentation, Nicht-invasive Untersuchungen,

Probenahme

Fenomenoloki pristup

HR

Definicija: Postupak kojim se prikupljaju bitne spoznaje i zapaanja da bi se identificirale

i prouavale pojave vezane uz pitanja zatite
zidnih slika.
Napomena: Prvi korak u fenomenolokome
pristupu je popisati, organizirati i poredati empirijske informacije, kao i prethodno znanje,
prije poetka samoga istraivanja na odreenome objektu. Cilj je takvih studija i empirijsko opisivanje razliitih fenomena koji kode
zidnim slikama; u biti su one znanstvena istraivanja koja omoguavaju prouavanje dubine promatranoga fenomena. Njima se odreuje postojee stanje konzerviranja zidne slike te, ako je to mogue, njezino prolo i budue stanje. Rezultat takvih studija jest dijagnoza
problema.
povijesno istraivanje, pregled graevine i

mjesta, fotodokumentacija, nenasilna istraivanja, uzorkovanje

Jelensg kutats

HU

Meghatrozs: Olyan eljrs, amely sorn, lnyeges informcik s megfigyelsek alapjn,

llagmegvsi, restaurlsi krdsekhez kap-

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csold jelensgeket azonostanak s tanulmnyoznak.

Megjegyzs: A jelensg kutats (fenomenolgiai megkzelts) els lpseknt szmba veszik, rendszerezik s rangsoroljk az empirikus
informcikat, valamint a korbbi tudsanyagot, mieltt az adott objektum aktulis vizsglataihoz hozzkezdennek. A vizsglatokat
megelzen folytatott tanulmnyok clja,
hogy empirikusan rjk le a falkpekre hat klnfle jelensgeket. Lnyegben olyan tudomnyos vizsglatokrl van sz, melyek elsegtik a megfigyelt jelensgek mlyrehatbb tanulmnyozst. Ezek rtelmezik a falkp jelenlegi megtartsi llapott, esetleges mltbeli s
lehetsges jvbeli llapott. Az eljrs a megoldsra vr feladat(ok) diagnzisval zrul.
trtneti kutats, plet s helysznfelmrs,
fotdokumentci, nem invazv vizsglatok

approccio fenomenologico

it

Definizione: Un metodo con il quale si possono

raccogliere conoscenze e osservazioni rilevanti
per identificare e studiare i fenomeni collegati ai
problemi di conservazione delle pitture murali.
Commento: Innanzitutto lapproccio fenomenologico deve elencare, organizzare e ordinare
le informazioni empiriche e le conoscenze note prima di iniziare le indagini effettive per
lopera in questione. Lo scopo di questi studi
la descrizione empirica di vari fenomeni riguardanti le pitture murali. Si tratta essenzialmente
di indagini scientifiche che aiutano a comprendere meglio i fenomeni osservati. Possono definire lo stato di conservazione attuale e, se
possibile, anche le condizioni conservative del
passato e del futuro. Gli studi si concludono
con una diagnosi dei problemi rilevati.

Studia podejmowane w celu dokadnego opisania rnych zjawisk zachodzcych w obrbie malowide ciennych: s to gownie badania naukowe wspomagajce dogbn analiz
obserwowanych zjawisk. Okrelaj one obecny stan zachowania malowida, a jeli to moliwe jego wczeniejszy stan i ewentualn przyszo. Studium zakoczone jest diagnoz
problemu / -w.
badania historyczne, ogldziny budynku i

otoczenia, dokumentacja fotograficzna, badania, pobieranie prbek

abordare fenomenologic

Definiie: O metod prin care sunt colectate

cunotine i observaii relevante, n vederea
identificrii i studierii fenomenelor legate de
problemele de conservare.
Adnotare: nainte de a ncepe analiza efectiv
a obiectului n cauz, primul pas ntr-o abordare fenomenologic este inventarierea, organizarea i ordonarea informaiilor empirice,
precum i a cunotinelor anterioare.
Astfel de studii vizeaz, de asemenea, descrierea empiric a diferitelor fenomene ce afecteaz picturile murale; n esen, acestea sunt investigaii tiinifice ce ajut la studierea aprofundat a fenomenelelor observate. Acestea
definesc starea actual de conservare a unei
picturi, i dac este posibil trecutul acesteia, i
potenialele stri viitoare. Abordarea fenomenologic se finalizeaz cu diagnosticarea problemei/problemelor.
investigaie istoric, monitorizarea sitului i a

monumentului, documentaie fotografic, investigaie non-invaziv, prelevarea de probe

studio storico, sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito,

vasive, campionamento

Definicin: Mtodo mediante el cual se recoge informacin y observaciones relevantes

con el fin de identificar y estudiar los fenmenos relacionados con la conservacin de las
pinturas murales.

Podejcie fenomenologiczne

Es

PL

Definicja: Metoda, dziki ktrej mona zgromadzi istotn wiedz i obserwacje w celu
rozpoznania zjawisk zwizanych z konserwacj malowide ciennych.
Komentarz: Pierwszy krok podejcia fenomenologicznego stanowi zebranie i uszeregowanie wiadomoci empirycznych, jak rwnie
stanu dotychczasowej wiedzy przed podjciem waciwych bada obiektu.

investigacin histrica, inspeccin del edificio

y de su entorno, documentacin fotogrfica,

investigacin no invasiva, toma de muestra

Fenomenolojik yaklam

tR

Tanm: Duvar resimlerinin korunmas ile ilgili

fenomenleri belirlemek ve incelemek iin bilgi
ve gzlemler toplayan yntemdir.

Ro

Enfoque fenomenolgico

documentazione fotografica, indagini non in-

conservacin de una pintura y, si es posible,

su pasado y sus potenciales condiciones futuras. Estos estudios concluyen con un diagnstico de sus problemticas.

Comentario: El primer paso de un enfoque fenomenolgico consiste en enumerar, organizar y ordenar la informacin emprica, as como los conocimientos previos, antes de iniciar
la investigacin real del objeto en cuestin.
Estos estudios tienen como objetivo describir
empricamente los diferentes fenmenos que
afectan a las pinturas murales. Son esencialmente investigaciones cientficas que ayudan
a estudiar detalladamente los fenmenos observados. Permiten definir el estado actual de

Yorum: Fenomenolojik yaklamn ilk basama ilgili nesnenin gerek incelenmesine balamadan nce, gzlemsel bilginin yan sra daha
nceki bilgiyi de listelemek, organize etmek
ve sralamaktr. Bu tr almalarn amac ayn
zamanda duvar resimlerini etkileyen eitli fenomenleri deneysel olarak aklamaktr. Bunlar esasnda gzlemlenen fenomenin detayl
incelenmesine yardmc olan bilimsel aratrmalardr. Duvar resimlerinin mevcut, gemi
ve olas gelecek korunma durumlarn belirler.
Sorunlarn tehisi ile sonulanr.
E anlam: olgusal yaklam
tarihsel aratrma, yap ve alan incelemesi,

fotoraf ile belgeleme, mdahalesiz aratrma, rnekleme

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Documentation of Villa Kerylos, Beaulieu-sur-Mer (France), 1908; Photo: 2012, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Historical investigation

EN

Definition: The collection and study of documents related to the material history of an artwork and its context.
Comment: It can combine, and synthesise information from writings, drawings, films, photographic documentation, graphics and mapping. Documents can be in any format and
can be found on any material support (paper,
digital, films, oral information, etc.).
building and site survey, photodocumenta-

tion, phenomenological approach

tude historique

FR

Quellenrecherche

Dfinition: Collecte et analyse de documents

relatifs lhistoire matrielle dune uvre et
de son contexte environnemental au sens
large.

Definition: Das Sammeln und Auswerten von

Dokumenten, die in Zusammenhang mit der
materiellen Geschichte eines Kunstwerkes
und seines Kontextes stehen.

Commentaires: Elle peut regrouper et synthtiser des informations provenant dcrits,

dessins, films, documentation photographique, relevs graphiques ou cartographiques. Ces documents peuvent tre trouvs
sur tout type de support (informatique, papier, films, informations orales etc.).

Kommentar: Sie kann Informationen aus

Schriftstcken, Zeichnungen, Filmen, Fotodokumentationen, Grafiken und Kartierungen
kombinieren und zusammenfhren. Die Dokumente knnen in jeglichem Format und auf
jeglichem Datentrger vorkommen (Papier,
digitale Medien, Filme, mndliche berlieferung etc.).

tude phnomnologique, tude diagnostic

des btiments et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), documentation photographique

Bauaufnahme, Fotodokumentation, Ph-

nomenologische Untersuchung

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Nimmo 2000; Peintures murales 2002; Petit, Valot 1980; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006

232

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Povijesno istraivanje

HR

Badania historyczne

PL

tarihsel aratrma

tR

Definicija: Prikupljanje i prouavanje dokumenata povezanih s materijalnom povijesti

umjetnikoga djela i njegova konteksta.

Definicja: Zgromadzenie i przebadanie dokumentw zwizanych z histori materialn

dziea sztuki i jego kontekstem.

Tanm: Sanat eseri ve onu oluturan malzemelerin toplanmas ve ilgili belgelerin tarihi
adan incelenmesi.

Napomena: Mogu se kombinirati i sintetizirati

informacije iz spisa, crtea, filmova, fotografske dokumentacije, grafika te mapiranja. Dokumenti mogu biti u bilo kojemu obliku i mogu se nai na bilo kojoj materijalnoj podlozi
(papir, digitalni format, filmovi, usmena informacija itd.)

Komentarz: Mog czy i obejmowa informacje pisane, rysunki, filmy, dokumentacj fotograficzn, grafiki i obrysy. Dokumenty mog
by w dowolnym formacie i na wszelkich nonikach (papierowe, cyfrowe, filmy, przekazy
ustne itp.)

Yorum: Bu alma, yazlardan, izimlerden,

filmlerden, fotorafsal belgelerden, grafikler
ve haritalamadan edinilen bilgilerle bir araya
getirilebilir. Belgeler herhangi bir formatta ve
herhangi bir malzeme (kt, dijital, film, szl
bilgi vb.) zerinde bulunabilir.

ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, dokumentacja

bina ve alan incelemesi, fotoraf ile belgele-

investigaie istoric

pregled graevine i mjesta, fotodokumenta-

cija, fenomenoloki pristup

trtneti kutats

HU

fotograficzna, podejcie fenomenologiczne

Ro

Meghatrozs: Egy malkots anyagisghoz s krnyezethez kapcsold trtneti

adatok gyjtse s tanulmnyozsa.

Definiie: Colectarea i studierea documentelor legate de istoria material a unei opere

de art i a contextului su.

Megjegyzs: sszekthet s sszegezhet rsokbl, rajzokbl, filmekbl, fotdokumentcibl, grafikkbl s krtrkpekbl szrmaz informcikat. A dokumentumoknak lehet
brmilyen formtuma s lehetnek akrmilyen
hordozn (papr, digitlis, film, szbeli informci stb.).

Adnotare: Se pot combina i sintetiza informaii provenind din scrieri, desene, filme, documentaie fotografic, grafic i cartografiere. Documentele pot fi de orice format i pe
orice suport material (hrtie, suport electronic, filme, informaie oral, etc.).

plet s helysznfelmrs, fotdokument-

ci, jelensg kutats

studio storico

it

monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, do-

cumentaie fotografic, abordare fenomenologic

investigacin histrica

Es

Definizione: La collezione e lo studio dei documenti collegati alla storia materiale di

unopera darte e del suo ambiente.

Definicin: Bsqueda y estudio de documentos relacionados con la historia de una obra

de arte y de su contexto sociocultural.

Commento: Pu connettere, analizzare e interpretare informazioni di documenti scritti,

disegni, film, documentazioni fotografiche,
grafiche e mappature. I documenti possono
avere qualsiasi formato e possono trovarsi su
qualunque supporto materiale (carta, digitali,
film e video, testimonianze orali ecc.).

Comentario: Utilizacin en el estudio de informacin a travs de fuentes escritas, grabados, dibujos preparatorios, pelculas, documentacin fotogrfica, grficos y mapeos, etc.
Los documentos pueden ser de cualquier formato y se pueden encontrar en cualquier tipo
de soporte (papel, digital, pelcula, audio, etc.).

sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, documenta-

inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, docu-

zione fotografica, indagini non invasive, approccio fenomenologico

me, fenomenolojik yaklam

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Areas of moisture infiltration are evident as darkened areas, Chapel of Notre-Dame-dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 15th century; Photo: 2014, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Building and site survey

EN

Definition: An assessment of the state of conservation of a building or site and a study of

its environment, based on observations and
simple measurements.

Etude diagnostic des btiments et

sites (tat sanitaire du bti)

FR

Dfinition: Evaluation de ltat de conservation dun btiment ou dun site et de son environnement partir dobservations et de mesures simples.

Bauaufnahme

Definition: Eine Auswertung des Zustandes

eines Gebudes oder einer Sttte und eine
Untersuchung ihrer Umgebung, die auf Beobachtungen und einfachen Messungen basiert.

Comment: This does not entail a complete investigation of all aspects of the construction,
but, rather, observations of visible and potential defects which could cause, directly or indirectly, an alteration or degradation of the
wall painting(s) in question. Such surveys
therefore help to define the conservation conditions of the wall painting. A building survey
is only the first step in a building study; it is
not a substitute for an architectural investigation.

Commentaires: Il ne sagit pas dune tude

exhaustive du bti mais seulement du constat
de ses dfauts potentiels et visibles qui peuvent tre une cause directe ou indirecte dune
altration voire dune dgradation de la peinture murale. Cet examen aide dfinir les
conditions de conservation de la peinture murale. Lexamen du btiment est une premire
tape dans ltude de la construction. Il ne
remplace pas une tude architecturale.

Kommentar: Sie umfasst keine komplette Untersuchung aller Aspekte eines Baus, sondern
beschrnkt sich auf Beobachtungen von sichtbaren und potenziellen Schden, die, direkt
oder indirekt, eine Vernderung oder Zerfall
der Wandmalerei mit sich bringen knnten.
Deshalb helfen solche Untersuchungen, den
Zustand der Wandmalerei zu bestimmen. Die
Bauaufnahme ist nur der erste Schritt einer
Bauuntersuchung und kein Ersatz fr die Bestandsuntersuchung des gesamten Baus.

environmental assessment, site investigation,

valuation des conditions environnementales,

Umweltprfung, Kontextuntersuchung,

amination

examen structurel

untersuchung

phenomenological approach, structural ex-

tude de site, tude phnomnologique,

Phnomenologische Untersuchung, Gefge-

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Nimmo 2000; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006

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Pregled graevine i mjesta

HR

Definicija: Procjena stanja zatite graevine

ili mjesta i prouavanje okolia na temelju promatranja i jednostavnih mjerenja.

valutazione ambientale, ricerche sui sito, ap-

proccio fenomenologico, analisi della struttura architettonica

ogldziny budynku i otoczenia

Napomena: Pregled ne podrazumijeva cjelovito ispitivanje svih aspekata konstrukcije
nego promatranje vidljivih i potencijalnih
nedostataka koji bi izravno ili neizravno mogli dovesti u pitanje promjenu ili propadanje zidne slike. Zbog toga takvi pregledi pomau definirati stanje zidne slike. Pregled
graevine samo je prvi korak u njezinu prouavanju te nije zamjena za arhitektonsko
istraivanje.
procjena okolia, istraivanje mjesta, feno-

menoloki pristup, ispitivanje strukture

plet- s helysznfelmrs

HU

Meghatrozs: Az plet vagy a helyszn

megtartsi llapotnak felbecslse s krnyezetnek tanulmnyozsa, megfigyelsek
s egyszer mrsek alapjn.
Megjegyzs: Nem felttelezi az plet minden szempontbl trtn, tfog vizsglatt,
inkbb a lthat s lehetsges hibk megfigyelst, melyek kzvetlenl vagy kzvetve
valamilyen elvltozst vagy krosodst okozhatnak a krdses falkp(ek)ben. Az ilyen felmrsek teht a falkp megtartsi llapotnak
meghatrozsban segtenek. Az pletfelmrs csupn els lpse az plettanulmnynak; nem helyettestheti az ptszeti kutatst.
krnyezet felmrs, helyszn vizsglat, je-

lensg kutats, szerkezeti vizsglat

sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito

it

Definizione: Una valutazione dello stato di

conservazione di un edificio o un sito e uno
studio del suo ambiente, basato su metodi
semplici di osservazione e misurazione.
Commento: Non implica una ricerca completa di tutti gli aspetti della costruzione, ma piuttosto losservazione di danni visibili e potenziali che, direttamente o indirettamente, potrebbero causare lalterazione o il degrado delle pitture murali in questione. Perci questi
sondaggi aiutano a definire la condizione della pittura murale. Il sondaggio sulledificio
solo il primo passo per lo studio di un edificio
/ una costruzione; non pu sostituire unindagine approfondita delledificio.

PL

Definicja: Oszacowanie stanu zachowania

budynku lub otoczenia i zbadanie warunkw
jego rodowiska w oparciu o obserwacje i proste pomiary.
Komentarz: Nie obejmuje kompletnych bada wszelkich aspektw struktury, ale jedynie
obserwacj widocznych i potencjalnych wad,
ktre mog porednio lub bezporednio spowodowa zmiany czy degradacj interesujcych nas malowide ciennych. Takie ogldziny
pomagaj wic okreli stan zachowania malowide ciennych. Inspekcja budynku stanowi
jedynie pierwszy krok bada budowli; nie zastpuje waciwych bada architektonicznych.
ocena warunkw rodowiska, badania oto-

czenia, podejcie fenomenologiczne, badania

konstrukcyjne

monitorizarea sitului i a
monumentului

Ro

Definiie: Analiz bazat pe observaii i msurtori simple a strii de conservare a unei

cldiri sau a unui sit, incluznd i o evaluare a
mediului nconjurtor.
Adnotare: Nu este necesar ca analiza s cuprind o evaluare exhaustiv a tuturor elementelor de construcie; este bazat mai degrab
pe observarea defectelor vizibile i poteniale
ce ar putea cauza n mod direct sau indirect alterarea sau degradarea picturii/picturilor murale. Un astfel de studiu ajut la caracterizarea
strii de conservare a unei picturi murale. Monitorizarea monumentului este un prim pas n
evaluarea strii unei cldiri i nu poate substitui o analiz arhitectural a cldirii.
evaluarea condiiilor de mediu, investigaia

sitului, abordare fenomenologic, analiz

structural

inspeccin de edificios y de su entorno Es

Definicin: Evaluacin del estado de conservacin de un edificio o de su entorno y su ambiente, basado en observaciones y mediciones sencillas.

cin, sino la observacin de defectos visibles y

potenciales que podran causar, directa o indirectamente, una alteracin o degradacin de la
pintura mural en cuestin. Por tanto, estas inspecciones ayudan a definir la condicin de la
pintura mural. La inspeccin de un edificio es el
primer paso para el estudio del mismo y no sustituye a una investigacin arquitectnica.
estudio medioambiental, investigacin del

entorno, enfoque fenomenolgico, examen y

evaluacin estructural

Bina ve alan incelemesi

tR

Tanm: Bir bina ya da alann koruma durumunun deerlendirilmesi ve temel gzlemler/tetkikler ve basit lmlerle evresinin allmas.
Yorum: Bu; yapnn tm ynleriyle tam aratrlmasn gerektirmez, sadece dorudan ya da
dolayl olarak duvar resminin bozulmas ve
anmasna sebep olabilecek potansiyel ve grnr kusurlarn aratrlmasdr. Bu aratrmalar bylece duvar resminin durumunun belirlenmesine yardmc olur. Yap aratrmas, almann sadece ilk admdr. Mimari aratrmann yerine gemez.
evresel deerlendirme, alan incelemesi, fe-

nomolojik yaklam, strktrel inceleme

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,

,
,

Comentario: No implica una investigacin

completa de todos los aspectos de la construc-

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Collapse of overlying floor due to a structural fault, Pantagruel Building, Cavaillon (France), 15th century; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

structural examination

EN

Definition: An assessment of the structural stability of the object under study and the surrounding building.
Comment: The aim of such a study is to know
and understand the static and dynamic behaviour of the structure; this includes a study
of structural deformations, stability and possible incidence of subsidence. The study results in the acquisition of information relevant
to the mechanical behaviour of the wall painting and the building, including architectural
typology, structural modifications, cracks and
cracking patterns loads (entity, location and
distribution), and the location and determination of mechanical stresses. The influence of
humidity is also taken into account.
building and site survey, object investigation,
site investigation

Examen structurel

236

mgliche Setzung untersucht. Die Untersuchung fhrt zur Erfassung von relevanten Informationen, die sich auf das mechanische
Verhalten der Wandmalerei und des Gebudes beziehen, u.a. den Gebudetyp, die baulichen Vernderungen, die Erfassung von Rissen, Rissverbindungen und Traglasten (Eigengewicht, Lage, Lastverteilung) sowie auf die
Lage und Bestimmung von mechanischen Belastungen. Auch der Einfluss von Feuchte wird
bercksichtigt.
Synonyme: bautechnische Prfung, statische
Untersuchung

tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sa-

Kontextuntersuchung

nitaire du bti), constat dtat, tude de site

FR

Bauaufnahme, Bestandsuntersuchung,

ispitivanje strukture
gefgeuntersuchung

HR

DE

Definition: Untersuchung der Stabilitt eines

Objekts und des umgebenden Baus.

Dfinition: Constat dtat structurel de lobjet

tudi et du btiment qui labrite.
Sources: NF EN 16096: 2012; Sajeva 2014

Commentaires: Il a pour objectif de comprendre et de connatre le comportement statique

et dynamique dune structure par ltude des
dformations, de la stabilit et du risque daffaissement. Il permet dacqurir des donnes
sur le comportement mcanique de la peinture murale et du btiment, tel quune typologie des lments darchitecture, les modifications de la structure, la dtection des fissures
et leur connexions, ltude des charges (entit,
localisation et rpartition), la localisation et la
caractrisation des contraintes mcaniques.
Linfluence de lhumidit est aussi prise en
compte.

Kommentar: Mit ihr versucht man, das statische und dynamische Verhalten des Objektgefges zu erkennen und zu verstehen, indem
man dessen Verformungen, Stabilitt und

Definicija: Procjena strukturne stabilnosti objekta koji se prouava i okolne graevine.

Napomena: Cilj je takvoga prouavanja poznavanje i razumijevanje statikoga i dinamikoga ponaanja strukture; to ukljuuje prouavanje strukturnih deformacija stabilnosti i
mogue uestalosti slijeganja.

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Rezultati prouavanja dobiveni iz elemenata i

parametara koji se odnose na mehaniko ponaanje zidne slike i graevine, ukljuujui tipologiju arhitekture, strukturne promjene, pukotine
i njihovu povezanost, optereenja (jezgra, mjesto i rasprostiranje) te utvrivanje mjesta i rasprostiranja mehanikih naprezanja. Utjecaj vlage takoer se uzima u obzir.
pregled graevine i mjesta, istraivanje ob-

jekta, istraivanje mjesta

szerkezeti vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy falkp s a krltte lev

pletrsz stabilitsnak vizsglata.
Megjegyzs: Egy ilyen vizsglat clja felfedni
s megrteni a szerkezet statikus s dinamikus
viselkedst; hozztartozik a deformcik vizsglata, valamint a szerkezet stabilitsnak s
lehetsges elvltozsaink tanulmnyozsa. A
vizsglat a falkp s az plet mechanikai viselkedshez ktd elemek s paramterek
begyjtst eredmnyezi, belertve az ptszeti tipolgit, a szerkezeti mdosulsokat, a
repedseket s ezek sszefggst, a terhelseket (fajta, hely, eloszls), s a mechanikai
ignybevtelek elhelyezst s meghatrozst. Figyelembe veszi a nedvessg hatst is.
plet s helysznfelmrs, objektum vizsg-

lat, helyszn vizsglat

analisi della struttura architettonica it

Definizione: Uno studio delle condizioni
strutturali delledificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche
Commento: Questo studio vuole conoscere e
comprendere il comportamento statico e dinamico delledificio; questo include uno studio
delle deformazioni esistenti, oltre alle indagini
sulla sua stabilit e sul suo possibile cedimento. Il risultato dello studio lacquisizione di
elementi e parametri che si riferiscono al comportamento meccanico della pittura murale e
delledificio, includendo la tipologia architettonica, le modificazioni strutturali, la rivelazione di fessure e dei collegamenti delle fessure,
i carichi (entit, localizzazione e distribuzione)
e la localizzazione e la determinazione di sollecitazioni meccaniche. Anche linfluenza
dellumidit presa in considerazione.
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, indagine approfondita dell edificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche, indagini sul sito, ricerche sul sito

Badania konstrukcyjne

PL

Definicja: Studia stabilnoci badanego obiektu i budynku w ktrym si znajduje.

Komentarz: Celem bada jest poznanie, a take
zrozumienie statycznego i dynamicznego zachowania budynku, obejmuj analiz odksztace, jak rwnie badania stabilnoci i potencjalnego osiadania budynku. W ich wyniku zebrane
s dane i parametry dotyczce mechanicznego
zachowania malowida i budynku, take typologia architektury, zmiany konstrukcyjne, ujawnienie pkni i ich powiza, obcienia (charakter, pooenie i rozmieszczenie) oraz lokalizacja i ustalenie wartoci napre mechanicznych. Naley te uwzgldni wpyw wilgoci.
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, badania

obiektu, badania otoczenia

analiz structural

Ro

Definiie: Studiul stabilitii unei picturi murale i a cldirii n care aceasta se regsete.
Adnotare: Scopul acestui studiu este de a determina comportamentul static i dinamic al
structurii; include studiul deformrilor, investigaia stabilitii dar i a mecanismelor prin care structura poate ceda. Studiul are ca rezultat
achiziia de elemente i parametri cu privire la
comportamentul mecanic al picturii i al cldirii, inclusiv date despre tipologia arhitectural,
modificri ale structurii de rezisten, detectarea fisurilor i a conexiunilor dintre acestea, sarcinile mecanice (tip de sarcin, localizare i distribuie), localizarea i determinarea tipului i
impactului sarcinilor tensiunilor mecanice. Studiul ia n considerare i influena umiditii.
monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, in-

vestigaia obiectului, investigaia sitului

Examen y evaluacin estructural

Es

Definicin: Estudio de la estabilidad estructural del edificio soporte de la pintura mural.

Comentario: El objetivo de este estudio es conocer y comprender el comportamiento esttico y dinmico de la estructura, lo que incluye el
estudio de las deformaciones, as como de su
estabilidad y posible hundimiento. Los resultados del estudio consisten en la adquisicin de
datos y parmetros relativos al comportamiento mecnico del edificio y, consecuentemente,
de la superficie pictrica, incluyendo el estudio
de la tipologa arquitectnica, las transforma-

ciones estructurales, la existencia de fisuras y su

relacin (cuadro fisurativo), las cargas (entidad,
ubicacin y distribucin) y la situacin y determinacin de las tensiones mecnicas. Tambin
se tiene en cuenta la influencia de la humedad.
inspeccin de edificios y de su entorno, estudios

previos del objeto, investigacin del entorno

strktrel inceleme

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin ve iinde bulunduu

yapnn salamlnn aratrlmas.
Yorum: Byle bir almann amac yapnn dinamik ve statik davrann anlamak ve bilmektir. Strktrel yapnn dayankll ve ayn
zamanda bunlarn bozulmalar ile muhtemel
kn aratrlmasn da ierir. alma; mimari tipoloji, strktrel tadilatlar, atlaklarn
bulunmas ve atlak balantlar, yk (oluum,
konum ve dalm) ve mekanik gerilimin yeri
ve belirlenmesi gibi binann ve duvar resminin mekanik davran ile ilgili parametreler
ve elemanlarn kazanmndan ileri gelir. Nemin etkisi de dikkate alnr.
bina ve alan incelemesi, nesne incelemesi,
alan incelemesi

Bg

:
, .
:
;
, . , , .. ,
,
, (, ),

. .
,

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Fluorescence under UV-light, Chapel of Notre-Dame-dEntrevignes, Sigale (France); Photos: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

object investigation

EN

Definition: A study in which information regarding the original form, materials and state
of conservation of an object is obtained.
Comment: Before any treatment is carried
out, the object should be placed in its historical, archaeological or artistic context. Accordingly, information regarding previous modifications should be collected. The study usually
includes a description of the wall painting or
other decorative elements, observations, and
historical and/or scientific research.
scientific investigation, building and site sur-

vey, phenomenological approach

constat dtat

Dfinition: tude visant approfondir la

connaissance de lobjet tudi dans sa forme
originale, en caractrisant ses matriaux et
son tat de conservation.
Commentaires: Avant toute intervention,
lobjet est situ dans son contexte archologique, historique et esthtique et toutes les
informations relatives son aspect initial et
son tat de conservation sont collectes. Il intgre en gnral une description de la peinture, des observations, des recherches historiques, des recherches scientifiques.
tude scientifique, tude diagnostic des bti-

ments et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), tude phnomnologique

Sources: Caple 2000, 74; Mora et al. 1977; Reille-Taillefert 2010

238

FR

Befunduntersuchung

DE

Definition: Eine Untersuchung, die zu weiteren Erkenntnissen des Objektes und seiner
Oberflche fhrt.
Kommentar: Bevor eine Manahme ausgefhrt wird, sollte das Objekt in seinen historischen, bauarchologischen und knstlerischen Kontext gebracht werden, damit alle Informationen ber seinen Original- und Erhaltungszustand erfasst sind. In der Regel beinhaltet dies eine Beschreibung der Wandmalerei oder anderer dekorativer Elemente, Beobachtungen und historische oder naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen.
Synonyme: Befundsicherung, Bestandsuntersuchung, Voruntersuchung
Bauaufnahme, phnomenologische Untersuchung

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istraivanje objekta

HR

Badania obiektu

PL

cisim aratrmas

tR

Definicija: Studija kojom se stjeu informacije

o izvornom obliku, materijalima i stanju zatite
objekta.

Definicja: Badania w wyniku ktrych pogbiona jest wiedza o obiekcie, o jego oryginalnej formie, budowie i stanie zachowania.

Tanm: Orijinal form, malzemeler ve koruma

durumu zerinde daha fazla bilgi elde etmek
iin yaplan ileri dzey aratrma.

Napomena: Prije bilo kakvoga postupka objekt treba smjestiti u njegov povijesni, arheoloki ili umjetniki kontekst te prikupiti sve informacije koje se odnose na prethodne promjene.
Studija obino sadrava opis zidne slike ili drugih dekorativnih elemenata, opaanja te povijesno i/ili znanstveno istraivanje.

Komentarz: Przed podjciem jakichkolwiek

prac obiekt naley umiejscowi w kontekcie
historycznym, archeologicznym i artystycznym, zebra wszelkie informacje o wczeniejszych zmianach. Zwykle badania zawieraj
opis malowida ciennego czy innych elementw dekoracji, obserwacje, wyniki bada historycznych i / lub naukowych.

Yorum: Herhangi bir ilem yaplmadan nce,

nesnenin tarihsel, arkeolojik ya da sanatsal
balamna yerletirilmesi ve daha nceki iyiletirmeler ait bilgi toplanmas. Bu genellikle
duvar resminin veya dier ssleme unsurlarnn tanmlanmasn, gzlemleri ve tarihi ve/
veya bilimsel aratrmalar ierir.
E anlaml: madde aratrmas, nesne aratrmas

znanstveno istraivanje, pregled graevine i

mjesta, fenomenoloki pristup

objektum vizsglat

badania laboratoryjne, ogldziny budynku i

otoczenia, podejcie fenomenologiczne

HU

investigaia obiectului

bilimsel aratrma, bina ve alan incelemesi,

fenomenolojik yaklam

Ro

Bg

Meghatrozs: Egy kutats, mely ltal jabb

informcikat gyjtenek egy malkots eredeti megjelensrl, anyagairl s megtartsi
llapotrl. Trgyfelmrsnek is nevezik.

Definiie: Un studiu prin care se obin informaii suplimentare cu privire la forma original, materialele constitutive i starea de conservare a unui obiect.

: , .

Megjegyzs: Mieltt brmilyen beavatkozst

hajtannak vgre, az objektumot el kell helyezni trtneti, rgszeti s mvszeti kontextusban, s ssze kell gyjteni brmely elz mdostsra vonatkoz informcit. ltalban a falkp vagy egyb dsztelemek lerst tartalmazza, megfigyelseket, valamint
trtneti s/vagy tudomnyos kutatst.

Adnotare: naintea oricrui tratament, obiectul trebuie plasat n contextul su istoric, arheologic sau artistic, colectndu-se orice informaie referitoare la modificrile suferite de
acesta. Studiul conine de regul o descriere
a picturii murale sau a elementelor decorative,
observaii, un studiu istoric i/sau o analiz tiinific a obiectului.

(termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat, plet- s

investigaie tiinific, monitorizarea sitului i

: ,
, , , . , ,
.

indagine approfondita delledificio

e delle sue superfici architettoniche

Estudios previos del objeto

helysznfelmrs, jelensg kutats

a monumentului, abordare fenomenologic

it

Definizione: Uno studio con il quale si ottengono conoscenze pi approfondite sullaspetto ed i materiali originali e sullo stato di conservazione di un dipinto murale o di un elemento decorativo.
Commento: Prima di eseguire qualsiasi trattamento, lopera deve essere collocata nel suo
contesto storico, archeologico e artistico per
raccogliere tutte le informazioni relative alla
sua forma originale gli interventi storici successivi e il suo stato di conservazione. Di solito
questa ricerca contiene una descrizione del dipinto murale o degli elementi decorativi, e approfondite osservazioni e ricerche storiche e
scientifiche.

Es

Definicin: Estudio que permite obtener mayor informacin sobre la forma primigenia, los
materiales y el estado de conservacin del objeto.
Comentario: Antes de ser sometido a un tratamiento, el objeto debe ser ubicado en su
contexto histrico-artstico, y se debe recopilar toda la informacin existente relacionada
con las intervenciones previas del mismo. Normalmente, este estudio incluye la descripcin
de la pintura mural o elementos ornamentales
de la obra que se quiere intervenir y su estudio
histrico y/o cientfico.
plan de investigacin, inspeccin del edificio

y de su entorno, enfoque fenomenolgico

esame scientifico, sondaggi sulledificio e sul

sito, approccio fenomenologico

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General view of the context (vegetation and ground topography), Chapel of Saint Sbastien, Roure (France), 15th century; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

site investigation

EN

Definition: Examination of the area surrounding an object to gather data regarding its geographic and environmental context.
Comment: The wall that supports a particular
wall painting, the building where it is located
and the surrounding environment are all investigated. Such investigations can also include urban aspects (including buildings,
streets, traffic and pollution, orientation of the
building), hydrological and hydrogeological
aspects (water flow pathways, impervious
ground surfaces), and the characteristics of
the surrounding terrain.
historical investigation, structural examina-

tion, environmental assessment

Etude de site

FR

Kontextuntersuchung

DE

Dfinition: Collecte de donnes aprs examen de la zone concerne pour recueillir des
informations sur le contexte et lenvironnement au sens large.

Definition: Nach einer Untersuchung des Gelndes sammelt man mit dieser Datenerfassung Informationen ber den Kontext und die
geografische Umgebung.

Commentaires: Le mur qui soutient la peinture murale, le btiment o elle se trouve et

lenvironnement sont tudis et documents.
Ces investigations peuvent galement inclure
des aspects urbains (btiments environnants,
rues, circulation et pollution, orientation du
btiment), des aspects hydrologiques et
hydrogologiques (voies dcoulement, impermabilisation de la surface du sol) et des
tudes gotechniques du sol.

Kommentar: Untersucht wird sowohl die

Wand, die die jeweilige Wandmalerei trgt, als
auch der Bau, an dem sie angebracht ist und
deren Umgebung. Solche Untersuchungen
knnen auch stdtebauliche Aspekte mit einschlieen (umgebende Bauten, Straen, Verkehr und Luftverschmutzung, Ausrichtung
des Baus) sowie hydrologische und hydrogeologische Aspekte (Wasserflu, versiegelte Bden) und die Besonderheiten des umgebenden Gelndes.
Synonyme: Baugrunderkundung, Gelndeprfung, Standortuntersuchung, Standorterkundung

tude historique, examen structurel, valuation des conditions environnementales

Quellenrecherche, Gefgeuntersuchung,
Umweltprfung

Sources: GRADOC 2000; Heritage 2002a; Lester 1999; Meyor et al. 2005; Stefanaggi 1997; Sajeva 2014

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istraivanje mjesta

HR

Badania otoczenia

PL

Definicija: Istraivanje podruja koje okruuje

objekt u svrhu prikupljanja podataka u kontekstu zemljopisa i okolia.

Definicja: Badania otoczenia obiektu, zgromadzenie danych geograficznych z uwzgldnieniem warunkw rodowiska.

Napomena: Istrauje se zid koji nosi odreenu zidnu sliku te graevinu i okolinu u kojoj
se ona nalazi. Takva istraivanja mogu ukljuivati i urbanistiko gledite (ukljuujui okolne
graevine, ulice, promet, oneienje i usmjerenje graevine), hidroloke i hidrogeoloke
aspekte (vodene tokove, nepropusna povrina tla) i svojstva okolnoga tla.

Komentarz: Przedmiotem bada jest konkretna ciana, budynek w ktrym si znajduje, a

take jego otoczenie. Takie badania mog rwnie obejmowa aspekty urbanistyczne (wczajc ssiadujce budynki, ukad ulic, natenie ruchu i zanieczyszczenia, orientacj), warunki hydrologiczne i hydrogeologiczne (cieki
wodne, nieprzepuszczalna powierzchnia gleby) oraz charakterystyk otaczajcego terenu.

povijesno istraivanje, ispitivanje strukture,

procjena okolia

Helyszn vizsglat

HU

Megjegyzs: Vizsgljk a falat, mely az adott

falkpet hordozza, az pletet helysznt s
krnyezett. Az ilyen vizsglatok tartalmazhatnak urbanisztikai vonatkozsokat is (belertve a krnyez pleteket, utckat, forgalmat s lgszennyezdst, az plet tjolst),
s a krnyez terep jellemzit.
trtneti kutats, szerkezeti vizsglat, kr-

nyezet felmrs

Tanm: Corafi ve evre ierii hakknda bilgi

toplamak iin alann incelenmesi
Yorum: Duvar resminin zerinde bulunduu
duvar ve binann bulunduu yer ve evresi
aratrlr. Bu aratrmalar, evredeki yaplama,
yollar, trafik ve kirlilik, yapnn konumu, su yollar, geirimsiz toprak yzeyi gibi hidrolojik ve
hidrojeolojik durumlar ile evredeki topran
zellikleri gibi ehircilik konularn ierebilir.
tarihsel aratrma, strktrel inceleme, ev-

resel deerlendirme

badania historyczne, badania konstrukcyjne,

investigaia sitului

Ro

Bg

Definiie: Colectarea datelor n urma unei

examinri a zonei n cauz pentru a aduna informaii referitoare la context i mprejurimi.

: , ,
, .

Adnotare: Sunt investigate suportul mural pe

care este realizat pictura, cldirea n care se
afl dar i mediul nconjurtor. Analiza poate
cuprinde i aspecte legate de mediul urban
(cldirile i strzile din vecintate, traficul i
poluarea din zon, orientarea cldirii), aspecte
hidrologice i hidrogeologice (bilanul hidrologic, gradul de impermeabilitate al solului),
precum i caracteristici ale solului din zon.
Investigaie istoric, analiz structural,
evaluarea condiiilor de mediu

it

investigacin del entorno

Es

Definizione: Una collezione di dati ottenuti

con un esame della zona interessata per raccogliere informazioni sul contesto e sui dintorni di un dipinto murale.

Definicin: Obtencin de datos tras un examen de la zona en cuestin para recabar informacin sobre el contexto geogrfico y medioambiental.

Commento: Si eseguono indagini sul supporto del dipinto murale, cio sulla muratura e
sullintero ledificio in cui si trova e sullambiente circostante. Tali indagini possono includere
anche gli aspetti urbanistici (compresi gli edifici circostanti, le strade, il traffico e linquinamento, lorientamento delledificio), gli aspetti
idrologici e idrogeologici (i percorsi di flusso,
le superfici impermeabili del terreno), e le propriet del terreno circostante.

Comentario: Se investiga tanto el muro que

soporta una pintura mural como el edificio en
el que se localiza y su ambiente. Este tipo de
investigaciones incluyen tambin aspectos urbanos (como los edificios y calles de los alrededores, el trfico, la polucin, la orientacin
del edificio), aspectos hidrolgicos e hidrogeolgicos (niveles freticos, superficie de
suelo impermeable) y las caractersticas del
suelo circundante.

studio storico, analisi della struttura architet-

investigacin histrica, examen y evaluacin

tonica, valutazione ambientale

tR

ocena warunkw rodowiska

Meghatrozs: Az rintett terlet tvizsglsa utn vgzett adatgyjts, annak rdekben, hogy a kzvetlen krnyezetrl s a krltte lev terletrl szerezzenek informcit.

Ricerche sul sito

alan incelemesi

: , ,
, ,
.

( , , , ,
),
(
, ) .
,

estructural, estudio medioambiental

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Relief mapping (detail), expressed both by contour lines and colour, Charterhouse chapel, painting by Matteo Giovannetti, Villeneuve-ls-Avignon (France), 1355; Photo: 2009,
MAP-CNRS-MCC (Livio de Luca)

metric survey

EN

Definition: Any measurement that is performed

on wall paintings, a building or its surroundings
which is then presented as a collection of spatial
information within a bi- (plans, cross-sections,
elevations, etc.) or tri- (point cloud, polygonal
mesh, etc.) dimensional representation.
Comment: Metric surveys are an essential
source of base mapping for architects, archaeologists, conservators, and others. They are
done by using active (triangulation based
scanners, time of flight and phase shift scanners, etc.) and/or passive (traditional photogrammetry and image matching, etc.) technologies. The data must be reproducible, precise and accurate.
Synonym: measured drawings

Commentaires: Source cartographique de

base pour les architectes, les archologues, les
conservateurs etc. Ils sont faits en utilisant des
technologies actives (scanners par triangulation, par temps de vol et par dcalage de
phase etc.) ou passive (photogrammtrie traditionnelle, photogrammtrie multivue, etc.).
Les donnes doivent tre reproductibles et de
qualit en termes dexactitude et de prcision.
timents et sites (tat sanitaire du bti), tude de
site, constat dtat, relev cartographique

vermessung

Relev mtrique

Definition: Messungen, die an Wandmalereien, einem Bau oder seiner Umgebung vorgenommen werden und als Sammlung von
rumlichen Informationen innerhalb einer
zwei- (Ansichten, Querschnitte, Aufrisse etc.)
oder drei- (Punktewolke, Polygonnetz etc.) dimensionalen Darstellung prsentiert werden.

FR

Dfinition: Toute mesure effectue sur des

peintures murales, un btiment ou ses environs
Source: Bryan et al. 2009

Kommentar: Vermessungen sind eine wesentliche Quelle und Kartengrundlage fr Architekten, Archologen, Restauratoren u.a. Erstellt werden sie mit aktiven (Triangulationsprinzip-Scanner, Laufzeitverfahren, Scanner
mit Laser-Phasenverschiebung u.a.) und/oder
passiven Techniken (traditionelle Photogrammetrie, photogrammetrische Mehrbildzuordnung u.a.). Die Daten mssen reproduzierbar,
przise und genau sein.
Synonyme: Aufma, Bauaufma
Gefgeuntersuchung, Bauaufnahme, Kontext-

untersuchung, Befunduntersuchung, Kartierung

examen structurel, tude diagnostic des b-

structural examination, building and site sur-

vey, site investigation, object investigation,

mapping

242

et projete comme un ensemble de donnes

spatiales dans un systme bi- (plans, coupes,
lvations, etc.) ou tri- (nuage de points, maillage polygonal, etc.) dimensionnel.

DE

mjerenje

HR

Definicija: Bilo koje mjerenje koje se provodi na

zidnim slikama, graevini ili njezinoj okolini koje
se zatim predstavlja kao zbir prostornih informacija unutar dvodimenzijskoga (nacrti, presjeci, okomite projekcije itd.) ili trodimenzijskoga
(point cloud, polygonal mree, itd.) prikaza.
Napomena: Mjerenja su bitan izvor temeljnoga mapiranja za arhitekte, arheologe, konzervatore i ostale. Ona se provode aktivnim (skeneri na bazi triangulacije i razliiti 3D laserski

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skeneri) i/ili pasivnim (tradicionalna fotogrametrija), spajanja slika itd. tehnologijama. Rezultat
mora biti izvodljiv, toan i precizan.
ispitivanje strukture, pregled graevine i mje-

sta, istraivanje mjesta, istraivanje objekta,

mapiranje

Felmrs

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely mrs, melyet a falkpen, az pleten vagy a krnyezetben vgeznek, melyet aztn trbeli informcik gyjtemnyeknt mutatnak be, kt (alaprajzok,
metszetek, homlokzatrajzok, stb.) vagy hrom
(pontfelh, poligonlis hl, stb.) dimenzis
brzolsban.
Megjegyzs: A felmrsek fontos forrsknt
s krtrkpek alapjaknt szolglnak ptszek, rgszek, restaurtorok s msok szmra. Aktv (triangulcis szkennerek, replsi
id- s fziseltolsos szkennerek, stb.) s/vagy
passzv (hagyomnyos fotogrammetria, kptrsts, stb.) technolgik hasznlatval kszlnek. Az adatoknak megismtelheteknek,
hiteleseknek s pontosaknak kell lennik.
szerkezeti vizsglat, plet- s helysznfelm-

rs, helyszn vizsglat, objektum vizsglat,

krtrkp

Rilevamento metrico

obmiar

PL

Definicja: Kady pomiar przeprowadzony na

malowidach ciennych, budynku czy jego otoczeniu przedoony jako zbir przestrzennych informacji w postaci pomiarw dwuwymiarowych
(plany, przekroje, elewacje itp.) lub trjwymiarowych (chmura punktw, siatki wieloktne itp.)
Komentarz: Pomiary stanowi zasadnicze
rdo podstawowego mapowania dla architektw, archeologw, konserwatorw i innych. Sporzdzane s przy uyciu technologii
czynnych: (skanerw triangulacyjnych, skanowania pulsacyjnego (TOF) i skanerw fazowych, itp.) i / lub technologii biernych: (tradycyjnej fotogrametrii i dopasowania obrazu
itp.). Odczyty musz by powtarzalne, precyzyjne i dokadne.
Synonim: pomiary
badania konstrukcyjne, ogldziny budynku i

otoczenia, badania otoczenia, badania budynku, mapowanie

investigaie metric

Ro

Definiie: Orice msurtoare efectuat asupra

picturilor murale, cldirilor sau a mprejurimilor acesteia al crei rezultat este redat printr-o
reprezentare bi- (planuri, seciuni transversale
etc.) sau tridimensional (reprezentri de tip
point cloud, polygonal mesh, etc.).

Comentario: Es una fuente esencial para el mapeo de base para arquitectos, arquelogos,
conservadores, etc. Se realiza usando tecnologas activas (escneres de triangulacin, escneres de tiempo de vuelo y de cambio de fase,
etc. ) y/o pasivas (fotogrametra tradicional,
combinacin de imgenes, etc.). Los datos deben ser reproducibles, precisos y exactos.
examen y evaluacin estructural, inspeccin

del edificio y de su entorno, estudios previos del

objeto, mapeo

lekli inceleme

tR

Tanm: Duvar resmi, bina ve evresi zerine yaplan ve alanlara ait iki boyutlu( plan,kesit, cephe
vb.) veya boyutlu (nokta bulutu, okgen a
vb.) sunulan gsterimleri kapsayan bir lm.
Yorum: lekli aratrmalar, mimarlar, arkeologlar ve korumaclar ve dierleri iin temel haritalamann hayati kaynan oluturur. Bu aratrmalar, aktif (genleme temelli tarayc, lazer
metre faz kaymal tarayc vb.) ya da pasif teknoloji (geleneksel fotogrametri, ve resim eletirme vb.) kullanlarak yaplr. Veri tekrarlanabilir
olmal, kesinlik ve doruluk asndan gerekli kaliteyi salamaldr.
E anlam: rleve
strltrel inceleme, bina ve alan incelemesi,
alan incelemesi, nesne inceleme, haritalama

it

Definizione: Ogni forma di misurazione metrica eseguita su pitture murali e il loro contesto
architettonico e ambientale che si presenta come collezione di informazioni spaziali con rilievi
bi- o tridimensionali ( piante, sezioni, rilievi ecc.)
Commento: Rilevamenti metrici sono essenziali come base per la mappatura dei reperti
eseguita da architetti, archeologi e restauratori.
Si effettuano con tecnologie attive (scanner basati sulla tirangolazione, distanziometri laser
ecc.) e/o passive (fotogrammetrie tradizionali,
assemblaggio di immagini ecc.). I dati cos rilevati devono essere ripetibili, precisi e accurati.
analisi della struttura architettonica, sondag-

gi sulledificio e sul sito, ricerche sul sito, indagine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici
architettoniche, mappatura

Adnotare: Investigaiile metrice sunt o surs

esenial de cartografiere pentru arhiteci, arheologi, conservatori, etc. i apeleaz la tehnici active de colectare a informaiei (scanere
bazate pe triangulare, scanere de tip time of
flight, etc.) i/sau la tehnici pasive (fotogrametrie, compararea imaginilor, etc.). Datele trebuie s fie repetabile, precise i corecte.
Sinonim: msurtori
analiz structural, monitorizarea sitului i a

monumentului, investigaia sitului, investigaia obiectului, cartografiere

Examen mtrico

Es

Definicin: Expresin de resultado de una

medicin realizada en pinturas murales, en
edificios o en sus alrededores, que es presentada como una recopilacin de informacin
espacial dentro de una representacin bidimensional (plantas, secciones transversales,
alzados, etc.) o tridimensional (nube de puntos, mallas poligonales, etc.).

Bg

:
,
,
(, ,
.) ( , .) .
: , , . (
3D ) /
( .) . .
, -

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Chronological sequence of different construction phases resulting from an exercise in building archaeology, Cloister of St. Michael, Hildesheim (Germany), 11-13th century;
Mapping: 2000, HAWK

Building archaeology

EN

Definition: The investigation, documentation

and interpretation of historic buildings and
their fittings.
Comment: This methodological approach
aims to study a buildings history including different historical building phases, with their fittings, and to define its state of conservation
through a set of documents, which include:
- plans, elevations, and cross sections with
precise measurements of the building and
any possible distortions;
- a detailed set of drawings which show the
materials, construction methods, exposed
surfaces and stratigraphic sections of the
building.
This methodological approach is derived from
classical archaeology and provides a basis for
the repair and possible future use of a building.
Not to be confused with: cross section
stratigraphic investigation, architectural

paint research, object investigation

archologie du bti

FR

Dfinition: Etude, documentation et interprtation des btiments historiques, incluant leurs

dcorations.
Commentaires: Cette mthode vise tudier
lhistoire dun btiment au travers de ses diffrentes phases de construction historiques
et ses dcorations et de dfinir son tat de
conservation grce un ensemble de documents comprenant:

- Plans, lvations et coupes avec des mesures

prcises du btiment et de ses dformations;
- Un ensemble dtaill de dessins qui reprsentent tous les matriaux, mthodes de
construction, surfaces dgages et coupes
stratigraphiques du btiment.
Cette mthode drive de larchologie classique et sert de base pour la restauration et
lventuel r-emploi dun btiment.
sondage stratigraphique, recherche et tude

de dcors peints, constat dtat

Bauforschung

Definition: Untersuchung, Dokumentation

und Interpretation von historischen Gebuden einschlielich ihrer Ausstattung.
Kommentar: Mit dieser Vorgehensweise soll
die Geschichte eines Gebudes mit seinen
verschiedenen Bauphasen und seiner Ausstattung erforscht und sein Zustand mit folgenden Dokumenten festgehalten werden:
- Plne, Aufrisse und Querschnitte mit genauen Aufmaen des Gebudes und seinen mglichen Verformungen;
- eine Reihe von Zeichnungen, die auch alle
Materialien, Bauweisen, freiliegende Flchen und stratigrafische bersichten des
Gebudes erfassen.
Entstanden in der klassischen Archologie bildet sie die Basis fr die Restaurierung und die
mgliche zuknftige Nutzung eines Gebudes.
stratigrafische Untersuchung, Fassungsunter-

suchung

Sources: Mader 1982; Mader 2005; Petzet, Mader 1993; Schdler-Saub 1990

244

DE

istraivanje graevine

HR

Definicija: Istraivanje, dokumentiranje i interpretiranje povijesnih graevina, i njihove

opreme.
Napomena: Cilj je postupka istraiti povijest
graevine, ukljuujui i razliite povijesne graevne mijene s njihovom opremom te definirati stanje zatite kroz skup dokumenata:
- tlocrti, projekcije i presjeci s detaljnim mjerama graevine i svim moguim iskrivljenjima;
- detaljni skup crtea sa svim materijalima,
metodama konstrukcije, vidljivim povrinama i stratigrafskim presjecima graevine.
Ovaj metodoloki pristup potjee od klasine
arheologije i temelj je za popravke i moguu
buduu uporabu graevine.
stratigrafsko istraivanje, arhitektonsko istraivanje boje, istraivanje objekta

memlki pletkutats

HU

Meghatrozs: Trtneti pletek vizsglata,

dokumentlsa s rtelmezse, belertve a
szerelseket is (Bauforschung szemllet pletkutats, pletrgszet).
Megjegyzs: Az eljrs clja az plet trtnetnek, klnbz ptsi szakaszainak s a
benne lev szerelseknek tanulmnyozsa s
megtartsi llapotnak meghatrozsa egy
dokumentumcsomag ltal, mely a kvetkezket tartalmazza:
- az pletnek s brmely lehetsges mdosulsnak alaprajzait, homlokzatrajzait s
metszeteit, pontos mretezssel;

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- egy rszletes rajzgyjtemnyt, mely feltnteti az plet anyagait, az ptsi mdokat,

a szabadon ll felleteket s a rtegszerkezeteket is.
A klasszikus rgszetbl szrmazik, s az plet javtsnak s lehetsges tovbbi hasznostsainak alapjt kpezi.

Wywodzi si z archeologii klasycznej i stanowi

podstaw do remontu oraz okrelenia moliwoci przyszego uytkowania budynku.
Nie naley myli z: przekroje
badania stratygraficzne, badania kolorystki
budynku,

rtegszerkezet vizsglat, pletsznezs kuta-

ts, objektum vizsglat

Bauforschung

Bauforschung

it

Definizione: Lindagine, documentazione e

interpretazione degli edifici storici con le loro
strutture, superfici e arredi.
Commento: Si studia la storia di un monumento architettonico con le sue fasi costruttive e decorative, e si analizza il suo stato di conservazione, usando vari metodi di indagine e
documentazione:
- un preciso e realistico rilievo delledificio,
con piante, elevati e sezioni, documentando anche deformazioni presenti nella struttura;
- lanalisi, lindagine stratigrafica e documentazione dei materiali e delle tecniche di costruzione e di rifinitura adoperati nelle varie
fasi storiche.
Il metodo viene dalla archeologia classica. Con
la conoscenza storica approfondita delledificio, si creano le basi per una conservazione e
un uso appropriati.
Sinonimo: indagine archeologica dei monumenti architettonici
esame stratigrafico, indagine stratigrafica,

indagine approfondita delledificio e dell sue superfici architettoniche

Badania architektoniczne

PL

Definicja: Badanie, dokumentacja i interpretacja zabytkowych budynkw wraz z ich wystrojem.

Komentarz: Procedura ma na celu stworzenie
studium historii budynku, zwierajce historyczne fazy jego budowy wraz z wystrojem
oraz okrelenie jego stanu zachowania w postaci zestawu dokumentw, ktry obejmuje:
- plany, elewacje, przekroje zawierajce dokadne pomiary budynku i ewentualne odksztacenia;
- szczegowe rysunki zawierajce te informacje o wszelkich materiaach, metodach
budowlanych, eksponowanych powierzchniach i stratygraficzne przekroje budynku.

Ro

Definiie: Investigaia, documentarea i interpretarea construciilor istorice, inclusiv a utilitilor acestora.

Adnotare: Aceast procedur are drept scop
studierea istoriei unei cldiri, inclusiv a diferitelor
etape istorice de construcie, cu ajustrile/ utilitile ei, precum i definirea strii sale de conservare printr-un set de documente, care includ:
- planuri, elevaii i seciuni transversale cu
msurtori precise ale cldirii i ale oricror
distorsiuni posibile;
- o serie detaliat de desene ce includ toate
materialele, metodele de construcie, suprafeele expuse i seciunile stratigrafice ale
cldirii. Aceasta este derivat din arheologia
clasic i este baza pentru repararea i posibila utilizare n viitor a unei construcii.
Sinonim: investigaia construciilor istorice
investigaie stratigrafic, cercetarea suprafe-

elor arhitecturale pictate, investigaia obiectului

Estudios previos del edificio

Es

Definicin: La investigacin, documentacin

e interpretacin de edificios histricos que incluye sus alteraciones.
Comentario: Este procedimiento pretende
estudiar la historia del edificio y reconocer las
diferentes fases histricas de su construccin,
sus alteraciones, as como definir su estado de
conservacin mediante un conjunto de documentos entre los que se encuentran:
- levantamiento preciso del edificio con planos, alzados, secciones transversales con reconocimiento de cualquier deformacin
existente;
- anlisis y dibujos detallados que recojan todos los materiales, tcnicas y sistemas de
construccin, superficies expuestas y secciones estratigrficas del edificio.
Deriva de la arqueologa clsica y es la base
para la conservacin de un edificio, para su
posible uso futuro.
Sinnimo: investigaciones previas del edificio

Bina arkeolojisi

tR

Tanm: Tarihi yaplarda donatlar da ieren

aratrma, belgeleme ve tanmlama almas.
Yorum: Bu ilem yapnn farkl tarihi aamalarn ieren tarihini, donatlaryla incelenmesini
ve belgelerle koruma durumunu tanmlamay
ierir. Bunlar:
- binann kesin lleri ve muhtemel bozulmalar planlar, grnler ve kesitler;
- malzemeler, yapm metotlar, plak yzeyler ve binann stratigrafik kesitleri ieren detayl izimlerdir.
Klasik arkeolojiden gelmektedir ve binann
onarm ve muhtemel gelecek kullanm iin temeldir.
Kartrmaynz: enkesit
stratigrafik inceleme, mimari resim aratrma-

s, nesne incelemesi

Bg

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,
.
: , ,

,
:
- , , ;
- ,
, ,
.

.
:
,

investigacin estratigrfica, investigacin pic-

trica arquitectnica, estudios previos del objeto

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Documentation of investigated area, Humpis-Quartier, Ravensburg (Germany), 1445; Photo: 2009, RPS (Drthe Jakobs)

architectural paint research

EN

Definition: A systematic investigation and

documentation of decorations or traces of
decorations on faades and interior rooms.
Comment: This survey aims to study and understand different historic building phases, to
help determine a theoretical and practical reconstruction of the various historical phases of
the decorative schema. It also provides information for research into, and practical care of,
monuments. Information regarding layers of
plaster, whitewash, paint, etc., is compiled as
well as the materials and techniques employed,
and their state of preservation. Non-invasive
methods using existing missing areas on the
surface are preferred to study the sequence of
layers. The recording and interpretation of
these investigations are kept clearly separate.
stratigraphic investigation, building archaeology

Recherche et tude de dcors peints FR

Dfinition: Recherche et tude documente
de dcors ou traces de dcors sur les faades et
en intrieur.
Commentaires: Elle vise tudier et comprendre les diffrentes phases de construction

du btiment, pour aider la reconstitution

thorique des superpositions de dcors. Elle
fournit aussi des informations pour la recherche et la restauration des monuments. On
collecte des informations sur les enduits, badigeons, peintures, etc., et on tudie les matriaux, techniques utilises et leur tat de
conservation, de prfrence laide de mthodes non invasives et en utilisant les lacunes
existantes pour observer la stratigraphie. La
collecte des informations et leur interprtation sont conserves sparment.

eingesetzt. Zur Erfassung der Schichtenabfolge

nutzt man vor allem nicht-invasive Methoden
an vorhandenen Fehlstellen. Erfassen und Interpretieren von Befunden mssen klar voneinander getrennt sein.
Synonym: Polychromieuntersuchung

sondage stratigraphique, archologie du bti

Definicija: Sustavno istraivanje i dokumentiranje dekoracija ili tragova dekoracija na proeljima i u unutranjosti.

Fassungsuntersuchung

Napomena: Ciljevi su ovoga pregleda prouavanje i razumijevanje razliitih povijesnih graevnih mijena, da bi se odredila teorijska i praktina rekonstrukcija povijesnih mijena oblikovanja. Pregledom se takoer dobivaju podatci
za istraivanje i odravanje spomenika. Sastavljaju se informacije o bukanim slojevima, bijeljenju, boji, istraivanju materijala i primijenjenih tehnika te stanju njihove zatite. Prednost se daje neinvazivnim metodama koje za
prouavanje niza slojeva upotrebljavaju zateena oteena podruja na povrini. Snimke i
interpretacija tih istraivanja se uvaju odvojeno.

Definition: Systematische Untersuchung und

Dokumentation von Fassungen oder Fassungsresten am Auen- und Innenbau.
Kommentar: Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es,
die historischen Bauphasen zu verstehen, als
Grundlage fr die theoretische und praktische
Rekonstruktion der historischen Phasen der
Gestaltung. Sie bringt Erkenntnisse fr Forschung und Denkmalpflege. Informationen
ber die Schichten von Putzen, Tnchen, Fassungen, Malereien u. a. werden zusammengetragen und zur Erforschung der Materialien,
Techniken und zur Erfassung des Zustandes

Sources: Stefanaggi 1997; Reichwald 1982; Reichwald 1985; Schdler-Saub 1990

246

DE

stratigrafische Untersuchung, Bauforschung

arhitektonsko istraivanje boje

HR

stratigrafsko istraivanje, istraivanje graevine

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pletsznezs kutats

HU

Meghatrozs: A homlokzatokon s bels terekben lev dsztsek vagy dsztsnyomok

mdszeres kutatsa s dokumentlsa.
Megjegyzs: A felmrs clja tanulmnyozni
s megrteni az plet klnbz ptsi szakaszait, segteni a dsztsek elmleti s akr
gyakorlati rekonstrukcijt. Informcikat szolgltat a memlk kutatshoz s gyakorlati
gondozshoz is. sszegezi a vakolatra, glettre,
festkrtegekre stb. vonatkoz informcikat,
s tanulmnyozza a hasznlt anyagokat, ezek
megtartsi llapott s az alkalmazott technikkat. A nem invazv vizsglatokat s a krosodott felletek tanulmnyozst rszesti elnyben a festkrtegek egymsutnisgnak meghatrozsban. Az adatgyjtst s ezek rtelmezst mindig vilgosan elklntve rgzti.
rtegszerkezet vizsglat, memlki pletku-

Komentarz: Dziaanie ma na celu zbadanie i

zrozumienie rnych faz historycznych budowli, co pomoe w teoretycznym lub praktycznym odtworzeniu historycznych faz jego
wystroju. Dostarcza te danych do bada nad
zabytkami i sprawowania nad nimi praktycznej opieki. Informacje o tynkach, pobiaach,
malowidach itp., s powizane z badaniem
materiaw, technik oraz ocen ich stanu zachowania. Preferowane jest uycie moliwie
najmniej niszczcych metod bada i wykorzystanie ubytkw dla obserwacji nawarstwie. Naley wyranie oddzieli dokumentacj tych bada od ich interpretacji.
Synonim: badania kolorystyki budynku
badania stratygraficzne, badania architekto-

it

Definizione: Metodologia di indagine e documentazione sistematica riferita agli strati di

intonaco, tinteggiatura, policromia, pittura e
altri, su facciate e in ambienti interni, per indagare le fasi storiche di un edificio con i suoi
apparati decorativi e i materiali e le tecniche
adoperati. Serve anche per rilevare il loro stato
di conservazione.
Commento: Per la ricerca e la prassi della conservazione dei monumenti, lindagine fornisce
i dati necessari per una ricostruzione teorica,
eventualmente anche pratica, del susseguirsi
di semplici superfici architettoniche e/o apparati decorativi storici, in relazione alle fasi costruttive storiche di un edificio. La metodologia
di indagine si limita a interventi di invasione
minima, approfittando di lacune gi esistenti
per studiare la stratigrafia. In punti localizzati,
lindagine pu essere completata con piccole
stratigrafie a scaletta e il rilevamento di campioni. necessario distinguere chiaramente fra
il rilevamento e linterpretazione dei reperti.
Sinonimo: indagine conoscitiva
Bauforschung, esame stratigrafico

Badania powok architektury

PL

Definicja: Metodyczne poszukiwania dekoracji lub ich ladw na fasadach i we wntrzach,

wraz z ich dokumentacj.

investigacin estratigrfica, investigacin del

edificio

mimari resim aratrmas

tR

Tanm: Binalarn cephelerinde ve i odalardaki

dekoratif resimlerin ve/veya izlerinin sistematik olarak aratrlmas ve belgelenmesi.

niczne

cercetarea suprafeelor
arhitecturale pictate

Ro

tats

indagine stratigrafica

pinturas, etc., e investigar sobre materiales y

tcnicas utilizadas y su estado de conservacin. Los mtodos de investigacin son preferiblemente no invasivos y se usan reas faltantes presentes para el estudio de las capas. El
registro y la interpretacin de estas investigaciones se mantiene claramente separado.

Definiie: Investigaia i documentarea sistematic a decoraiilor sau a urmelor acestora

pe faade sau ncperi interioare.
Adnotare: Studiul urmrete studierea i nelegerea diferitelor etape istorice de construcie pentru a ajuta la determinarea unei
reconstrucii teoretice, dar i practice, a etapelor istorice ale proiectului. Ofer de asemenea
informaii pentru cercetarea i ngrijirea practic a monumentelor. Sunt acumulate informaii despre tencuial, zugrveal, culoare
etc., i sunt efectuate cercetri asupra materialelor i tehnicilor utilizate precum i a strii
lor de conservare. Pentru studierea succesiunii
straturilor constitutive sunt preferate metode
non-invazive folosind lacune deja existente pe
suprafa. nregistrarea i interpretarea acestor investigaii sunt n mod clar pstrate separat.
investigaie stratigrafic, Bauforschung

investigacin pictrica arquitectnica Es

Definicin: Investigacin y documentacin
sistemtica de decoraciones o restos de decoraciones en fachadas e interiores.
Comentario: Pretende estudiar y comprender
las fases histricas constructivas para ayudar
a la determinacin terica y a la reconstruccin prctica de las fases del diseo. Tambin
proporciona informacin sobre la salvaguarda
de los monumentos. Este estudio busca recoger informacin sobre revoques, encalados,

Yorum: Bu aratrma; teorik ve pratik olarak

tasarmdaki tarihi aamalarn yeniden inaasnn belirlenmesine yardmc olmak iin; farkl
tarihi yap evrelerini incelemeyi ve anlamay
amalar. Bu ayn zamanda antlarn pratik olarak bakm ve aratrlmas iin de bilgi salar.
Sva, badana, resim vb. zerindeki bilgi toplanr ve malzeme ve teknikler zerinde aratrma yaplr ve koruma durumlar belirlenir. Yzeydeki var olan eksik alanlarn katmanlarnn
dizililerinin incelenmesinde mdahalesiz metotlar tercih edilir. Bu aratrmalarn kaytlar
ve aklamalar daima ayr tutulur.
stratigrafik inceleme, bina arkeolojisi

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Areas of uncovering showing successive paint layers applied after the construction of the show flat in La Cit Radieuse by Le Corbusier, Marseille (France), 1952; Photo: 2015, CICRP
(Odile Guillon)

stratigraphic investigation

EN

sondage stratigraphique

stratigrafische Untersuchung

DE

Definition: The stepwise removal of covering

paint layers for analysis and determination of
the chronological order of successive paint
layers.

Dfinition: Etude de la structure dune peinture murale et de lorganisation chronologique des couches de peinture par enlvement successif de celles-ci.

Definition: Stufenweise Freilegung von Malschichten zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung
der chronologischen Abfolge von aufeinander
folgenden Malschichten.

Comment: In some cases, layers of plaster or

render are also investigated.

Commentaires: La stratigraphie peut aussi

concerner les diffrentes couches denduits
supportant les peintures.

Kommentar: In manchen Fllen werden auch

Putzschichten untersucht.
Synonyme: Treppenschnitt, stratigrafische
Freilegung

conservation report, object investigation,

scientific investigation, architectural paint research

rapport de conservation-restauration, constat

dtat, tude scientifique, recherche et tude

de dcors peints

Sources: Mora et al. 1979, 23/4; Reille-Taillefert 2010, 36/7

248

FR

Restaurierungsdokumentation, Fassungsun-

tersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung

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stratigrafsko istraivanje

HR

Definicija: Postupno uklanjanje bojenih slojeva za analizu i odreivanje vremenskoga slijeda uzastopnih bojenih slojeva.
Napomena: U nekim se sluajevima istrauju
i slojevi vanjske i unutarnje buke.
konzervatorsko-restauratorski izvjetaj, istra-

Badania stratygraficzne

PL

Definicja: Stopniowe usuwanie powok malarskich w celu zanalizowania i ustalenia chronologicznego ukadu nastpujcych po sobie
warstw malarskich.
Komentarz: Czasami badane s te nawarstwienia tynkw.

stratigrafik inceleme

tR

Tanm: Analiz iin boya katmanlarnn aamal

olarak kartlmas ve ard arda olan boya katmanlarnn kronolojik srasnn saptanmas
Yorum: Baz durumlarda al ve sva katmanlar da incelenir.
E anlaml: katmansal inceleme, tabaka incelemesi

ivanje objekta, znanstveno istraivanje, arhitektonsko istraivanje boje

dokumentacja konserwatorska, badanie

obiektu, badania laboratoryjne, badanie powok malarskich architektury

koruma raporu, nesne incelemesi, bilimsel

Rtegszerkezet vizsglat

investigaie stratigrafic

HU

Meghatrozs: A festkrtegek fokozatos,

lpcszetes eltvoltsa vizsglat vgett s az
egymst kvet festkrtegek kronolgiai sorrendjnek meghatrozsa rdekben. Restaurtori szondz kutatsknt ismert, a rtegeket
kutatablakokban trjk fel.
Megjegyzs: Bizonyos esetekben a kls s
bels vakolatrtegeket is vizsgljk.
kutatsi beszmol, objektum vizsglat,
(termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat, pletsz-

Ro

Definiie: nlturarea succesiv a straturilor de

culoare n vederea analizei i a stabilirii ordinii
cronologice a mai multor straturi de culoare.
Adnotare: n unele cazuri sunt analizate i
straturile de tencuial.
Sinonime: sondaj stratigrafic, examen stratigrafic
raport de conservare, investigaia obiectului,

investigaie tiinific, cercetarea suprafeelor

arhitecturale pictate

aratrma, mimari resim aratrmas

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Esame stratigrafico

it

Definizione: La rimozione progressiva di strati di tinteggiatura e/o di pittura per lanalisi e

linterpretazione cronologica degli strati rilevati.
Commento: In alcuni casi sono studiati anche
gli strati dintonaco.
Attenzione: Questi esami stratigrafici sono da
eseguire approffittando di lacune gi esistenti
e riducendo al minimo gli interventi invasivi
nella materia originale.
Sinonimo: indagine stratigrafica
(Nota: i termini usati nella prassi variano a secondo delle scuole e regioni)

investigacin estratigrfica

Es

Definicin: Estudio gradual de capas pictricas para el anlisis y la determinacin del orden cronolgico.
Comentario: En algunos casos, las capas de
revoque o de mortero de revestimiento tambin son investigadas.
informe del proceso de restauracin, estudios

previos del objeto, investigacin cientfica, investigacin pictrica arquitectnica

indagine stratigrafica, documentazione della

conservazione, indagine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche, esame

scientifico, indagine stratigrafica

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Graphic documentation of architectural surfaces, Kera Palace, Dubrovnik (Croatia), 18th century; Photo: 2002, HRZ (Ramona Mavar)

mapping

EN

Relev cartographique

Kartierung

DE

Definition: Graphical representation of a single or several patterns on an architectural elevation or equivalent.

Dfinition: Reprsentation graphique dune

seule ou de plusieurs informations sur une
lvation architecturale ou lquivalent.

Definition: grafische Darstellung eines oder

mehrerer Phnomene auf einer Planzeichnung oder entsprechenden Vorlage.

Comment: The represented patterns can refer

to the painting techniques, deterioration patterns, or treatments that are visible on a wall
painting. The information is reported and
drawn according to a specific and codified
symbol or colour. The map legend (or key) includes a short description for each represented pattern and gives a graphic symbol. The
map produced must indicate when it was created. The digital format enables the easy superimposition of the graphic mapping results
of different phenomena.

Commentaires: Les lments relevs peuvent montrer les principales techniques de

peintures, des formes de dgradation et des
traitements visibles sur une peinture murale.
Toutes les informations sont reportes et dessines selon un symbole ou une couleur spcifique et codifie. La lgende de la carte (ou
cl de lecture) comprend une brve description pour chaque motif reprsent et donne
un symbole graphique. La carte produite doit
tre date. Le format numrique permet la superposition facile des rsultats graphiques de
cartographie des diffrents phnomnes.

Kommentar: Auf Wandmalereien wahrnehmbare Maltechniken, Schadensbilder oder Manahmen knnen durch grafische Markierungen gekennzeichnet werden. Alle Informationen werden kodiert durch spezifische Symbole und Farben erfasst und gezeichnet. Eine Legende (oder Zeichenklrung) enthlt eine
Kurzbeschreibung jedes dargestellten Phnomens und ein grafisches Symbol. Die Kartierung muss datiert sein. Das digitale Format ermglicht es, verschiedene Kartierungsergebnisse bereinander darzustellen.

conservation report, scientific investigation,

architectural paint research

rapport de conservation- restauration, tude

scientifique, recherche et tude de dcors peints

Sources: Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Stefanaggi 1997; Mora et al. 1979; Santner 2012

250

FR

Restaurierungsdokumentation, naturwissen-

schaftliche Untersuchung, Fassungsuntersuchung

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mapiranje

HR

Definicija: Grafiko prikazivanje jednoga

uzorka ili vie njih na arhitektonskoj vertikalnoj ili jednakovrijednoj projekciji.
Napomena: Prikazani uzorci mogu se odnositi na tehniku slikanja, oznake oteenja i intervencija vidljive na zidnoj slici. Svaka se informacija biljei i crta u skladu s posebnim i usustavljenim simbolom ili bojom. Legenda na mapi
(ili klju) sadrava kratak opis za svaki predoeni
uzorak s grafikim simbolom. Na mapi mora biti
oznaeno kada je izraena. Digitalni format
omoguuje laku nadogradnju rezultata grafikoga mapiranja razliitih fenomena.
konzervatorsko-restauratorski izvjetaj, znanstve-

no istraivanje, arhitektonsko istraivanje boje

Krtrkp

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy vagy tbb minta grafikus

brzolsa egy homlokzatrajzon vagy ms
ptszeti rajzon.
Megjegyzs: Az brzolt mintk vonatkozhatnak a fbb feststechnikkra, a krosodsi
mdozatokra vagy a falkpen lthat beavatkozsokra. Minden informcit sajtos s kdolt szimblumokkal vagy sznekkel rgztenek s brzolnak. A trkp jelmagyarzata
rvid lersokat tartalmaz minden brzolt
mintval kapcsolatosan s megadja ezek grafikus szimblumt. Az elksztett trkpet keltezni kell.
A digitlis formtum lehetv teszi a klnbz jelensgek krtrkpeibl szrmaz grafikai eredmnyek egyszer egymsrattelt.
kutatsi beszmol, (termszet)tudomnyos

vizsglat, pletsznezs kutats

mappatura

it

Definizione: La rappresentazione grafica di

uno o pi fenomeni riguardanti le superfici architettoniche di un edificio, utilizzando un rilievo architettonico o unaltra forma di disegno.
Commento: I simboli grafici utilizzati possono
fare riferimento alle tecniche pittoriche principali, a fenomeni di deterioramento e a vari
interventi visibili su una superficie architettonica o su un dipinto murale. Tutte le informazioni sono riportate e disegnate con un simbolo o un colore specifico e codificato. La leggenda (o chiave) della mappatura include una
breve descrizione di ogni fenomeno rappresentato e attribuisce a questo un simbolo gra-

fico. Ogni mappatura eseguita deve essere datata. Il formato digitale permette una sovrapposizione facile dei vari fenomeni rilevati con
la mappatura.
documentazione della conservazione, inda-

gine stratigrafica, esame scientifico

mapowanie

PL

Definicja: Przedstawienie w postaci graficznej

mapy, zawierajce jedno lub kilka oznacze,
naniesionych na odwzorowanie powierzchni
architektonicznej czy jej odpowiednika.
Komentarz: Oznaczenia graficzne mog odnosi si do techniki malowida, obszarw
zniszcze, ladw przeprowadzonych zabiegw widocznych na malowidle. Wszelkie informacje s zaznaczone w szczeglny sposb
zgodnie z przyjtym kodem graficznym czy
te kolorem. Legenda (klucz) oznacze zawiera krtki opis kadego zjawiska i przypisany
mu symbol graficzny. Sporzdzona mapa musi by opatrzona dat. Format cyfrowy umoliwia atwe nakadanie graficznych efektw
mapowania poszczeglnych zjawisk.
Synonim: dokumentacja rysunkowa
dokumentacja konserwatorska, badania labora-

toryjne, badania powok malarskich architektury

cartografiere

Ro

Definiie: Reprezentarea grafic a unuia sau

mai multor modele pe o elevaie arhitectural
sau o echivalent.

Comentario: Los patrones representados pueden hacer mencin a las principales tcnicas
pictricas, los deterioros y los tratamientos que
se observan en una pintura mural. Toda la informacin es transportada y representada siguiendo un sistema de colores especfico y codificado. La leyenda del mapa incluye una breve descripcin de cada patrn representado y
un smbolo grfico. El mapa que se realiza debe estar datado. El formato digital permite la
fcil superposicin de los resultados grficos
del mapeo de diferentes fenmenos.
informe del proceso de restauracin, investi-

gacin cientfica, investigacin pictrica arquitectnica

Harita karma

Tanm: Bir mimari aratrmada ya da benzerinde bir veya birka rnein grafiksel gsterimi.
Yorum: Temsil edilen rnekler, resmin ana tekniklerine, bozulma rneklerine ve bir duvar
resminde grnebilir iyiletirmelere atfta bulunabilir. Tm bilgi rapor edilir, zel ve kodlanm sembol veya renge gre izilebilir. Harita
gstergesi her bir temsil edilen numune iin ksa aklama ierir ve grafik sembol verir. retilen haritalama tarihlendirilmedir. Dijital format, farkl fenomenlerin haritalamalarndaki
grafik sonularnn basitce st ste koyulmasyla elde edilir.
koruma raporu, bilimsel aratrma, mimari

resim aratrmas

Adnotare: Elementele reprezentate pot face referire la principalele tehnici de pictur, formele
de degradare sau tratamentele vizibile pe o pictur mural. Toat informaia este raportat i
desenat conform unui simbol sau culoare specific i codificat. Legenda hrii include o scurt descriere pentru fiecare element reprezentat
i i ofer un simbol grafic. Harta realizat trebuie
s indice data la care a fost creat. Formatul digital permite suprapunerea cu uurin a rezultatelor grafice a diferitelor fenomene.
Sinonim: cartare
raport de conservare, investigaie tiinific,
cercetarea suprafeelor arhitecturale pictate

mapeo

Es

Definicin: Representacin grfica de uno o

varios patrones en un alzado arquitectnico o
equivalente.

tR

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formulation
of hypothesis

from observations,
asking of question(s),
identification of problem(s)

collection of all
existing
documentation

Start
of the study

design of the
protocol

Scientific
investigation
collection of data
and drawing of
conclusions

Report

evaluation of
the investigation
results

Schematic representation of the methodology, showing successive steps of scientific investigation; Illustration: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by NSW Department
of Education and Training of Australia and adapted by Jean-Marc Vallet

scientific investigation

EN

Definition: A study which involves any number of professionals using a systematic approach and analytical tools to answer diverse
questions concerning the conservation of wall
paintings or decorative stone surfaces.
Comment: The report that finalises this
process is supported by observations, examinations, analyses and tests that provide information on the materials and deterioration of
a wall painting. The team carrying out the scientific investigation will usually include a conservator, a conservation scientist, an architect
and/or a curator or archaeologist.
building and site survey, mapping, site in-

vestigation

Etude scientifique

FR

Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung DE

Dfinition: Etude mene par tout professionnel utilisant une approche mthodique et des
outils danalyse pour rpondre diverses
questions portant sur la conservation des
peintures murales ou des surfaces de pierres
dcoratives.

Definition: Untersuchung durch eine beliebige Anzahl von Fachleuten, die einen systematischen Ansatz und analytische Werkzeuge
benutzen, um verschiedene Fragen ber den
Erhaltungszustand einer Wandmalerei oder
dekorativer Steinoberflchen zu beantworten.

Commentaires: Le rapport qui finalise cette

investigation est tay par des observations,
des examens, des analyses et des tests qui
fournissent des informations sur les matriaux
et la dgradation dune peinture murale.
Lquipe charge de linvestigation scientifique comprend habituellement un restaurateur, un scientifique de la conservation, un architecte et/ou un conservateur ou un archologue.
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sa-

nitaire du bti), relev cartographique, tude

de site

Sources: E DIN EN 15898: 2011; NF EN 16085: 2012; Peintures murales 2002

252

Kommentar: Der Abschlussbericht wird von

Beobachtungen, Untersuchungen, Analysen
und Tests gesttzt, die Informationen ber die
Materialien und Schdigung einer Wandmalerei
bereitstellen. Die Arbeitsgruppe fr die naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchung besteht blicherweise aus Fachleuten aus der Restaurierung, den Konservierungswissenschaften, der
Naturwissenschaft, der Architektur, und/oder
der Kunstgeschichte oder Archologie.
Bauaufnahme, Kartierung, Kontextunter-

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Znanstveno istraivanje

HR

Definicija: Prouavanje koje ukljuuje brojne

strunjake koji se koriste sustavnim pristupom
i analitikim alatima kako bi odgovorili na razliita pitanja o konzerviranju zidnih slika ili dekorativnih kamenih povrina.
Napomena: Zavrni izvjetaj toga procesa
poduprijet je opaanjima, ispitivanjima, analizama i testovima koji pruaju informacije o
materijalima i pogoranjima zidne slike. Skupina koja provodi znanstveno istraivanje
obino ukljuuje konzervatora, znanstvenika
konzervatora, arhitekta i/ili kustosa te arheologa.
pregled graevine i mjesta, mapiranje,
istraivanje mjesta

(termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan kutats, mely brmely szm szakember bevonsval, mdszeres megkzeltssel s analitikai eszkzkkel
vlaszolja meg a klnbz falkpek s dsztfelletek restaurlshoz ktd krdseket.
Megjegyzs: A folyamat vgeredmnyeknt
ltrejtt vizsglati jelentst megfigyelsek, kutatsok, vizsglatok s tesztek tmasztjk al,
s a falkp anyagairl s krosodsairl szolgltat informcikat. A (termszet)tudomnyos vizsglatot vgz csapathoz ltalban
egy restaurtor, egy termszettudomnyos
szakember, egy ptsz s/vagy egy mzeumi
szakember vagy rgsz tartozik.
plet- s helysznfelmrs, krtrkp, hely-

szn vizsglat

Esame scientifico

it

Definizione: Uno studio eseguito da un gruppo di professionisti che indaga in maniera sistematica usando diversi strumenti di analisi,
i vari quesiti che si pongono per la conservazione di dipinti mural i, di superfici decorative
in pietra o di superfici architettoniche in generale.

svolge lindagine scientifica di solito comprende un restauratore, uno scienziato della conservazione, un architetto e / o uno storico darte o archeologo.
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, mappatura,
ricerche sul sito

Badania laboratoryjne

Definicja: Badania angaujce kilku specjalistw, ktrzy w sposb metodyczny, uywajc

narzdzi analitycznych staraj si odpowiedzie na rozmaite pytania dotyczce konserwacji malowide ciennych lub dekorowanych
powierzchni kamiennych.
Komentarz: Raport kocowy tego procesu
oparty na obserwacjach, badaniach, analizach
i testach, dostarcza informacji na temat materiaw i zniszcze malowida ciennego. Zesp prowadzcy badania laboratoryjne skada si zwykle z konserwatora, badacza, architekta i / lub historyka sztuki lub archeologa.
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia, mapowanie,
ogldziny otoczenia

investigaie tiinific

Ro

inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, ma-

peo, investigacin del entorno

Bilimsel aratrma

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin korunmas veya dekoratif ta yzeyler hakknda eitli sorular cevaplamak iin sistematik yaklam ve analitik
aralar kullanlarak uzmanlarn yapt bir almadr.
Yorum: lemi sonulandran rapor duvar resminin bozulmas ya da anmas gibi malzeme
hakknda bilgi veren gzlemler, incelemeler,
analizler ve testler tarafndan desteklenir. Bilimsel aratrmay gerekletiren ekipte genellikle bir korumac, koruma bilimcisi, mimar ya
da mzeci ve/veya arkeolog yer alr.
bina ve alan incelemesi, haritalama, alan

incelemesi

Definiie: Un studiu ce implic participarea

unui numr indefinit de profesioniti ce utilizeaz o abordare sistematic i analitic pentru a rspunde diferitelor ntrebri referitoare
la conservarea picturilor murale sau a suprafeelor decorative de piatr.
Adnotare: Raportul final al acestui proces este
susinut de observaii, examinri, analize i
teste menite s ofere informaii despre materialele constitutive i starea de conservare a
unei picturi murale. Echipa ce conduce investigaia tiinific va include de regul, un restaurator, un conservator, un arhitect i/sau un
custode sau un arheolog.
monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, car-

tografiere, investigaia sitului

investigacin cientfica
Commento: La relazione finale dellesame
scientifico fornisce informazioni sui materiali
e sullo stato di conservazione del dipinto murale o della superficie architettonica. Queste
informazioni sono il risultato di una serie di osservazioni, esami, analisi e test. Il team che

PL

Comentario: El informe con el que finaliza este proceso recoge observaciones, anlisis, valoraciones, interpretaciones y diagnosis que
dan informacin sobre los materiales y los deterioros de la superficie. El equipo que lleva a
cabo la investigacin cientfica contar, normalmente, con conservadores, restauradores,
cientficos y tcnicos especializados en conservacin, arquitectos y arquelogos.

Es

Definicin: Estudio que incluye un grupo de

profesionales que utilizan un enfoque sistemtico y herramientas analticas para responder diversas preguntas relacionadas con la
conservacin de superficies.

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Extract of a conservation report on the Church of Saint Etienne, Vallouise (France), 15th century; 2013, Sinopia (Antoinette Sinigaglia)

conservation report

EN

Definition: A document which gives brief information concerning the history of the building,
the wall painting, conservation and past restoration campaigns and results arising from tests and
scientific studies, as well as environmental aspects, mapping, building and site surveys etc.
Comment: It records object investigations carried out with conservation in mind, and contains accurate information concerning conservation/restoration treatments. Illustrations,
specification sheets and a bibliographic list
generally complete this report. It makes a distinction between administrative and technical
sections and contains personal interpretations.
object investigation, scientific investigation,

Commentaires: Il consigne lensemble des

tudes menes sur des objets dont la conservation est demande et contient des informations
prcises concernant les traitements y compris
de conservation/restauration que le restaurateur
aurait pu faire. Des illustrations, des formulaires
de constat et une liste bibliographique compltent gnralement ce rapport. Il distingue les
parties administratives et techniques et contient
des lments dinterprtations personnelles.

diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sanitaire du

bti), relev cartographique, documentation
photographique, observation et analyse des
matriaux, sondage stratigraphique

Restaurierungsdokumentation

examination, stratigraphic investigation

Definition:Ein Dokument mit kurzen Informationen ber die Geschichte des Gebudes, die
Wandmalerei, die Konservierung und vergangene Restaurierungskampagnen und ber die Ergebnisse der Tests und naturwissenschaftlichen
Untersuchungen, das auch Umweltgesichtspunkte, Kartierungen, Bauaufnahmen u.a. beinhaltet.

Rapport de conservation-restauration FR
Dfinition: Document de synthse sur lhistoire du btiment, de la peinture murale, sur
les campagnes de restauration passes, les rsultats dexamens scientifiques et incluant
aussi des aspects environnementaux, de cartographie, de diagnostic etc.

DE

Kommentar: Es dokumentiert Untersuchungen, die zum Erhalt des Objektes durchgefhrt

wurden, und enthlt genaue Informationen
ber Konservierungs-/ Restaurierungsma-

Sources: Conservation restauration 1999; Conservation report (24.4.2015)

254

Befunduntersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche
Untersuchung, Bauaufnahme, Kartierung,
Fotodokumentation, Materialuntersuchung

constat dtat, tude scientifique, tude

building and site survey, mapping,

photodocumentation, material analysis and

nahmen. Abbildungen, Datenbltter und eine

Literaturliste vervollstndigen in der Regel diesen Bericht. Er unterscheidet zwischen verwaltungstechnischen und technischen Aspekten
und enthlt persnliche Interpretationen.
Synonym: Dokumentation

Konzervatorsko-restauratorski
izvjetaj

HR

Definicija: Dokument koji daje kratke informacije o povijesti graevine, zidnoj slici, prijanjim restauratorskim zahvatima i rezultatima koji proizlaze iz testova znanstvenih prouavanja, takoer ukljuuje i aspekte okolia,
mapiranje te istraivanje mjesta.
Napomena: Izvjetaj biljei istraivanja predmeta u skladu s konzerviranjem i sadrava tone informacije koje se odnose na konzervatorske/restauratorske postupke. Izvjetaj najee
zavrava ilustracijama, specifikacijama i bibliografijom. Izvjetaj razlikuje administrativne i
tehnike dijelove te sadri osobna tumaenja.
istraivanje objekta, znanstveno istraivanje,

pregled graevine i mjesta, mapiranje, fo-

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todokumentacija, analiza materijala i ispitivanja, stratigrafsko istraivanje

Kutatsi beszmol

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan dokumentum, jelents, mely sszegz informcikat nyjt az plet s a falkp trtnetrl, elz restaurlsi beavatkozsokrl, valamint a tesztek s tudomnyos vizsglatok eredmnyeirl; tartalmaz a
malkots krnyezethez ktd adatokat, krtrkpeket, plet- s helysznfelmrst stb. is.
Megjegyzs: Rgzti egy restaurlsra kerl
objektum vizsglatait, s pontos informcikat tartalmaz a kezelsi eljrsokrl, llagmegvsi/restaurlsi beavatkozsokrl. A jelentst ltalban kpek, termklersok s knyvszet egsztik ki. Kln szerepelnek az adminisztratv s a mszaki rszek, s szemlyes
rtelmezseket tartalmaz.

ciennego, wczeniejszych pracach konserwatorskich, a take wnioski z przeprowadzonych

testw i bada, z uwzgldnieniem aspektw
dotyczcych warunkw rodowiska, dokumentacj rysunkow, wyniki ogldzin budynku i otoczenia.
Komentarz: Dokumentuje badania obiektu
poprzedzajce prace konserwatorskie oraz zawiera szczegowe wytyczne dotyczce postpowania podczas konserwacji / restauracji.
Zwykle dopenieniem s ilustracje, arkusze
kosztorysowe, lista bibliografii. Dzieli si na
cz administracyjn i techniczn i zawiera
indywidualne interpretacje.
badania obiektu, badania laboratoryjne, ogl-

dziny budynku i otoczenia, dokumentacja rysunkowa, dokumentacja fotograficzna, analiza i

badania materiaw, badania stratygraficzne

objektum vizsglat, (termszet)tudomnyos

Raport de conservare i restaurare

fotdokumentci, anyagvizsglat s analitika,

Definiie: Un document ce ofer informaii

succinte despre istoricul monumentului, a picturii murale, campanii anterioare de conservare i restaurare, rezultatele analizelor i studiilor tinifice asupra monumentului, incluznd i aspecte de mediu, cartografiere, monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, etc.

vizsglat, plet- s helysznfelmrs, krtrkp,

rtegszerkezet vizsglat

Documentazione del restauro

it

Definizione: Un documento che riassume

sinteticamente le informazioni sulla storia
delledificio e della pittura murale, gli interventi di conservazione e restauro del passato e
quelli attuali ed i risultati di analisi e indagini
scientifiche, includendo aspetti ambientali e
il monitoraggio delledificio e del sito.
Commento: Documenta tutte le indagini eseguite sullopera che possono risultare utili per
la sua conservazione e il suo restauro. Contiene
informazioni dettagliate riguardanti interventi
di conservazione e restauro. Generalmente
questo rapporto completato da illustrazioni,
schede tecniche e una lista bibliografica. Si distinguono chiaramente le parti amministrative
e le parti tecniche, e si aggiungono interpretazioni personali.
esame scientifico, mappatura, documentazione fotografica, indagine approfondita
delledificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche,
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito, analisi ed esame dei materiali, esame stratigrafico

Dokumentacja bada
konserwatorskich

PL

Definicja: Dokument zawierajcy syntetyczne

informacje o historii budynku, malowida

Ro

Adnotare: Documenteaz investigaiile efectuate asupra obiectelor ce se doresc a fi conservate i conine informaii exacte referitoare
la tratamentele de conservare i restaurare. n
general, acest raport este completat de ilustraii, fie tehnice i o list bibliografic. Face
o distincie ntre seciunile administrative i
tehnice i conine interpretri personale.
investigaia obiectului, investigaie tiinific,

monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, car-

tografiere, documentaie fotografic

informe del proceso de restauracin Es

Definicin: Documento con informacin sinttica sobre la historia del edificio, de la pintura mural, de los tratamientos de restauracin ejecutados y los resultados de los exmenes cientficos realizados que incluyen los aspectos medioambientales, mapeos, inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, etc.
Comentario: El documento recopila todas las
investigaciones cientficas llevadas a cabo durante el proceso de conservacin-restauracin
y contiene informacin precisa sobre los tratamientos realizados. Se completa con documentacin grfica, fotogrfica, hojas de espe-

cificaciones tcnicas y blibliografa. Este informe realiza distincin entre la seccin tcnica
y la administrativa y contiene interpretaciones
personales.
Sinnimo: documentacin tcnica
investigacin del objeto, investigacin cientfi-

ca, inspeccin del edificio y de su entorno, mapeo, documentacin fotogrfica, anlisis y estudio de materiales, investigacin estratigrfica

Koruma raporu

tR

Tanm: Yapnn, duvar resminin bulunduu yapnn tarihi, gemi restorasyon almalar ve
testlerden ve bilimsel almalardan gelen sonular, ayrca haritalama, yap ve alan aratrmalar gibi evresel boyutlar da ieren bilimsel almalar hakknda bilimsel bilgi veren belgedir.
Yorum: Koruma gz nnde bulundurularak
nesne aratrmalarn kaydeder ve koruma/restorasyon ilemleriyle alakal doru bilgi ierir.
Grseller, tanmlama belgeleri ve kaynaka listesi
genellikle bu raporu tamamlar. dari ve teknik ksmlar birbirinden ayrr ve kiisel yorumlar ierir.
nesne incelemesi, bilimsel aratrma, bina

ve alan incelemesi, haritalama, fotoraf ile

belgeleme, malzeme analizi ve incelenmesi,
stratigrafik inceleme

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X-Ray microfluorescence measurement, detail of frescoes, chapel, Charterhouse, Villeneuve-ls-Avignon (France), 1355; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Non-invasive investigation

EN

FR

Nicht-invasive Untersuchung

DE

Definition: The gathering of information on

site using techniques that do not modify or
damage the material at the contact point between the instrument or the beam emitted by
the instrument and the object surface.

Dfinition: Collecte dinformations sur site en

utilisant des techniques qui ne modifient ni
nendommagent le matriau au point de
contact avec linstrument ou le rayonnement
mis par celui-ci.

Definition: Erfassung von Informationen vor

Ort mit Techniken, die das Material am Kontaktpunkt zwischen Untersuchungsinstrument oder
dem vom Instrument emittierten Strahl und der
Oberflche nicht verndern oder schdigen.

Comment: The use of non-invasive techniques on site (such as X-Ray fluorescence

spectroscopy) may not be sufficient to obtain
comprehensive results, therefore some invasive destructive or micro-destructive techniques may also be required. One of the most
important invasive techniques is sampling.
Ideally, non-destructive laboratory techniques
are carried out on the samples. However, in
some cases destructive techniques may be
necessary.

Commentaires: Lutilisation de techniques

non invasives sur site telles que la spectroscopie de fluorescence X peut ne pas tre suffisante pour obtenir des rsultats satisfaisants
et peut ncessiter la mise en oeuvre de techniques destructrices ou micro-destructives
la place ou en complment de celles-ci. Une
des techniques invasives les plus importantes
est lchantillonnage. Des techniques danalyse non destructive sont ensuite de prfrence mises en oeuvre sur les chantillons en
laboratoire.

Kommentar: Wenn die nicht-invasiven Techniken, wie der Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie, nicht ausreichen, um vor Ort umfassende
Ergebnisse zu erhalten, knnen auch zerstrende oder zerstrungsarme Techniken, die invasiv
sind, ergnzend oder statt dessen zum Einsatz
kommen. Eine der wichtigsten invasiven Techniken ist die Probenahme. Idealerweise werden
zerstrungsfreie Labortechniken an den Proben angewendet. In einigen Fllen knnen zerstrende Techniken notwendig sein.
Synonym: non-invasive Untersuchung
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: zerstrungsfreie
Untersuchung

sampling, material analysis and examination

Source: DIN EN 15898: 2011

256

analyse non invasive

chantillonnage, observation et analyse des

matriaux

Probenahme, Materialuntersuchung und

-analyse

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HR

in laboratorio. In alcuni casi possono essere

necessarie analisi distruttive.

Definicija: Prikupljanje informacija in situ

uporabom tehnika koje ne mijenjaju ili oteuju materijale u dodirnoj toki izmeu instrumenta ili zrake koju emitira instrument i
povrine objekta.

campionamento, analisi ed esame dei mate-

Nenasilna istraivanja

riali

Badania nieinwazyjne
Napomena: Primjena neinvanzivnih tehnika
poput XRF-a na terenu moda nee biti dovoljna za dobivanje sveobuhvatnih rezultata,
zato se kao dopuna ili umjesto njih mogu primijeniti i neke destruktivne ili mikrodestruktivne tehnike. Jedna od najvanijih invazivnih
tehnika je uzorkovanje. Idealno, nedestruktivne se laboratorijske tehnike izvode na uzorcima. Meutim, u nekim sluajevima destruktivne tehnike mogu biti nune.
uzorkovanje, analiza materijala i ispitivanja

Nem invazv vizsglatok

HU

Meghatrozs: Helyszni informcik gyjtse olyan technikk segtsgvel, melyek nem

mdostjk s nem krostjk az anyagot abban a pontban, ahol a mszer rintkezik vagy
a kibocsjtott sugrzs tallkozik a fellettel.
Megjegyzs: A nem invazv helyszni vizsglatok, mint pldul a rntgenfluoreszcens
spektroszkpia, nem mindig elegendek tfog eredmnyek elrshez, ezrt kiegsztsknt vagy helyettk invazv roncsolsos
vagy mikro-roncsolsos technikkra is szksg lehet. A mintavtel a legjelentsebb invazv eljrs. Idelis esetben a mintkat roncsolsmentes laboratriumi vizsglatoknak vetik
al. Bizonyos esetekben roncsolsos eljrsokra van szksg.
mintavtel, anyagvizsglat s analitika

analisi non invasiva

it

Definizione: La collezione dinformazioni in

situ utilizzando tecniche che non modificano
o danneggiano il materiale dellopera nel punto di contatto tra lo strumento o il fascio di luce emesso e la superficie.

PL

Definicja: Gromadzenie informacji in situ przy

wykorzystaniu technik, ktre nie modyfikuj i
nie niszcz powierzchni materiau w punkcie
kontaktu z instrumentem bd wizk emitowanego przez instrument promieniowania.
Komentarz: Zastosowanie w terenie technik
nieinwazyjnych, takich jak rentgenowska spektroskopia fluorescencyjna moe by niewystarczajce by otrzyma szczegowe wyniki, dlatego w uzupenieniu lub zamiast nich mog by
zastosowane techniki inwazyjne, destrukcyjne
lub mikro destrukcyjne. Jedn z najwaniejszych technik inwazyjnych jest pobieranie prbek. Nieniszczce techniki laboratoryjne s
wwczas idealne do badania pobranych prbek. Jednak w niektrych przypadkach konieczne moe by uycie technik destrukcyjnych.
pobieranie prbek, analiza i badania materiaw

investigaie non-invaziv

Ro

Definiie: Obinerea de informaii in situ folosind tehnici de investigaie ce nu modific i

nu distrug materialul original n punctul de
contact dintre instrument sau radiaia emis
de acesta i suprafa.

toma de muestra, anlisis y estudio de mate-

riales

mdahalesiz aratrma

prelevarea de probe, analiza i examinarea

investigaciones no invasivas

Es

Definicin: Toma de datos e informacin in

situ en la que se usan tcnicas que no modifican o daan el material en el punto de contacto entre el instrumento o el haz emitido por
el instrumento y la superficie.

tR

Tanm: Yzey ve cihaz arasnda ya da yzeyle

cihaz tarafndan yaylan k arasndaki temas
noktasnda tahribat ve malzemede deiiklik
yapmayan yerinde bilgi toplama yntemi.
Yorum: Alanda, x-nlar florl grnge lm gibi mdahalesiz teknikler kullanm detayl sonu almak iin yeterli olmayabilir. Bu
yzden, ek olarak ya da bu tekniklerin yerine
baz tahrip edici teknikler ya da mikro tahrip
edici teknikler uygulanabilir. En nemli invazif
tekniklerden biri numune almadr. deal olarak, numuneler zerinde tahrip edici olmayan
laboratuar teknikleri uygulanabilir. Baz durumlarda tahrip edici teknikler gerekli olabilir.
E anlaml: tahrip etmeyen aratirma
numune alma, malzeme ve tetkik analizi

Adnotare: Utilizarea in situ a tehnicilor non-invazive de investigaie precum XRF poate fi insuficient pentru obinerea unor informaii
complete, motiv pentru care se poate recurge
la utilizarea complementar a unor metode invazive distructive sau micro-distructive. Prelevarea de probe este una dintre cele mai importante metode de analiz invaziv. n mod ideal,
tehnicile non-invazive de laborator se efectueaz pe probe. n unele cazuri poate fi necesar
utilizarea complementar a tehnicilor invazive.

materialelor

Commento: Luso delle tecniche non invasive

in situ, come per esempio la spettrofotometria
XRF, pu non essere sufficiente per ottenere
risultati completi, quindi in aggiunta o in sostituzione possono essere eseguite alcune
analisi distruttive o micro distruttive e invasive. Una delle tecniche invasive pi importanti il campionamento. Poi, idealmente, sui
campioni sono eseguite analisi non distruttive

Comentario: El uso de tcnicas no invasivas, como la espectroscopia de fluorescencia de rayos

X puede no ser suficiente para obtener resultados exhaustivos, por lo que puede ser necesario
complementar o sustituir esta investigacin con
tcnicas invasivas o micro-destructivas. Una de
las tcnicas invasivas ms importantes es la
toma de muestra. Preferiblemente se usan
tcnicas de laboratorio no destructivas aunque, en algunos casos, son necesarias las tcnicas destructivas.

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Visualisation of a restored area using UV fluorescence, Chapel of St. Sbastien, Roure (France), 15th century; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

contactless investigation

EN

FR

Berhrungsfreie Untersuchung

DE

Definition: Gathering of information on site

using techniques that do not touch the surface of the wall painting.

Dfinition: Collecte dinformations sur site

par des techniques qui nentrent pas en
contact avec la surface de la peinture murale.

Definition: Erfassen von Informationen vor

Ort mit Techniken, die keinen Kontakt mit der
Wandmalerei haben.

Comment: This can include imaging and/or

the use of some analytical techniques, such as
infrared thermography, which are performed
remotely. The distance from the surface can
be small (e.g. for X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy it is less than 2 cm), medium (e.g.
generally a few metres for the photodocumentation of a wall painting), or great (e.g. use
of some specific systems of LIDAR for an architectural survey which is of the order of several
tens of meters or more). Analyses can be contactless, invasive and micro-destructive (e.g.
LIBS).

Commentaires: Cela peut inclure lobtention

dimages ou lemploi de certaines techniques
analytiques utilises distance, telles que la
thermographie infrarouge. La distance la
surface peut tre petite (par exemple infrieure 2 cm, pour la spectroscopie de fluorescence X), moyenne (quelques mtres pour
la photodocumentation dune peinture murale) ou grande (plusieurs dizaines de mtres
ou plus, pour lutilisation de certains systmes
spcifiques de LIDAR pour une tude architecturale). Les analyses peuvent tre sans
contact, invasive et micro-destructive (par
exemple LIBS).

Kommentar: Sie beinhaltet die Erstellung von

Bildern und/oder die Anwendung von Untersuchungstechniken, wie der Infrarotthermografie, die mit Abstand zum Objekt ausgefhrt
werden. Dieser Abstand kann klein (fr die
Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie betrgt sie
z.B. weniger als 2 cm), mittel (z.B. generell ein
paar Meter zur Fotodokumentation einer
Wandmalerei) oder gro sein (der Einsatz bestimmter Systeme von LIDAR zur Architekturvermessung bewegt sich z.B. im Bereich einiger Dutzend Meter oder mehr). Untersuchungen knnen berhrungsfrei, invasiv und zerstrungsarm sein (z.B. LIBS).

analyse non invasive, observation et analyse

nicht-invasive Untersuchung, Materialunter-

des matriaux

suchung

non-invasive investigation, material exami-

nation and analysis

Source: Lorusso, Schippa 1995

258

Etude sans contact

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Beskontaktno istraivanje

HR

Definicija: Prikupljanje informacija in situ tehnikama koje ne dodiruju povrinu zidne slike.
Napomena: Beskontaktno istraivanje moe
obuhvaati dobivanje slika i/ili koritenje analitikih tehnika poput infracrvene termografije
koja se izvodi na udaljenosti. Udaljenost od povrine moe biti mala (npr. za rengentsku fluorescentnu spektroskopiju manja je od 2 cm), srednja (npr. openito nekoliko metara za fotodokumentiranje zidne slike) ili velika (npr. uporaba
nekih specifinih sustava LIDAR za arhitektonsko
istraivanje unutar vie desetaka metara). Analize mogu biti beskontaktne, invazivne i mikrodestruktivne (npr. LIBS).
nenasilna istraivanja, analiza materijala i

ispitivanja

rints nlkli vizsglatok

HU

Meghatrozs: Helyszni adatgyjts, olyan

technikk segtsgvel, melyek nem rintkeznek a falkp felletvel.
Megjegyzs: Ez magba foglalhatja felvtelek ksztst s/vagy bizonyos analitikai technikk hasznlatt, mint pldul az infravrs
termogrfia, melyek tvolrl vgezhetek. A
fellettl val tvolsg lehet kicsi (pldul a
rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia esetn
kevesebb, mint 2 cm), kzepes (ltalban pr
mter a falkpek fotdokumentlsnl) vagy
nagy (pldul a sajtos LIDAR rendszerek
hasznlata ptszeti felmrseknl, ahol a tvolsg tbb tz mteres nagysgrend, akr
ennl is tbb). Az analzisek lehetnek rints
nlkliek, nem invazvek s mikro-roncsolsosak (pldul a LIBS).
nem invazv vizsglat, anyagvizsglat s analitika

indagine non invasiva

it

Definizione: La collezione dinformazioni in

situ utilizzando tecniche senza contatto con
la superficie del dipinto murale.
Commento: Ci pu includere la ripresa dimmagini e / o luso di alcune tecniche analitiche
eseguite a distanza, come la termografia allinfrarosso. La distanza dalla superficie pu essere
piccola (ad esempio per la spettrofotometria
XRF inferiore ai 2 cm), media (per esempio
generalmente pochi metri per la documentazione fotografica di un dipinto murale), o grande (ad esempio luso di alcuni sistemi specifici

di LIDAR per un rilievo architettonico che

eseguito a una distanza di diverse decine di
metri o di pi). Nota: indagini e analisi possono
essere non invasive, invasive e/o micro distruttive (ad esempio LIBS).
analisi non invasiva, analisi ed esame dei ma-

teriali

Badania bezdotykowe

PL

Definicja: Zbieranie informacji in situ, z uyciem instrumentw ktre nie dotykaj powierzchni malowida ciennego.

Comentario: Incluye la obtencin de imgenes y/o el uso de algunas tcnicas analticas, como la termografa infrarroja, realizadas de manera remota. La distancia con la superficie puede ser pequea (por ejemplo, la espectroscopia
de fluorescencia de rayos X necesita menos de
2 cm), media (por ejemplo, la documentacin
fotogrfica necesita algunos metros) o grande
(por ejemplo, algunos sistemas especficos LIDAR usados en estudios arquitectnicos, requieren decenas de metros o incluso ms). Los
anlisis pueden ser sin contacto, invasivos y micro-destructivos (por ejemplo, LIBS).
investigaciones no-invasivas, anlisis y estu-

dio de materiales

Komentarz: Mona tu zaliczy wykonywanie

fotografii i stosowanie niektrych technik badawczych, takich jak zdalna termografia w
podczerwieni. Odlego od powierzchni moe by maa (np. w przypadku rentgenowskiej
spektroskopii fluorescencyjnej mniej ni 2 cm),
rednia (np. kilka metrw przy wykonywaniu
dokumentacji fotograficznej malowida ciennego), lub dua (np. przy stosowaniu specjalnych systemw LIDAR w badaniach architektonicznych odlegoci s rzdu dziesitek metrw i wicej). Badania mog by bezdotykowa, inwazyjne i mikro-destrukcyjne (np. LIBS).
badania nieinwazyjne, analiza i badania ma-

teriau

investigaie non-contact

Ro

Definiie: Obinerea de informaii in situ folosind tehnici ce nu necesit contactul direct cu

suprafaa picturii murale.
Adnotare: Poate include obinerea de imagini
i/sau utilizarea unor tehnici analitice efectuate de la distan, precum termografia IR. Distana fa de suprafa poate fi mic (n cazul
XRF, sub 2 cm), medie (n general de ordinul
metrilor pentru documentaia fotografic) sau
mare (zeci de metri, n cazul utilizrii tehnicii
LIDAR, folosit pentru monitorizarea monumentelor arhitecturale). Analizele pot fi noncontact, invazive i micro-distructive (de ex.
LIBS).
investigaie non-invaziv, analiza i exami-

narea materialelor

investigacin no destructiva

Es

Definicin: Toma de datos e informacin en

el sitio que utiliza tcnicas que no requieren
el contacto con la superficie.

temassz aratrma

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin yzeyi ile temas olmayan teknikler kullanlarak yerinde bilgi toplama.
Yorum: Resim toplama ve uzaktan uygulanan
kzltesi termografi gibi analitik tekniklerin
kullanmn ierir. Yzeyden mesafe kk
uzaklkta ( rnein X-ray floresan izgelm,
2 cmden daha az), orta uzaklkta (rnein duvar resmini fotoraf ile belgeleme iin birka
metre), yksek uzaklkta( rnein, onlarca yada
daha fazla metre uzaklkta mimari aratrma
iin zel LIDAR sistemleri kullanm) olabilir.
Analizler; temassz, zarar verici ve, az zarar edici olabilir (rnein LIBS).
mdahalesiz aratrma, malzeme ve tetkik analizi

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Photodocumentation of the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, minj (Croatia), 15th century; Photo: 2014, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

Photodocumentation

EN

Documentation photographique

FR

Definition: The collection of all available

iconographic, historical, technical and scientific images that can shed light on the materials or aesthetics of an artwork.

Dfinition: Comparaison de toute limagerie,

iconographique, historique, technique et
scientifique qui peut renseigner sur les matriaux ou lesthtique dune uvre.

Comment: It includes all photographic images that can be obtained using different
magnification and under different lighting
conditions (direct light, semi- or raking light)
and different wavelengths (ultraviolet light,
multi-spectral). The choice of the images depends on the aim of the study which can be
about art history or the conservation state of
a wall painting. Images should also include a
scale. All of the images must be dated.

Commentaires: Elle comprend toutes les

photographies qui peuvent tre obtenues en
utilisant un grossisement diffrent, diffrentes
conditions dclairage (lumire directe, lumire rasante ou semi rasante), ayant diffrentes longueurs donde (lumire ultraviolette, multi spectrales). Le choix des images
dpend de lobjectif de ltude qui peut
concerner lhistoire de lart ou ltat de conservation dune peinture murale. Les images doivent inclure une chelle et tre dates.

raking light, scientific images

imagerie scientifique, lumire rasante

Fotodokumentation

Definition: Die Sammlung aller ikonografischen, historischen, technischen und wissenschaftlichen Abbildungen, die Aufschluss
ber Materialien und das Aussehen eines
Kunstwerks geben.
Kommentar: Sie beinhaltet alle fotografischen Aufnahmen, die mit verschiedenen Vergrerungen, unter verschiedenen Beleuchtungsbedingungen (direkte Beleuchtung,
Streiflicht, starkes Streiflicht) und mit verschiedenen Wellenlngen (ultraviolettes Licht, multispektral) erstellt werden knnen. Die Auswahl der Abbildungen hngt vom Ziel der Studie ab, das kunsthistorisch sein kann oder die
Dokumentation des Zustands der Wandmalerei. Die Bilder sollten einen Mastab enthalten. Alle Aufnahmen mssen datiert sein.
Streiflicht, wissenschaftliche Fotografie

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Nimmo 2000; Petit, Valot 1980; Santner 2012; Glossary of Conservation 2006

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DE

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Fotodokumentacija

HR

Definicija: Prikupljanje svih dostupnih ikonografskih, povijesnih, tehnikih i znanstvenih

slikovnih materijala koji mogu doprinijeti saznanjima o materijalu ili estetici umjetnikoga
djela.

Dokumentacja fotograficzna

PL

Fotoraf ile belgeleme

tR

Definicja: Zbir caej dostpnej ikonografii,

historycznej, technicznej i naukowej, ktra
moe rzuci wiato na budow czy walory estetyczne dziea sztuki.

Tanm: Sanat eserinin estetik veya malzemesini ortaya karan mevcut tm ikonografik,
tarihi, teknik ve bilimsel grsellerin toplanmas.

Napomena: Fotodokumentacija ukljuuje sve

fotografije koje se mogu dobiti koristei se
razliitim uveanjima i pod razliitim svjetlosnim uvjetima (izravno svjetlo, polukoso ili koso svjetlo) i razliitim valnim duljinama (UV,
multispektar). Izbor slika ovisi o cilju istraivanja koje moe biti povijesno-umjetniko ili se
odnosi na stanje zatite zidne slike. Slike bi trebale sadravati skalu boja. Sve slike moraju biti
datirane.

Komentarz: Obejmuje wszelkie obrazy fotograficzne jakie otrzyma mona stosujc rne
powikszenia, w rnych warunkach owietlenia (wiato bezporednie, boczne pod rnymi ktami) i z zastosowaniem innej dugoci
fali (wiato ultrafioletowe, w wielu zakresach).
Wybr ujcia zaley od celu bada i przedmiotu: historii sztuki, czy stanu zachowania
malowida ciennego. Fotografie powinny zawiera skal. Wszystkie fotografie musz by
opatrzone dat.

Yorum: Farkl leklerde ve farkl aydnlatma

koullarnda (dorudan gelen k, yar yada
yandan gelen k, ultraviyole k, ok n dalml) ekilen tm fotorafik grselleri ierir.
Grsellerin seimi, duvar resminin koruma durumu veya sanat tarihi ile alakal almann
amacna baldr. Grseller lek iermelidir.
Tm grseller tarihlendirilmelidir.

koso svjetlo, znanstveni prikazi

wiato boczne, fotografia specjalistyczna

Fotdokumentci

HU

Documentaie fotografic

Ro

Meghatrozs: Az rendelkezsre ll ikonogrfiai, trtneti, technikai s tudomnyos felvtelek egybegyjtse, melyek fnyt derthetnek
a malkots anyagaira vagy eszttikjra.

Definiie: Colectarea tuturor imaginilor iconografice, istorice, tehnice i tiinifice disponibile, ce pot pune n lumin materialele sau
estetica unei opere de art.

Megjegyzs: Magba foglalja az sszes fnykpet, melyet klnbz nagytsban, klnbz megvilgtsban (kzvetlen megvilgts, flsrl vagy srl fny) s klnbz hullmhosszon (UV sugrzs, multispektrlis sugrzs) ksztenek. A kpek kivlasztsa fgg
a tanulmny cljtl, ami szlhat a falkp mvszettrtnetrl vagy megtartsi llapotrl. A kpeknek lptket is kell tartalmazniuk.
Minden kpet keltezni kell.

Adnotare: Include toate imaginile fotografice

ce pot fi obinute prin utilizarea de magnifieri,
condiii de iluminare (lumin direct, lumin
razant) i lungimi de und diferite (lumin ultraviolet, multispectral). Alegerea imaginilor depinde de scopul studiului, care poate fi
legat de istoria artei, sau de starea de conservare a unei picturi murale. Imaginile ar trebui
s includ, de asemenea, o scar. Toate imaginile trebuie s fie datate.

srl fny, tudomnyos felvtelek

lumin razant, imagistic tiinific

Documentazione fotografica

it

Documentacin fotogrfica

Es

Definizione: La raccolta di tutte le immagini

iconografiche, storiche, tecniche e scientifiche
disponibili che possono fornire informazioni
sui materiali o sull aspetto di unopera darte.

Definicin: Recopilacin de imgenes histricas, tcnicas y cientficas existentes que pueden aportar informacin sobre los materiales
o la esttica de la obra de arte.

Commento: Include tutte le immagini fotografiche che possono essere ottenute utilizzando diversi ingrandimenti, diverse condizioni dilluminazione (luce diretta, luce semi-radente o radente) e diverse lunghezze donda
(luce ultravioletta, luce multispettrale). La scelta delle immagini dipende dallo scopo dello
studio che pu riguardare lindagine storicoartistica o lo stato di conservazione di un dipinto murale. Le immagini devono includere
una scala e d evono essere datate.

Comentario: Incluye todas las imgenes fotogrficas que pueden ser obtenidas usando diferentes aumentos y bajo distintas condiciones de iluminacin (luz directa, luz rasante o
semirrasante) y con distintas longitudes de onda (luz ultravioleta, luz infrarroja). La eleccin
de la imagen depende del objetivo del estudio,
que puede ser sobre la historia artstica o sobre
el estado de conservacin de la superficie. Las
imgenes suelen incluir una escala. Todas las
imgenes deben ser referenciadas.

luce radente, fotografia scientifica

luz rasante, imgenes cientficas

yan k, bilimsel grselleme

Bg

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,

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Observation of surface relief (left: direct light; right: half-raking light), painting by Matteo Giovannetti, St. Zacharie, Charterhouse chapel, Villeneuve-ls-Avignon (France), 1355;
Photos: 2011, CICRP (Odile Guillon)

Raking light

EN

Definition: The surface is lit, preferably using

daylight-spots at a specific angle, in order to
show the relief through shadow effects.
Comment: The angle between the surface of
the wall painting and the main direction of the
light varies from 0 (raking light) to almost 20
(half-raking light). Semi-raking light is often
preferred because it maintains the readability
of the wall painting and gives more accurate
information about the relief, such as: the execution of the painting (outline incisions, tool
marks, joints between the coatings giornate,
pontate regularity or irregularity of surfaces,
etc.), its state of conservation (degree of delamination, unevenness, cracks, infills, flaking,
etc.).

Regel- oder Unregelmigkeiten der Oberflchen, etc.), sowie ihren Zustand (Ausma der
Ablsung, Unebenheiten, Risse, Ergnzungen,
Abblttern etc.).
Synonyme: Schrglicht, Seitenlicht

documentation photographique, analyse

Definicija: Povrina se osvjetljava u prvome

redu dnevnim svjetlom pod odreenim kutom kako bi se s pomou sjena prikazao reljef.

non invasive, constat dtat

streiflicht

DE

photodocumentation, non invasive investi-

Definition: Um ihr Relief durch Schatteneffekte zu zeigen, wird die Oberflche, am besten
mit Tageslichtleuchten, in einem bestimmten
Winkel beleuchtet.

Lumire rasante

Kommentar: Der Winkel zwischen Oberflche und Hauptlichtrichtung variiert zwischen

0 (starkes Streiflicht) bis 20 (Streiflicht). Mittleres Streiflicht wird oft gegenber starkem
Streiflicht bevorzugt, da es die Lesbarkeit der
Wandmalerei erhlt und genauere Informationen ber das Relief liefert, wie z.B. die Ausfhrung der Malerei (Ritzungen, Werkzeugspuren, Fugen zwischen den Giornate, Pontate,

gation, object investigation

FR

Dfinition: La peinture murale est claire

avec des clairages flash selon un angle spcifique, pour montrer le relief par effet dombres.
Commentaires: Langle entre la surface de la
peinture murale et laxe de lclairage varie de

Sources: Harris 2003; Mora et al. 1979

262

0 (lumire rasante) prs de 20 (lumire

semi-rasante). La lumire semi-rasante est souvent prfre car elle maintient la lisibilit de
la peinture murale et donne des informations
prcises sur le relief, comme lexcution de la
peinture (incisions, marques doutils, joints entre les enduits giornate, pontate , rgularit
ou lirrgularit des surfaces etc.) ou son tat
de conservation (degr de dcollement, dformations, fissures, remplissages, caillage etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: lumire incidente/
oblique

Fotodokumentation, nicht-invasive Untersu-

chung, Befunduntersuchung

Koso svjetlo

HR

Napomena: Kut izmeu povrine zidne slike

i glavnoga smjera svjetla varira od 0 (koso
svjetlo) do gotovo 20 (polukoso svjetlo). Polukosom svjetlu esto se daje prednost jer zadrava itljivost zidne slike i prua toniju informaciju o reljefu, poput: izvedbe slike (obrisi
urezivanja, tragovi alata, spojevi meu slojevima giornate, pontate pravilnost i nepravilnost povrine itd.), stanje njezine konzervacije (stupanj raslojavanja, nejednakost, pukotine, ispune, ljuskanje itd.).
fotodokumentacija, nenasilna istraivanja,
istraivanje objekta

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srl fny

HU

Meghatrozs: A falkpet jellegzetes szgben elhelyezett, lehetleg nappali fnyt kibocsjt fnyszrkkal vilgtjk meg, annak rdekben, hogy az rnykhatsok ltal kiemeljk a felleti egyenetlensgeket.
Megjegyzs: A falkp fellete s a f fnyirny kztt bezrt szg 0 (srl fny) s csaknem 20 (flsrl fny) kztt mozoghat.
Gyakran a flsrl fnyt kedvelik, mert ez
megrzi a falkp felismerhetsgt s pontosabb informcikat nyjt a felsznrl, gy a falkp kszts technikjrl (bekarcolt krvonalak, eszkz nyomok, a fedrtegek napi varrat, pontate kzti illeszkeds, a fellet szablyossga vagy szablytalansga stb.), s megtartsi llapotrl (felvlsok mrtke, egyenetlensgek, repedsek, tmtsek, lepattogzsok, stb.).

Komentarz: Kt nachylenia promieni wietlnych w stosunku do powierzchni malowida

ciennego waha si od 0 (wiato boczne) do
okoo 20 (ukone). Preferowane jest wiato
ukone, gdy zachowuje czytelno malowida i daje dokadniejsz informacj o nierwnociach, takich jak: sposb wykonania malowida (zagbione kontury, lady narzdzi, czenia powok giornate, pontate regularny
czy nieregularny charakter powierzchni itd.)
stan zachowania (stopie rozwarstwienia, nierwnoci, pknicia, uzupenienia, zuszczenia
itd.).
Synonimy: wiato padajce ukonie, skone

ejemplo, la ejecucin de la pintura (marca las

incisiones, las marcas de las herramientas, las
juntas entre las capas jornadas y pontate
la regularidad o irregularidad de la superficie,
etc.) o su estado de conservacin (grado de
delaminacin, irregularidades, grietas, estucados, descamaciones, etc.).

dokumentacja fotograficzna, badania nie-

Tanm: Yzeyin, glge etkiler vastasyla zerindeki kabartmay gstermek iin tercihen
gn renkli projektr kullanlarak zel bir
a ile aydnlatlmas.

Lumin razant

Yorum: Duvar resminin yzeyi ile n ana yn arasndaki a 0 (yan k) ile neredeyse 20
(yar-eik k) aras deikenlik gsterir. Yar
eik k sklkla tercih edilir nk duvar resminin okunabilirliini devam ettirir ve rlyef hakknda daha doru bilgi verir, rnein; boyann
uygulanmas (ana hat kertikleri, alet izleri, kaplamalar arasndaki derzler, gnlk sva-lapa-yzeylerin dzenlilii veya dzensizlii vb.), koruma durumu (ince tabakalara ayrlma derecesi,
przllk, atlaklar, dolgular, pullanmalar vb).

inwazyjne, badanie obiektu

Ro

fotdokumentci, nem invazv vizsglatok,

Definiie: Suprafaa este iluminat utiliznd

de preferin spoturi cu lumin natural, la un
unghi specific, cu scopul de a pune n eviden
relieful prin efecte de umbr.

Luce radente

Adnotare: Unghiul dintre suprafaa picturii

murale i direcia radiaiei luminoase variaz
ntre 0 (lumin razant) pn la aproape 20
(lumin semi-razant). De obicei este preferat lumina semi-razant deoarece pstreaz lizibilitatea picturii murale i ofer informaii
mult mai precise despre relief, precum: tehnica de execuie a picturii (incizii pe conturul
imaginilor, urme de unelte, mbinrile dintre
straturi giornate, pontate regularitatea sau
iregularitatea suprafeelor, etc.), starea de conservare (gradul de exfoliere, denivelri, fisuri,
chituiri, exfolieri n fulgi, etc.).

objektum vizsglat

it

Definizione: La pittura murale illuminata

con lampade a luce diurna in un angolo specifico al fine di mostrare il rilievo attraverso gli
effetti di ombreggiatura.
Commento: Langolo tra la superficie del dipinto murale e la direzione principale della luce varia da 0 (luce radente) a quasi 20 (luce
semi-radente). Di solito si preferisce la luce semi-radente perch il dipinto murale rimane pi
leggibile e fornisce informazioni pi precise sul
rilievo, come ad esempio: lesecuzione del dipinto (incisioni dei contorni, segni di strumenti,
giunti tra gli strati di rivestimento , p. es. giornate o pontate, regolarit o irregolarit delle
superfici, ecc.), il suo stato di conservazione
(grado di delaminazione, irregolarit, fessurazioni, stuccature, sollevamenti a scaglie, ecc.).

documentaie fotografic, investigaie non-

invaziv, investigaia obiectului

Luz rasante

Es

documentazione fotografica, indagini non in-

Definicin: La pintura mural debe ser iluminada preferiblemente usando puntos de luz
da con un ngulo especfico, con la intencin
de mostrar el relieve a travs del efecto de las
sombras.

wiato boczne

Comentario: El ngulo entre la superficie y la

pintura mural y la direccin principal de la luz
vara entre 0 (luz rasante) y casi 20 (luz rasante media). La luz rasante media es generalmente preferible porque mantiene la lectura
de la pintura mural y da informacin ms precisa sobre su relieve. Permite apreciar, por

vasive, indagine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche

PL

Definicja: Powierzchnia jest owietlana przy

uyciu reflektorw punktowych, najlepiej z
dziennym wiatem, pod szczeglnym ktem,
by poprzez ukad cieni pokaza nierwnoci.

documentacin fotogrfica, investigaciones

no invasivas, investigacin del objeto

Yan k

tR

fotoraf ile belgeleme, mdahalesiz aratrma, nesne incelemesi

Bg

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:

0 ( )
20 ( ).
,
- :
(,
,
,

.), ( , , , , ).
, -

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Viewing of restored area in direct light (left) and IR false colour (right), Chapel of Notre Dame dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Odile
Guillon)

scientific images

EN

Definition: A part of photodocumentation

consisting of dated photographs that give information on the technique, treatment/s and
state of conservation of the studied object.
Comment: Images can be taken using different magnifications (a scale must be used), under direct daylight, half-raking light, UV light,
IR radiation or sensors (e.g. IR reflectography);
they are generally in digital colour and highresolution (more than 200 dpi). Their combinations can lead to 2D or 3D photogrammetric
images and IR/UV false-colour images. The
term also refers to images created through analytical processes (e.g. IR thermography, terahertz spectroscopy and emissiography). Information concerning the photograph itself and
the working conditions accompany the image.
photodocumentation, conservation report,

object investigation, structural examination,

site investigation

imagerie scientifique

FR

Dfinition: Partie de la documentation photographique faite dimages dates informant

sur la technique, le(s) traitement(s) et ltat de
conservation de lobjet tudi.
Commentaires: Images prises diffrents
grossissements (avec une chelle pour les dSources: Lorusso, Schippa 1995; Aze et al. 2011

264

tails), sous clairage de type flash, semi-rasante, UV, avec diffrents capteurs (IR, rflectographie IR). Elles sont gnralement numriques, en couleur et haute rsolution
(>200 dpi). Leur combinaison produit des
images de photogrammtrie 2D ou 3D, IR/UV
en fausses couleurs. Elles sont aussi gnres
par des systmes danalyse (thermographie IR,
spectroscopie trahertz, missiographie). Des
informations sur le photographe et les conditions de travail sont associes.

und Aufnahmebedingungen sollten dabei

sein.
Synonym: wissenschaftliche Bildgebung

documentation photographique, rapport de

Definicija: Dio fotodokumentacije koju ine

datirane fotografije s informacijama o tehnici,
postupcima i stanju zatite prouavanoga
predmeta.

conservation-restauration, constat dtat,

tude de site, examen structurel

Wissenschaftliche Fotografie

DE

Definition: Teil der Fotodokumentation aus

datierten Fotos, die ber Technik, Manahmen
und Zustand des Objektes Auskunft geben.
Kommentar: Die Fotos werden mit Vergrerungen gemacht (mit Mastab), unter direktem Tageslicht, Streiflicht, UV-Licht, IR-Strahlung oder mit Sensoren (z.B. IR-Reflektografie).
blich sind hoch aufgelste (mehr als 200 dpi),
digitale Farbbilder. Kombiniert knnen daraus
fotogrammetrische 2D oder 3D Bilder und
IR/UV-Falschfarbenbilder entstehen. Es zhlen
auch Fotos dazu, die mit naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen erstellt werden, wie IRThermografie, Teraherz-Spektroskopie und
Emissiographie. Informationen ber Inhalt

Fotodokumentation, Restaurierungsdoku-

mentation, Befunduntersuchung, Kontextuntersuchung, Gefgeuntersuchung

Znanstveni prikazi

HR

Napomena: Slike se mogu izraditi uporabom

razliitih poveanja (mora se koristiti mjerilo),
pod izravnim dnevnim svjetlom, polukosim
svjetlom, UV svjetlom, infracrvenim zraenjem
ili senzorima (npr. infracrvene reflektografije);
najee su digitalne, u boji i u visokoj rezoluciji (vie od 200 dpi). Njihove kombinacije mogu dovesti do fotogrametrijskih slika u 2D ili
3D, ili IR/UV slika u false colour (boje koje ne
odgovaraju izvorniku). Naziv se takoer odnosi na fotografije koje se dobivaju kroz analitike procese (npr. IR termografije, terahertz
spektroskopije i emisijske grafije). Uz fotografiju potrebno je zabiljeiti informacije o fotografu i radnim uvjetima.
fotodokumentacija, konzervatorsko-restau-

ratorski izvjetaj, istraivanje objekta, istraivanje mjesta

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tudomnyos felvtelek

HU

Meghatrozs: A fotdokumentci rsze,

olyan keltezett fnykpekbl ll, melyek informcikat nyjtanak a vizsglt malkots anyaghasznlatval, ksztstechnikjval, datlsval
s megtartsi llapotval kapcsolatosan.
Megjegyzs: A kpek kszlhetnek klnbz
nagytsban (a rszleteknl lptket kell hasznlni), res nappali fnyben, flsrl fnyben, ultra
ibolya (UV) fnyben, infravrs (IR) megvilgtsban vagy klnbz szenzorok segtsgvel
(pldul IR reflektogrfia); ltalban sznes, digitlis, nagy felbonts (200 dpi fltti) felvtelek.
Kombinlsuk 2D vagy 3D fotgrammetris kpeket vagy hamis UV/ IR kpet eredmnyezhet.
A kifejezst hasznljk az analitikai eljrsokkal
ksztett kpekre is (pldul IR termogrfia, terahertzes s emisszis spektroszkpia). A felvtelt
magval a kppel, valamint a munkakrlmnyekkel kapcsolatos informcik ksrik.

Komentarz: Obrazy mona wykona z uyciem rnych powiksze (z podaniem skali

dla detali), w wietle dziennym bezporednim,
ukonym, UV, promieniowaniu IR (podczerwieni), lub z uyciem rnych sensorw (np.
reflektografii IR), zwykle barwne, cyfrowe o
wysokiej rozdzielczoci (powyej 200 dpi).
Mog suy do tworzenia dwu- lub trjwymiarowych obrazw fotogrametrycznych i
obrazw IR i UV w technice faszywych kolorw. Termin odnosi si te do obrazw tworzonych w procesie analitycznym (np. termografii w podczerwieni, spektroskopii terahercowej i emisjografii). Fotografie powinny zawiera dane o warunkach wykonania.
dokumentacja fotograficzna, dokumentacja

badan konserwatorskich, badanie obiektu

imagistic tiinific

Ro

fotdokumentci, kutatsi beszmol, objektum

Definiie: Parte a documentaiei fotografice ce

conine fotografii datate ce ofer informaii asupra tehnicii de execuie, tratamentelor i asupra
strii de conservare a obiectului cercetat.

Fotografia scientifica

Adnotare: Imaginile pot fi obinute folosind diferite magnificaii (trebuie folosit o scal), sub
lumin natural direct, lumin semi-razant, lumin UV, radiaie IR sau senzori (de ex. reflectografia IR); acestea sunt n general n culoare digital i cu rezoluie mare (>200 dpi). Combinaiile lor pot duce la imagini fotogrametrice 2D
sau 3D i culori false n IR/UV. Termenul se refer
de asemenea i la imaginile generate prin procese analitice (de ex. termografia IR, spectroscopia Terahertz sau radiografia prin fotoemisie).
Imaginea este nsoit de informaii cu privire la
fotografia n sine i la condiiile de munc.

vizsglat, szerkezeti vizsglat, helyszn vizsglat

it

Definizione: Una parte della documentazione fotografica costituita da fotografie (datate) che forniscono informazioni sulla tecnica, sugli interventi e
sullo stato di conservazione di un dipinto murale.
Commento: Le immagini possono essere fatte
utilizzando diversi ingrandimenti (una scala deve essere sempre utilizzata per fotografare i dettagli) alla luce del giorno diretta, a luce semi-radente, alla luce UV, alla radiazione IR o utilizzando sensori differenti (ad esempio la riflettografia
IR); generalmente le immagini sono digitali, a
colori e hanno una risoluzione alta (pi di 200
dpi). Le loro combinazioni possono portare a
immagini fotogrammetriche 2D o 3D e a immagini IR / UV a falsi colori. Il termine si riferisce anche alle immagini create con processi analitici
(per esempio la termografia IR, la spettroscopia
e lemissiografia a tetrahertz). Con limmagine
sono fornite informazioni sulla fotografia stessa
e sulle condizioni di lavoro durante la ripresa..
documentazione fotografica, ricerche sul sito,
analisi della struttura architettonica, documen-

tazione della conservazione, indagine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici architettoniche

Fotografie specjalistyczne

PL

Definicja: Cz dokumentacji fotograficznej

obejmujca (datowane) zdjcia informujce o
technice, zabiegach i stanie malowida.

documentaie fotografic, raport de conservare i restaurare, investigaia obiectului

imgenes cientficas

Es

Definicin: Parte de la documentacin fotogrfica realizada con fotografas registradas que dan
informacin de la tcnica, los tratamientos y el
estado de conservacin del objeto de estudio.
Comentario: Las imgenes pueden realizarse
usando diferentes aumentos (se debe incluir
la escala), bajo luz da, luz media rasante, luz
UV, luz infrarroja (Imagen-IR) o usando diferentes detectores (por ejemplo, la reflectografa infrarroja). Sus combinaciones pueden producir imgenes fotogramtricas en dos o tres
dimensiones e imgenes de falso color IR/UV.
El trmino se refiere tambin a las imgenes
que se generan durante los procesos analti-

cos como la termografa IR, la espectroscopa

Terahertz y la fotografa de emisin.
documentacin fotogrfica, informe del pro-

ceso de restauracin, estudios previos del objeto

Bilimsel grseller

tR

Tanm: zerinde allan nesnenin koruma

durumu ve mdahele teknikleri hakknda bilgi
veren tarihli fororaflar ieren fotoraf ile belgeleme blm.
Yorum: Resimler, direk gn , yar al k,
UV , kzltesi nm (IR resmi) altnda veya
farkl sensrler kullanm (rnein IR reflectography) gibi deiik oranlar(detaylar iin lek
kullanlmaldr) kullanlarak ekilebilir.Bunlar
genellikle dijital renkli ve yksek znrlkteki resimlerdir (200 dpiden fazla). Bunlarn birleimi 2 veya 3 boyutlu fotogrametrik ve Kzltesi/ultraviole sahte renkli resimlerin olumasna neden olur. Terim, ayn zamanda analitik
ilemler yoluyla oluturulan (Kzltesi termografi, trilyon hertz izgelm ya da emisiyografi gibi) resimlere de denir. Fotorafn kendi
bilgisi ve alma koullar grsele eklenir.
fotoraf ile belgeleme, koruma raporu, nesne

incelemesi, strktrel inceleme, alan incelemesi

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200 dpi).
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Sampling location, exedra of Villa Kerylos, Beaulieu-sur-Mer (France), 40 BC; Photo: 2008, CICRP (Odile Guillon)

sampling

EN

Echantillonnage

FR

Probenahme

DE

Definition: When material is extracted from

a work of art or building for analysis or observation.

Dfinition: Extraction de matire de luvre

dart ou dun btiment pour analyse ou observation.

Definition: Wenn zur Analyse oder Beobachtung Substanz aus einem Kunstwerk oder einem Gebude entnommen wird.

Comment: Several techniques and instruments can be used, including: drill core,
scalpel, cotton swabs, compresses, and scraping among others. The sample location is indicated on a plan, a map or an image and documented (see the NF EN 16085: 2012 norm).
Sampling can be non-invasive when already
detached material such as a scale or a flake is
collected. In this case, it may be impossible to
locate the origin of the sample on the wall
painting. Non-invasive sampling can also include the collection of dust or soiling deposits.

Commentaires: Plusieurs techniques et instruments peuvent tre utiliss: carottier, scalpel, cotons-tiges, compresses, grattage etc.
Lemplacement de lchantillon est indiqu sur
un plan, une carte ou une image et lchantillonnage document. Le prlvement peut
tre non invasif lorsque de la matire dtache de la peinture murale est prleve (ex.
caille). Dans ce cas, il peut tre impossible de
localiser lorigine de lchantillon sur la peinture murale. Lchantillonnage non-invasif
peut galement inclure la collecte de dpts
de poussire ou de salissure.

Kommentar: Es knnen dafr mehrere Techniken und Instrumente eingesetzt werden, darunter Bohrkern, Skalpell, Wattestbchen,
Kompressen und Abschaben. Die Stelle der
Entnahme wird in einer Kartierung oder auf
einem Foto eingetragen und dokumentiert
(s. NF EN 16085: 2012). Probenahmen knnen
nicht-invasiv sein, wenn abgelstes Material,
wie Schalen oder Schuppen, gesammelt werden. In diesem Fall kann es unmglich sein,
die Herkunft einer Probe auf der Wandmalerei
zu lokalisieren. Nicht-invasive Probenahmen
knnen auch die Sammlung von Stuben
oder aufliegenden Verschmutzungen mit einschlieen.
Synonyme: Probeentnahme, Substanzentnahme

sample preparation, material analysis and ex-

amination

prparation de lchantillon, observation et

analyse des matriaux

Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung

Sources: DIN EN 15898: 2011; NF EN 16085: 2012; Aze et al. 2011; Santner 2012

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Uzorkovanje

HR

Definicija: Postupak uzimanja uzorka materijala iz umjetnikoga dijela ili graevine radi
analize ili promatranja.
Napomena: Moe se primijeniti nekoliko tehnika i instrumenata: svrdlo za jezgru, skalpel,
pamuni tamponi, pulpe (obloge), meu ostalim i struganje. Mjesto uzimanja uzorka oznauje se i biljei na nacrtu, mapi ili slici (vidi normu: NF EN 16085: 2012). Kad se prikuplja materijal koji se odvaja poput ljuske ili pahulje
uzorkovanje moe biti neinvazivno. U tome sluaju moe biti nemogue pronai mjesto uzorka na zidnoj slici. Neinvazivno uzorkovanje takoer moe ukljuivati skupljanje praine ili prljavih naslaga.
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispitivanja

mintavtel

HU

Meghatrozs: Anyag kivtele a malkotsbl vagy pletbl, vizsglat vagy tanulmnyozs cljbl.

pione sulla pittura murale. Il campionamento

non invasivo pu anche includere la raccolta di
polvere o di depositi di sporco.
Sinonimi: campionatura, prelievo di campioni
preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame

dei materiali

Pobieranie prbek

PL

Definicja: Kiedy materia jest pobrany z dziea

sztuki lub budynku do analizy lub obserwacji.
Komentarz: Mona uy kilku technik i narzdzi, midzy innymi wierta, skalpela, wacikw,
kompresw i zdrapywania. Lokalizacja prbki
jest oznaczona na planie, mapie lub obrazie i
udokumentowana (patrz norma NF EN 16085:
2012). Pobieranie prbek moe by nieinwazyjne, gdy pobierzemy materia ju oddzielony, jak odamek czy usk. W tym wypadku jednak nie bdzie moliwa lokalizacja pochodzenia prbki na malowidle. Do nieinwazyjnego
pobierania prbek zaliczy te mona zbieranie kurzu czy osadw zanieczyszcze.
przygotowanie prbek, analiza i badania ma-

teriaw

Megjegyzs: Tbbfle mdszer s eszkz

hasznlhat, ide tartoznak, tbbek kztt, a
frmag, szike, vattaplcika, pakols s kapark. A mintavtel helyt egy rajzon, trkpen
vagy fotn jellik s dokumentljk (lsd az
NF EN 16085: 2012 normatvt). A mintavtel
lehet nem invazv, ha levlt anyagot, lepattogzst, pergst gyjtenek ssze. Ebben az esetben, nem mindig lehetsges lokalizlni a minta eredeti helyt a falkpen. Nem invazv mintavtelnek szmt a por vagy a szennyezdsek sszegyjtse is.
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika

campionamento

it

Definizione: Si preleva della materia da unopera darte o da un edificio per lanalisi o per losservazione scientifica.
Commento: Possono essere usati vari strumenti e tecniche, per esempio il carotaggio, il
bisturi, dei batuffoli di cotone, degli impacchi
e la raschiatura. La posizione di prelevamento
del campione indicata e documentata nella
mappatura o su una fotografia, (vedi la norma
NF EN 16085: 2012). Il campionamento pu essere non invasivo se si raccoglie del materiale
distaccato, per esempio un frammento o una
scaglia. Il rischio in questo caso potrebbe essere
limpossibilit di localizzare lorigine del cam-

Prelevarea probelor

Ro

Definiie: Colectarea de material dintr-o oper de art sau o construcie n vederea analizrii sau examinrii acestuia.
Adnotare: Materialul poate fi prelevat utiliznd diferite tehnici i instrumente: burghiu
de forare, bisturiu, tampoane de bumbac,
comprese, prin carotaj, rzuire, etc. Zona din
care a fost prelevat materialul trebuie indicat
pe un plan, releveu sau imagine i documentat (vezi norma NF EN 16085: 2012). Prelevarea probelor poate fi non-invaziv atunci cnd
se colecteaz materialul deja desprins. n acest
caz este aproape imposibil localizarea originii
probei pe pictura mural. Eantionarea noninvaziv include i colectarea de praf sau depozite de murdrie.
Sinonim: eantionare
prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea

materialelor

toma de muestras

Es

Definicin: Extraccin de material de una

obra de arte o edificio para su anlisis u observacin.

Comentario: Pueden utilizarse diversas tcnicas e instrumentos, entre los cuales se pueden incluir: sacatestigos, bisturs, hisopos de
algodn, empacos y rascados. El punto de toma de muestra se indica en un plano, mapa o
imagen y se documenta (ver la norma NF EN
16085: 2012). Puede ser no invasiva cuando se
recoge material separado como escamas o lminas. En estos casos, podra ser imposible localizar el origen de la muestra. La toma de
muestras no invasiva puede incluir tambin
depsitos de polvo o suciedad.
preparacin de muestras, anlisis y estudio

de materiales

rnekleme

tR

Tanm: Analiz veya inceleme iin sanat eserinden veya yapdan para alma.
Yorum: Delici matkap, bisturi, pamuklu ubuk, kompres ve kazma gibi birka teknik ve
alet kullanlabilir. rnek yeri bir planda, haritada ya da resimde belirtilir ve belgelenir (baknz EN 16085: 2012 normu). rnekleme tartar ya da pul gibi ayrlm bir malzeme ise zararsz olabilir. Bu durumda, duvar resminden
alnan rnein kaynann neresi olduunu
belirlemek mmkn olmayabilir. Zararsz rnekleme toz ya da kir tortularnn toplanmasn da ierebilir.
numune hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve ince-

lemesi

Bg

: .
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: ,
, , , . ,
,
( EN 16085: 2012).
,

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Drill core sampling of a restoration render, Chapel of Notre Dame dEntrevignes, Sigale (France), 16th century; Photo: 2013, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Drill core sampling

EN

Definition: A technique that allows the extraction of materials from a certain depth by
drilling.
Comment: This sampling technique uses an
electric drill with a small bit (less than 5 mm);
the hygroscopic salt content of wall paintings and their support is thus studied. The
nature of the salts, and the variations of their
concentrations with the depth, are determined following analysis of the sampled
powders. Alternatively, a hollow drill (microcorer) is used to preserve the sample stratigraphy (micro-core); drilling can also reach the
support. Air or water is used to cool the system during the sampling process. However,
water is not used if soluble salts are to be determined.
sampling, stratigraphic investigation, object

investigation, material examination and analysis

carottage

268

chantillonnage, sondage stratigraphique,

Wandmalerei und ihres Trgers untersucht

werden. Zur Bestimmung der Salze und der
Vernderung des Salzgehaltes in der Tiefe
analysiert man die Bohrmehle. Man verwendet sehr kleine Hohlbohrer, um die Stratigrafie
der Wandmalerei zu erhalten. Die Bohrung
kann bis zum Trger reichen. Luft oder Wasser
khlen das System whrend der Kernbohrung. Wenn man lsliche Salze bestimmt, verwendet man kein Wasser.
Synonyme: Bohrkernerprobungen, Kernbohrungen
Probenahme, stratigrafische Untersuchung,
Befunduntersuchung, Materialuntersuchung

constat dtat, observation et analyse des

Uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem

matriaux

Bohrkernentnahme

DE

Definition: Technik, mit der man durch eine

Bohrung Materialien aus einer bestimmten
Tiefe herausholen kann.

FR

Dfinition:Technique de prlvement dchantillons par forage jusqu une certaine profondeur.

Sources: NF EN 16085: 2012

Commentaires: Une micro-foreuse lectrique

et une mche de moins de 5 mm de diamtre
sont utilises pour ltude en profondeur du
contenu en sels hygroscopiques dune peinture murale et de ses supports. La nature des
sels, les variations de concentrations sont mesures aprs analyse des poudres prleves. La
stratigraphie de la peinture peut tre garde et
son support atteint lors dun micro carottage.
Lchantillon est alors extrait au moyen dun carottier (cylindre creux) utilis en place dune
mche. La zone de contact entre le perforateur
et la surface est refroidie par air ou eau. Leau
nest pas utilise pour les prlvements de sels.

Kommentar: Diese Technik wird oft mit einer

Bohrmaschine mit kleinen Bohrern (weniger
als 5 mm Durchmesser) angewendet. So kann
z.B. der hygroskopische Salzgehalt einer

HR

Definicija: Tehnika koja omoguuje uzimanje

materijala iz odreene dubine buenjem.
Napomena: Ova tehnika uzorkovanja esto
se izvodi elektrinom builicom s malim svrdlom (manje od 5 mm u promjeru); nakon ega se prouavaju higroskopne soli sadrane u
zidnim slikama i njihovu nosau. Priroda soli i
varijacije sadraja soli s obzirom na dubinu
odreuju se nakon analize uzorkovane praine.

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Uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem upljim svrdlom uva stratigrafski uzorak (mikro jezgra);
buenje moe sezati do nosaa. Kod tih procesa rabi se sustav zranoga ili vodenoga hlaenja. Meutim, voda se ne upotrebljava ako
treba odrediti topljive soli.
uzorkovanje, stratigrafsko istraivanje, istra-

ivanje objekta, analiza materijala i ispitivanja

Frmagos mintavtel

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan mdszer, amely frs ltal egy adott mlysgben lev anyag kivtelt teszi lehetv.
Megjegyzs: Az ilyen tpus mintavtelt legtbbszr kis frfejes (5 mm-nl kisebb tmrj) villanyfrval vgzik; ilyen mintkbl tanulmnyozhat a falkpek, illetve ezek hordozjnak higroszkpos startalma. A furatpor
vizsglata ltal meghatrozhat a sk milyensge s koncentrcijuknak vltozsa a mlysg fggvnyben. A minta rtegszerkezetnek megrzse vgett (mikro mag) egy reges frfejet (mikro magoz) hasznlnak; a frs behatolhat a hordozba is. Az eljrs alatt
vz vagy leveg hti a rendszert. Ha az vzoldhat sk meghatrozsa a cl, vzhtst nem
lehet hasznlni.
mintavtel, rtegszerkezet vizsglat, objek-

tum vizsglat, anyagvizsglat s analitika

carotaggio

it

Definizione: Una tecnica che consente lestrazione di materiali da una certa profondit per
mezzo di trivellazione.
Commento: Questa tecnica di campionamento
spesso realizzata utilizzando un trapano elettrico con una punta da trapano piccola (meno
di 5 mm di diametro); analizzato il contenuto
di sali igroscopici dei dipinti murali e del loro
supporto. Dopo lanalisi delle polveri del campione, si possono definire i sali riscontrati e le
variazioni di concentrazione dei sali a diversi livelli di profondit. Per conservare la stratigrafia
della pittura murale (micro-carote) utilizzato
un trivellatore cavo (micro-carotaggio); la perforazione pu anche raggiungere il supporto.
Durante questi processi il materiale raffreddato da aria o acqua. Lacqua non pu essere
utilizzata quando si analizzanoi sali solubili.
campionamento, analisi ed esame dei mate-

riali, esame stratigrafico, indagine approfondita delledificio e delle sue superfici archtettoniche

Pobieranie prbek z gbokich warstw PL

Definicja: Metoda pozwalajca na pobranie
materiaw z pewnej gbokoci poprzez nawiercanie.
Komentarz: Technika pobierania prbek z
uyciem wiertarki elektrycznej i cienkiego
wierta (poniej 5 mm rednicy); jednym z rodzajw bada jest stwierdzanie zawartoci soli higroskopijnych w malowidach i podou.
Po zanalizowaniu pobranego proszku, okrelany jest rodzaj soli i ich zawarto, zalenie
od gbokoci. Natomiast uycie wierta rurowego pozwala na pobieranie prbek (w postaci mikro rdzeni) bez naruszania ich stratygrafii; nawiert moe siga podoa. Podczas
procesu stosuje si chodzenie wod lub powietrzem. Przy badaniu zawartoci soli nie
mona stosowa wody.
pobieranie prbek, badania stratygraficzne,

badania obiektu, analiza i badania materiaw

carotaj

Ro

Definiie: O tehnic ce permite extragerea materialelor de la o anumit adncime prin forare.

Adnotare: Aceast tehnic de prelevare este
adesea implementat folosind un burghiu
electric cu cap mic (sub 5 mm n diametru);
astfel este studiat coninutul srurilor higroscopice din picturile murale i suportul acestora. Natura srurilor i variaia concentraiilor n
funcie de adncime sunt determinate urmrind analiza pulberilor prelevate. O sond cu
interior gol este utilizat pentru pstrarea
stratigrafiei picturii murale; forarea poate de
asemenea s ajung pn la suport. n timpul
procesului de forare sistemul este rcit cu aer
sau ap. Apa nu este folosit n cazul depistrii
srurilor solubile.
Sinonim: eantionare prin forare
prelevarea probelor, investigaie stratigrafic,

investigaia obiectului, analiza i examinarea

materialelor

toma de muestra con broca hueca

Es

Definicin: Tcnica que permite la extraccin

de materiales a una cierta profundidad mediante perforacin.
Comentario: Se realiza normalmente usando
un taladro elctrico y una broca pequea (con
dimetro inferior a 5 mm); permite el estudio
del contenido de sales higroscpicas. La naturaleza de las sales y las variaciones de su con-

tenido con la profundidad son posteriormente

determinadas mediante el anlisis de la muestra. Este mtodo de toma de muestra preserva
la secuencia de la estratigrafa de una pintura
mural y puede tambin alcanzar al soporte. En
este caso, la muestra se extrae usando un taladro hueco en vez de una broca. El aire o el agua
enfran el sistema durante el proceso. No se usa
el agua si hay que determinar sales solubles.
toma de muestra, investigacin estratigrfica,

estudios previos del objeto, anlisis y estudio

de materiales

Karot matkap numune alma

tR

Tanm: Matkap yoluyla belirli bir derinlikten

malzeme karma olana veren teknik.
Yorum: Bu numune alma teknii genellikle ap 5 mm den az matkap ucu kullanlarak elektrikli matkap ile uygulanr; duvar resimlerinin
hidroskopik (nemeker) tuzlar ve destekleri
incelenir. Tuzlarn mahiyeti ve ierdeki younluk miktar numune tozlarn analizinden sonra
belirlenir. Oyuk delici (kk oyucu) rnek katman bilgisini korumak iin kullanlr; ayrca
delme resmin zerinde bulunduu duvara
rastlayabilir. Hava ya da su ilem esnasnda sistemi soutur. znebilir tuzlar tespit edilirse
su kullanlmaz.
rnekleme, katmansal inceleme, nesne in-

celemesi, malzeme analizi ve incelemesi

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Making a cross section (from sampling the paint to observation under a microscope); Photos: 2015, CICRP (Nicolas Bouillon)

sample preparation

EN

Prparation de lchantillon

FR

DE

Definition: Any treatment of a sample in

preparation for its study.

Dfinition: Tout traitement dun chantillon

en vue de son tude.

Definition: Behandlung einer Probe zur Vorbereitung ihrer Untersuchung.

Comment: This can lead to sample modification. Samples generally need to be prepared
before their analysis. Sample preparation depends on the aims of the analysis and the instruments used:
- cross or thin sections are needed to study
samples by optical microscopy;
- grinding to a powder, particle size separation, separation in a medium, heating, vaporisation, dissolution, and specific chemical treatments are the main methods applied.

Commentaires: La prparation peut conduire

des modifications de lchantillon. Il est possible, dans quelques cas, dtudier lchantillon sans prparation. Cependant, il est gnralement ncessaire de prparer lchantillon en fonction des objectifs de lanalyse et
de lappareil qui va tre utilis. Ainsi, les principaux modes de prparation employs sont:
- la prparation en coupe stratigraphique ou
lame mince, pour les tudes sous microscope optique;
- le broyage afin dobtenir une poudre, la sparation granulomtrique, la mise en solution, le traitement thermique, la vaporisation, la solubilisation ou des attaques chimiques spcifiques.

Kommentar: Dies kann zu Vernderungen

der Probe fhren. Proben mssen generell fr
ihre Analyse vorbereitet werden. Die Probeaufbereitung hngt von den Zielen der Analyse und den angewendeten Instrumenten ab:
- Quer- oder Dnnschliffe bentigt man zur
Untersuchung von Proben mit optischer
Mikroskopie;
- Die am hufigsten angewendeten Aufbereitungsmanahmen sind: zu Pulver zerkleinern, in Partikelgren auftrennen, in
einem Medium auftrennen, erhitzen, verdampfen, lsen und gezieltes chemisches
Zersetzen (Aufschlieen).

thin section, cross section, material analysis

and examination

lame mince, coupe stratigraphique, obser-

vation et analyse des matriaux

Sources: Microscopic Examination; Reille-Taillefert 2010, 40/1

270

Probeaufbereitung

Dnnschliff, Querschliff, Materialuntersu-

chung

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Pripremanje uzorka

HR

sezione sottile, sezione trasversale, analisi

ed esame dei materiali

Definicija: Svaki postupak pri pripremanju

uzorka za prouavanje.
opracowanie prbek
Napomena: Pripremanje moe prouzroiti
modificiranje uzorka. Uzorci se najee trebaju pripremiti prije analize.
Pripremanje uzoraka ovisi o ciljevima analize
i rabljenim instrumentima.
- popreni presjek ili tanki presjek potrebni
su za prouavanje uzorka optikim mikroskopom;
- glavni postupci koji se primjenjuju su: mrvljenje u prah, odvajanje prema veliini estica, ekstrakcija, grijanje, isparavanje, rastapanje i specifini kemijski postupci.
tanki presjek, popreni presjek, analiza ma-

terijala i ispitivanja

mintaelkszts

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely eljrs, melynek a vizsglat elksztse rdekben alvetik a mintt.

Megjegyzs: Ez a minta mdostshoz vezethet. A mintkat ltalban el kell kszteni
vizsglatuk eltt. A mintaelkszts mdja a
vizsglat cljtl s eszkzeitl fgg:
- a keresztmetszet csiszolatok, vkonycsiszolatok s szemcseprepartumok az optikai mikroszkpos vizsglatok esetn szksgesek;
- a leginkbb alkalmazott elksztsi eljrsok a ports, szemcsemret szerinti sztvlaszts, egy adott kzegben trtn sztvlaszts, melegts, prologtats, olds s a
sajtos vegyi kezelsek
vkonycsiszolat, keresztmetszet csiszolat,
anyagvizsglat s analitika

Preparazione del campione

it

Definizione: Ogni trattamento di un campione per prepararlo alla sua analisi.

Commento: Pu portare alla modifica del
campione. Generalmente i campioni devono
essere preparati prima della loro analisi. La
preparazione del campione dipende dallo
scopo dellanalisi e dagli strumenti utilizzati:
- le sezioni trasversali o le sezioni sottili sono
necessarie per studiare i campioni al microscopio ottico;
- i trattamenti principali sono la polverizzazione, la separazione dei granuli in base alla
loro dimensione, la separazione in un medium, il riscaldamento, la vaporizzazione, la
dissoluzione e gli attacchi chimici specifici.

PL

Definicja: Wszelkie dziaania przygotowujce

prbki do badania.
Komentarz: Moe prowadzi do modyfikacji
prbek. Prbki zazwyczaj wymagaj przygotowania przed poddaniem analizie. Sposb
przygotowania zaley od celu analiz i stosowanych instrumentw:
- do badania za pomoc mikroskopii optycznej konieczne jest wykonanie przekrojw i
szlifw cienkich;
- gwne sposoby przygotowania to: mielenie na proszek, rozdzielanie frakcji, oddzielanie od spoiwa, podgrzewanie, odparowywanie, rozpuszczanie i dziaanie specyficznymi odczynnikami.
cienkowarstwowe i poprzeczne przekroje,
analizy i badania materiaw

Prepararea probelor

Ro

Definiie: Orice tratament aplicat asupra unei

probe n vederea studiului acesteia.
Adnotare: Materialul prelevat dintr-o oper
poate fi modificat n aceast etap. n general,
probele prelevate nu pot fi analizate direct i
necesit cel puin o etap de preparare naintea analizei. Aceasta depinde de tipul analizei
i de instrumentaia folosit:
- seciunile transversale sau subiri sunt necesare pentru studiul probelor prin tehnici
de microscopie;
- mojararea pentru obinerea unei pulberi,
analiza granulometric, separarea cu ajutorul unui solvent sau mediu de separare, nclzirea, vaporizarea, disoluia sau un atac
chimic specific sunt principalele tratamente
(distructive) aplicate la prepararea probelor.
seciune subire, seciune transversal,
analiza i examinarea materialelor

Preparacin de muestras

Es

Definicin: Cualquier tratamiento realizado a

una muestra para su estudio.

del objetivo del anlisis y de los instrumentos

utilizados:
- para el estudio de las muestras mediante
microscopa ptica, se necesita la preparacin de secciones finas o transversales;
- los principales tratamientos que se aplican
son: molido hasta hacer polvo, separacin
por tamao de partculas, separacin en un
medio, calentamiento, vaporizacin, disolucin y tratamientos qumicos.
secciones finas, secciones transversales,
anlisis y estudio de materiales

rnek hazrlama

tR

Tanm: almaya hazrlamak iin rnek zerinde yaplan her ilem.

Yorum: Bu, rnein deiimine yol aabilir.
rneklerin genellikle analizlerden nce hazrlanmalar gerekmektedir. rnek hazrlanmas
analizin amalarna ve kullanlan araca baldr.
- dikey ya da ince kesitlerin optik mikroskop
ile incelenmesi gereklidir;
- toz olarak tme, tane byklne ayrma, maddelerine ayrma, stma, buharlatrma, znrletirme ve zel kimyasal ilemler temel mdahale uygulamalardr.
ince kesit, dikey kesit, malzeme analizi ve

incelemesi

Bg

:
, .
: .
.
:
-
;
- ,
, : ,
,
, , , , .
, , -

Comentario: Puede llevar a la modificacin

de la muestra. Generalmente, las muestras tomadas necesitan una preparacin antes de ser
analizadas. El tipo de preparacin depende

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Cross section layers viewed through an optical microscope, using reflected light (magnification = 100 x), Villa E-1027, Roquebrune- Cap Martin (France), 20th century; Photo: 2006,
CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

cross section

EN

Definition: Preparation of crosswise cut samples for observation by optical microscopy under reflected artificial daylight or UV light.
Comment: The samples are embedded in a
small resin block, then cut crosswise and polished until the sample is exposed and the entire surface is flat and smooth. Their examination provides information on the number of
layers, their sequence and their relative thicknesses, and enables the determination of the
nature and proportions of the constituent materials. Complementary scientific investigations using laboratory techniques (FTIR, Raman microscopes, SEM-EDX, etc.) are possible.
Not to be confused with: stratigraphy
sample preparation, material examination

and analysis

coupe stratigraphique

FR

Querschli

DE

Dfinition: Prparation dchantillons pour

une observation sous microscope optique en
lumire du jour artificielle ou UV et ventuellement des analyses.

Definition: Herstellung von Querschliffen von

Proben zur Untersuchung durch optische Mikroskopie mit reflektiertem, knstlichen Tageslicht oder UV-Licht.

Commentaires: Lchantillon est inclus en rsine, coup transversalement et poli jusqu

exposer le fragment selon une surface lisse et
plate. Les informations obtenues portent sur
les couches (nombre, relation entre couches,
paisseurs relatives) et les matriaux (nature,
proportions). Il est possible de mener dautres
analyses scientifiques en utilisant des appareils de laboratoire (microscopes IRTF ou Raman, MEB-EDX etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: sondage stratigraphique

Kommentar: Die Proben werden in einen

Harzblock eingebettet, dann quer durchschnitten und so lange geschliffen bis sie offen
liegen und ihre gesamte Oberflche flach und
glatt ist. Diese Untersuchung liefert Informationen ber die Anzahl der Schichten, deren
Abfolge und relative Dicke und erlaubt die Bestimmung der Eigenschaften und Mengenverhltnisse der wesentlichen Bestandteile.
Ergnzende naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen mit Laborgerten (FTIR, Ramanmikroskope, SEM-EDX, etc.) sind mglich.
Synonym: Kompaktschliff
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Stratigrafie, Querschnitt

prparation de lchantillon, observation et

analyse des matriaux

Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung

Sources: Lorusso, Schippa 1995; Stefanaggi 1997; Plesters 1956

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HR

boratorio (microscopi FTIR e Raman, SEMEDX, ecc.).

Definicija: Pripremanje uzorka za ispitivanje

optikim mikroskopom pod reflektirajuim
umjetnim dnevnim svjetlom ili UV svjetlom.

preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame

Popreni presjek

Napomena: Uzorci se umeu u male kocke i zalijevaju smolom, nakon ega se popreno bruse
i poliraju sve dok uzorak nije vidljiv, a cijela je
povrina ravna i glatka. Njihovo ispitivanje daje
informaciju o broju slojeva, njihovim odnosima
i relativnim debljinama te omoguuje odreivanje prirode i proporcija sastavnih materijala.
Mogue je provoditi i pratea znanstvena istraivanja uporabom laboratorijskih tehnika (FTIR, Ramanov mikroskop, SEM-EDX itd.).
Ne smije se mijeati s: stratigrafija
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispitivanja

Keresztmetszet csiszolat

HU

Meghatrozs: Keresztirnyban tvgott

mintk ksztse, visszavert, mestersges nappali vagy UV fnyben trtn optikai mikroszkpos vizsglatokhoz.
Megjegyzs: A mintkat kis gyantatmbkbe
gyazzk, keresztirnyban tvgjk, majd addig csiszoljk, amg a minta szabadd vlik s
teljes fellete egyenletes s sima lesz. Vizsglatuk a rtegek szmrl, sorrendjrl s relatv vastagsgrl nyjt informcikat, lehetv teszi az alkot anyagok milyensgnek s
arnynak meghatrozst. Analitikai eljrsokon alapul (FTIR s Raman mikroszkpia,
SEM-EDX) kiegszt tudomnyos vizsglatok
lehetsgesek.
Nem sszetvesztend a rtegszerkezettel.
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika

sezione trasversale

it

Definizione: La preparazione di campioni tagliati trasversalmente per la loro osservazione

al microscopio ottico a luce riflessa artificiale
visibile o UV.
Commento: I campioni sono incorporati in
un blocco di resina piccolo, poi sono tagliati
trasversalmente e levigati finch il campione
esposto e tutta la superficie piatta e liscia.
Il loro esame fornisce informazioni sulla quantit di strati, sulle loro sequence e sugli spessori relativi e consente la determinazione del
carattere e delle proporzioni dei materiali costituenti. Sono possibili indagini scientifiche
complementari che utilizzano tecniche di la-

dei materiali

Przekrj poprzeczny

PL

Definicja: Przygotowanie przekrojw poprzecznych prbek do obserwacji pod mikroskopem optycznym w odbitym sztucznym
wietle dziennym lub promieniach UV.
Komentarz: Prbki s osadzone w maym
bloku ywicy, a nastpnie przecinane poprzecznie i polerowane a do momentu gdy
prbka jest dobrze widoczna, a jej powierzchnia jest cakowicie paska i gadka. Badanie dostarcza informacji o liczbie warstw, ich kolejnosci i wzgldnej gruboci a take umoliwia
okrelenie charakteru i proporcji materiaw
skadowych. Moliwe jest take prowadzenie
dodatkowych bada laboratoryjnych z zastosowaniem technik instrumentalnych (FTIR, mikroskopw Ramanowskich, SEM-EDX itp.)
Nie naley myli z: stratygrafia
przygotowanie prbek, analiza i badanie ma-

teriaw

seciune transversal

Ro

Definiie: Prepararea probelor tiate transversal pentru observarea prin microscopie optic
n lumin artificial reflectat sau lumin UV.
Adnotare: Probele sunt nglobate ntr-un bloc
mic de rin, apoi tiate transversal i lefuite
pn cnd proba devine expus i ntreaga suprafa devine plan i neted. Examinarea
seciunilor transversale ofer informaii asupra
numrului de straturi constitutive, succesiunea i grosimea relativ i permite determinarea naturii i a ponderii materialelor constitutive. Seciunile transversale pot fi analizate
prin metode tiinifice complementare (FTIR,
Raman, SEM-EDX, etc.).
A nu se confunda cu: stratigrafie
prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea

materialelor

seccin transversal

Es

Definicin: Implica la preparacin de las

muestras para su observacin mediante microscopa ptica, bajo luz visible o luz UV artificialmente reflejada.

Comentario: Estas muestras son englobadas

en pequeos bloques de resina que despus
son cortados y pulidos hasta que la muestra
se expone y toda la superficie queda lisa y regular. Su examen da informacin sobre el nmero de capas, su secuencia y su grosor relativo, y permite determinar la naturaleza y la
proporcin de los materiales constituyentes.
Es posible realizar investigaciones cientficas
complementarias usando instrumentos de laboratorio (FTIR, microscopa RAMAN, SEMEDX, etc.).
No confundir con: estratigrafa
preparacin de muestras, anlisis y estudio

de materiales

Dikey kesit

tR

Tanm: Yanstlm yapay gn ya da ultraviole k altnda optik mikroskopi yardmyla

inceleme iin dikey kesit rnei hazrlama.
Yorum: rnekler kk reine blok iine gmlr, daha sonra dikine kesilir ve rnek meydana
kana kadar cilalanr ve tm yzey dz ve przsz olur. nceleme, katman says, sras ve bal kalnl hakknda bilgi verir ve yapsn ve bileen malzemelerin orann belirlemeyi salar.
Bilimsel aratrmalarn tamamlanmas laboratuvar aralar kullanlarak (FTIR, Raman mikroskoplar, SEM-EDX) mmkndr.
Kartrmaynz: katmansal inceleme
rnek hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve incele-

mesi

Bg

: .
:
, ,
.
,
.
(FTIR, , SEM-EDX .)
:
, -

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Plain polarized (top) and cross polarized (bottom) light views of a limestone, Roman Basilica, Volubilis site (Morocco), 3rd century BC; Photo:
2007, CICRP

thin section

EN

Lame mince

FR

DE

Definition: The preparation of very thin samples for observation under a petrographic microscope.

Dfinition: Prparation dchantillons en vue

de leur observation sous microscope optique
polarisant et ventuellement de leur analyse.

Definition: Prparation von sehr dnnen Proben zur Beobachtung unter einem petrografischen Mikroskop

Comment: Small fragments of the sample are

stuck on a glass slide (30x45 mm) and polished to a thickness of 3050 m. Information
on the layers (number, relative thicknesses),
grain contacts, corrosion patterns and materials (nature of the minerals, the cement, proportion) is gathered. Complementary scientific investigations using laboratory devices
(FTIR and Raman microscopes, SEM-EDX, electronic microprobe analyzer, etc.) are possible.
Not to be confused with: cross section

Commentaires: Lchantillon est coll sur une

lame de verre (30x45 mm) et poli jusqu ce quil
ait une paisseur constante qui est comprise entre 30 et 50 m. Les informations obtenues portent sur les couches (nombre, relation entre
couches, paisseurs relatives), les contacts
intergrains, les figures de corrosion et sur les
matriaux (nature des minraux, du ciment,
proportions). Il est possible de mener dautres
analyses scientifiques en utilisant des appareils
de laboratoire (microscopes IRTF et Raman,
MEB-EDX, microsonde de Castaing etc.).
Ne pas confondre avec: coupe stratigraphique

Kommentar: Kleine Fragmente der Probe werden auf einen Objekttrger (30x45 mm) geklebt und bis zu einer Dicke von 3050 m geschliffen. Erfasst werden Informationen ber
die Schichten (Anzahl, Abfolge, relative Dicken), ber Kornformen, -gren und -bindungen, Korrosionsmuster und Materialien (Eigenschaften der Mineralien, des Bindemittels, der
Mengenverhltnisse). Zustzlich sind naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen mit Laborgerten (FTIR- und Ramanmikroskope, SEMEDX, Elektronenmikrosonde u.a.) mglich.
Synonym: Dnnschnitt
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Querschliff

sample preparation, material analysis and ex-

amination, mineralogical examination

prparation de lchantillon, observation et

analyse des matriaux, tude minralogique

Source: Fabrication (24.4.2015)

274

Dnnschli

Probeaufbereitung, Materialuntersuchung,
mineralogische Untersuchung

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tanki presjek

HR

Definicija: Pripremanje jako tankih uzoraka za

promatranje pod petrografskim mikroskopom.
Napomena: Mali fragmenti uzorka zalijepe se
za stakalce (30x40 mm, bruse te poliraju dok
se ne postigne debljina 3040 m. Prikupljaju
se informacije o slojevima (broju, odnosima,
relativnim debljinama), zrncima i njihovim odnosima, uzorcima korozije i materijalima (vrsti
minerala, veziva, proporciji). Mogue je provoditi i pratea znanstvena istraivanja uporabom laboratorijskih ureaja (FT-IR, Ramanov
mikroskop, SEM-EDX itd.).
Ne smije se mijeati s: popreni presjek
pripremanje uzorka, analiza materijala i ispitivanja, mineraloka ispitivanje

vkonycsiszolat

HU

Meghatrozs: Igen vkony mintk ksztse

a petrogrfiai mikroszkppal trtn vizsglatok rdekben. A szemcseprepartum is ide
sorolhat.
Megjegyzs: Kis mintadarabkkat ragasztanak egy veg trgylemezre (30x45 mm),
majd 3050 m-ig vkonytjk csiszolssal. A
rtegekrl (szm, klcsns viszony s relatv
vastagsg), a szemcskrl s kapcsoldsaikrl, korrzis formkrl, anyagokrl (svnyok milyensge, cementl anyag, arnyok)
gyjthetk informcik. Analitikai eljrsokon alapul (FTIR s Raman mikroszkpia,
SEM-EDX, elektron mikroszonds vizsglat,
stb.) kiegszt tudomnyos vizsglatok lehetsgesek.
Tves megnevezs: keresztmetszet csiszolat
mintaelkszts, anyagvizsglat s analitika,
svnytani vizsglat

sezione sottile

it

Definizione: La preparazione di campioni

molto sottili per losservazione al microscopio
petrografico.
Commento: Piccoli frammenti del campione
sono incollati su un vetrino (30x45 mm) e levigati finch raggiunto uno spessore di 30
50 micron. Si possono raccogliere informazioni sugli strati (quantit, relazioni, spessori relativi), sui granuli e sui loro legami, sulle forme
di corrosione e sui vari materiali (carattere dei
minerali, dei leganti e il rapporto proporzionale dei componenti). Sono possibili indagini
scientifiche complementari che utilizzano di-

spositivi di laboratorio (microscopi FTIR e Raman, SEM-EDX, analizzatori a microsonda elettronica, ecc.).
Da non confondersi con: sezione trasversale
preparazione del campione, analisi ed esame

dei materiali, esame mineralogico

Przekrj cienkowarstwowy

PL

Definicja: Przygotowanie bardzo cienkich

prbek do obserwacji pod mikroskopem petrograficznym.
Komentarz: May fragment prbki jest przytwierdzony na pytce szklanej (30x45 mm) i
szlifowany do gruboci 3050 . Otrzymujemy
informacj o warstwach (ich liczbie, powizaniu, wzgldnej gruboci), ziarnach i ich poczeniach, rodzajach i materiaach korozji (charakterze mineraw, cementu, proporcji). Moliwe jest take stosowanie bada uzupeniajcych z zastosowaniem (FTIR, mikroskopw Ramanowskich, SEM-EDX itp.)
Synonim: szlif cienki
Nie naley myli z: przekrj poprzeczny
przygotowanie prbek, badania i analiza ma-

teriau, badania mineralogiczne

seciune subire

Ro

Definiie: Prepararea unei probe foarte subiri

pentru a permite analiza acesteia la un microscop cu lumin polarizat (microscop pentru
analize petrografice).
Adnotare: Seciunile subiri sunt preparate
prin lipirea probelor pe lamele de sticl (de circa 30 x 45 mm) i lefuirea lor pn se atinge
o grosime de 3050 m. Prin utilizarea seciunilor subiri se pot obine informaii despre diferitele straturi ale operei (numr de straturi,
relaia dintre acestea, grosimea relativ a fiecrui strat), grunii cristalini i contactul dintre ei, materialele constitutive (natura mineralelor, proporia). Analiza unei seciuni subiri
permite utillizarea mai multor tehnici complementare (FTIR, Raman, SEM-EDX, etc).
A nu se confunda cu: seciune transversal
prepararea probelor, analiza i examinarea

materialelor, examen mineralogic

Lmina delgada

Es

Definicin: Preparacin de secciones muy finas para su observacin mediante microscopio petrogrfico.

Comentario: Los pequeos fragmentos de la

muestra son colocados en un portaobjetos de
vidrio (3045 mm) y pulidos hasta obtener un
grosor de 3050 micras. Se obtiene informacin sobre las diversas capas (nmero, relacin,
grosor relativo), su granulometra, sus relaciones, los patrones de corrosin y sus materiales
(como la naturaleza de los minerales). Es posible realizar investigaciones cientficas complementarias usando instrumentos de laboratorio
(FTIR, microscopa RAMAN, SEM-EDX, etc.).
No confundir con: seccin transversal
preparacin de la muestra, anlisis y estudio

de materiales, examen mineralgico

nce kesit

tR

Tanm: Mineral mikroskobu altnda gzlem

iin ok ince rnek hazrlama.
Yorum: Kk paracklar (30 x 45 mm) lam
zerine taklr ve 3050 m kalnla ulalana
kadar parlatlr. Katmanlar zerindeki bilgi (say, balant, bal kalnlk), taneler ve balar,
anma numuneleri ve malzemeler (minarallerin yaps, imento, oran) toplanr. Bilimsel
aratrmalarn tamamlanmas laboratuvar
aralar kullanlarak (FTIR, Raman mikroskoplar, SEM-EDX) mmkndr.
Kartrmaynz: dikey kesit
rnek hazrlama, malzeme analizi ve incele-

mesi, mineralojik inceleme

Bg

:

.
:
(30
45 mm) 3035 m.
(, , ),
,
( , ).
(FTIR, , SEM-EDX,
.)
:
, -

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Examples of a selection of scientific methods used to analyse wall paintings in situ or samples using XRD (top, left), XANES line (ESRF, Grenoble; top, right),
stimulated IR Thermography (bottom, left), -XRF (bottom, right); Photos: CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

material analysis and examination

EN

observation et analyse des matriaux FR

materialuntersuchung

Definition: The observation and characterisation of wall painting materials or those making up architectural surfaces in order to give
information on the composition of an object
and its state of conservation and to provide
information useful for dating or for choosing
the best possible follow-up action.

Dfinition: Observation et caractrisation des

matriaux des peintures murales ou composant
les surfaces architecturales, afin de connaitre la
nature de lobjet, son tat de conservation,
davoir des lments de datation ou qui permettent doptimiser le protocole dintervention.

Definition: Beobachtung und Beschreibung

der Materialien, aus denen Wandmalereien
und Architekturoberflchen bestehen, um Informationen ber deren Zusammensetzung,
Zustand, Datierung oder die beste Folgemanahme zu gewinnen.

Commentaires: Description dtaille de la

technique, identification des composants et
tude des modles de dgradation par des
analyses physico-chimiques. La mthode comprend galement des approches scientifiques
ainsi que des observations et tests empiriques
raliss par des spcialistes. La caractrisation
des matriaux et ltude des colonisations biologiques sont galement effectues.

Kommentar: Sie entspricht einer detaillierten

Beschreibung der Techniken, der Identifizierung der Bestandteile und der Untersuchung
der Schadensbilder durch physikalisch-chemische Analysen. Sie beinhaltet auch naturwissenschaftliche Methoden sowie Beobachtungen durch Fachleute und empirische Tests.
Auch die Materialien und deren biologische
Besiedelung werden beschrieben.

analyse de pigment, analyse des liants,

Pigmentanalyse, Bindemittelanalyse, bio-

Comment: It corresponds to a detailed description of the technology, the identification

of components and the study of the deterioration patterns through physico-chemical
analyses. It also includes scientific methods as
well as specialist observations and empirical
tests. Characterisation of materials and biological colonisation are also made.
pigment analysis, analysis of binding media, biological examination, mineralogical examination, spot test

tude (micro)biologique, tude minralo-

gique, tests microchimiques

DE

logische Untersuchung, mineralogische Untersuchung, mikrochemische Untersuchung

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Aze et al. 2011; Nimmo 2000; Peintures murales 2002; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation
2006

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analiza materijala i ispitivanja

HR

Definicija: Promatranje i opisivanje materijala

zidnih slika ili arhitektonskih povrina radi dobivanja informacija o sastavu objekta i stanju
njegove zatite te radi dobivanja korisne informacije za odreivanje ili za odabir najboljega slijedeeg postupka.

lisi scientifiche nonch osservazioni da parte

di esperti e test empirici. Si descrivono anche
i materiali e la colonizzazione biologica.
analisi dei pigmenti, analisi dei leganti, esa-

me biologico, esame mineralogico

Badania i analiza materiaw

Napomena: To podrazumijeva detaljan opis
tehnologije, utvrivanje sastavnih dijelova i
istraivanje uzroka pogoranja fiziko-kemijskim analizama. Takoer ukljuuje i znanstvene metode te opaanja specijalista i empirijske testove. Provodi se i utvrivanje svojstava
materijala i biolokih naseobina.
analize pigmenta, analiza veziva, bioloka ispi-

tivanja, mineraloka ispitivanje, jednostavni test

anyagvizsglat s analitika

HU

Meghatrozs: A falkp vagy az ptszeti fellet anyagainak megfigyelse s jellemzse,

annak rdekben, hogy sszettellel, megtartsi llapottal, kormeghatrozssal (datlssal) kapcsolatos informcikat szerezzenek, illetve kivlasszk a legmegfelelbb tovbbi
beavatkozsokat.
Megjegyzs: Egy rszletes kszts technikai
tanulmnynak, az alkotelemek azonostsnak s a krosodsi formk fizikai-kmiai vizsglatok ltali tanulmnyozsnak felel meg.
Tartalmaz ezentl tudomnyos eljrsokat,
valamint szakvlemnyeket s empirikus
(gyakorlati) teszteket. Az anyagok s a biolgiai kolonizcik vizsglatt szintn elvgzik.
pigmentvizsglat, ktanyag vizsglat, bi-

olgiai vizsglat, svnytani vizsglat, cseppelemzs

analisi ed esame dei materiali

it

Definizione: Losservazione e la caratterizzazione dei materiali di pitture murali o dei

materiali che costituiscono le superfici architettoniche. Si ottengono cos informazioni
sulla composizione materiale di un oggetto
e sul suo stato di conservazione che possono
essere utili per la sua datazione o per scegliere la forma pi adatta del seguente intervento.
Commento: Include una descrizione dettagliata della tecnologia, lindividuazione degli
elementi che compongono lopera e lo studio
dei fenomeni di deterioramento con delle
analisi chimicofisiche. Comprende anche ana-

PL

Definicja: Obserwacja i charakterystyka materiaw stosowanych w malarstwie ciennym

i w wykaczaniu powierzchni architektonicznych, w celu uzyskania informacji o budowie
obiektu, jego stanie zachowania i dostarczenia
danych do datowania lub uytecznych dla wyboru najwaciwszego trybu postpowania.
Komentarz: Wie si ze szczegowym opisem technologii, identyfikacj skadnikw i badaniem rodzajw zniszcze poprzez przeprowadzenie analiz fizyko-chemicznych. Obejmuje zarwno metody laboratoryjne, jak rwnie
obserwacje specjalistyczne i prby. Sporzdzana jest charakterystyka materiaw, a take badania na obecno czynnikw biologicznych.
analiza pigmentw, analiza spoiw, bada-

nia biologiczne, badania mineralogiczne

analiza i examinarea materialelor

Ro

Definiie: Observarea i caracterizarea materialelor constitutive ale picturilor murale sau

ale suprafeelor arhitecturale cu scopul de a
oferi date referitoare la compoziia unui obiect
i la starea sa de conservare i s ofere informaii utile pentru datare sau pentru alegerea
interveniei corecte.
Adnotare: Analiza materialelor vizeaz descrierea detaliat a tehnicii de execuie, identificarea materialelor constitutive ale operei de
art precum i studiul formelor de degradare
prin intermediul analizelor fizico-chimice.
Analiza materialelor include att metode tiinifice (de identificare a materialelor constitutive) ct i observaii specializate i teste empirice. Caracterizarea materialelor i/sau a colonizrii biologice intr i ele sub egida analizei i examinrii materialelor.

informacin sobre la composicin del objeto y

su estado de conservacin, as como para dar
informacin til para su datacin o para la eleccin de la accin de seguimiento ms adecuada.
Comentario: Incluye una descripcin detallada de la tecnologa, la identificacin de componentes y el estudio de los deterioros mediante anlisis fsico-qumicos. Tambin incluye mtodos cientficos, observaciones especficas y ensayos empricos, caracterizacin de
materiales y de la colonizacin biolgica.
anlisis de pigmentos, anlisis del material li-

gante, estudio biolgico, examen mineralgico, anlisis micro-qumico

malzeme analizi ve incelemesi

tR

Tanm: Malzemenin btnl ve korumann

durumu hakknda bilgi vermek, tarih tespiti ve
mmkn olan en uygun inceleme trn seebilmek iin gerekli bilgi salamak amacyla
duvar resmi veya mimari yzeyleri oluturan
malzemelerin incelenmesi ve nitelendirilmesi.
Yorum: Bu yntem, teknolojinin detayl aklamas, bileenlerin belirlenmesi ve bozulma
biimlerinin fiziko-kimyasal analizler yoluyla
incelenmesini kapsar. Uzmanlarn gzlemleri
ve deneysel testlerin yannda bilimsel metotlar da ierir. Malzemelerin ve biyolojik yaylmann tanmlanmas da yaplr.
renk analizi, balayc madde analizi, biyolo-

jik inceleme, mineralojik inceleme, noktasal test

Bg
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Es

:
,

- . , . .

Definicin: Observacin y caracterizacin de

los materiales constituyentes de una pintura
mural o de superficies arquitectnicas para dar

, , ,
, ()

analiza pigmenilor, analiza liantului, ana-

liza biologic, examen mineralogic

Estudio y anlisis de materiales

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Pigment analyses using a microscope (top), using capillary tubes (bottom, left), -XRD (bottom, right); Photos: CICRP (J.-M. Vallet), CINaM-CNRS-AMU (O. Grauby)

Pigment analysis

EN

Definition: Determination of the nature of

fine coloured insoluble materials (known as
pigments).
Comment: The chemical composition and
molecular structure are determined, and information about possible deterioration is
gathered. Non-invasive or destructive techniques can be used to directly characterise
and analyse pigments on surfaces or from
samples, such as:
- LIBS, X- ray fluorescence spectroscopy and
microchemical tests to determine the pigments chemical composition;
- Infrared spectroscopy that gives information concerning its molecular bonds;
- X-ray diffractometry that determines its
crystalline structure;
- Raman spectroscopy that determines its
molecular composition and structure;
- Optical microscopy for the purposes of observation.
pigment

analyse de pigment

FR

Dfinition: Caractrisation des matires fines,

colores et insolubles (nommes pigments).

Commentaires: Caractrisation de la composition chimique et la structure molculaire et

recueil dinformations sur les dgradations
possibles. Utilisation de techniques non invasives ou destructrices pour lanalyse des peintures directement sur leur surface ou sur
chantillons, telles que:
- LIBS, spectroscopie de fluorescence X, tests
microchimiques pour la composition chimique des pigments;
- Spectroscopie infrarouge informant sur
leurs liaisons molculaires;
- Diffractomtrie des rayons X dterminant
leur structure cristalline;
- Spectroscopie Raman dterminant la composition et la structure des molcules;
- Observation sous microscopie optique.
pigment

Pigmentanalyse

Mit Hilfe nicht-invasiver oder zerstrender

Techniken knnen Pigmente direkt auf den
Oberflchen oder an Proben analysiert werden:
- LIBS, Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie
und mikrochemische Tests, um die chemische Zusammensetzung zu bestimmen;
- Infrarotspektroskopie zur Information ber
molekulare Zusammensetzung und Struktur
- Rntgendiffraktometrie zur Bestimmung
der kristallinen Struktur;
- Ramanspektroskopie zur Bestimmung der
molekularen Zusammensetzung und Struktur;
- Photonen-Mikroskopie zur Betrachtung.
Pigment

analize pigmenta

DE

Definition: Die Bestimmung der Beschaffenheit von feinen, farbigen und unlslichen Materialien (bekannt als Pigmente).
Kommentar: Es werden die chemische Zusammensetzung und die molekulare Struktur
ermittelt und Informationen ber mglichen
Zerfall erfasst.

HR

Definicija: Odreivanje svojstava finog obojenih i netopljivih materijala (pigmenti).

Napomena: Odreuju se kemijski sastav i molekulna struktura i prikupljaju se informacije o
moguim pogoranjima. Nenasilne ili destruktivne tehnike mogu se rabiti za izravne karakterizacije i analize pigmenata na povrinama
ili iz uzoraka, poput:
- LIBS, XRF spektroskopija i mikrokemijskim
testovima za odreivanje kemijskoga sastava pigmenata;

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Aze et al. 2011; Nimmo 2000; Peintures murales 2002; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006

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- IR spektroskopija koja daje informacije o

molekulnim vezama;
- RTG difrakcija koja odreuje njihove kristalne strukture;
- Ramanova spektroskopija koja odreuje
njihov molekulni sastav i strukturu;
- Optiki mikroskop u svrhu promatranja.
pigment

Pigmentvizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: A pigmentknt ismert finom,

oldhatatlan sznezanyagok milyensgnek,
jellegnek meghatrozsa.
Megjegyzs: Meghatrozzk a vegyi sszettelt s a molekulaszerkezetet, informcikat
gyjtenek a lehetsges krosodsokrl. A pigmentek kzvetlen meghatrozsra a felleten vagy mintkon, nem invazv vagy roncsolsos mdszerek hasznlhatak, mint pldul:
- LIBS, rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia
s mikrokmiai teszt a pigmentek kmiai
sszettelnek meghatrozsra;
- infravrs spektroszkpia, amely a molekulris ktsekrl tjkoztat;
- Rntgendiffraktometria a kristlyszerkezet
meghatrozshoz;
- Raman spektroszkpia, amivel a molekula
sszettel s szerkezet hatrozhat meg;
- optikai mikroszkpia megfigyels s anyagvizsglat cljbl.
pigment

analisi dei pigmenti

it

Definizione: La caratterizzazione dei materiali

coloranti e insolubili fini (noti come pigmenti).
Commento: Sono determinate la composizione chimica e la struttura molecolare e sono
raccolte informazioni su un eventuale deterioramento. Possono essere utilizzate tecniche
non invasive o tecniche distruttive per analizzare i pigmenti direttamente sulla superficie
o in campioni, le quali sono:
- la LIBS, la spettrofotometria XRF e le analisi
microchimiche per determinare la composizione chimica dei pigmenti;
- la spettroscopia infrarossa che da informazioni sui legami molecolari dei pigmenti;
- la diffrattometria a raggi X che definisce la
struttura cristallina dei pigmenti;
- la spettroscopia Raman che definisce la
composizione e la struttura molecolare dei
pigmenti;
- la microscopia fotonica per losservazione.
pigmento

analiza pigmentw

PL

Definicja: Ustalenie rodzaju barwnych drobin

nierozpuszczalnych materiaw (znanych jako
pigmenty).
Komentarz: Ustalany jest skad chemiczny i
struktura czsteczek, zbierane s te informacje o ewentualnym rozkadzie. Do bezporedniej analizy pigmentw na powierzchniach
lub prbkach mona zastosowa techniki nieinwazyjne i niszczce jak:
- LIBS, rentgenowska spektroskopia fluorescencyjna oraz prby mikrochemiczne dla
ustalenia skadu chemicznego pigmentu;
- Spektrografia w podczerwieni, ktra informuje o wizaniach czsteczkowych;
- Dyfraktometria rentgenowska, ktra okrela ich struktur krystaliczn;
- Spektroskopia Ramana, ktra okrela ich
budow czsteczkow i struktur;
- Mikroskopia optyczna w celu obserwacji.
pigment

analiza pigmenilor

Ro

Definiie: Determinarea naturii materialelor

colorate i insolubile (cunoscute sub numele
de pigmeni).
Adnotare: Sunt determinate compoziia chimic i structura molecular i sunt adunate
informaii referitoare la posibila deteriorare.
Tehnicile non-invazive sau distructive pot fi
utilizate pentru a analiza n mod direct pigmeni pe suprafee sau din probe:
- LIBS, XRF, analize micro-chimice pentru determinarea compoziiei chimice;
- Spectroscopia IR ofer informaii asupra tipurilor de legturi moleculare prezente n
proba investigat;
- XRD pentru determinarea structurii cristaline;
- Spectroscopie Raman pentru determinarea
compoziiei i a structurii moleculare;
- Tehnici imagistice (microscopia fotonic)
pentru observarea pigmenilor.
pigment

anlisis de pigmentos

Es

Definicin: Determinacin de materiales coloreados e insolubles (denominados pigmentos).

Comentario: Se determina la composicin
qumica y la estructura molecular del pigmento, as como sus posibles deterioros. Pueden
usarse tcnicas no invasivas o destructivas para analizarlos directamente en la pintura mural o mediante toma de muestras, como:

- LIBS, espectroscopa de fluorescencia de rayos X y exmenes micro-qumicos para determinar su composicin qumica;
- Espectroscopa infrarroja que da informacin sobre los enlaces moleculares;
- Difractometra de rayos X que determina su
estructura cristalina;
- Espectroscopa Raman que determina su
composicin y su estructura molecular;
- Microscopa fotnica para su observacin.
pigmento

Renk analizi

tR

Tanm: nce boyal ve znmez malzemelerin pigment yapsnn belirlenmesi.

Yorum: Kimyasal bileim ve molekler yap belirlenir ve muhtemel bozulma bilgisi elde edilir.
Analiz iin direk yzeyler ya da numuneler zerinde tahrip edici ve tahrip edici olmayan teknikler kullanlabilir. Bunlar:
- LIBS, kimyasal bileimi belirlemek iin X-n floresan izgelm ve mikro kimyasal
testler;
- Molekl ban gsteren kzltesi spektroskopi;
- Kristalli yapsn belirleyen X n krnm leri;
- Molekler bileimini ve yapsn belirleyen
Raman izge lm;
- Gzlem amal optik mikroskop.
pigment

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Analysis of organic binding media using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, equipped with pyrolysis; Photo: 2011, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

analysis of binding media

EN

Definition: Analysis of the continuous phase

(binder) that holds inert particles together
and adheres them to contiguous layers.
Comment: The analysis can sometimes be destructive. It can be made directly on the object
surface or on samples, using instruments to
determine the chemical composition (LIBS,
microchemical tests), molecular structure (IR
and Raman spectroscopies), as well as to highlight possible deterioration. Some techniques
are specific to the study of organic binders
(e. g. UV fluorescence spectroscopy and liquid
or gas chromatography coupled with mass
spectrometry (GCMS), or of inorganic materials (e.g. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy combined with X-ray diffractometry).

Commentaires: Les analyses peuvent tre

(micro) destructives, faites directement sur la
peinture murale ou sur chantillon et focalises sur la composition chimique (LIBS, tests
microchimiques), la structure molculaire
(spectroscopies IR et Raman) ou la nature et
lvolution possible de la dgradation du liant.
Techniques spcifiques ltude des liants:
- organiques (spectroscopie sous UV, la chromatographie liquide ou gazeuse couple
une spectromtrie de masse);
- inorganiques (spectromtrie de fluorescence X couple un microscope lectronique balayage, diffraction des rayons X).
de lchantillon, lame mince, coupe stratigraphique, liant, liant hydraulique chantillonnage

Bindemittelanalyse

analyse des liants

Definition: Untersuchung der kontinuierlichen Phase (Bindemittel), die inerte Partikel

zusammenhlt und zu zusammenhngenden
Schichten verklebt.

FR

Dfinition: Analyse de la phase continue

(liant) qui lie les particules entre elles et assure leur adhrence aux couches contigus.

Materialuntersuchung, Probeaufbereitung,
Dnnschliff, Querschliff, Probenahme,
Bindemittel, hydraulisches Bindemittel

observation et analyse des matriaux, prparation

material analysis and examination, sample

preparation, thin section, cross section,

sampling, binder, hydraulic binder

sammensetzung (LIBS, mikrochemische

Tests), der Molekularstruktur (IR- und Ramanspektroskopie) und zum Aufzeigen mglichen
Zerfalls. Einige Techniken eignen sich nur zur
Analyse von organischen Bindemitteln (z.B.
UV-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie und Flssigoder Gaschromatografie gekoppelt mit Massenspektroskopie (GCMS)) oder von anorganischen Bindemitteln (z.B. Rntgenfluoreszenz kombiniert mit Rntgendiffraktometrie).

DE

Kommentar: Manche Analysen knnen zerstrende sein. Sie werden direkt auf der Oberflche oder an Proben angewendet, mit Instrumenten zum Erfassen der chemischen Zu-

analiza veziva

HR

Definicija: Analiza kontinuirane faze (vezivo) koja dri inertne estice zajedno i prijanja
ih za susjedne slojeve.
Napomena: Analiza ponekad moe biti destruktivna. Moe se provesti izravno na povrini
objekta ili na uzorcima, uporabom instrumenata za odreivanje kemijskih sastava (LIBS,
mikrokemijski testovi), molekulne strukture
(IR i Ramanova spektroskopija), a jednako tako
i za oznaavanje moguega pogoranja. Neke
tehnike specifine su za prouavanje organskih veziva, (npr. UV fluorescentne spektrosko-

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Stefanaggi 1997; Aze et al. 2011; Nimmo 2000; Perego 2005; Petit, Valot 1991; Glossary of Art Conservation 2006

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pije i tekue ili plinske kromatografije spojene

s masenom spektrometrijom (GCMS), ostale
za anorganske materijale (npr. rendgenske
fluorescentne spektroskopije kombinirane s
rendgenskom difrakcijom
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, pripremanje

uzorka, tanki presjek, popreni presjek,

uzorkovanje, vezivo, hidraulino vezivo

Ktanyag vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: A folytonos fzisra (ktanyagra) irnyul vizsglat, mely sszetartja a

semleges szemcsket s sszefgg rtegg
tapasztja ket.
Megjegyzs: Az analzis nha roncsolsos lehet. Vgezhet kzvetlenl a felleten vagy
mintkon, mszereket hasznlva a vegyi szszettel (LIBS, mikrokmiai tesztek) s a molekulaszerkezet (IR s Raman spektroszkpia)
meghatrozsra, valamint ahhoz, hogy rvilgtsanak a lehetsges krosodsokra. Bizonyos technikk a szerves ktanyagok vizsglatra jellemzek (pldul UV fluoreszcencia
spektroszkpia s a tmegspektrometrival
kapcsolt folyadk vagy gzkromatogrfia,
GCMS), msok a szervetlen anyagokra (pldul a rntgendiffraktometrival kombinlt
rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia).
anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintaelkszts,
vkonycsiszolat, keresztmetszet csiszolat,

mintavtel, ktanyag, hidraulikus ktanyag

analisi dei leganti

it

Definizione: Lanalisi della fase continua (legante) che tiene insieme le particelle inerti e
le aderisce in strati contigui.
Commento: A volte lanalisi pu essere distruttiva. Pu essere effettuata direttamente sulla
superficie o su campioni, utilizzando strumenti
per determinare la composizione chimica (LIBS,
analisi microchimiche), la struttura molecolare
(spettroscopia IR e spettroscopia Raman) e per
evidenziare eventuali deterioramenti. Alcune
tecniche sono specifiche per lo studio di leganti
organici (per esempio la spettroscopia di fluorescenza UV e la cromatografia liquida o la gascromatografia accoppiata alla spettrometria di
massa GCMS) o per i materiali inorganici (per
esempio la spettrofotometria XRF combinata
con la diffrattometria a raggi X).
analisi ed esame dei materiali, preparazione del

campione, sezione sottile, sezione trasversale,

campionamento, legante, legante idraulico

analiza spoiw

PL

Definicja: Analiza fazy cigej (spoiwa) czcej obojtne czsteczki i wicej je z warstwami przylegymi.
Komentarz: Analiza moe by czasem destrukcyjna. Wykonana bezporednio na powierzchni
lub na prbkach, przy uyciu instrumentw pozwala okreli skad chemiczny (LIBS, testy mikrochemiczne), struktur czsteczkow (spektroskopy podczerwieni i Ramana), jak rwnie
uwidacznia ewentualne zniszczenia. Niektre
techniki s waciwe dla badania spoiw organicznych: spektroskopia fluorescencyjna w UV,
i chromatografia cieczy lub gazowa sprzona
ze spektrometri mas (GCMS), inne dla materiaw nieorganicznych, (np. rentgenowska
spektroskopia fluorescencyjna, w poczeniu z
dyfraktometri rentgenowsk).
analiza i badania materiaw, przygotowanie

prbek, szlif cienki, przekrj poprzeczny,

przygotowanie prbek, spoiwo

analiza lianilor

Ro

Definiie: Analiza fazei continue (liant) ce reine particule inerte i realizeaz adeziunea
acestora la straturile adiacente.
Adnotare: Analizele pot fi uneori distructive. Se
pot realiza fie direct pe suprafa, fie pe probe
folosind instrumente pentru determinarea compoziiei chimice (LIBS, teste microchimice) sau
structurii moleculare (spectroscopie IR, Raman)
a liantului, fie evideniaz posibilele deteriorri
ale acestuia. Unele tehnici sunt specifice studierii
lianilor organici (de ex. spectroscopia de fluorescen UV, LC-MS cuplat cu GCMS), n timp ce
altele se preteaz la identificarea materialelor
anorganice (de ex. XRF combinat cu XRD).
analiza i examinarea materialelor, prepararea

probelor, seciune subire, seciune transversal, prelevarea probelor, liant, liant hidraulic

anlisis del material ligante

Es

Definicin: Anlisis de la fase continua (ligante) que mantiene unidas las partculas inertes
y las adhiere a las capas contiguas.
Comentario: Este anlisis puede ser, a veces,
destructivo. Puede hacerse directamente en la
superficie o en muestras, usando instrumentos
para determinar la composicin qumica (LIBS,
anlisis micro-qumicos), la estructura molecular (espectroscopia IR y Raman) y para subrayar
posibles deterioros. Algunas tcnicas son espe-

cficas para el estudio de ligantes orgnicos (como la espectroscopa fluorescente UV y la cromatografa lquida o de gases con espectroscopa de masa GCMS), otras, para materiales inorgnicos (como la espectroscopa de fluorescencia de rayos X o la difractometra de rayos X).
estudio y anlisis de materiales, preparacin

de muestras, seccin fina, seccin transversal,

toma de muestra, ligante

Balayc madde analizi

tR

Tanm: Bitiik katmanlara isel paralar sabit

tutan ve yaptran kesintisiz evre analizi.
Yorum: Analiz bazen tahrip edici olabilir. Kimyasal bileimini (LIBS, Mikro kimyasal testler),
molekler yapsn (IR ve Raman spektroskopisi) ve ayrca muhtemel bozulmay belirlemek
iin rnekler zerinde aralar kullanarak ya da
direk olarak yzey zerinde yaplabilir.
Baz teknikler UV floresans spektroskopi ve
ktle spektrometresi ile birlemi likit ya da gaz
kromatografi gibi organik balayclarn ve dier inorganik malzemelerin( X-n krnm lm ile birlemi X-n floresans spektroskopisi) incelenmesini kapsar.
malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, rnek hazr-

lama, ince kesit, dikey kesit, rnek alma,

balayc, hidrolik baglayc

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Biological sampling (left), preparation of a culture medium (top, centre) and observations under the microscope (bottom); Photos: 2015, CICRP (Pauline Mongarny, Fabien Fohrer)

Biological examination

EN

Definition: Studies in the field and in the laboratory of biological and microbiological
colonisation (including bacteria, algae, fungi,
lichens) that sometimes grow on wall paintings or architectural surfaces.
Comment: Various organisms are able to penetrate deeply beneath the surface and thus
cause deterioration. The growth and development of organisms depends on the external
environment and, more importantly, on high
humidity. Their identification is often necessary in order to understand their growing conditions and to identify appropriate treatments. It generally requires sampling and the
subsequent preparation of a particular culture
medium in a laboratory setting.
material analysis and examination, sample

preparation, sampling, biological growth

Etude (micro)biologique

FR

Dfinition: tude sur le terrain et en laboratoire

(de la colonisation) des infestations biologiques
et microbiologiques (bactries, algues, champignons et lichens) poussant parfois sur les peintures murales ou sur les surfaces architecturales.
Commentaires: Divers organismes sont capables de pntrer profondment dans la peinture
murale ou dautres surfaces et de les dgrader.

La croissance et le dveloppement de microorganismes dpend de lenvironnement extrieur et surtout dune humidit leve. Il est souvent ncessaire de les identifier afin de comprendre leurs conditions de croissance et de dterminer des traitements appropris. Il est gnralement ncessaire dchantillonner et, en laboratoire, de mettre le prlvement en culture.
observation et analyse des matriaux, prpa-

ration de lchantillon, dveloppement biologique, chantillonnage

Biologische Untersuchung

DE

Definition: Untersuchungen am Objekt und

im Labor auf biologische und mikrobiologische Besiedelung (einschlielich Bakterien, Algen, Pilze, Flechten), die auf Wandmalereien
oder Architekturoberflchen wachsen.
Kommentar: Verschiedene Organismen sind
in der Lage, tief unter die Oberflchen einzudringen und sie damit zu schdigen. Das
Wachstum und die Entwicklung von Organismen hngen von ueren Umweltbedingungen ab, vor allem von hoher Feuchte. Ihre Bestimmung ist oft notwendig, um ihre Wachstumsbedingungen zu verstehen und angemessene Behandlungen zu entwickeln. Dies
erfordert fr gewhnlich die Probenahme
und die Prparation von speziellen Nhrmedien im Labor.
Synonym: mikrobiologische Untersuchung

Materialuntersuchung, Probeaufbereitung,
Probenahme, Biologischer Bewuchs

Bioloka ispitivanja

Definicija: Terensko i laboratorijsko prouavanje biolokih i mikrobiolokih naseobina

(ukljuujui bakterije, alge, gljive i liajeve) koje ponekad rastu na zidnim slikama i arhitektonskim povrinama.
Napomena: Razliiti organizmi mogu prodrijeti duboko ispod povrine i tako prouzroiti
njihovo pogoranje. Rast i razvijanje organizama ovisi o vanjskome okoliu i, to je vanije,
o visokoj vlanosti. Njihovo je utvrivanje esto potrebno da bi se razumjele okolnosti njihova rasta i odredili primjereni postupci. Bioloka ispitivanja najee zahtijevaju uzorkovanje i nakon toga pripremanje odreenih
kultura u laboratoriju.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, pripremanje

uzorka, uzorkovanje, bioloki rast

Biolgiai vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: A falkpeken s az ptszeti

felleteken nha kifejld biolgiai s mikrobiolgiai kolonizcik (belertve baktriumokat, algkat, gombkat, zuzmkat) tanulmnyozsa terepen s laboratriumban.

Sources: Botton et al. 1985; Cahagnier et al. 1998; Bousta et al. 2005; Roquebert 1986; Samson et al. 2002; Santner 2012

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Megjegyzs: Klnfle szervezetek kpesek

arra, hogy mlyen behatoljanak a falkp fellete al vagy egyb felletekbe, ezltal krostva ket. Az l szervezetek nvekedse s
fejldse fgg a krnyezeti tnyezktl, s, ami
mg fontosabb, a magas nedvessgtartalomtl. Legtbbszr szksges meghatrozni
ket, annak rdekben, hogy meg lehessen rteni a nvekedsi krlmnyeiket s ki lehessen vlasztani a megfelel kezelsket. Vizsglatuk ltalban mintavtelt felttelez, ezt kveten pedig laboratriumi krlmnyek kztt, sajtos tptalajon trtn tenysztst.
anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintaelkszts,
mintavtel, biolgiai krosods

Esame biologico

it

Definizione: Gli studi sul campo e in laboratorio della colonizzazione biologica e microbiologica (compresi batteri, alghe, funghi, licheni) che a volte crescono su dipinti murali o
superfici architettoniche.
Commento: Vari organismi sono in grado di penetrare profondamente in una pittura murale o
tra le varie superfici architettoniche e di deteriorarle in questo modo. La germinazione e lo
sviluppo dei microrganismi dipendono dallambiente esterno e, soprattutto, dallumidit elevata. Spesso necessaria lidentificazione dei
microorganismi per capire le loro condizioni di
crescita e per varare le contromisure adatte. Generalmente richiesto il campionamento e lelaborazione successiva di una coltura microbiologica particolare su un terreno di coltivazione
specifico, in un ambiente di laboratorio.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, preparazione

del campione, campionamento, proliferazione biologica

Badania biologiczne

PL

Definicja: Badania kolonii drobnoustrojw i

wyszych organizmw (z uwzgldnieniem
bakterii, glonw, grzybw, porostw), ktre
czasem rosn na malowidach ciennych lub
powierzchniach architektonicznych, prowadzone na obiekcie i w laboratorium.
Komentarz: Rozmaite organizmy mog penetrowa gboko pod powierzchnie i powodowa
ich niszczenie. Uaktywnienie i wzrost organiz-

mw zaley od zewntrznego rodowiska,

przede wszystkim od wysokiej wilgotnoci. Ich
identyfikacja jest konieczna do poznania warunkw bytowania i podjcia odpowiedniego
postpowania. Generalnie badania polegaj na
pobraniu prbek i preparowaniu danej kultury
biologicznej w warunkach laboratoryjnych.

mente, requiere la toma de muestras y la preparacin de medios de cultivo en el laboratorio.

estudio y anlisis de materiales, preparacin

de muestras, toma de muestras, crecimiento

biolgico

badania i analiza materiaw, przygotowanie

prbek, pobieranie prbek, wzrost biologiczny

analiza biologic

Ro

Definiie: Analiza in situ sau n laborator a coloniilor biologice sau microbiologice (bacterii,
alge, fungi, licheni etc.) care pot crete pe suprafaa picturilor murale sau a suprafeelor arhitecturale.
Adnotare: Diversele organisme vii pot penetra n profunzime suprafaa picturilor murale
sau a monumentelor, provocnd deteriorarea.
Colonizarea, ncepnd cu primele faze i pn
la dezvoltarea organismului, depinde de condiiile de mediu i este favorizat de o valoare
ridicat a umiditii. Identificarea corect a
acestor organisme este necesar pentru selectarea tratamentului optim i eliminarea factorilor ce au favorizat dezvoltarea. Adeseori
identificarea necesit prelevarea de probe
biologice i prepararea n laborator a unei culturi microbiologice pe un mediu de cultur
specific.
analiza i examinarea materialelor, prepara-

rea probelor, prelevarea probelor, atac biologic

Estudio biolgico

Biyolojik inceleme

tR

Tanm: Bazen duvar resmi veya mimari yzeyler zerinde byyen (bakteri, suyosunu, mantar/kf, likenler gibi) biyolojik ve mikro biyolojik yaylmalarn yerinde ve laboratuvarda incelenmesi.
Yorum: eitli organizmalar duvar resmi veya
dier yzeylere derinlemesine nfuz edebilir
ve bozulmasna neden olabilir. Mikro organizmalarn bymesi ve yaylmas d evreye ve
daha da nemlisi yksek nem oranna baldr.
Oluum sebeplerini ortaya karma ve uygun
mdahalenin seimi iin bunlarn tanmlanmas genellikle gereklidir. Genellikle rnek almay ve laboratuvar ortamnda belirli mikrobiyolojik kltr hazrlanmasn gerektirir.
malzeme analizi ve incelenmesi, rnek hazr-

lama, rnek alma, biyolojik oluum

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.

Es

Definicin: Estudios, realizados en el sitio y

en el laboratorio, de la colonizacin biolgica
y microbiolgica (que incluye bacterias, algas,
hongos y lquenes) que pueden crecer sobre
las superficies.
Comentario: Diversos organismos son capaces de penetrar profundamente en las superficies y, por tanto, deteriorarlas. El desarrollo y
crecimiento de los organismos viene determinado por las condiciones ambientales, principalmente por la elevada humedad. Su identificacin es a menudo necesaria para determinar sus condiciones de crecimiento e identificar los tratamientos ms adecuados. General-

:
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Minium: powder (left), a grain viewed by SEM-backscattered electrons (right); Photos: CICRP (Odile Guillon, Sbastien Aze)

mineralogical examination

EN

Definition: The characterisation and determination of natural inorganic substances known

as minerals.
Comment: Minerals are present as original
components, or secondary ones if they are deterioration products or have been transported
in or on the wall painting. Crystal chemistry
investigations allow their study, such as:
- Petrographic microscopy, involving the
study of optical properties (the preparation
of the wall painting sample is prepared as
a thin section beforehand);
- X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy, LIBS,
electron microprobe (chemical analyses);
- Electron microscopy coupled with X-Ray
fluorescence spectroscopy;
- X-Ray diffraction after grinding (powder
method) or directly on a flat sample or in a
capillary tube;
- IR and Raman spectroscopy.
material analysis and examination, sampling

Etude minralogique

FR

Dfinition: Caractrisation des substances naturelles gnralement inorganiques que sont

les minraux.
Commentaires: Ces composs de la peinture
murale et du support sont originaux ou secondaires sils sont le produit dune dgradation
ou ont t transports dans ou sur la peinture
murale. Les tudes cristallochimiques menes
utilisent diffrentes techniques comme:

- La ptrographie (tude des proprits optiques sur lame mince);

- La spectroscopie de fluorescence X, LIBS, microsonde lectronique (analyses chimiques);
- La microscopie lectronique couple la
spectroscopie de fluorescence X;
- La diffraction des rayons X, sur chantillon
plat ou au moyen dun tube capillaire;
- Les spectroscopies IR et Raman.
observation et analyse des matriaux, chan-

tillonnage

mineralogische Untersuchung

Definition: Beschreibung und Bestimmung

von natrlichen, anorganischen Substanzen,
bekannt als Mineralien.
Kommentar: Mineralien sind entweder originale oder wenn es sich um Zerfallsprodukte handelt oder sie in die Wandmalerei transportiert
wurden sekundre Bestandteile. Zu ihrer kristallchemischen Untersuchung werden genutzt:
- Petrografische Mikroskopie (Untersuchung
optischer Eigenschaften an Dnnschliffen)
- Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie, LIBS, Elektronenmikrosonde (chemische Analysen);
- Elektronenmikroskopie gekoppelt mit
Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie;
- Rntgendiffraktometrie an pulverfrmigen, direkt an flachen Proben oder in Kapillarrhrchen;
- IR- und Ramanspektroskopie.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: petrografische Untersuchung (nur fr Gestein)
Materialuntersuchung, Probenahme

Sources: DIN EN 15898: 2011; Foucault, Raoult 2010; Aze et al. 2011

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DE

mineraloka ispitivanja

HR

Definicija: Odreivanje svojstva i sastava minerala u materijalu.

Napomena: Minerali su prisutni kao izvorni ili
kao sekundarni, ako su proizvod pogoranja
ili su uneseni u zidnu sliku ili na nju.
Istraivanje kristalne kemije omoguuje njihovo prouavanje poput:
- petrografske mikroskopije, koja ukljuuje
prouavanje optikih svojstava (prethodno se
uzorak zidne slike pripremi kao tanki presjek);
- rendgenske fluorescentne spektroskopije
(XRF), LIBS, elektronske mikroprobe (kemijske analize);
- elektronskim mikroskopom s rendgenskom
fluorescentnom spektroskopijom (SEM-EDX);
- rendgenskom difrakcijom nakon drobljenja
(difrakcija na prahu), izravno na ravnome
uzorku ili u kapilarnoj cjevici;
- infracrvenom i Ramanovom spektroskopijom.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, uzorkovanje

svnytani vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: Az svnyknt ismert termszetes szervetlen anyagok jellemzse s meghatrozsa.

Megjegyzs: Az svnyok eredeti sszetevknt vannak jelen a falkpekben vagy ezek felletn, vagy msodlagos alkotelemknt, ha
bomlstermkek, illetve ha szllts ltal kerltek oda. Tanulmnyozsukat kristlykmiai
vizsglatok teszik lehetv, mint pldul:

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- petrogrfiai mikroszkpos vizsglat, ami az optikai tulajdonsgok tanulmnyozst felttelezi (elzleg a falkpmintbl vkonycsiszolatot
vagy szemcseprepartumot kell kszteni);
- rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpia, LIBS,
elektron mikroszonds vizsglat (vegyi
elemzsek);
- rntgenfluoreszcens spektroszkpival
kapcsolt elektonmikroszkpos vizsglat;
- rntgendiffrakci rls utn (porkristly
mdszer) vagy kzvetlenl egy sk mintn
vagy egy kapillris csben;
- IR s Raman spektroszkpia.

it

Definizione: La caratterizzazione e la determinazione delle sostanze inorganiche naturali

note come minerali.
Commento: I minerali sono presenti come
componenti originali, o come componenti secondari se sono prodotti di deterioramento o
se sono stati trasportati nel o sul dipinto murale. Le indagini chimiche dei cristalli consentono lo studio dei minerali, come ad esempio:
- la microscopia petrografica, coinvolgendo
lo studio delle propriet ottiche (il campione della pittura murale viene preparato come sezione sottile in anticipo);
- la spettrofotometria XRF, la LIBS, la microsonda elettronica (analisi chimiche);
- la microscopia elettronica accoppiata con
la spettrofotometria XRF;
- la diffrattometria a raggi X dopo la polverizzazione (metodo polvere) o direttamente su
un campione piatto o in un tubo capillare;
- la spettroscopia IR e la spettroscopia Raman.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, campionamento

Badania mineralogiczne

PL

Definicja: Okrelenie i charakterystyka naturalnych nieorganicznych substancji znanych

jako mineray.
Komentarz: Mineray s obecne jako naturalne
skadniki malowide ciennych, podoy, wtrne
- produkty procesu zniszcze lub naniesione na
powierzchni malowida. Badania krystalograficzne stosuj techniki jak:
- mikroskopia petrograficzna, dotyczy bada
wasnoci optycznych, (na szlifach cienkich
prbek z malowida);
- rentgenowska spektroskopia fluorescencyjna, LIBS, elektronowa mikro prba (analiza
chemiczna);

muestra o directamente sobre una muestra

fina o en un tubo capilar;
- Espectroscopa de IR o Raman.
estudio y anlisis de materiales, toma de

muestra

badania i analiza mineraw, przygotowanie

mineralojik aratrma

prbek

Examen mineralogic

Ro

Definiie: Caracterizarea i determinarea substanelor anorganice naturale cunoscute

drept minerale.

anyagvizsglat s analitika, mintavtel

Esame mineralogico

- mikroskopia elektronowa z rentgenowsk

spektroskopi fluorescencyjn;
- dyfrakcja promieniami X po zmieleniu prbki (metoda proszkowa) i bezporednio na
paskiej prbce lub w kapilarze;
- spektroskopia Ramana w podczerwieni.

Adnotare: Mineralele sunt prezente fie ca i

componenii originali, fie secundari dac acetia sunt produse ale degradrii sau au fost
transportai n profunzime sau pe pictura mural. Investigaia acestor materiale face uz de
diferite metode analitice, precum:
- microscopie petrografic, bazat pe studiul
proprietilor optice (prepararea probei din
pictura mural se realizeaz sub form de
seciune subire);
- spectroscopie prin fluorescen cu raze X,
LIBS, analiz cu microsond de electroni
(analize chimice);
- microscopie electronic cuplat cu spectroscopie prin fluorescen cu raze X;
- difracie de raze X pe pulberi (dup macinarea probei), sau direct pe proba prelucrat sau ntr-un tub capilar;
- spectroscopie IR i Raman.
analiza i examinarea materialelor, preleva-

rea probelor

Examen mineralgico

Es

Definicin: Caracterizacin y determinacin

de las sustancias inorgnicas naturales denominadas minerales.
Comentario: Los minerales aparecen como
componentes originales o secundarios, como resultado de un proceso de deterioro o
al ser trasladados a una pintura mural. Este
tipo de investigaciones incluyen tcnicas como:
- Microscopio de luz polarizada para el estudio de las propiedades pticas tras la preparacin de secciones finas;
- Espectroscopa de fluorescencia de rayos X,
LIBS, micro-sonda de electrones (anlisis
qumicos);
- Microscopio electrnico con espectroscopa de fluorescencia de rayos X;
- Difraccin de rayos X tras pulverizar la

tR

Tanm: Mineral olarak bilinen doal inorganik

maddelerin belirlenmesi ve saptanmas.
Yorum: Mineraller duvar resminin zgn bileenleri ya da eer bozulmann rnyse veya
duvar resminin iine, zerine tanmlarsa
ikincil bileenler olarak ortaya karlar.
Kristal-kimyasal aratrmalar minerallerin incelenmesini mmkn klar. Bunlar:
- Mineralojiik mikroskopi, ince kesit olarak
hazrlanan duvar resmi rneinin optik
zelliklerin incelenmesi;
- X-nlar florl grnge lm, LIBS,
elektron mikroprobu(kimyasal analizler);
- X-nlar florl grnge lm ile birlemi elektronik mikroskop;
- Kapiler tp iinde ya da dz rnek zerinde
direk olarak ya da talama yntemini takip
eden x-nlar krnm;
- IR ve Raman spektroskopisi.
malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, rnek alma

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LIBS, (
);
- ,
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-
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,

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Chemical reagents (top), microchemical test (bottom, left), salt testing using chemical strips (bottom, right) on samples from Coptic wall paintings in a cave at the site of
Hammm Faran Sina (Egypt); Photos: 2010, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

spot test

EN

Definition: Any simple and efficient technique which allows physico-chemical analyses on small areas under a magnifying glass or
a microscope without using sophisticated instrumentation.

tests microchimiques

FR

Dfinition: Toute technique simple et efficace

permettant, sous loupe ou microscope, des
analyses physico-chimiques sur de petites surfaces et sans instruments sophistiqus.

Comment: The microchemical tests can be

performed on raw samples or cross sections
in order to determine the nature of some inorganic or organic compounds using specific
chemical reagents.

Commentaires: Ces tests microchimiques

peuvent tre raliss sur des chantillons
bruts ou des coupes stratigraphiques sous microscope optique pour dterminer la prsence de certains composs inorganiques ou
organiques laide de ractifs chimiques.

material analysis and examination, analysis

observation et analyse des matriaux, ana-

of binding media, pigment analysis, scientific

investigation

lyse des liants, analyse de pigment, tude

scientifique

mikrochemische Untersuchung

DE

Definition: Einfache und effiziente Technik,

die physikalisch-chemische Analysen an kleinen Bereichen unter der Lupe oder unter dem
Mikroskop ohne aufwndigeres Instrumentarium erlaubt.
Kommentar: Mikrochemische Tests knnen
an unbehandelten Proben oder Querschliffen
vorgenommen werden, um die Beschaffenheit einiger anorganischer oder organischer
Bestandteile mit Hilfe von bestimmten Reagenzien nachzuweisen.
Synonym: Tpfelanalyse
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Punktuntersuchung
Materialuntersuchung, Bindemittelanalyse,

Pigmentanalyse, naturwissenschaftliche Un-

Sources: Wikipedia: Spot_analysis (20.4.2015); Hours 1985

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Jednostavni test

HR

Definicija: Svaka jednostavna i djelotvorna

tehnika koja doputa fiziko-kemijske analize
na maloj povrini pod povealom ili mikroskopom bez uporabe sloenih instrumenata.
Napomena: Mikrokemijski se test moe provesti na nepripremljenim uzorcima ili tankim
presjecima radi odreivanja svojstava nekih
anorganskih ili organskih spojeva uporabom
posebnih kemijskih reagensa.
analiza materijala i ispitivanja, analiza vezi-

Badania punktowe

PL

Definicja: Kada prosta skuteczna metoda,

ktra pozwala wykona analizy fizyko-chemiczne na maej powierzchni z uyciem lupy
lub pod mikroskopem bez stosowania skomplikowanych urzdze.
Komentarz: Prby mikrochemiczne mona
przeprowadza na nieopracowanych prbkach
czy przekrojach pod mikroskopem dla potwierdzenia obecnoci specyficznych zwizkw nieorganicznych czy organicznych, przy uyciu
specjalnych odczynnikw chemicznych.

Noktasal test

tR

Tanm: Kk alanlarda ileri teknolojik aralar

kullanlmadan byte veya mikroskop altnda fiziksel ve kimyasal analizlere imkan tanyan basit ve etkili teknik.
Yorum: zel kimyasal reaksiyonlar kullanarak
organik ya da inorganik bileimlerin yapsn
belirlemek amacyla ham rnekler veya dikey
kesitler zerinde mikro kimyasal testler yaplabilir.
malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, balayc

va, analiza pigmenta, znanstveno istraivanje

badania i analiza materiau, analiza spoiw,

madde analizi, renk analizi, bilimsel aratrma

cseppelemzs

analize microchimice

()

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely, nagyt vagy mikroszkp alatt vgzett, egyszer s hatkony

eljrs, mely fizikai s kmiai vizsglatokat tesz
lehetv kis felleteken, bonyolult mszerek
hasznlata nlkl.
Megjegyzs: A mikrokmiai vizsglatokat feldolgozatlan mintn vagy keresztmetszet csiszolatokon lehet elvgezni, egyes szervetlen
vagy szerves sszetev milyensgnek meghatrozsa rdekben.
anyagvizsglat s analitika, ktanyag vizs-

glat, pigmentvizsglat, (termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat

analisi puntuali

it

Definizione: Qualsiasi tecnica semplice ed efficace che consente analisi fisico-chimiche su

aree di piccole dimensioni usando una lente
di ingrandimento o un microscopio,senza
adoperare strumenti sofisticati.
Commento: Il test microchimico pu essere
eseguito su campioni grezzi (non precedentemente preparati) o su sezioni trasversali, per
determinare la presenza di alcuni componenti
inorganici ed organici usando specifici reagenti chimici.
analisi ed esame dei materiali, analisi dei le-

ganti, analisi dei pigmenti, esame scientifico

analiza pigmentw, badania laboratoryjne

Ro

Definiie: Tehnic simpl i eficient, ce permite realizarea de analize fizico-chimice pe suprafee mici sub o lup sau un microscop fr
a utiliza instrumente sofisticate.
Adnotare: Analizele microchimice pot fi efectuate pe probe sau seciuni transversale cu
scopul de a determina natura unor compui
anorganici sau organici, folosind reactivi chimici specifici.
analiza i examinarea materialelor, analiza

lianilor, analiza pigmenilor, investigaia tiinific

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anlisis micro-qumico

Es

Definicin: Cualquier tcnica simple y eficiente que permita anlisis fsico-qumicos en pequeas reas sin el uso de instrumentos sofisticados.
Comentario: Pueden ser realizados en muestras sin preparar o en secciones finas bajo el
microscopio ptico, para determinar la presencia de compuestos inorgnicos u orgnicos concretos mediante el uso de reactivos
qumicos.
estudio y anlisis de materiales, anlisis del
material ligante, anlisis de pigmentos, investigacin cientfica

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Cleaning tests on wall paintings, Notre Chapelle Dame de Vie, Beaucaire (France), 18th century; Photo: 2007, Sinopia (Antoinette Sinigaglia)

treatment trials

EN

Definition: Small areas of the object on which

cleaning, consolidation, or reintegration tests
are carried out.
Comment: This can be performed on site by
conservation scientists or conservators. These
tests aim to compare different treatment protocols, to optimise the concentrations and the
choices of the products, or to bring about a
consensus among the various professionals
that are involved in the choice of treatment.
material analysis and examination, analysis

of binding media, pigment analysis, scientific

investigation

Zones dessais ou de rfrence

FR

Dfinition: Petites surfaces sur lesquelles sont

compares des techniques de traitement simples, afin de dfinir le traitement le plus appropri.
Commentaires: Raliss sur site par des
scientifiques de conservation ou des restaurateurs avant chantillonnage, nettoyage,
consolidation ou rintgration. Elles visent
comparer des protocoles de traitement, afin
doptimiser les concentrations et les choix des
produits, et de parvenir un consensus entre
les diffrents professionnels qui sont impliqus dans le choix du traitement.
observation et analyse des matriaux, ana-

lyse des liants, analyse de pigment, tude

scientifique

Sources: Aze et al. 2011; Odegaard et al. 2000; Reille-Taillefert 2010

288

musterflche

DE

Definition: Kleine Bereiche am Objekt, in denen Reinigungs-, Festigungs- oder Ergnzungsversuche ausgefhrt werden.
Kommentar: Sie kann vor Ort durch Konservierungswissenschaftler oder Restauratoren
angelegt werden. Durch die Tests sollen mgliche Manahmen verglichen, Konzentrationen und die Produktauswahl optimiert werden. Die Untersuchungen an der Musterflche
helfen bei der Entscheidungsfindung der
Fachleute, die an der Auswahl der Manahmen beteiligt sind.
Materialuntersuchung, Bindemittelanalyse,

Pigmentanalyse, naturwissenschaftliche Un-

tersuchung

iNtERvENtioN
DocUmENtatioN aND iNvEstigatioN

testni postupci

HR

Prby na obiekcie

PL

mdahale denemeleri

tR

Definicija: Male povrine predmeta na kojima

se provode probe ienja, uvrivanja ili
reintegracije.

Definicja: Niewielkie pola na obiekcie, gdzie

przeprowadza si prby oczyszczania, utrwalania czy uzupeniania.

Tanm: Nesnedeki temizleme, salamlatrma

ya da yeniden birletirme testlerinin yaplaca kk alanlar.

Napomena: To na terenu mogu obaviti konzervatorski znanstvenici ili restauratori. Cilj je

tih testova usporediti razliite postupke, kako
bi se postigla najbolja koncentracija i izbor
proizvoda, odnosno kako bi se usuglasili razni
strunjaci ukljueni u izbor postupka.

Komentarz: Mog by przeprowadzone na

obiekcie przez badaczy lub konserwatorw. Takie prby pozwalaj porwna rne tryby postpowania, zoptymalizowa stenia i dobr
produktw czy te dokona wyboru, gdy opinie zaangaowanych specjalistw rni si.

analiza materijala i ispitivanja, analiza vezi-

badania i analiza materiau, analiza spoiw,

Yorum: Koruma bilimcileri ve konservatrler

tarafndan yaplr. Bu testler farkl mdahale
protokollerini karlatrmay, rnlerin seimini ve younluklarn en uygun hale getirmeyi veya iyiletirme mdahalesine katlan eitli
meslek gruplar arasnda mutabakat salamay amalamaktadr.

va, analiza pigmenta, znanstveno istraivanje

Prbk

HU

analiza pigmentw, badania laboratoryjne

malzeme analizi ve incelemesi, balayc mad-

teste de tratament

Ro

de analizi, renk analizi, bilimsel aratrma

Bg

Meghatrozs: A malkots kis felletein

vgzett tiszttsi, megktsi vagy kiegsztsi
tesztek.

Definiie: Zone de mici dimensiuni ale obiectului pe care sunt efectuate teste de curare,
de consolidare, sau de reintegrare cromatic.

: ,
, .

Megjegyzs: Ezeket restaurtorok vagy termszettudomnyos munkatrsak vgzik a

helysznen. A tesztek clja sszehasonltani a
klnbz kezelsi eljrsokat, kivlasztani az
optimlis kezelszereket s meghatrozni
megfelel tmnysgket, vagy kzs nevezre hozni a kezels kivlasztsban egyttmkd szakemberek vlemnyt.

Adnotare: Acestea pot fi efectuate in situ de

ctre conservatori sau restauratori. Aceste teste urmresc compararea diferitelor propuneri
de tratament, optimizarea concentraiilor i
alegerea produselor, sau stabilirea unui consens ntre profesionitii implicai n alegerea
tratamentului.

: in situ
-,
.
,
, .

anyagvizsglat s analitika, ktanyag vizs-

glat, pigmentvizsglat, (termszet)tudomnyos vizsglat

analiza i examinarea materialelor, analiza

liantului, analiza pigmenilor, investigaie

tiinific

, -

, ,

campione di intervento

it

Ensayos preliminares

Es

Definizione: Si scelgono piccole aree dellopera per eseguire test di pulitura, di consolidamento o reintegrazione.

Definicin: Pequeas reas de un objeto donde se realizan los ensayos de limpieza, consolidacin y/o reintegracin.

Commento: Questi test possono essere eseguiti in situ dal restauratore e dallo scienziato
specializzato. Cos si possono ottenere parametri per paragonare diversi tipi di intervento,
per ottimizzare la scelta e la concentrazione
dei materiali applicati, o per trovare pi facilmente un consenso fra i vari professionisti
coinvolti nella scelta del tipo di intervento da
adottare.

Comentario: Puede ser realizado en el sitio

por restauradores y/o cientficos. Estos ensayos se hacen para comparar diferentes protocolos de tratamiento, para optimizar las concentraciones y la eleccin de productos o para
llegar a un consenso entre los distintos profesionales que estn implicados en la eleccin
del tratamiento.
Sinnimos: catas (de limpieza), ensayo de tratamientos

analisi ed esame dei material, analisi dei leganti, analisi dei pigmenti, esame scientifico

estudio y anlisis de materiales, anlisis del

material ligante, anlisis del pigmento, investigacin cientfica

289

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Relative humidity and temperature monitoring, Chapel of Saint Lazare, Aix en Provence Cathedral (France), 12-16th century; Photos: 2000-2004, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Environmental assessment

EN

Definition: A preliminary study of the environment which can help estimate the potential
consequences of actioning a conservation
plan, or a conservation or restoration project
for a mural or architectural surface.
Comment: It aims to prevent deterioration by
providing suitable conservation conditions
determined on the basis of environmental
monitoring, observations and the evaluation
of the existing conditions; it also tries to maintain a good state of conservation of a surface
before or after a restoration campaign by addressing the consequences of deterioration
and removing their causes. It can lead to the
development of an environmental strategy,
including the identification of current and historic services (drainage, heating etc.).

dune peinture murale, base sur ltude pralable de lenvironnement.

Commentaires: Elle vise prvenir toute dgradation par le contrle des conditions de
conservation dtermines par des mesures,
observations et lvaluation des conditions
existantes, maintenir ltat de conservation
dune surface avant ou aprs une restauration
en traitant les consquences de la dgradation
et en liminant ses causes. Une stratgie peut
alors tre dveloppe, incluant lidentification
de servitudes techniques actuelles ou anciennes influenant ltat de conservation de
la peinture murale (drainage, chauffage).

Umweltbedingungen angemessene Erhaltungsbedingungen geschaffen werden. Sie soll

auch den Zustand einer Oberflche vor oder
nach einer Restaurierung bewahren, indem sie
sich mit den Folgen von Schden und der Beseitigung der Ursachen befasst. Sie kann zur
Entwicklung einer Umweltstrategie fhren, die
den aktuellen und historischen Betrieb (wie
Drainage und Heizung etc.) bestimmt.
Synonyme: Umweltbewertung, Umweltgutachten
Raumklimauntersuchung, Monitoring,
Umweltmanagement, Bauaufnahme

tude climatique, contrles priodiques,

Procjena okolia

indoor climate study, monitoring, drainage, en-

Umweltprfung

Definicija: Prethodna studija okolia koja moe

pomoi u predvianju posljedica provedbe konzervatorskoga plana ili projekta konzerviranja i restauriranja zidne slike ili arhitektonske povrine.

valuation des conditions

environnementales

Definition: Eine Vorstudie zur Umwelt, mit der

die Folgen eines Restaurierungskonzepts oder
einer Konservierung/Restaurierung fr eine Architekturoberflche ausgewertet werden sollen.

vironmental management, building and site survey

FR

Dfinition: Estimation des consquences de

lapplication dun plan de conservation, dun
projet de restauration sur la conservation

drainage tude diagnostic des btiments et sites

(tat sanitaire du bti) gestion de lenvironnement

DE

Kommentar: Sie soll Schden verhindern, indem auf der Grundlage von Umweltmonitoring, Beobachtungen und der Auswertung der

Napomena: Svrha je procjene okolia sprijeiti pogoranje osiguravanjem prikladnih konzervatorskih stanja odreenih na temelju okolinoga nadzora, opaanja i procjene postojeih; njom se takoer nastoji odrati dobro stanje zatite povrine prije ili nakon restauratorskih radova prepoznavanjem posljedica pogoranja i otklanjanjem njihovih uzroka. Pro-

Sources: Conservation prventive1992; Keene 2002; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Stefanaggo 1997; Peintures murales 2002

290

HR

iNtERvENtioN
PREvENtivE coNsERvatioN

cjena moe dovesti do razvoja okoline strategije ukljuivi prepoznavanje sadanjih i povijesnih postupaka (drenaa, grijanje itd.)
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti, nadziranje,
upravljanje okoliem, pregled graevine i mjesta

Krnyezet vizsglat

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy krnyezeti eltanulmny,

felmrs, mely segt felmrni egy llagmegvsi vagy restaurlsi terv alkalmazsnak kvetkezmnyeit egy falkpre vagy ptszeti felletre vonatkozan.
Megjegyzs: Clja a krosodsok megelzse
a krnyezeti monitorozson, a meglv krlmnyek megfigyelsn s kirtkelsn alapul,
megfelel llagmegvsi krlmnyek biztostsa ltal; msik clja megrizni az adott fellet
j megtartsi llapott a restaurlsi beavatkozs eltt vagy utn, a lehetsges krosodsok
szmbavtelvel s ezek okainak megszntetsvel. Kialakt ezltal egy megfelel krnyezeti
stratgit, figyelembe vve a jelenlegi s a trtneti szerelseket (vzelvezets, fts stb.).
bltri klma tanulmny, monitorozs, vzel-

vezets, krnyezet menedzsment, plet- s

helysznfelmrs

valutazione ambientale

it

Definizione: Lo studio preliminare delle condizioni ambientali, che pu essere daiuto per evaluare le conseguenze di un progetto di conservazione e/o restauro su una pittura murale o una
superficie architettonica.
Commento: Questa valutazione vuole prevenire il degrado fornendo condizioni di conservazione appropriate, stabilite in base a un monitoraggio ambientale e ad osservazioni e valutazioni delle condizioni date. Vuole mantenere lo stato di conservazione di una superficie
dopo una campagna di restauro, indicando le
conseguenze del degrado e elimanandone le
cause. Pu condurre a una strategia ambientale, includendo lidentificazione e le modalit
duso di strutture attuali e storiche presenti
nellambiente (drenaggio, riscaldamento, ecc.).
studio del clima interno, monitoraggio, gestio-

ne dellamibente, sondaggio sulledificio e sul sito

ocena warunkw rodowiska

PL

Definicja: Wstpne studia warunkw rodowiska, ktre mog pomc w ocenie skutkw

dziaa planowanej konserwacji czy projektu

restauracji, poprzedzajce decyzj o podjciu
konserwacji lub restauracji malowida czy powierzchni architektonicznej.
Komentarz: Ma na celu zapobieganie zniszczeniom przez zapewnienie waciwych warunkw, ustalonych na podstawie monitoringu rodowiska, obserwacji i oceny obecnego stanu;
okrelajc skutki zniszcze i usuwajc ich przyczyny prbuje te utrzyma stan zachowania
powierzchni przed lub po przeprowadzeniu
prac konserwatorskich. Moe prowadzi do wypracowania strategii rodowiska, obejmujcej
rozpoznanie obecnych i historycznych systemw (odprowadzenie wody, ogrzewanie, itp.).
studium klimatu wntrza, monitoring, od-

pywy, zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska,

ogldziny budynku i otoczenia

Evaluarea condiiilor de mediu

Ro

Definiie: Un studiu preliminar de mediu, ce

poate ajuta la evaluarea consecinelor implementrii unui plan de conservare, sau a unui
proiect de conservare i restaurare a unei picturi murale sau a unei suprafae arhitecturale.
Adnotare: Aceasta i propune s previn degradarea prin asigurarea condiiilor de conservare corespunztoare stabilite pe baza monitorizrii mediului, observaiilor i evalurii
condiiilor existente; ncearc meninerea unei
bune stri de conservare a unei suprafee nainte sau dup o campanie de restaurare, prin
combaterea consecinelor degradriii i prin
eliminarea cauzelor acestora. Aceasta poate
duce la dezvoltarea unei strategii de mediu,
inclusiv identificarea serviciilor curente i istorice (drenaj, nclzire, etc.).
studiu climatic interior, monitorizare, mana-

gement de mediu, monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului, raport de conservare i restaurare

Estudio medioambiental

Es

Definicin: Estudio preliminar ambiental que

puede ayudar en la evaluacin de las consecuencias de las acciones de un plan de conservacin o de un proyecto de restauracin de
un mural o superficie arquitectnica.
Comentario: El objetivo es prevenir el deterioro, proporcionando condiciones de conservacin adecuadas en funcin de la monitorizacin, la observacin y la evaluacin de las
condiciones ambientales existentes; tambin
trata de mantener el estado de conservacin

antes o despus de una restauracin, abordando las consecuencias del deterioro y eliminando sus causas. Puede conducir al desarrollo de una estrategia ambiental, incluyendo la identificacin de los servicios actuales e
histricos (desage, calefaccin, etc.).
estudio climtico interior, monitorizacin, ges-

tin medioambiental, inspeccin del edificio y de

su entorno, informe del proceso de restauracin

evresel deerlendirme

tR

Tanm: Duvar resimleri ya da mimari yzeylerin koruma ya da restorasyon projesi veya koruma planlarnn gerekletirilmesine katks
olabilecek evresel bir n alma.
Yorum: evresel izleme, gzlemler ve mevcut
koullarn deerlendirilmesi temelinde belirlenmi uygun koruma koullar salayarak bozulmay nlemeyi amalar. Ayrca bozulmann sonularn gstererek ve sebeplerini ortadan kaldrarak restorasyon almasndan nce ya da sonra
yzeyin korunma durumunu muhafaza etmeyi
(srdrmeyi) dener. Istma ve drenaj gibi gncel
ve eski mdehalelerin belirlenmesini ieren evresel stratejinin geliimine nclk edebilir.
i mekan iklim almas, gzlemleme, drenaj,

evre ynetimi, bina ve mahal incelemesi (rleve)

Bg

:
,

.
: ,
, ;
, .
,
(, .).
, , , -

291

iNtERvENtioN
PREvENtivE coNsERvatioN

Sensors for environmental monitoring temporarily fixed with binder which sublimates (cyclododecane), St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany), 10th century; Photo: 2014, RPS
(Drthe Jakobs)

indoor climate study

EN

Definition: The study of the internal microclimate that can influence the conservation of
wall paintings.
Comment:These studies aim to identify conservation issues, and to monitor climatic conditions
during or after restoration. Air temperature and
relative humidity are measured in enclosed and
covered buildings, and outside, using dataloggers. The position of these devices, the frequency of the measurements and their precision, as
well as the duration of the monitoring campaign, are defined according the issues to be
studied. Data can be gathered over different
time periods to target climatic instabilities related to daily use, seasonal change, building exposure or water disposal problems. They support
any ongoing phenomenological diagnosis.

Commentaires: Elle vise identifier les problmes de conservation, enregistrer les conditions climatiques pendant ou aprs une restauration. La temprature, lhumidit de lair
sont mesures et enregistres dans le btiment et en extrieur. La position et le nombre
dappareils, la frquence de mesure et sa prcision, la dure de la campagne de mesure
sont dfinies selon la problmatique pose.
Les donnes sont collectes pour cibler des
instabilits climatiques lies un usage quotidien des lieux, un changement saisonnier,
des problmes dexposition ou dvacuation
deau. Ltude climatique affine le diagnostic
phnomnologique dune peinture murale.
environnementales, contrles priodiques

monitoring

Definition: Untersuchung des internen Mikroklimas, das die Erhaltung von Wandmalereien beeinflussen kann.

DE

FR
Kommentar: Durch sie werden Konservierungsfragen identifiziert und die klimatischen
Bedingungen whrend oder nach der Restaurierung beobachtet. Lufttemperatur und rela-

Sources: Camuffo 1992; Stefanaggi 1997; Peintures murales 2002

292

Prouavanje klime u unutranjosti

wall painting, environmental assessment,

Dfinition: tude du micro climat intrieur influenant la conservation des peintures murales.

Umweltprfung, Monitoring

peinture murale, valuation des conditions

Raumklimauntersuchung

Etude climatique

tive Feuchte werden in geschlossenen, berdachten Gebuden und auen mit Datenloggern gemessen. Die Lage der Gerte, die Frequenz der Messungen, ihre Przision und die
Dauer des Monitorings ergeben sich aus der
Fragestellung. Die Daten werden ber verschiedene Zeitrume erfasst, um Klimaschwankungen durch tglichen Gebrauch,
saisonale Vernderungen, Abrsten der Fassade oder Abwasserprobleme zu erfassen. Sie
untersttzen laufende phnomenologische
Diagnostik.
Synonym: Innenklimauntersuchung

HR

Definicija: Prouavanje mikroklime u unutranjosti koja moe utjecati na zatitu zidnih slika.
Napomena: Svrha je tih prouavanja prepoznavanje konzervatorskih problema i nadzor klimatskih stanja tijekom ili nakon restauriranja.
Temperatura zraka i relativna vlanost mjere se
u zatvorenim i pokrivenim graevinama te izvan
njih uporabom dataloggera. Poloaj tih ureaja,
uestalost mjerenja i njihova preciznost, kao i
trajanje nadziranja odreeni su prema proble-

iNtERvENtioN
PREvENtivE coNsERvatioN

mima koje prouavaju. Podatci se mogu prikupljati u razliitim vremenskim razdobljima, a tako dobiveni usmjereni su na klimatske nestabilnosti povezane s dnevnom uporabom, sezonskom promjenom, izloenou graevine ili problemima uklanjanja vode. Podatci podravaju
sve fenomenoloke dijagnoze koje su u tijeku.
procjena okolia, nadziranje

Bltri klma tanulmny

HU

Meghatrozs: A falkpek megrzsre hatst gyakorol mikroklma tanulmnyozsa.

Megjegyzs: A tanulmny clja llagmegvsi
problmkat azonostani, s monitorozni a klmaviszonyokat a restaurls idejn vagy azutn. Mrik a leveg hmrsklett s a relatv
pratartalmat a zrt s fedett pletekben s a
kls trben, adatgyjt mszerek (data logger) segtsgvel. A mszerek elhelyezst, a
mrsek frekvencijt s pontossgt, valamint
a monitorozs idtartamt a tanulmnyozott
krdsek hatrozzk meg. Az adatgyjts idszakt annak fggvnyben vlasztjk meg,
hogy a napi hasznlathoz, az vszakok vltakozshoz, az pletet r hatsokhoz vagy a vzelvezetshez ktd vltozsok megfigyelst
clozzk meg. Tjkoztatsul szolgl brmely
folyamatban lev jelensg kutatshoz.
falkp, krnyezet vizsglat, monitorozs

studio del clima interno

it

Definizione: Lo studio del microclima interno

che pu influenzare la conservazione di una
pittura murale.
Commento: Le indagini vogliono identificare
problemi di conservazione e osservare le condizioni climatiche durante e dopo un restauro.
La temperatura e lumidit relativa dellaria si
misurano allinterno, in edifici chiusi e coperti,
e allesterno, usando apparecchi per la registrazione dati. La collocazione degli strumenti, la
frequenza e la precisione delle misurazioni ed
anche la durata della campagna di monitoraggio si definiscono attraverso i problemi posti.
Si possono raccogliere dati attraverso vari archi
di tempo, perch mirano a misurare oscillazioni e instabilit climatiche causate dalluso quotidiano, da cambiamenti stagionali, dallesposizione delledificio o da problemi delle acque
di scarico. Possono assecondare con informazioni ogni diagnosi fenomenologica in atto.
valutazione ambientale, monitoraggio

studium klimatu wntrza

PL

Definicja: Studium wewntrznego mikroklimatu, ktry moe mie wpyw na stan malowide.
Komentarz: Badania podjte w celu okrelenia
kwestii konserwatorskich i monitorowania warunkw klimatu podczas i po konserwacji. W
zamknitych i przekrytych budynkach oraz na
zewntrz mierzy si temperatur powietrza i
wilgotno wzgldn przy uyciu rejestratorw
danych. Rozmieszczenie urzdze, czstotliwo pomiarw i ich dokadno, okres pomiarw zale od zagadnie, ktre s przedmiotem bada. Dane naley zebra z rnych pr,
uwzgldniajc wahania klimatu spowodowane
codziennym uytkowaniem, zmianami sezonowymi, ekspozycj budynku czy problemami z
odprowadzeniem wody. Stanowi podstaw
biecej diagnozy zachodzcych zjawisk.
ocena warunkw rodowiska, monitoring

studiul climatului interior

Ro

Definiie: Studiul microclimatului interior ce

poate influena conservarea picturilor murale.
Adnotare: Aceste studii urmresc identificarea problemelor de conservare i monitorizarea condiiilor climatice n timpul sau dup interveniile de restaurare. Temperatura aerului
i umiditatea relativ sunt msurate n spaii
nchise i acoperite, precum i la exterior folosind senzori de nregistrare a datelor. Poziia
acestor dispozitive, precizia i frecvena msurtorilor, precum i durata campaniei de
monitorizare sunt definite n funcie de problemele ce urmeaz s fie studiate. Datele pot
fi colectate pe diferite perioade de timp i vizeaz instabilitile climatice legate de utilizarea de zi cu zi a spaiilor, schimbrile de sezon,
problemele de expunere sau drenaj. Studiul
climatului interior susine orice diagnostic fenomenologic n curs de desfurare.
evaluarea condiiilor de mediu, monitorizare

Estudio climtico de interiores

Es

Definicin: Estudio del microclima interno

que puede influir en la conservacin de pinturas murales.
Comentario: Busca identificar aspectos de conservacin y monitorizar las condiciones climticas durante y despus de la restauracin. Se realizan medidas de temperatura y humedad relativa en el interior y en el exterior de edificios,

utilizando dataloggers. La ubicacin de estos

dispositivos, la frecuencia de lectura, su precisin y la duracin del periodo de monitorizacin
se determinan en funcin del plan de actuacin.
Los datos deben ser recopilados durante diferentes periodos de tiempo para localizar inestabilidades climticas por su uso diario o por cambios estacionales. Dan informacin para la realizacin de diagnsticos fenomenolgicos.
estudio medioambiental, monitorizacin

mekan iklim almas

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin korunmasn etkileyebilen i mikro iklim almas.

Yorum: Bu almalar koruma sorunlarn belirlemeyi ve restorasyon esnasnda ya da sonrasnda iklimsel koullar izlemeyi amalar.
Hava scakl ve bal nem kapal ve rtl binalarda ve darda veri kaydedici ile llr. Bu
aralarn durumu, lm sklklar ve onlarn kesinlii, ayrca gzlem ileminin sresi incelenecek sorunlara gre tanmlanmaldr. Gnlk kullanm, mevsimsel deiimler, su tahliyesi problemleri veya bina etkisi ile alakal iklimsel dengesizlikleri belirlemek iin farkl zaman aralyla veri toplanabilir. Bunlar, herhangi bir devam
eden grnen, yzeysel tehisleri destekler.
duvar resimleri, evresel deerlendirme,
gzlemleme

Bg

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, , , , . .
,

293

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Collecting colorimetric data (top, left), crack monitor to observe deformations (top, right), Villa E-1027, Roquebrune- Cap Martin (France), 20th century and climate data logger
(bottom), Chapel of Notre-Dame des Fontaines, La Brigue (France), 15th century; Photos: 2007/2014, CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

monitoring

EN

contrles priodiques

FR

monitoring

Definition: Involves collecting data and

checking for any visible signs of change that
may affect wall paintings and their environment.

Dfinition: Suivi, enregistrement et contrle

de tout signe visible de changement de la
peinture murale, de son environnement,
mme daffecter la stabilit de luvre.

Definition: Die Datenerfassung und berwachung von allen sichtbaren Anzeichen einer
Vernderung, die eine Wandmalerei und deren Umgebung beeinflussen knnen.

Comment: As wall paintings are sensitive to

their environment, regular monitoring is necessary. Periodic observations are made and
records of information coming from conservation reports, photographs, loggers, etc. are
collected. The observations also concern
changes in visual aspects (discolouration, deposits, cracks and deformations, etc.); the data
collection may also deal with the environment
(temperature, relative humidity, dew point,
etc.), gaseous pollutants, and the development of cracks (displacement measurements).

Commentaires: Une peinture murale tant

sensible son environnement, un diagnostic
priodique de son tat est men. Il consiste
observer, enregistrer les informations collectes sur site par des enregistreurs, des photos
et les consigner dans des rapports de conservation. Les observations portent sur le changement visuel de la peinture (modifications de
couleur, dpts, fissures, dformations). Les
donnes climatiques (temprature, humidit
relative, point de rose), le contenu en polluants de lair, lvolution des fissures (mesures
de dplacement), sont surtout collectes.

Kommentar: Da Wandmalereien gegenber

ihrer Umwelt empfindlich sind, ist ein regelmiges Monitoring notwendig. Man beobachtet
sie regelmig und sammelt Informationen
aus Restaurierungsberichten, Photos, Datenloggern u. a. Auch Vernderungen sichtbarer
Aspekte werden beobachtet: Farbvernderungen, Ablagerungen, Aussehen von Rissen, Verformungen, u.a. Die Datenerfassung kann auch
Umweltparameter miteinschlieen (wie Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte, Taupunkt etc.),
Luftverschmutzung und die Entwicklung von
Rissen (Messungen von Rissverschiebungen).
Synonym: Gebudeberwachung

indoor climate study, environmental assessment

tude climatique, valuation des conditions

environnementales

Raumklimauntersuchung, Umweltprfung

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Gowings, Godfrain 2005; Stefanaggi 1997; Peintures murales 2002; Santner 2012

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Nadziranje

HR

Definicija: Prikupljanje podataka i provjeravanje svih vidljivih znakova promjene koje

mogu tetiti zidnim slikama i njihovu okoliu.
Napomena: Budui da su zidne slike osjetljive
na okoli, nuno je ispravno promatranje. Prikupljaju se periodina opaanja i zabiljeeni podatci iz restauratorskih izvjetaja, fotografija,
loggera itd. Opaanja se takoer usmjeruju na
promjene s vizualnoga stajalita (gubitak boje,
talozi, pukotine i izoblienja itd.); skupljanje podataka moe se odnositi i na okoli (temperature, relativne vlanosti, rosite itd.); oneienje
plinova i razvoj pukotina (mjerenja pomaka).
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti, procjena

okolia

monitorozs

HU

Meghatrozs: Adatgyjtst felttelez, s

minden olyan lthat vltozs szmbavtelt,
mely egy falkpet vagy ennek krnyezett befolysolhatja.
Megjegyzs: Mivel a falkpek igen rzkenyek a krnyezetkre, szksges ennek rendszeresen monitorozsa. Periodikus megfigyelseket vgeznek, s kutatsi beszmolkbl,
fnykpekbl, adatgyjt mszerekbl (data
logger) stb. szrmaz informcikat jegyeznek fl. A megfigyelsek a lthat vltozsokra is kiterjednek (elsznezdsek, lerakdsok,
repedsek s deformcik, stb.); az adatgyjts a krnyezetre (hmrsklet, relatv pratartalom, harmatpont, stb.), a gznem lgszennyez anyagokra s a repedsek alakulsra (elmozdulsok mrse) is vonatkozhat.
beltri klma tanulmny, krnyezet vizsglat

monitoraggio

it

Definizione: Comprende la raccolta di dati e

il controllo di tutti i segni visibili di alterazioni
che possono affliggere una pittura murale e i
suoi dintorni.
Commento: Pitture murali sono sensibili allambiente circostante, per questo necessario un
monitoraggio diagnostico regolare. Si eseguono osservazioni periodiche e documentazioni
che raccolgono informazioni tratte da relazioni
sulla conservazione, da fotografie, dalla registrazione dati ecc. Le osservazioni riguardano anche
cambiamenti dellaspetto di una pittura (scolorimento, depositi, laspetto di fratture e di deformazioni ecc.). La collezione dati pu riferirsi

anche allambiente (temperatura, umidit relativa, punto di rugiada ecc.), inquinamenti aeriformi e lo sviluppo delle fratture (misurazione
della larghezza e degli spostamenti)
studio del clima interno, valutazione ambientale

monitoring

PL

Definicja: Obejmuje zbieranie danych i sprawdzanie kadego widocznego objawu zmian,

ktre mog wpyn na malowida cienne i ich
rodowisko.
Komentarz: Malowida cienne s wraliwe na
oddziaywanie rodowiska, konieczny jest regularny monitoring. Podejmuje si okresowe obserwacje i gromadzi si dane pochodzce z dokumentacji konserwatorskich, fotografii, zapisw
rejestratorw, itd. Obserwacje dotycz te widocznych objaww (zmiany kolorystyczne, naloty, pojawienie si pkni i deformacji itp.), zbiory
danych mog te by zwizane ze rodowiskiem
(temperatura, wilgotno wzgldna, punkt rosy
etc.), gazowymi zanieczyszczeniami powietrza,
rozwojem pkni (pomiary przemieszcze).
studium klimatu wntrza, ocena warunkw

rodowiska

monitorizare

Ro

Definiie: Implic colectarea i verificarea datelor n vederea depistrii oricror semne vizibile de schimbare ce pot afecta picturile murale i mediul acestora.

Comentario: Debido a que las pinturas murales

son sensibles a su entorno, es necesario realizar
un diagnstico monitorizado de forma regular.
Se realizan observaciones peridicas y registros
de informaciones que provienen de informes
de restauracin, fotografas y adquisicin de datos. Tambin se tienen en cuenta cambios en el
aspecto visual (prdida de color, depsitos, aparicin de grietas y deformaciones, etc.); datos
del medio ambiente (temperatura, humedad
relativa, punto de condensacin, etc.), de contaminantes ambientales y de la evolucin de
grietas (medidas de desplazamiento).
estudios climticos de interiores

zleme

Tanm: Duvar resimlerini ve evresini etkileyebilen gzle grlebilen herhangi bir deiiklii kontrol etmeyi ve veri toplamay ierir.
Yorum: Duvar resimleri evresine duyarl olduu iin, dzenli tansal izleme gereklidir. Periyodik gzlemler yaplr ve kaydedicilerden,
fotoraflardan, koruma raporlarndan gelen
veriler toplanr. Gzlemler (rengini bozma, tortu, atlaklarn olumas ve deformasyon gibi)
grsel deiikliklerle de ilgilidir. Toplanan veriler, evreye ilikin scaklk, bal nem, iy noktas gazl kirleticiler ve atlaklarn geliimini
(yer deitirme lmleri) ierebilir.
E anlam: gzlemleme
i mekn iklim almas, evresel deerlendirme

Adnotare: Deoarece picturile murale sunt

sensibile la condiiile de mediul, este necesar
monitorizarea periodic a acestora. Sunt efectuate observaii periodice i sunt colectate nregistrri ale informaiilor provenind din rapoartele de conservare, fotografii, furnizori de
date (data loggers), etc. De asemenea, observaiile vizeaz schimbri ale aspectului vizual
(decolorare, depuneri, fisuri, deformri, etc.);
colectarea datelor poate fi corelat cu condiiile de mediul (temperatura, umiditatea relativ, punctul de rou, etc.), poluanii gazoi i
evoluia fisurilor (msurtori de deplasare).
studiu climatic interior, evaluarea condiiilor
de mediu

monitorizacin

Es

Definicin: Obtencin de datos y control de

signos visibles de cambio que pueden afectar
a las pinturas murales y su entorno.

tR

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Monitoring including relative

humidity and temperature
measurements (bottom, left and
centre) and observations
including passive IR
thermography (bottom, centre)
relative to environmental issues;
Photos: CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Environmental management

EN

Definition: Monitoring various environmental

parameters in order to limit the impact of the
environment on the conservation conditions
of wall paintings and architectural surfaces.
Comment: It involves the implementation of a
defined environmental strategy. It takes into
account the information coming from environmental investigations, such as humidity surveys or air and surface monitoring (of climate,
pollutants, etc.). Environmental management
also includes periodic checks and maintenance
of environmental systems such as heating, ventilation, (de-)humidification, filtration, lighting,
drainage, the evaluation of their effects over
time and their programming. If necessary, it can
also include an updated emergency plan.
drainage, emergency measure, maintenance

vironnement comme les relevs des zones

dhumidit, les mesures climatiques ou en polluants de lair ou la surface de la peinture murale etc. Elle inclut une vrification priodique
et la maintenance des appareillages comme le
chauffage, la ventilation, lhumidification de
lair, la filtration, lclairage, le drainage. Elle intgre aussi une valuation de leurs effets dans
le temps et leur programmation. Elle peut
aussi inclure un plan durgence si ncessaire.

feuchtung, Filter, Beleuchtung, Drainage, die

Auswertung ihrer Langzeiteffekte und ihre
Programmierung. Falls ntig, kann es auch einen aktuellen Notfallplan beinhalten.

drainage, mesures durgence, maintenance

Upravljanje okoliem

valuation des conditions environnementales,

Definicija: Nadziranje razliitih parametara

okolia da bi se ograniio utjecaj okolia na
uvjete zatite zidnih slika i arhitektonskih povrina.

et suivi de conservation, contrles priodiques,

tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat sani-

taire du bti), rapport de conservation-restauration

Umweltmanagement

and care, monitoring, environmental assessment,

conservation report, building and site survey

Definition: Das berwachen verschiedener

Umweltparameter, um den Einfluss der Umwelt auf die Erhaltung der Wandmalereien
und Architekturoberflchen einzugrenzen.

gestion de lenvironnement

Kommentar: Es beinhaltet die Einfhrung einer Umweltstrategie. Dafr werden Informationen aus Umweltuntersuchungen bercksichtigt, z.B. Wasser- und Feuchtetransport
oder Luft- und Oberflchenbeobachtungen
(des Klimas, der Luftverschmutzung etc.).
Das Umweltmanagement beinhaltet auch die
regelmige Prfung und Pflege von Umweltsystemen wie Heizung, Lftung, Ent- oder Be-

FR

Dfinition: Suivi des paramtres environnementaux afin de limiter limpact de lenvironnement sur la conservation des peintures murales et surfaces architectoniques.
Commentaires: Une stratgie est dfinie sur
la base dinformations issues dtudes de len-

Sources: Conservation prventive 1992; Heritage, Gowing 2002a; Keene 2002

296

DE

Drainage, Notfallmanahmen, Pflege und

Wartung, Monitoring, Umweltprfung, Bauaufnahme, Restaurierungsdokumentation

HR

Napomena: Upravljanje okoliem ukljuuje

provedbu definirane okoline strategije. Uzimaju se u obzir informacije koje dolaze od
istraivanja okolia, poput vlage ili nadziranje
zraka i povrine (od klime, oneienja itd.).
Upravljanje okoliem takoer ukljuuje periodine provjere i odravanje okolinih sustava
poput grijanja, ventilacije, o(d)vlaivaa, filtracija, osvjetljenja, odvodnje vode, vrednovanje
njihovih uinaka tijekom vremena i njihovo
programiranje. Ako je nuno moe ukljuivati
i aurirani hitni plan.
drenaa, hitne intervencije, odravanje i

skrb, nadziranje, procjena okolia, pregled

graevine i mjesta

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Krnyezet menedzsment

HU

Meghatrozs: Klnfle krnyezeti paramterek monitorozsa, annak rdekben, hogy

korltozzk a krnyezet hatst a falkpek s
ptszeti felletek megrzsre.
Megjegyzs: Egy jl meghatrozott krnyezeti
stratgia vgrehajtst felttelezi. Figyelembe
veszi a krnyezeti vizsglatokbl szrmaz informcikat, pldul a nedvessgmrseket
vagy a leveg s a fellet monitorozst (klma,
szennyezanyagok, stb.). A krnyezet menedzsment magba foglalja az pletgpszeti
rendszerek (fts, szellztets, prsts, prtlants, lgszrs, vilgts, vzelvezets, stb.)
rendszeres ellenrzst s karbantartst, jvbeli hatsuknak felmrst s programlsukat. Szksg esetn magba foglalhatja a
frisstett katasztrfa elhrtsi tervet is.
vzelvezets, srgssgi beavatkozs, kar-

bantarts s gondozs, monitorozs, krnyezet vizsglat, plet- s helysznfelmrs

gestione dellambiente

Komentarz: Skutkuje wprowadzeniem okrelonej strategii warunkw rodowiska.

Uwzgldnia informacje pochodzce z bada
rodowiska, takie jak pomiary wilgotnoci czy
monitoringu powierzchni i powietrza (klimatu, zanieczyszcze itd.) Zarzdzanie klimatem
obejmuje te okresowe przegldy systemw
klimatycznych takich jak: urzdzenia grzewcze, wentylacja, od- i nawilacze, filtry, owietlenie, odprowadzenie wody, ocena dalszej ich
efektywnoci i zaprogramowania. W razie potrzeby moe te obejmowa uaktualnianie
planu na wypadek nagych zagroe.
odpywy, sytuacje nadzwyczajne, pielgnacja i opieka, monitoring, ocena warunkw
rodowiska, ogldziny budynku i otoczenia,
raport konserwatorski

management de mediu

Ro

Definiie: Monitorizarea diferiilor parametri

de mediu cu scopul de a limita impactul mediului asupra condiiilor de conservare a picturilor murale i a suprafeelor arhitecturale.

it

Definizione: Il monitoraggio di vari parametri

ambientali per delimitare limpatto delle influenze ambientali sullo stato di conservazione di pitture murali e superfici architettoniche.
Commento: La gestione dellambiente comprende la realizzazione di una strategia ambientale chiaramente definita. Questa prende in considerazione le informazioni provenienti dalle ricerche sullambiente, come p. es. lo studio del
contenuto di acqua e umidit, o il monitoraggio
dellaria e delle superfici architettoniche, in relazione al clima, a agenti e sostanze inquinanti
ecc. La gestione dellambiente include anche il
controllo periodico e la manutenzione dei sistemi regolatori dellambiente, come p. es. il riscaldamento, la ventilizzazione, lumidificazione e
la deumidificazione, il filtraggio, lilluminazione,
il drenaggio, e levaluazione degli effetti di questi
sistemi a lungo termine nonch la loro programmazione. Pu anche includere, se questo richiesto, un piano di emergenza aggiornato.
monitoraggio, manutenzione, drenaggio,

misure di emergenza, valutazione ambienta-

le, sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito

Zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska PL

Definicja: Monitoring rnych parametrw
rodowiska w celu ograniczenia wpywu rodowiska na stan zachowania malowide ciennych i powierzchni architektonicznych.

Adnotare: Implic implementarea unei strategii de mediu bine definite. Acesta ia n considerare informaiile ce provin din investigaiile de
mediu, gradul de umiditate sau monitorizarea
aerului i a suprafeei (clim, poluani, etc.). Managementul de mediu include, de asemenea,
verificri periodice i ntreinerea sistemelor de
mediu, precum sistemul de nclzire, ventilaia,
(de-) umidificarea, filtrarea, iluminarea, drenajul, evaluarea efectelor lor n timp i programarea acestora. Dac este necesar poate include
un plan de urgen actualizat.
drenaj, msuri de urgen, ntreinere i n-

grijire, monitorizare, evaluarea condiiilor de

mediu, monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului

gestin medioambiental

Es

Definicin: Seguimiento de diversos parmetros ambientales para limitar el efecto del medio ambiente sobre la conservacin de pinturas murales y superficies arquitectnicas.
Comentario: Conlleva la aplicacin de una estrategia ambiental definida. Tiene en cuenta
la informacin procedente de los estudios ambientales, como las medidas de humedad del
ambiente y el control superficial (del clima, de
contaminantes, etc.).Incluye tambin el control y el mantenimiento peridico de sistemas
ambientales como la calefaccin, la ventilacin, la (des)humidificacin, la filtracin, la iluminacin o los desages y la evaluacin de sus

efectos con el tiempo y su programacin.

Tambin puede incluir, si es necesario, un plan
de emergencia actualizado.
drenaje, medidas de emergencia, manteni-

miento y cuidado, monitorizacin, estudio medioambiental, inspeccin del edificio y su entorno

evresel ynetim

tR

Tanm: Duvar resimlerinin ve mimari yzeylerin korunmasnda evrenin etkiyi snrlandrmak iin eitli evresel parametrelerin gzlemlenmesi.
Yorum: Belirlenmi evresel stratejinin uygulanmasn ierir. Nem aratrmas ve hava veya
yzey izlenmesi (iklim, kirleticiler vb.) gibi evresel aratrmalarndan gelen bilgiyi gz
nnde bulundurur. evresel ynetim ayrca
stma, havalandrma, nemlendirme, kurutma,
filtreleme, aydnlatma, drenaj ve bunlarn zamanla deiimlerinin etkilerini ve programlanmas gibi evresel sistemlerin bakmn ve
periyodik kontroln ierir. Gerektiinde gncel acil durum plann da ierebilir.
drenaj, acil durum nlemi, bakm ve koruma, izleme, evresel deerlendirme, koruma
raporu, bina ve mahal incelemesi (rleve)

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Channel around the Chapel of Saint Martin de Fenollar, Maureillas-las-Illas (France), 12th century; Photo: 2012,
CICRP (Jean-Marc Vallet)

Drainage

EN

Drainage

Drainage

DE

Definition: The artificial evacuation of runoff

water, water in the soil, or water that is in the
structure in order to dry a building and its
walls.

Dfinition: Action dvacuer artificiellement

leau de ruissellement ou contenue dans les
sols ou dans les structures, afin dasscher un
btiment et sa maonnerie.

Definition: Der knstliche Abtransport von

Regenwasser, Wasser im Boden oder im Bauwerk, um das Gebude und seine Mauern zu
trocknen.

Comment: The standard drainage procedure

involves drains that collect water by gravity or
by pumping. The water is transported and carried away through surface or buried collectors
(e.g. gutters, culverts, drains).

Commentaires: Un systme de drainage classique collecte leau de surface par gravit ou

par pompage. Leau est transporte et vacue par coulement de surface ou en utilisant des collecteurs enterrs (ex. gouttires,
caniveaux, drains) ou des matriaux drainants.

Kommentar: Das Prinzip einer Drainage beruht

auf Abflssen, die Wasser durch die Schwerkraft
oder durch Pumpen sammeln. Das Wasser wird
ber oberflchliche oder eingegrabene Sammelstellen abtransportiert (z.B. Regenrinnen,
Durchlsse, Abflussrohre).
Synonyme: Drnage, Drnung, Entwsserung

environmental management, maintenance

and care

gestion de lenvironnement, maintenance et

suivi de conservation
Sources: Larousse: drainage (13.12.2014); Harris 2003

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Drenaa

HR

odpywy

PL

Drenaj

tR

Definicija: Umjetna odvodnja tekue vode,

zemne vode ili vode koja je u strukturi kako bi
se osuila graevina i njezini zidovi.

Definicja: Sztuczne odprowadzenie wd opadowych, wd gruntowych lub wody obecnej w

strukturze, w celu osuszenia budowli i jej cian.

Tanm: Yap ve yap duvarlarn kurutmak iin

kaak suyun, zemin suyunun veya yapdaki suyun tahliyesi.

Napomena: Standardni postupci drenae

ukljuuju odvodne kanale koji skupljaju vodu
s pomou gravitacije ili crpljenjem. Voda se
prenosi i odvodi kroz povrinu ili skrivenim kolektorima (npr. slivnicima, podzemnim kanalima i odvodnim kanalima).

Komentarz: Standardowy system odprowadzenia obejmuje rury zbierajce wod na zasadzie grawitacji lub poprzez pompowanie.
Woda jest odprowadzana po powierzchni lub
przez podziemne kolektory (np. rynny, przepusty, odpywy).
Synonimy: drena, dreny, odwadnianie

Yorum: Standart drenaj sistemi yer ekimi veya pompalama ekliyle suyu toplayan kanallar ierir. Su, gml toplayclar (oluklar,
menfezler, kanallar) yoluyla veya yzeyden tanr.
E anlam: tahliye kanal

upravljanje okoliem, odravanje i skrb

zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, pielg-

evresel ynetim, bakm ve koruma

nacja i opieka

vzelvezets

HU

Meghatrozs: A felszni vizek, talajvizek s a

szerkezeti vizek mestersges elvezetse annak
rdekben, hogy az plet s falai kiszradjanak.
Megjegyzs: A standard vzelvezetsi eljrsok csatornkat hasznlnak, melyek gravitci
vagy pumpls ltal gyjtik ssze a vizet. A vz
szlltsa s elvezetse felszni vagy fldalatti
elvezet rendszerekkel trtnik (csatornk, vztvezetk, drncsvek).
krnyezet menedzsment, karbantarts s

Drenaj

Ro

Definiie: Evacuarea artificial a apei pluviale,

a apei din sol, sau a apei din structur, cu scopul de a usca o cldire i zidurile acesteia.
Adnotare: Procedura standard de drenaj implic drenuri ce colecteaz apa prin gravitaie
sau prin pompare. Apa este transportat i
evacuat la suprafa, sau prin colectoare ngropate (de ex. jgheaburi, rigole, canale de
scurgere).
managementul mediului, ntreinere i ngri-

jire

gondozs

Drenaggio

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it

Drenaje

Es

Definizione: Evacuazione artificiale di acque

superficiali o presenti nel sottosuolo o nel corpo di fabbrica stesso, per asciugare un edificio
e le sue strutture murarie.

Definicin: Evacuacin artificial de agua de

escorrenta, agua del suelo o agua de la estructura con el fin de secar un edificio y sus
muros.

Commento: Il drenaggio di tipo standardizzato prevede canalizzazioni di scarico che raccolgono lacqua attraverso la forza di gravit
o un sistema di pompaggio. Lacqua viene fatta defluire attraverso punti di raccolta superficiali o interrati (p. es. pozzetti o trincee drenanti, canali di gronda e tubi di scarico).

Comentario: El procedimiento estndar de

drenaje implica desages que recogen el agua
por gravedad o por bombeo. El agua se transporta a travs de colectores superficiales o
subterrneos (por ejemplo, canalones, alcantarillas o desages).

gestione dellambiente, manutenzione

gestin ambiental, mantenimiento y cuida-

do

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Facing applied to temporarily prevent scaling and delaminated areas from falling, chapel Saint Pierre,
Villefranche sur mer (France), painted by Jean Cocteau, 1956/7; Photo: 2008, CICRP (Odile Guillon)

Emergency measure

EN

mesures durgence

FR

Definition: Treatments that aim to temporarily halt active deterioration and preserve a
part of or the entire wall painting.

Dfinition: Actions visant stopper provisoirement le dveloppement dune dgradation

et sauver une peinture murale ou une partie.

Comment: They aim at maintaining a reasonably stable state of conservation until the
most appropriate treatment can be carried
out. They can correspond to a set of actions
such as facing, emergency consolidation or
the application of compresses. Such interventions are usually made immediately after a disaster or acts of vandalism in order to prevent
further loss.

Commentaires: Elles visent maintenir un

tat de conservation acceptable en attendant
une restauration ultrieure. Elles peuvent correspondre une srie dactions telles que la
pose de facings, de compresses, la consolidation durgence. Elles sont gnralement ralises le plus rapidement possible pour faire
face un accident et viter des dgradations
probables.

environmental management, drainage,

gestion de lenvironnement, drainage,

maintenance and care

maintenance et suivi de conservation

Notfallmanahmen

Definition: Restauratorische Eingriffe, die eine aktive Schdigung zeitweise stoppen sollen, um einen Teil oder die gesamte Wandmalerei zu retten.
Kommentar: Notfallmanahmen sollen einen angemessen stabilen Zustand aufrecht
erhalten, bis die am besten geeigneten Manahmen ausgefhrt werden knnen. Es kann
sich um Manahmen, wie Facing, Notsicherung, Vorfestigung, oder den Auftrag von
Kompressen handeln. Solche Eingriffe werden
blicherweise direkt nach einer Naturkatastrophe oder Vandalismus durchgefhrt, um
weitere Schden zu verhindern.
Umweltmanagement, Drainage, Wartung

und Pflege
Source: Conservation Dictionary 2001

300

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Hitne intervencije

HR

rodki nadzwyczajnene

PL

acil durum nlemleri

tR

Definicija: Postupci kojima je svrha privremeno zaustavljanje aktivnoga pogoranja i uvanje dijela ili cijele zidne slike.

Definicja: Dziaania majce na celu powstrzymanie aktywnych zniszcze i ocalenie czci

czy caego malowida ciennego.

Tanm: Duvar resminin bir ksmn veya btnn korumak ve geici olarak aktif bozulmay
durdurmak iin yaplan iyiletirmeler.

Napomena: Njihova je svrha odravanje prihvatljiva, stabilna stanja zatite sve dok se ne
provede primjeren postupak. One mogu odgovarati postupcima poput facinga, urne
konsolidacije ili stavljanja obloga. Takve intervencije u pravilu se ine nakon katastrofa ili ina vandalizma kako bi se sprijeio daljnji gubitak.

Komentarz: Maj na celu zapewnienie moliwie stabilnego stanu zachowania a do momentu przeprowadzenia waciwych zabiegw. Odnosz si do takich dziaa jak zabezpieczenie lica, ratownicza konsolidacja lub naoenie kompresw. Takie dziaania podejmowane s zwykle natychmiast po nieszczliwym zdarzeniu lub akcie wandalizmu, by zapobiec dalszym stratom.

Yorum: Bu nlemler, en uygun iyiletirme ilemi uygulanana kadar en makul koruma durumunun devam ettirilmesi iin yaplr.Yzeye
Japon kad yada tlbent bezi yaptrarak
geici salama alma (facing), acil salamlatrma veya kompres (bastrma, bask altna alma)
uygulamas gibi bir dizi ileme karlk gelebilir. Bu gibi mdahaleler genellikle, bir felaket
veya vandallk eyleminin hemen ardndan daha fazla kayp olmasn engellemek iin yaplr.

procjena okolia, drenaa, odravanje i

skrb

srgssgi beavatkozs

zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, odpy-

wy, opieka i pielgnacja

HU

Meghatrozs: Olyan intzkeds, mely clja

egy idre lelltani az aktv krosodsokat s
megrizni a teljes falkpet vagy annak egy rszt.
Megjegyzs: Clja megrizni egy elfogadhat, stabil megtartsi llapotot addig, amg sor
kerlhet a legmegfelelbb beavatkozsra. Lehet sz tbb eljrsrl is, mint a facing (leragaszts), srgssgi megkts vagy pakolsok alkalmazsa. Az ilyen tpus beavatkozsokra ltalban kzvetlenl egy katasztrfa
vagy vandalizmus utn kerl sor, azrt, hogy
megakadlyozzk a tovbbi krosodsokat.
krnyezet menedzsment, vzelvezets, kar-

msuri de urgen

evresel ynetim, drenaj, bakm ve koruma

Ro

Definiie: Tratamente ce vizeaz stoparea

temporar a degradrii active i conservarea
unei pri sau a ntregii picturi murale.
Adnotare: Acestea vizeaz meninerea unei
stri rezonabile de conservare pn la aplicarea unui tratament adecvat. Acestea corespund unor serii de aciuni precum aplicarea
unui facing, fixarea i consolidarea de urgen
ori aplicarea compreselor. Astfel de intervenii
sunt de obicei efectuate imediat dup un dezastru natural sau un act de vandalism, cu scopul de a preveni pierderi ulterioare.
management de mediu, drenaj, ntreinere

i ngrijire

bantarts s gondozs

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misure di emergenza

it

medidas de emergencia

Es

Definizione: Ogni operazione temporanea rivolta ad arrestare un degrado attivo e salvare

in parte o completamente una pittura murale.

Definicin: Protocolos realizados para detener de forma cautelar deterioros activos y salvaguardar una parte o toda la pintura mural.

Commento: Queste misure di emergenza vogliono stabilire uno stato di conservazione per
quanto possibile adeguato dellopera, prima
che le vere e proprie operazioni di conservazione e restauro possano avere luogo. Comprendono una serie di azioni come ad esempio la velinatura, un fissaggio o consolidamento di emergenza, o lapplicazione di impacchi.
Tali interventi di solito vengono eseguiti immediatamente dopo una catastrofe o un atto
di vandalismo, per evitare ulteriori perdite.

Comentario: Su objetivo es mantener estable

un estado de conservacin razonable hasta
que pueda realizarse un tratamiento ms adecuado. Puede corresponder con acciones como el revestimiento, la consolidacin de
emergencia o la aplicacin de protecciones.
Este tipo de intervenciones se realizan, de forma general, inmediatamente despus de un
desastre o acto vandlico, con la intencin de
prevenir daos mayores.

gestione dellambiente, drenaggio, manu-

gestin medioambiental, drenaje, mante-

nimiento y cuidado

tenzione

301

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Temporary protection, wall painting by Le Corbusier during restoration of Villa E-1027, Roquebrune-Cap Martin (France), 20th century; Photo: 2007, CICRP (Odile Guillon)

maintenance and care

EN

maintenance et suivi de conservation FR

Wartung und Pflege

Definition: Any active or passive act, carried

out on a routine basis that aims to preserve a
wall painting, but not including direct treatment or other interventions.

Dfinition: Toute action directe ou indirecte

base sur des actions de routine autre quun
traitement ou toute autre intervention et qui
a pour but de prserver une peinture murale.

Definition: Alle aktiven oder passiven Manahmen, die routinemig durchgefhrt werden, um eine Wandmalerei zu erhalten, ohne
direkte Behandlungen oder andere Eingriffe.

Comment: It concerns physical actions performed on the surrounding environment (including the building itself) and the monitoring of conservation conditions. It combines an
administrative protocol as well as the management of monitoring and technical actions
which ensure the appropriate conservation of
the wall painting as it would have been previously defined within a preventive conservation study.

Commentaires: Ces actions ont pour but

dassurer lentretien du bti et de la peinture
murale et la surveillance des conditions de
conservation. Elles sont dfinies grce une
tude pralable de conservation prventive.
Elles consistent en lapplication dun protocole dcisionnel et administratif, une gestion
des interventions techniques et le suivi des
mesures ralises afin dassurer la bonne
conservation de la peinture murale.

Kommentar: Wartung und Pflege bestehen

aus technischen Manahmen am Gebude
und dessen Umgebung sowie aus dem Monitoring des Erhaltungszustandes. Es kombiniert das berwachungsprotokoll mit dem
Management des Monitorings und der technischen Manahmen, damit die geeignete Erhaltung der Wandmalerei sichergestellt wird,
wie es vorab in einer Studie zur prventiven
Konservierung definiert wurde.

environmental management, emergency

gestion de lenvironnement, mesures durgence

Umweltmanagement, Notfallmanahmen

measure

Sources: Conservation Dictionary 2001; Gowings, Godfrain 2005

302

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odravanje i skrb

HR

Definicija: Svaki aktivni ili pasivni in izveden

rutinski, a kojemu je svrha uvati zidnu sliku,
bez ukljuivanja izravnoga postupka ili drugih
intervencija.
Napomena: Odravanje i skrb podrazumijevanju fizike aktivnosti koje se provode u okolini, ukljuujui samu graevinu i nadziranje
uvjeta zatite. Sjedinjuju upravne postupke
jednako kao i voenje nadzora i tehnikih postupaka koji osiguravaju odgovarajuu zatitu
zidne slike koja je prethodno bila odreena u
studiji o preventivnoj zatiti.

gestione dellambiente, misure di emergenza

opieka i pielgnacja

PL

Definicja: Wszelkie dziaanie bierne lub czynne

podjte poza podstawow rutynow praktyk
w celu ochrony malowida bez podejmowania
jakichkolwiek zabiegw czy interwencji.

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely aktv vagy passzv tevkenysg, amelyet rutinszeren vgeznek

annak rdekben, hogy megrizzenek egy falkpet; a kzvetlen kezelsek s egyb beavatkozsok nem sorolhatk ide.

Komentarz: Dotyczy fizycznych dziaa wykonanych w otaczajcym rodowisku wczajc sam budynek i monitoring warunkw.
Obejmuje przepisy administracyjne jak rwnie zarzdzanie monitoringiem i procesami
specjalistycznymi, ktre zapewni waciwe
warunki trwania malowida ciennego jak to
zostao wczeniej zdefiniowane w studium
konserwacji zapobiegawczej.
zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska, rodki

Megjegyzs: Fizikai intzkedsekre vonatkozik, melyeket a kzvetlen krnyezeten hajtanak vgre, belertve magt az pletet is, valamint az llagmegvsi krlmnyek monitorozsra. Egy adminisztratv protokollt s a
monitorozs menedzsmentjt tvzi azokkal
a mszaki eljrsokkal, melyek a falkp megfelel konzervlst biztostjk, amint azt korbban meghatroztk a megelz llagmegvsi tanulmnyban.

nadzwyczajne

krnyezet menedzsment, srgssgi beavatkozs

Adnotare: Se refer la aciuni fizice efectuate

asupra mediului nconjurtor, inclusiv asupra
cldirii n sine i la monitorizarea condiiilor de
conservare. Aceasta combin un protocol administrativ, precum i o gestionare a monitorizrii i aciuni tehnice ce asigur conservarea
corespunztoare a picturii murale, aa cum a
fost definit anterior n studiile de conservare
preventiv.
Sinonim: mentenan

manutenzione

Comentario: Se trata de acciones fsicas realizadas en el ambiente circundante a la obra y

que incluyen el propio edificio y la monitorizacin de las condiciones de conservacin.
Combina un protocolo administrativo con acciones de gestin, control y operaciones tcnicas que aseguran la correcta conservacin
de la pintura mural tal y como ha sido definida
previamente en los estudios de conservacin
preventiva.
gestin medioambiental, medidas de emergencia

Bakm ve koruma

upravljanje okoliem, hitne intervencije

Karbantarts s gondozs

gio e di tutte le azioni tecniche che sono necessarie per assicurare uno stato di conservazione
appropriato della pittura murale, cos come
stato definito in precedenza, in base ad uno
studio di conservazione preventiva.

it

Definizione: Ogni forma di azione diretta o

indiretta, eseguita periodicamente, che rivolta alla preservazione e salvaguardia di una
pittura murale. Non fanno parte della manutenzione tutti gli interventi diretti sullopera,
p. es. interventi di conservazione e restauro.
Commento: La manutenzione comprende
azioni eseguite nei dintorni dellopera, includendo il suo ambiente di presentazione e ledificio nel quale si trova, nonch il monitoraggio
delle condizioni di conservazione esistenti. Di
solito sono previsti un protocollo periodico di
amministrazione e la gestione del monitorag-

ntreinere i ngrijire

Ro

Definiie: Orice aciune activ sau pasiv,

efectuat ca o rutin cu scopul de a conserva
o pictur mural; nu include tratamente directe sau alte intervenii.

management de mediu, msuri de urgen

mantenimiento y cuidado

Es

tR

Tanm: Dorudan iyiletirme ya da dier mdahaleleri iermeyen rutin olarak uygulanan

duvar resmini korumay amalayan aktif veya
pasif ilem.
Yorum: Binann kendini de ieren evre ortamnda yaplan fiziksel ilemler ve koruma durumlarnn gzlemlenmesi ile ilgilidir. Bu, daha
nceden tanmland gibi idari protokol ve
gzlemleme ynetimini ve nleyici koruma
almas iinde duvar resminin dzgn korunmasn garantileyen teknik eylemleri kapsar.
evresel ynetim, acil durum nlemi

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,

Definicin: Cualquier acto, activo o pasivo,

llevado a cabo de forma rutinaria que pretende preservar una pintura mural, sin tratamientos directos ni otras intervenciones sobre la
propia obra.

303

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Example of cleaning, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

cleaning

EN

Nettoyage

FR

Reinigung

DE

Definition: Action performed to remove dirt

deposits, foreign matter and products of alteration present on the artwork surface that can
be the source of decay or deterioration or aesthetic disturbance.

Dfinition: Action visant liminer les dpts

de crasses, matires trangres et produits
daltration prsents sur la surface dun bien
culturel, qui peuvent tre source daltration,
dgradation ou perturbation esthtique.

Definition: Manahme, mit der Schmutzablagerungen, Fremdmaterial und Verwitterungsprodukte, die Schden verursachen
oder sthetisch stren knnen, von einer
Oberflche entfernt werden.

Comment: The main cleaning techniques are

mechanical, physico-chemical and biological.
Mechanical cleaning is done manually with
the help of various tools or with the aid of
equipment, that exert forces that break the
bonds between the dirt and the artwork.
Physico-chemical cleaning aims to dissolve
the materials to be removed by means of organic solvents, water and/or chemical
reagents. Biological cleaning (biocleaning) uses living organisms and/or their enzymes as
cleaning agents by controlled reproduction of
their metabolic processes.

Commentaires: Les techniques principales

sont mcaniques, physico- chimiques et biologiques. Le nettoyage mcanique est fait
laide doutils manuels ou dappareils qui exercent des forces pour casser les liaisons entre
le dpt et la surface. Le nettoyage physicochimique a pour but de dissoudre les matriaux laide de solvants organiques, de leau
ou de ractifs chimiques. Le nettoyage biologique utilise des organismes vivants ou leurs
enzymes avec le contrle de la reproduction
des processus mtaboliques.

Kommentar: Die Haupttechniken sind mechanisch, physikalisch-chemisch und biologisch: Bei der mechanischen Reinigung nutzt
man verschiedene Werkzeuge oder Gerte,
mit denen man die Verbindung von Schmutz
und Kunstwerk mit Kraft aufbricht. Die physikalisch-chemische Reinigung soll die zu entfernenden Materialien durch organische Lsemittel, Wasser und/oder chemische Reagenzen lsen. Die biologische Reinigung nutzt lebende Organismen und/oder Enzyme als Reagenzen durch die kontrollierte Reproduktion
ihrer Stoffwechselprozesse.

Sources: Barros 2005, 126; Bosch-Roig et al. 2013, 266; Botticelli 1992, 69; Calvo Manuel 1997, 133; Cappitelli et al. 2006, 3733; Cremonesi 2002, 711; Del Pino
2004, 263; Domenech, Yus 2006, 153159; Gmez 1998, 359371; Ferroni 1982, 265; Grimmer 1984, 46; Mora et al. 1984, 282; Ranalli et al. 2005, 73; Cleaning
1992, 918

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coNsERvatioN

ienje

HR

Definicija: Uklanjanje naslaga prljavtine,

stranih tvari i posljedica promjena s povrine
umjetnikoga djela koji mogu prouzroiti propadanje, oteenje ili estetsko naruavanje.

pulitura biologica (biopulitura) utilizza microorganismi vivi e/o enzimi come agenti di pulitura, attraverso una riproduzione controllata
dei loro processi metabolici.

oczyszczanie
Napomena: Glavne tehnike ienja su mehanike, fiziko-kemijske i bioloke.
Mehaniko ienje obavlja se runo s pomou
razliitih alata ili s pomou opreme , primjenjujui silu koja razbija veze izmeu prljavtine i
umjetnikoga djela. Fiziko-kemijskim ienjem materijali se otapaju uporabom organskih
otapala, vode i/ili kemijskih reagensa. Bioloko
ienje (bioienje) koristi se ivim organizmima i/ili njihovim enzimima kontroliranom reprodukcijom njihovih metabolikih procesa.

tisztts

HU

Meghatrozs: A malkots felletn lev

szennyezdsek, lerakdsok, idegen anyagok s bomlstermkek eltvoltsra irnyul tevkenysg, annak rdekben, hogy ezek
ne lehessenek bomls, krosods vagy eszttikai elvltozs forrsai.
Megjegyzs: A fbb tiszttsi eljrsok a mechanikus, a fizikai-kmiai s a biolgiai tisztts. A mechanikus tiszttst manulisan vgzik, klnfle eszkzk vagy berendezsek segtsgvel; az ltaluk kifejtett erk megszntetik a szennyezds ktdst a malkotshoz. A fizikai-kmiai tisztts clja feloldani az
eltvoltand anyagot szerves oldszerek, vz
s/vagy vegyszerek segtsgvel. A biolgiai
tisztts l szervezeteket s/vagy ltaluk termelt enzimeket hasznl fel tiszttszerknt, ellenrztt krlmnyek kztt reproduklva
ezek anyagcsere folyamatait.

Pulitura

it

Definizione: Intervento eseguito per rimuovere depositi di sporco, sostanze estranee e

prodotti di alterazione presenti sulla superficie
dellopera. Questi possono causare degrado e
deterioramento e arrecare disturbi estetici.
Commento: Le pi importanti tecniche di pulitura sono meccaniche, fisico-chimiche e biologiche. La pulitura meccanica si esegue a mano con laiuto di vari strumenti o con il supporto di attrezzi, che applicano forze che rompono i legami tra lo sporco e lopera darte. La
pulitura fisico-chimica cerca di sciogliere i materiali da rimuovere mediante lazione di solventi organici, acqua e/o reagenti chimici. La

PL

Definicja: Dziaania podjte w celu usunicia

nawarstwie brudu, obcych substancji i produktw przemian chemicznych obecnych na powierzchni dziea sztuki mogcych by rdem
rozpadu, zniszcze lub zakce estetycznych.
Komentarz: Stosuje si gwnie metody mechaniczne, fizyko-chemiczne i biologiczne.
Mechaniczne czyszczenie wykonuje si rcznie przy pomocy narzdzi lub z uyciem urzdze wykorzystujcych siy, ktre zrywaj poczenia midzy brudem i dzieem sztuki.
Oczyszczanie fizyko-chemiczne ma na celu
rozpuszczenie materiau, ktry ma by usunity z uyciem rozpuszczalnikw organicznych,
wody i / lub odczynnikw chemicznych. Do
oczyszczania biologicznego stosuje ywe organizmy i / lub ich enzymy poprzez kontrolowane wykorzystanie ich metabolizmu.

curare

Ro

Definiie: Aciune efectuat pentru ndeprtarea depunerilor de murdrie, materiilor strine i agenilor de alterare prezeni pe suprafaa operei de art, ce pot fi surse de dezintegrare, de degradare sau de perturbare estetic.

Comentario: Las principales tcnicas de limpieza son las mecnicas, las fsico-qumicas y
las biolgicas. La limpieza mecnica se realiza
manualmente con la ayuda de utensilios o con
el apoyo de equipos, ejerciendo fuerzas que
rompen la adhesin entre la suciedad y la
obra. La limpieza fsico-qumica pretende la
disolucin de los materiales que se desea retirar mediante el empleo de disolventes orgnicos, agua y reactivos qumicos. La limpieza
biolgica (biolimpieza) utiliza microorganismos vivos y/o sus enzimas como agentes de
limpieza, reproduciendo controladamente
sus procesos metablicos.

temizleme

Tanm: Sanat eserinin yzeyinde bulunan rme, ktleme ya da grsel kirlilik sebebi
olabilen kir kalntlarn, yabanc maddeleri ve
bozulma rnlerini karmak iin yaplan ilem.
Yorum: Ana temizleme teknikleri mekanik, fiziko-kimyasal ve biyolojiktir. Mekanik temizlik
kir ve sanat eseri arasndaki balar krmak iin
g uygulayan eitli alet ve aralarn) yardmyla veya ekipmanlarn desteiyle elle yaplr.
Fiziko-kimyasal temizlik, organik zcler, su
ve/veya kimyasal ayralar kullanarak malzemenin zlmesini amalar. Biyolojik temizlik,canl organizmalarn kontroll olarak yeniden retimi yoluyla ve/veya onlarn enzimlerini temizlik gereleri olarak kullanr.

Adnotare: Principalele tehnici de curare

sunt mecanice, fizico-chimice i biologice. Curarea mecanic se efectueaz manual cu
ajutorul diferitelor instrumente sau cu ajutorul
echipamentelor ce exercit fore ce rup legturile dintre murdrie i opera de art. Curarea fizico-chimic are scopul de a dizolva materialele ce urmeaz s fie ndeprtate prin utilizarea solvenilor organici, a apei i/sau a reactivilor chimici. Curarea biologic (biocleaning) utilizeaz organisme vii i/sau enzimele
lor n calitate de ageni de curare, prin reproducerea controlat a proceselor lor metabolice.

Limpieza

Es

Definicin: Proceso de eliminacin de depsitos de suciedad, materiales ajenos y productos de alteracin que pueden ser causa o fuente de deterioro.

tR

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305

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Salt efflorescence on a wall painting (left), example of salt reduction (right) on a wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guillo, Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 16981700; Photo: 2011, UPV

salt reduction

EN

Dessalement

FR

salzminderung

DE

Definition: Diminution of the salt content of

a material using different extraction techniques.

Dfinition: Diminution de la teneur en sel

dun matriau au moyen de diffrentes techniques dextraction.

Definition: Reduzierung des Salzgehaltes eines Materials durch den Einsatz verschiedener
Extrahierungsverfahren.

Comment: The principal methods of salt reduction can vary according to the origin and
location of the saline contamination. They can
include mechanical methods, poulticing, sacrificial renders, immersion baths, electrochemical methods and bioremediation. There
are no clear ways that enable one to decide
whether a material has been optimally desalinated, and it is necessary to monitor the
process through qualitative and quantitative
analyses of mobilised ions.

Commentaires: Les principales mthodes dpendent de lorigine et de la localisation de la

contamination en sel. Elles peuvent inclure
des mthodes mcaniques, compresses, enduits sacrificiels, bains, mthodes lectrochimiques ou une biorestauration. Il nexiste pas
de moyens qui permettent de dterminer
quand un matriau est dessal de manire optimale et il est ncessaire de mesurer qualitativement et quantitativement la teneur en
ions mobiliss tout au long de lopration.

poulticing, sacrificial render, salt efflores-

compresse, enduit sacrificiel, efflorescence

Kommentar: Die grundlegenden Methoden

der Salzreduzierung unterscheiden sich je
nach Herkunft und Lage der Salzkontamination. Sie umfassen mechanische Methoden,
Kompressen, Opferputze, Tauchbder, elektrochemische Methoden und biologische Regenerierung.
Es gibt keine przisen Methoden, mit denen
man beurteilen kann, ob der Salzgehalt optimal reduziert wurde. Deshalb ist es notwendig, den Prozess durch qualitative und quantitative Analysen von mobilisierten Ionen zu
beobachten.
Synonyme: Salzverminderung, Salzreduzierung
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Entsalzung (impliziert einen vollstndigen Salzentzug, der bei
porsen Systemen nicht mglich ist)

cence, cleaning

saline, nettoyage

Kompressenanwendung, Opferputz, Salz-

ausblhung, Reinigung

Sources: Alfano et al. 2011; Arnold, Zehnder 1991; Auras 2008; Bosch-Roig et al. 2013; Leitner 2005; Heritage 2008; Sawdy et al. 2010; Zornoza-Indart 2012, 148

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isoljavanje

HR

Definicija: Smanjenje sadraja soli u materijalu uporabom razliitih tehnika ekstrakcije.

Napomena: Glavne metode isoljavanja mogu
varirati ovisno o podrijetlu i mjestu oneienja solima. Mogu ukljuivati mehanike metode, pulpe, rtvene buke, kupke za uranjanje, elektrokemijske metode i biolijeenje. S
obzirom na to da ne postoji egzaktan nain da
se odredi je li materijal optimalno desaliniziran, potrebno je proces pratiti kvalitativnim i
kvantitativnim analizama pokrenutih iona.
oblaganje pulpom, rtvena buka, cvjeta-

nje soli, ienje

skivons

HU

Usuwanie soli

PL

Definicja: Zmniejszenie zawartoci soli w materiale poprzez zastosowanie rnych technik

ekstrakcji.
Komentarz: Gwne sposoby redukcji soli
rni si w zalenoci od pochodzenia i lokalizacji wysole. Mog to by stosowane metody mechaniczne, kompresy, zaprawy odsalajce, kpiele zanurzajce, metody elektrochemiczne i metody biologiczne. Nie ma prostych
metod umoliwiajcych stwierdzenie czy materia zosta odpowiednio odsolony, konieczne jest kontrolowanie procesu poprzez ilociowe i jakociowe analizowanie aktywnych
/ wzbudzonych jonw.
Synonim: odsalanie
kompresy, zaprawa odsalajca/tynk tracony,
wysolenia, oczyszczanie

Meghatrozs: Egy anyag startalmnak

cskkentse klnfle kivonsi mdszerekkel.
Desalinizare
Megjegyzs: A fbb skivonsi mdszerek a
sszennyezs forrsa s helye szerint vltozhatnak. Ide sorolhatk a mechanikus eljrsok, a
pakolsok, az ldozati vakolatok, mertfrdk,
elektrokmiai eljrsok s a biobeavatkozs.
Nincs egyrtelm md annak eldntsre,
hogy optimlis volt-e a seltvolts, ezrt szksges az eljrs monitorozsa a mobilizlt ionok minsgi s mennyisgi analzise ltal.
pakols, ldozati vakolat, skivirgzs,
tisztts

Riduzione dei sali

it

Definizione: Diminuzione del contenuto di

sali (solubili) in un materiale, attraverso varie
tecniche di estrazione
Commento: I metodi principali per la riduzione dei sali variano secondo la loro origine e localizzazione. Possono includere metodi meccanici, lapplicazione di impacchi o di intonaci
di sacrificio, bagni di immersione, metodi
elettro-chimici e biologici. In mancanza di metodi capaci di verificare in maniera soddisfacente i risultati di una riduzione dei sali, necessario un monitoraggio del processo stesso,
attraverso analisi qualitative e quantitative degli ioni mobilizzati.
Sinonimo: dissalazione
intonaco di sacrificio, efflorescenza di sali,
pulitura, applicazione di un impacco

Ro

Definiie: Diminuarea coninutului de sruri

dintr-un material folosind diferite tehnici de
extracie.

diante anlisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de

los iones movilizados.
Sinnimo: desalacin
aplicacin de empacos, morteros de sacrificio,
eflorescencias salinas, limpieza

tuz azaltmas

Tanm: Malzemenin tuz ieriini farkl ztn alma teknikleri kullanarak azaltma.
Yorum: Balca tuz azaltma metotlar tuz kirlenmesinin yerine ve kkenine gre deiiklik
gsterebilir. Mekanik metotlar, lapa, koruma
svas, daldrma banyolar, elektro-mekanik
metotlar ve biyo-iyiletirme gibi yntemleri
ierebilir. Malzemenin uygun bir ekilde tuzdan arndrlp arndrlmadna karar verebilmenin kesin bir yntemi bulunmamaktadr ve
srecin kontrol hareketli iyonlarn nitel ve nicel analizi yoluyla gereklidir.
lapa, koruma svas, tuz ieklemesi, temizleme

Adnotare: Principalele metode de ndeprtare a srurilor pot varia n funcie de originea i
de locaia contaminrii saline. Acestea pot include metode mecanice, comprese, aplicarea
unui intonaco de sacrificiu, bi de imersie, metode electrochimice i bioremediere. Nu exist
modaliti clare care s decid dac un material a fost desalinizat optim, i este necesar
monitorizarea procesului prin analize calitative i cantitative ale ionilor mobilizai.
Sinonim: reducerea srurilor
aplicarea de comprese, intonaco de sacrificiu,
eflorescen salin, curare

Reduccin de sales

Es

Definicin: Reduccin del contenido de sales

de un material mediante distintas tcnicas de
extraccin.

tR

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Comentario: Los principales mtodos de desalacin, en funcin del origen y de la localizacin de la contaminacin salina, son los mtodos mecnicos, los empacos, los morteros
de sacrifico, los baos de inmersin, los mtodos electroqumicos y la biorremediacin.
No existen patrones de referencia para considerar un material ptimamente desalado, por
lo que es necesario controlar el proceso me-

307

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Sacrificial render applied to a wall within the church of St. Michael, Ston (Croatia), 11th century; Photo: 2011, HRZ (Veronika uli)

sacrificial render

EN

Enduit sacrificiel

FR

opferputz

DE

Definition: Highly porous repair plaster used

for long-term absorption of soluble salts affecting a structure.

Dfinition: Enduit de rparation fortement

poreux utilis pour absorber les sels solubles
qui affectent une surface architecturale.

Definition: Reparaturmrtel mit sehr hoher

Porositt, der zur langen Aufnahme von lslichen Salzen benutzt wird.

Comment: This is typically used when the

poulticing technique is not sufficient to remove the soluble salts. These usually consist
of mixtures of aggregate, lime, inert fibers etc.
These materials should not include soluble
ions, should provide good adhesion to the
surface, but should also be simple and easy to
remove. The use of a sacrificial render is a slow
method of salt reduction that can be repeated
over the years.
Not to be confused with: microporous mortar

Commentaires: Habituellement utilis quand

le dessalement par compresse nest pas suffisant pour liminer les sels solubles. Il est principalement fait dun mlange dagrgats,
chaux, fibres inertes etc. Ces matriaux ne
peuvent pas contenir dions solubles, doivent
avoir une bonne adhsion et tre facilement
limins. Cest une mthode de dessalement
lente qui peut tre rpte au cours du temps.
Ne pas confondre avec: mortier microporeux

Kommentar: Er wird meistens benutzt, wenn

die Kompressenanwendung nicht ausreicht,
um die lslichen Salze zu reduzieren. Die Putze bestehen hauptschlich aus einer Mischung aus Zuschlag, Kalk, inerten Fasern etc.
Diese sollten keine lslichen Ionen enthalten,
gut haften, aber auch einfach und leicht zu
entfernen sein. Die Anwendung eines Opferputzes ist eine langsame Methode der Salzminderung, die ber Jahre wiederholt werden
kann.
Synonym: Sanierputz
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Mikroporen-Putz

salt reduction, poulticing

dessalement, enduit, compresse, chaux,

efflorescence saline

Salzminderung, Putz, lsliche Salze,

Kompressenanwendung

Sources: Auras 2008; Gisbert et al. 2011; Zornoza-Indart 2012, 148

308

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rtvena buka

HR

Definicija: Vrlo porozna buka za obnavljanje

koja se upotrebljava za dugoronu apsorpciju
topljivih soli koje utjeu na arhitektonsku
strukturu.
Napomena: Obino se upotrebljava kad pulpa nije dovoljna za uklanjanje topljivih soli.
Uglavnom se pripravlja od mjeavine agregata, vapna, inertnih vlakana, itd. Ti materijali ne
bi smjeli sadravati topljive ione, trebaju omoguiti dobru prionjivost za povrinu, ali bi se
trebali i jednostavno i lako ukloniti. Uporaba
rtvene buke spora je metoda smanjenja soli
koja se moe ponavljati tijekom godina.
Ne smije se mijeati s: mikro porozni mort
isoljavanje, oblaganje pulpom

ldozati vakolat

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy igen porzus javtvakolat, melyet az pleteket krost vzoldhat

sk hossz tv felhalmozsra hasznlnak.
Gygyvakolatnak is nevezik.
Megjegyzs: Leginkbb olyankor hasznljk,
amikor a pakolsok nem elegendek az olthat sk eltvoltshoz. Legtbbszr tltanyag, msz, semleges szlas anyag stb. keverkei. Ezek az anyagok nem tartalmazhatnak
oldhat ionokat, j tapad kpessggel kell
rendelkeznik, de egyszeren, knnyen eltvolthataknak is kell lennik. Az ldozati vakolat hasznlata egy lass seltvoltsi mdszer, mely pr venknt ismtelhet.
Tves megnevezs: mikroprusos habarcs
seltvolts, pakols

intonaco di sacrificio

it

Definizione: Un intonaco di riparazione altamente poroso, applicato per assorbire a lungo

termine i sali solubili presenti in una struttura
architettonica o nei suoi strati di rivestimento.
Commento: Questo intonaco si applica quando la tecnica dellimpacco non basta per ridurre in quantit sufficiente i sali solubili. In commercio si trovano tanti intonaci di risanamento, nella maggior parte dei casi miscele con
materiali inerti, calce, fibre inerti e materiali
porosi (ad es. additivi artificiali per lo sviluppo
di pori). Questi materiali devono essere privi
di ioni solubili e avere buone capacit adesive;
allo stesso tempo, la loro rimozione devessere

facile e veloce. Luso di un intonaco di sacrificio

un metodo lento per la riduzione dei sali che
pu essere ripetuto nel corso degli anni.
riduzione dei sali, intonaco, applicazione

di un impacco, efflorescenza di sali

Zaprawa odsalajca

PL

Definicja: Bardzo porowata zaprawa naprawcza uywana do dugoterminowej absorpcji

soli rozpuszczalnych uszkadzajcych struktur
architektoniczn.
Komentarz: Zwykle stosowana wtedy, gdy
uycie kompresw do usuwania soli rozpuszczalnych nie daje rezultatw. Jest wykonana
zwykle z mieszaniny wypeniaczy, wapna,
obojtnych wkien itp. Materiay te nie powinny zawiera rozpuszczalnych jonw, powinny zapewni dobr adhezj do powierzchni, ale te by atwo usuwalne. Uycie tynkw
odsalajcych jest metod powolnego odsalania, moe by powtarzane po latach.
Synonim: tynk tracony
Nie naley myli z: zaprawa mikro porowata
usuwanie soli/odsalanie, kompresy

intonaco de sacrificiu

Ro

Definiie: Tencuial de reparaie foarte poroas utilizat pentru absorbia pe termen lung a
srurilor solubile ce contamineaz structurile
arhitecturale.
Adnotare: Acesta este folosit n cazul n care
tehnica cu comprese nu este suficient pentru
ndeprtarea srurilor solubile. Sunt n general alctuite din amestecuri de agregate, var,
fibre inerte i materiale poroase. Aceste materiale nu ar trebui s includ ioni solubili, ar trebui s aib aderen bun, dar, de asemenea,
o ndeprtarea simpl i uoar. Utilizarea intonaco-ului de sacrificiu este o metod lent
de reducere a srurilor, ce poate fi repetat dea lungul anilor.
A nu se confunda cu: mortar microporos
desalinizare, aplicarea de comprese

mortero de sacrificio

Es

Definicin: Mortero muy poroso que tiene

como objetivo la absorcin de sales solubles
que contaminan estructuras arquitectnicas.

Comentario: Se suele utilizar cuando no se

extraen suficientes cantidades de sales con la
tcnica de los empacos. Se usan principalmente mezclas de ridos, cales, fibras inertes,
etc. Estos nuevos materiales no pueden introducir iones solubles. Deben tener una buena
adhesin pero su eliminacin tiene que ser lo
ms simple posible. Es un mtodo lento que
puede ser necesario repetir durante aos.
No confundir con: mortero microporoso, mortero drenante
reduccin de sales, aplicacin de empacos

Koruma svas

tR

Tanm: Mimari yapy etkileyen znr tuzlarn uzun sureli emilmesi iin kullanlan yksek gzenekli tamir svas.
Yorum: Bu teknik genellikle lapa tekniinin
znr tuzlar karmas iin yeterli olmad
durumlarda kullanlr. Bunlar genellikle agrega, kire ve atl lif karmlarndan yaplr.
Bu malzemeler znr iyonlar iermemeli,yzeye iyi yapma zellii salamal ve ayrca basit ve kolayca kaldrlabilmelidir.
Koruma svas teknii kullanm, yllarca tekrarlanabilen bir yava tuz karma yntemidir.
Kartrmaynz: mikro gzenekli har
tuz karma, lapalama

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309

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Application of a poultice, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicolas Obispo y San Pedro Martir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

Poulticing

EN

Definition: Application of a dense mass (as an

absorbent pad) made of inert materials (cellulose fibers, clays such as attapulgite, sepiolite, etc.) mixed with a liquid, usually water
and/or solvents and applied to a surface to be
cleaned, consolidated, etc. The system allows
the migration and prolonged contact of fluids
into the surface.
Comment: Using this technique, cleaning, salt
reduction and/or consolidation of surfaces
can take place. The application of the poultice
is done manually, but it is also possible to do
it mechanically. As with all aqueous systems,
the risk attached to poulticing is that of uncontrolled migration of water into the capillary network of the substrate; therefore it is
important to identify the correct application
and contact time.
cleaning, salt reduction, consolidation

compresse

FR

Dfinition: Application dun matriau compact et absorbant fait dune pulpe (fibres de
cellulose, matriaux argileux tels lattapulgite,
la spiolite) mlange un liquide, gnralement de leau ou des solvants et applique

sur la surface pour son nettoyage, sa consolidation etc. Ce systme permet la migration et
un contact prolong de fluides au travers de
la surface.
Commentaires: Technique utilise pour le
nettoyage, le dessalement ou la consolidation
des surfaces. Lapplication dune compresse
est manuelle mais il est possible de le faire mcaniquement. Comme pour tout systme
aqueux, le risque tant de ne pas contrler la
migration de leau dans le rseau poreux du
substrat, il faut optimiser son application et
bien adapter le temps de contact.
nettoyage, dessalement, consolidation,
argile

Kompressenanwendung

DE

wendung der Kompressen geschieht oft manuell, manchmal aber auch maschinell. Wie
bei allen wssrigen Systemen besteht bei den
Kompressen das Risiko, dass unkontrolliert
Wasser in das Kapillarnetzwerk des Substrates
eindringt. Deshalb mu man die korrekte Mischung und Kontaktzeit finden.
Reinigung, Salzminderung, Festigung

oblaganje pulpom

HR

Definicija: Primjena guste mase (kao apsorpcijskoga jastuia) inertnih materijala (celuloznih vlakana, gline poput atapulgita, sepiolita
itd.) pomijeanih s tekuinom, obino vodom
i/ili otapalima i stavljanje na povrinu koju treba oistiti, konsolidirat i sl. Sustav omoguuje
migraciju i zadrava tekuinu na povrini.

Definition: Anwendung einer dichten Masse

(als absorbierende Auflage) aus inerten Materialien (Zellulosefasern, Tonerden etc.), gemischt mit einer Flssigkeit, blicherweise
Wasser. Das System erlaubt die Migration von
Flssigkeiten in die Oberflche und einen lngeren Kontakt mit ihr.

Napomena: Ta se tehnika primjenjuje za ienje, smanjenje soli te konsolidaciju povrina. Stavljanje pulpe obavlja se runo, no mogue ju je nanijeti i mehaniki. Kao i sa svim
vodenim sustavima, postoji opasnost od nekontrolirane migracije vode u kapilarnu mreu
supstrata; stoga je vano utvrditi pravilnu
uporabu i trajanje njezine primjene.

Kommentar: Diese Technik kann zur Reinigung, Salzminderung und/oder Festigung

von Oberflchen eingesetzt werden. Die An-

ienje, isoljavanje, konsolidacija

Sources: Auras 2008; Del Pino 2004, 270280; Roig Picazo, Girons Sarri 2001, 5289; Sawdy et al. 2010; Verges-Belmin et al. 2011; Zornoza- Indart 2012, 148

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Pakols

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy nagy fajsly anyag alkalmazsa (nedvszv kzegknt), mely semleges kmhats sszetevkbl kszl (cellulz szlak, agyagok, mint az attapulgit vagy a
szpiolit, stb.); ezt valamilyen folyadkkal, ltalban vzzel s/vagy oldszerekkel keverik
s felhordjk a tiszttand, rgztend, stb. felletre. A mdszer lehetv teszi a folyadkok
hosszabb idej rintkezst a fellettel s a felleti rtegekbe val ramlsukat.
Megjegyzs: Az eljrs a fellet tiszttsra,
seltvoltsra s/vagy szilrdtsra hasznlhat. A pakolsokat manulisan hordjk fel,
de mechanikus felhordsuk is lehetsges.
Mint minden vizes rendszer esetben, a pakolsoknl is fennll az ellenrizetlen vzbehatols veszlye a hordoz kapillris rendszerbe;
ezrt fontos megtallni a felhords helyes
mdjt s idtartamt.
tisztts, seltvolts, szilrdts/megersts

applicazione di un impacco

it

Definizione: Applicazione di una densa massa

costituita da materiali interti (pasta di cellulosa,
materiali argillosi come lattapulgite, la sepiolite ecc.) che assume la funzione di un impacco
assorbente. Questa massa viene imbevuta con
un liquido, normalmente acqua e/o solventi, e
applicato sulla superficie da pulire, consolidare
ecc. Il metodo dellimpacco permette la migrazione dei liquidi nella superficie.
Commento: Si usa questa tecnica per la pulitura, la riduzione dei sali e/o il consolidamento. Lapplicazione dellimpacco avviene a mano; pu essere rimosso meccanicamente. Il
metodo dellimpacco come tutti i sistemi a base dacqua, pu comportare il rischio di una
migrazione dacqua incontrollata nella struttura capillare del supporto. Per questo si devono controllare i tempi di permanenza di un
impacco sulla superficie, variabile da caso in
caso.
pulitura, riduzione dei sali, consolidamen-

to, argilla

Kompresy

PL

Definicja: Zastosowanie gstej masy (jako absorbujcego okadu) zoonej z obojtnych

materiaw (wkien celulozowych, glinek jak
atapulgit, sepiolit, itp.) wymieszanych z ciecz,

zwykle wod i / lub rozpuszczalnikami, nakadanej na powierzchni w celu jej oczyszczenia, konsolidacji itp. Metoda pozwala na przeduenie migracji cieczy na powierzchni.
Komentarz: Technik t mona stosowa do
oczyszczania, odsalania i / lub konsolidacji powierzchni. Kompresy nakadane s rcznie, ale
mona te naoy je mechanicznie. Jak zwykle przy uywaniu wody, nakadajc kompres
trzeba liczy si z ryzykiem niekontrolowanej
migracji wody i przesczania przez system kapilarny do podoa, dlatego wany jest dobr
waciwego sposobu naoenia i czasu trwania zabiegu.
oczyszczanie, usuwanie soli / odsalanie,
konsolidacja

aplicarea de comprese

limpieza, reduccin de sales, consolidacin

Kat hamuru

tR

Tanm: Etkisiz malzemeden (selloz lifleri, kil,

atapulgit lleta vb.) yaplm, bir sv genellikle su veya zc ile kartrlan yzeyi temizlemek ya da sklatrmak iin kullanlan
(emici ped olarak) youn karm uygulamas.
Sistem akc maddelerin yzeye geiine izin
verir.

Ro

Definiie: Aplicarea unei paste dense (ca i

material absorbant) realizat din materiale
inerte (fibre celulozice, argile precum atapulcitul i sepiolitul, etc.) amestecat cu un lichid,
de obicei ap i/sau solveni i aplicat pe o
suprafa ce urmeaz a fi curat, consolidat, etc. Sistemul permite migrarea i contactul
prelungit al fluidelor pe suprafa.
Adnotare: Folosind aceast tehnic, se poate
realiza curarea, ndeprtarea srurilor i/sau
consolidarea suprafeelor. Aplicarea compresei se realizeaz fie manual, fie mecanic. Ca n
cazul sistemelor apoase, riscul aferent compresei este cel al migraiei necontrolate a apei
n reeaua capilar a substratului; prin urmare,
este important folosirea unei metodologii
corecte de aplicare i a unui timp de contact
corect.
curare, desalinizare, consolidare

aplicacin de empaco

son los propios de los sistemas acuosos y su

incontrolada difusin por la red capilar del
sustrato. Por lo que es importante encontrar
el tiempo de aplicacin adecuado. Aunque el
trmino empaco no existe en castellano, se
encuentra ampliamente implantado en el vocabulario de la profesin.

Yorum: Bu teknik ile temizleme, tuz karm

ve/veya salamlatrma yaplabilir. Lapa, elle
uygulanr ancak bir makine ile de yaplmas
mmkndr. Sulu sistemlerin hepsinde olduu gibi, lapada da suyun alt tabakadaki klcal
alara kontrolsz ekilde ilerleme riski vardr;
bu yzden doru uygulamay ve temas sresini bulmak nemlidir.
E anlam: kat lapas uygulamas
temizleme, tuz karma, salamlatrma

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Es

Definicin: Aplicacin de una masa densa, a

modo de cataplasma, formada por materiales
inertes absorbentes (fibras de celulosa, arcillas, etc.) mezclados con lquidos. El sistema
permite la migracin y el contacto prolongado de fluidos a superficies.
Comentario: Mediante esta tcnica se realizan procesos de limpieza, reduccin de sales
y consolidacin. La aplicacin de los empacos
se realiza de forma manual, aunque es posible
hacerlo tambin mecnicamente (proyectndolos). Los riesgos del empleo de empacos

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311

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Application of a consolidant, wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guill, Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-1700; Photo: 2009, UPV

consolidation

EN

Definition: Procedure aimed at re-establishing the loss of mechanical strength and improving the internal cohesion of different layers that make up an artwork. It is performed
via the application, by impregnation or injection, of adhesive products within the voids of
the structure or material.
Comment: There can be two types of consolidation:
- Temporary consolidation: provisional application of an adhesive product, that will allow further treatments of the artwork.
- Long-term consolidation: definitive application of an adhesive product that attempts to completely permeate the inner
spaces of the original material of the artwork. The products used for this purpose
must have good stability over time.
injection of grout, consolidant

consolidation

FR

Dfinition: Vise rtablir la perte de rsistance mcanique, augmenter la cohsion

interne entre les diffrentes couches constitutives dun bien culturel, par application,
imprgnation ou injection de produits adh-

rant dans les vides de la structure ou du matriau.

Commentaires: La consolidation peut tre:
- temporaire: application provisoire dun
produit adhrant qui permettra dautres
traitements du bien culturel;
- durable: application dfinitive dun produit
adhrant qui doit pntrer dans la mesure
du possible tous les espaces internes du
bien culturel.
En France, ladhsif retenu sera aussi le plus
stable chimiquement, compte tenu de la difficult extraire le produit aprs son application (problme de la rversibilit totale dun
traitement).
coulis dinjection, consolidant

Festigung

Injektion, Festigungsmittel

Konsolidacija

HR

Definicija: Postupak ponovnoga uspostavljanja izgubljene mehanike vrstoe i poboljanja unutarnje kohezije razliitih slojeva koji ine umjetniko djelo. Obavlja se primjenom,
impregnacijom ili injektiranjem adhezivnih
proizvoda u upljine strukture ili materijala.

DE

Definition: Eine Manahme, die den Verlust

von mechanischer Festigkeit wiederherstellen
und die innere Kohsion der verschiedenen
Schichten eines Kunstwerks verbessern soll.
Dazu werden adhsive Substanzen durch Trnkung oder Injektion in die Poren und Hohlrume des Gefges oder Materials eingebracht.

Napomena: Dvije su vrste konsolidacije: privremena i dugorona. Privremena primjena

adhezijskoga proizvoda omoguuje daljnje
tretmane umjetnikoga djela. Dugorona
konsolidacija odnosi se na trajno nanoenje
adhezivnoga proizvoda koji nastoji prodrijeti
u unutarnje prostore izvornoga materijala
umjetnikoga djela. Proizvodi koji se rabe u tu
svrhu moraju biti dugotrajno postojani.

Kommentar: Es gibt zwei Arten zu festigen:

- Die temporre Festigung: provisorisches Auf-

injektiranje, uvriva

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 47; Mora et al. 1984, 112; Gasparoli 1999, 88; CAMEO: Consolidation (10.6.2014)

312

bringen eines Festigungsmittels, so dass weitere Manahmen am Objekt mglich sind.

- Die Langzeitfestigung: endgltige Anwendung eines Festigers, der vollstndig in die
innere Struktur des Materials eindringen
soll. Dafr mssen die Festigungsmittel eine gute Langzeitstabilitt aufweisen.
Synonym: Konsolidierung

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coNsERvatioN

szilrdts / megersts

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy olyan eljrs, melynek

clja a meggyenglt mechanikai ktsek helyrelltsa s a malkots klnbz rtegeiben lev bels kohzis erk javtsa. Megvalstshoz klnbz ktanyagokat juttatnak a rtegekbe, titatssal vagy az anyag regeibe, repedseibe val injektlssal.
Megjegyzs: Ktfle szilrdts ismert:
- Az ideiglenes (tmeneti) szilrdts esetn
a ktanyagot csak provizrikusan hordjk
fel, ezltal a malkots tovbbi kezelst teszik lehetv.
- A hossz tv megersts a ktanyag tarts felhordst jelenti, azzal a cllal, hogy
teljesen titassa a malkots eredeti anyagaiban lev bels regeket. Az erre a clra
hasznlt termkeknek idtll, stabil szerkezettel kell rendelkeznik.
vakolat injektls, szilrdt

consolidamento

it

Definizione: Operazione mirante al ripristino

della stabilit meccanica e della coesione di
un materiale ed anche al ripristino delladesione fra i vari strati componenti unopera darte.
Consiste nellapplicazione di sostanze consolidanti attraverso limpregnazione del materiale o liniezione nelle cavit della struttura o
del materiale.
Commento: Si distinguono due tipi di consolidamento:
- Un consolidamento temporale, con lapplicazione provvisoria di una sostanza consolidante, per permettere ulteriori operazioni
di conservazione dellopera.
- Un consolidamento a lungo termine, con
lapplicazione definitiva di sostanze consolidanti che mirano allimpregnazione completa della materia originale dellopera darte e al riempimento delle cavit presenti in
essa. Le sostanze consolidanti usate a questo scopo devono presentare buona stabilit nel corso del tempo.
iniezione di boiacca, consolidante

Konsolidacja

PL

Definicja: Zabieg majcy na celu przywrcenie utraconych wasnoci mechanicznych i

poprawienie wewntrznej spoistoci rnych
warstw dziea sztuki. Wykonuje si go poprzez

wprowadzenie w gb produktw klejcych z

zastosowaniem impregnacji lub zastrzykw,
wykorzystujc puste przestrzenie konstrukcji
lub materiau.
Komentarz: S dwa typy konsolidacji:
- Konsolidacja okresowa: tymczasowe wprowadzenie lepkiego produktu, ktre pozwala na dalsze zabiegi na dziele sztuki.
- Konsolidacja dugoterminowa: nieodwracalne wprowadzenie substancji klejcej,
ktra cakowicie wypeni wewntrzne przestrzenie w oryginalnym materiale zabytku.
Produkt uyty do tego celu musi by stabilny i trway.
zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy, impregnat konso-

lidujcy

consolidare

Ro

Definiie: Procedur ce vizeaz restabilirea rezistenei mecanice i mbuntirea coeziunii

interne a diferitelor straturi ce alctuiesc opera
de art. Aceasta se efectueaz prin aplicarea,
impregnarea sau injectarea produselor adezive n cavitile structurii sau ale materialului.
Adnotare: Exist dou tipuri de consolidare:
- Consolidare temporar: aplicarea provizorie a unui produs adeziv, ce va permite efectuarea de tratamente suplimentare operei
de art.
- Consolidare permanent: aplicarea definitiv a unui produs adeziv care ncearc impregnarea i umplerea complet a cavitilor interne ale materialului original al operei
de art. Produsele utilizate n acest scop trebuie s posede o bun stabilitate n timp.
injectare de mortar, consolidant

consolidacin

Es

Definicin: Procedimiento destinado a restablecer la prdida de resistencias mecnicas y a

mejorar la cohesin interna de los diferentes estratos que conforman una obra de arte. Se realiza mediante la aplicacin por impregnacin o
inyeccin de sustancias adhesivas en el interior
de los espacios vacos de dicha estructura.
Comentario: Puede haber dos tipos de consolidacin:
- Consolidacin temporal: aplicacin provisional de un producto adhesivo, que permite futuros tratamientos en la obra de arte.

- Consolidacin permanente: aplicacin definitiva de un producto adhesivo que impregna por completo los espacios internos
de la materia original de la obra. Los productos empleados para este fin deben presentar una buena estabilidad con el paso
del tiempo.
inyeccin de mortero, consolidante

salamlatrma

tR

Tanm: Kaybolan mekanik direnci tekrar kurmay ve sanat eserini oluturan farkl katmanlarn isel tutunmasn gelitirmeyi amalayan
ilem. Malzeme veya yapnn boluklarna yapkan zellikli rnlerin emdirme veya enjeksiyon yoluyla uygulanmasdr.
Yorum: Salamlatrma iki trl olabilir:
- Geici salamlatrma: Sanat eserinin daha
sonraki mdahalelerine imkn tanyacak
yaptrc rnn geici uygulanmas.
- Uzun vadeli salamlatrma: Bir yaptrc
malzemenin sanat eserinin zgn malzemesinin iine yada katmanlar arasna nfuz
edecek ekilde uyguland kalc ilem. Bu
ama iin kullanlan rnler zamana kar
dayankl olmaldr.
enjeksiyon harc, salamlatrc

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,
.
: :
- : , - .
- :
,
. , ,
.
:
,

313

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coNsERvatioN

Injection of an adhesive into a wall painting, Church of San Roque, Oliva (Spain), 20th century; Photo: 2009, UPV

Fixing

EN

Refixage

Fixieren

DE

Definition: Application of an adhesive product able to join together layers of plaster, renders or painting layers and fill voids or gaps in
between.

Dfinition: Application dun produit adhsif

capable de connecter ensemble les couches
denduit ou de peinture et de remplir les vides
ou cavits existant entre elles.

Comment: It can be done by the application

of a material with adhesive properties that allows the reattachment of the painting layers,
or by the injection of a grout to adhere the layers together, and/or backfilling of voids. During the drying process, a controlled pressure
is normally applied to facilitate the reattachment of the layers.

Commentaires: Peut tre fait en appliquant

un matriau aux proprits adhsives permettant de rattacher des couches de peinture ou
par linjection dun coulis qui adhre aux
couches, et/ou en remplissant les vides. Pendant le processus de schage, une pression
contrle est normalement applique pour
assurer ladhrence entre les couches.
En France, ladhsif choisi doit garantir la prennit de loeuvre dart traite. Ses proprits
doivent tre appropries au collage recherch, prsenter une permabilit aux gaz, une
inertie chimique compatibles avec les matriaux conservs.

Kommentar: Das Fixieren kann ber die Applikation eines Materials mit adhsiven Eigenschaften erreicht werden, das ein Wiederanlegen von Farbschichten erlaubt, oder ber die
Injektion eines Injektionsmrtels, der Schichten miteinander verklebt und/oder Hohlrume verfllt. Whrend der Trocknung wird blicherweise kontrollierter Druck ausgebt, um
das Wiederanlegen der Schichten zu ermglichen.
Im Deutschen versteht man darunter zudem
das Sichern von Schichten, z.B. mit Kaschierungen oder Anbschungen (Randsicherungen), sowie das Binden von Mineralfarben auf
dem Trger.

coulis (dinjection), enduit, peinture murale,

Injektionsmrtel, Injektion

grout, injection of grout

coulis dinjection

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 46; Mora et al. 1984, 110; Gasparoli 1999, 70; Amoroso 2002

314

FR

Definition: Einbringen eines Klebemittels,

das Putz- oder Malschichten miteinander verbindet und Hohlrume fllt.

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coNsERvatioN

Uvrivanje

HR

Definicija: Upotreba ljepila koje moe povezati bukane i slikane slojeve te ispuniti praznine i rupe meu njima.
Napomena: Uvrivanje se moe izvesti ljepilom koje omoguuje ponovno spajanje slikanih slojeva ili injektiranjem smjese za privrivanje slojeva i/ili ispunjavanje upljina. Da
bi se olakalo ponovno spajanje slojeva tijekom suenja se kontrolira pritisak.
buka za injektiranje, injektiranje

Podklejanie

PL

Definicja: Wprowadzenie klejcego produktu

zdolnego zczy razem warstwy tynku, zaprawy lub powok malowida i wypeni przestrzenie midzy nimi.
Komentarz: Mona wykona poprzez zastosowanie materiau o wasnociach klejcych,
co pozwoli ponownie poczy warstwy malowida, lub przy uyciu zastrzykw z zaprawy
dla sklejenia warstw ze sob i / lub wypenienia pustych przestrzeni. Podczas wysychania
zwykle stosuje si kontrolowany nacisk dla
poczenia rozwarstwie.
cieka zaprawa, zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy

Rgzts / megkts

HU

Fixare

Ro

sabitleme

tR

Tanm: Sva, ileme ya da resim katmanlarn

bir arada tutmak ve boluklar ya da aklklar
doldurmak iin yaptrc rn uygulamas.
Yorum: Resim katmanlarnn birletirilmesine
imkn veren yaptrc zellikli malzemelerin
uygulanmas veya katmanlar yaptrmak iin
enjeksiyon harc ve/veya boluklarn doldurulmas ile yaplr. Kuruma sreci boyunca genellikle, katmanlarn balanmasn kolaylatrmak
amacyla kontroll basn uygulanr.
E anlam: Yaptrma
erbetli har, enjeksiyon harc

Bg

Meghatrozs: Egy ragasztanyag alkalmazsa, azzal a cllal, hogy egymshoz kssn

vakolat- vagy festkrtegeket, s kitltse az
ezek kztt lev regeket.

Definiie: Aplicarea unui produs adeziv capabil s lege ntre ele straturile de tencuial sau
straturile de culoare i s umple golurile i
spaiile dintre acestea.

: ,
,

.

Megjegyzs: Ragaszt tulajdonsgokkal rendelkez anyagok felhordsa ltal valstjk

meg, melyek lehetv teszik a festkrtegek
jraktdst; a ragasztanyagot lehet injektlni is, ahhoz, hogy a rtegek jra egymshoz
ktdhessenek s az regek kitltdjenek. A
szrads idejre egy ellenrztt nyomst
szoktak alkalmazni, hogy megsegtsk az rtegek jraktdst.

Adnotare: Aceasta se poate realiza fie prin

aplicarea unui material cu proprieti adezive,
ce permite fixarea straturilor de culoare, fie
prin injectarea unui mortar pentru realizarea
aderenei ntre straturi, i/sau pentru a umple
golurile. De obicei n timpul procesului de uscare este aplicat o presiune controlat pentru
a facilita fixarea straturilor.

:

,
, /
.


.

material de injectare, injectare de mortar

injektl vakolat, vakolat injektlsa

Fissaggio / Fermatura

it

Fijado

Es

Definizione: Lapplicazione di un prodotto

adesivo in grado di unire gli strati di intonaco,
di rinzaffo o gli strati pittorici e di riempire le
cavit o le lacune fra di loro.

Definicin: Unin de separaciones entre revoques, estratos pictricos o revestimientos,

mediante la aplicacin de un producto adhesivo.

Commento: Pu essere fatto con lapplicazione di un materiale con propriet adesive che
permette il riattacco degli strati pittorici, con
liniezione di boiacche per fare aderire gli strati
fra di loro, e / o con il riempimento delle cavit.
Normalmente, durante il processo di essiccazione, applicata una pressione controllata
per agevolare il riattacco degli strati.
boiacca, intonaco, intonaco per esterni,

Comentario: Puede realizarse aplicando un

material con propiedades adhesivas para el
sentado de escamas en el estrato pictrico, o
bien mediante la inyeccin de una mezcla
fluida inorgnica, mortero de inyeccin, capaz
de adherir los estratos entre s y/o rellenar los
espacios vacos que puedan existir. Durante el
proceso de secado, se suele aplicar presin
controlada para facilitar la unin de las partes.
Sinnimo: fijacin

ca

mortero preparatorio, inyeccin de mortero

rinzaffo, pittura murale, iniezione di boiac-

315

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Injection of a grout, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

injection of grout

EN

Definition: Adhesion of layers or fragments

of mortars, plasters or renders with the injection of a fluid and fine-grained mortar (grout)
inside small spaces, cracks and pores.
Comment: In order to avoid potential risks to
the object it is necessary to control the
amount of water and other solvents in the injected grouts, their compatibility with the
original materials and the adhesion between
the treated layers.
consolidation, grout

coulis dinjection

FR

Dfinition: Injection dun mortier fluide et

grains fins (coulis) dans de petits espaces, fissures et pores pour permettre ladhrence de
couches, de fragments de mortiers ou denduits.
Commentaires: Il est ncessaire de contrler
la quantit deau des coulis injects, leur compatibilit avec les matriaux originaux (Les
composants dun coulis sont dtermins en
fonction de la nature des matriaux de loeuvre) et ladhsion entre les couches traites
afin dviter tout risque de dgradation de
lobjet traiter.
consolidation, enduit, coulis (dinjection),
fissure

Sources: Muoz et al. 2014, 207; Mortars 2011, 496

316

injektion

DE

Definition: Zum Verkleben von Putzschichten

oder -fragmenten wird flssiger und feinkrniger Injektionsmrtel in schmale Zwischenrume, Risse und Poren eingespritzt.
Kommentar: Um eventuelle Risiken fr das
Objekt zu vermeiden, ist es wichtig, die Menge
des Wassers und anderer Lsungsmittel in den
Injektionsmrteln, ihre Kompatibilitt mit den
Originalmaterialien und die Haftung zwischen
den behandelten Schichten zu prfen.
Synonyme: Hinterfllen, Hohlraumverfllung
Festigung, Injektionsmrtel

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coNsERvatioN

injektiranje

HR

Zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy

PL

Enjeksiyon harc

tR

Definicija: Povezivanje slojeva ili fragmenata

mortova ili buka injektiranjem tekuega ili finozrnatoga morta (smjese za injektiranje) u
male prostore, pukotine i pore.

Definicja: Sklejanie warstw fragmentw zapraw i tynkw za pomoc zastrzykw z (pynnej) drobnoziarnistej zaprawy do maych
przestrzeni, pkni i porw.

Tanm: Har, sva veya boya katmanlarnn veya paralarnn akkan ve ince taneli har (grout) ile kk atlaklar, delikler veya alanlarn
iine enjeksiyon yoluyla yaptrlmas.

Napomena: Kako bi se izbjegli potencijalni rizici za objekt potrebno je kontrolirati koliinu

vode i drugih dodanih otapala u injektiranim
smjesama, njihovu kompatibilnost sa originalnim materijalom i adheziju izmeu tretiranih
slojeva.

Komentarz: Dla uniknicia potencjalnego zagroenia dla obiektu konieczna jest kontrola
iloci wody zawartej we wprowadzanej ciekej
zaprawie, jej zgodno z oryginalnymi materiaami, a take adhezja pomidzy klejonymi
warstwami.

Yorum: Nesneye olabilecek olas risklerden

kanmak iin enjekte edilen har ierisindeki
su miktarn ve zcleri kontrol etmek ve ilenmi katmanlar arasndaki tutkal ve zgn
malzemenin uyumu gereklidir.
E anlam: sulu har enjeksiyonu

konsolidacija, buka za injektiranje

konsolidacja, cieka zaprawa

salamlatrma, erbetli har

vakolat injektls

HU

Meghatrozs: Rtegek vagy aprbb vakolatvagy habarcstredkek rgztse egy folykony, finom szemcszet vakolat injektlsa ltal a kis regekbe, repedsekbe s prusokba.
Megjegyzs: Annak rdekben, hogy a malkots ne kerljn veszlybe, ellenrizni kell a
vz mennyisgt az injektl vakolatban, az injektl vakolat s az eredeti anyagok sszefrhetsgt s az injektlt rtegek kztti ktst.
szilrdts/megersts, injektl vakolat

injectare de mortar

Ro

Definiie: Refacerea adeziunii straturilor sau

fragmentelor de mortare i tencuieli prin injectarea unui mortar fluid cu granulaie fin
(mortar de injectare) n interiorul spaiilor nguste, fisurilor i porilor.
Adnotare: Pentru a evita potenialele riscuri
asupra obiectului sunt necesare: controlul
cantitatii de ap n mortarele injectate, compatibilitii lor cu materialele originale i al
adeziunii dintre straturile tratate.
consolidare, material de injectare

Bg

:
,

( ) ,
.
:
, : ,

.
,

iniezione di boiacca

it

Definizione: Ladesione di strati o frammenti

di malte, intonaci o rinzaffi tramite liniezione
di una malta fluida a grana fine (boiacca) allinterno di piccoli spazi, fratture e pori.
Commento: Per evitare potenziali rischi per
lopera darte, necessario controllare la quantit dacqua contenuta nella boiaccia iniettata,
la compatibilit dei materiali contenuti nella
boiaccia con i materiali originali, e ladesione
fra gli strati trattati.
consolidamento, intonaco, intonaco per
esterni, rinzaffo, boiacca, frattura

inyeccin de mortero

Es

Definicin: Adhesin de capas o fragmentos

de morteros, revoques o enlucidos, que se realiza mediante la inyeccin de un mortero fluido y de granulometra muy fina (mortero de
inyeccin) en el interior de los pequeos espacios separados, grietas y poros.
Comentario: Es necesario controlar la cantidad de agua que aporta el mortero, su compatibilidad con los materiales preexistentes e
intentar controlar la adherencia entre estratos
para evitar riesgos potenciales al objeto.
Sinnimo: Consolidacin por inyeccin
consolidacin, mortero de inyeccin

317

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Lacunae infilled in a lower plane then surrounding plaster, Palau de la Vila, Ontinyent (Spain), 19th century; Photo: 2008, UPV (Pilar Soriano Sancho)

infill

EN

Definition: To re-establish continuity between

layers reinstating their structural and aesthetic
properties. A lacuna can be infilled with a mixture consisting of a filler and a binder.
Comment: Generally, one uses materials with
characteristics compatible with and/or similar
to the original, including the nature, colour and
grain size of the components for a fresco; the
mixture is usually composed of a lime and sand
mortar. If the lacuna is to be reintegrated in form
and colour, it is brought within the same plane
as the pictorial layer. The surface can have a similar texture to the original. If the lacuna is not to
be reintegrated into the pictorial context, it is
usually brought within the same plane as the
underlying preparatory layers or the support
filler, lacuna, reintegration

comblement

318

geschlossen. Die Oberflche kann dieselbe

Textur wie das Original haben. Soll sie nicht in
das Bild integriert werden, wird blicherweise
nur bis auf das Niveau von Grundierung oder
Trger ergnzt.
Synonyme: Ergnzung, plastische Ergnzung

charge, lacune, rintgration

Definicija: Ponovno uspostavljanje kontinuiteta izmeu slojeva te vraanje njihovih strukturnih i estetskih svojstava. Lakuna se moe
ispuniti smjesom punila i veziva.

Kittung

Fllstoff, Fehlstelle, Integration

ispunjavanje

HR

DE

Definition: Zur Wiederherstellung der strukturellen und sthetischen Eigenschaften und

des Schichtenzusammenhangs kann eine
Fehlstelle mit einer Mischung aus Fllstoff und
Bindemittel gefllt werden.

FR

Dfinition: Il rtablit la continuit des

couches dun bien culturel, restaurant ses proprits structurales et esthtiques. Le vide
dune lacune peut tre combl par un mlange fait dun liant et de charges.
Sources: Nimmo 2001, 212

Commentaires: Les matriaux utiliss doivent avoir des caractristiques compatibles ou

similaires celles du matriau original comme
la nature, la couleur et la taille de grains de ses
composants; par exemple, le mlange pour
une peinture a fresco est gnralement compos de mortier la chaux et de sable. Une lacune peut tre rintgre dans sa forme et sa
couleur, par un comblement ajust la
couche picturale. Si cela nest pas ncessaire,
il est alors ajust aux couches prparatoires
sous-jacentes ou au support.

Kommentar: Zur Kittung werden Materialien

mit Eigenschaften benutzt, die mit dem Original kompatibel und/oder hnlich sind, einschlielich Art, Farbe und Korngre. Soll die
Fehlstelle in Form und Farbe reintegriert werden, wird sie bis auf das Niveau der Malschicht

Napomena: Obino se rabi materijal koji je

znaajkama kompatibilan i/ili slian izvorniku,
ukljuujui prirodu, boju i veliinu zrna za fresco, smjesa je obino sastavljena od morta na
bazi vapna i pijeska. Kada reintegracija lakune
obuhvaa oblik i boju prilagoava se razini slikanoga sloja. Povrina moe imati slinu teksturu kao izvornik. Kada se lakuna ne reintegrira
kao dio slike, obino se prilagoava razini pripremnih slojeva ili podlozi.
punilo, lakuna, reintegracija

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tmts

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy malkots rtegei kztti

folytonossg visszalltsa, a szerkezeti s az
eszttikai tulajdonsgok helyrehozsa cljbl. A hinyz rszek kitltsre egy ktanyag s egy tltanyag keverkt hasznljk.
Megjegyzs: ltalban a malkots eredeti
anyagaival sszefrhet s/vagy azokkal azonos anyagokat hasznlnak, belertve az anyag
milyensgt, sznt s szemcsemrett. Egy
fresk esetn a keverk ltalban egy msz s
homok alap habarcs. Ha a hinyz rszt sznben s formban is kiegsztik, a tmts szintjt a festett fellet szintjre hozzk. A fellet
textrja lehet az eredetivel azonos.
Ha a hinyz rszre nem kerl kiegszts, a
tmts szintje ltalban az als elkszt rtegek vagy a hordoz szintjre kerl.
tltanyag, hiny, kiegszts

stuccatura

it

Definizione: Per ripristinare la continuit degli strati che costituiscono il manufatto, con le
loro funzioni strutturali ed estetiche, si colma
il vuoto delle lacune con unimpasto, formato
da una carica e da un legante.
Commento: In genere per la stuccatura si usano materiali con caratteristiche analoghe alloriginale per natura, colore e granulometria
dei componenti; ad es. negli affreschi, limpasto di solito costituito da una malta a base
di calce e sabbia. Per la reintegrazione pittorica di una lacuna, la stuccatura eseguita a livello della pellicola pittorica. La superficie pu
essere modellata a riprendere la tessitura della
superficie originale. Per lacune non suscettibili
a reintegrazione pittorica, la stuccatura di solito eseguita a livello degli strati preparatori
o del supporto, per ridurre linterferenza tra la
forma della lacuna e limmagine dipinta.
calce, sabbia, intonaco, arriccio, lacu-

na, reintegrazione, supporto, filler

Kitowanie

PL

Definicja: Odtworzenie cigoci midzy warstwami, przywrcenie ich strukturalnych i estetycznych wasnoci. Pust przestrze ubytku
mona wypeni mieszanin zawierajc wypeniacz i spoiwo.

Komentarz: Do kitowania uywa si materiaw o charakterze kompatybilnym i / lub zblionym do oryginau, zwaajc na natur, kolor
i wielko ziaren skadnikw, np. dla fresku to
zaprawa z wapna i piasku. Jeeli ubytek ma
by uzupeniony w formie i kolorze, wypeniany jest do poziomu warstwy malarskiej. Powierzchnia moe te mie faktur podobn do
oryginau. Jeli ubytek nie bdzie uzupeniony, wypenienie zwykle wykonywane jest do
poziomu lecych poniej warstw przygotowawczych podoa.
wypeniacz, ubytek, uzupenianie

chituire

Ro

Definiie: Intervenie efectuat pentru restabilirea continuitii ntre straturi i a proprietilor structurale i estetice ale acestora. Lacuna poate fi chituit cu un amestec format
dintr-un material de umplutur i un liant.
Adnotare: n general se folosesc materiale cu
caracteristici compatibile i/sau similare cu cele ale originalului se refer inclusiv la natura,
culoarea i dimensiunea granulelor materialelor. n cazul n care lacuna va fi reintegrat n
form i culoare, chituirea se realizeaz la nivelul stratului de culoare. Suprafaa poate
avea o textur similar cu originalul. n cazul
n care lacuna nu va fi reintegrat cromatic n
contextul pictural, de obicei, chituirea se realizeaz la nivelul stratului de preparaie subiacent sau la nivelul suportului.
material de umplutur, lacun, reintegrare

En espaol estuco puede referirse a una tcnica decorativa de fachadas o de interiores.

Sinnimo: reintegracin matrica
carga fina, laguna, reintegracin

Dolgu

tR

Tanm: Yapsal ve estetik zelliklerini geri getirerek, katmanlar arasnda devamll tekrar
kurmaktr. Bir boluk (lakuna) dolgu ve tutkaldan oluan bir karm ile doldurulabilir.
Yorum: Genellikle bileenlerin yaps, rengi ve
tane boyutu olarak zgn malzeme ile uyumlu ya da benzer karakterde malzemeler kullanlr; fresko iin bu karm genellikle kire ve
kum harcndan oluur. Eer lakuna ekil ve
renk olarak yeniden tamamlanacaksa, dolgu
resimli katman ile ayn seviyeye getirilir. Yzey
orijinal malzeme ile benzer dokuya sahip olabilir. Eer resimdeki boluk (lakuna) yeniden
tamamlanmayacaksa, genellikle duvar ya da
sva katmanlar ile ayn seviyeye getirilir.
dolgu maddesi, boluk, yeniden tamamlama

Bg

:
.
.

cromatic

Estucado

Es

Definicin: Accin destinada a restablecer la

continuidad entre los estratos de una obra, recuperando sus propiedades estructurales y
estticas, a travs del rellenado de los faltantes
con una mezcla compuesta por una carga fina
y un ligante.
Comentario: Generalmente, se emplean materiales con caractersticas compatibles y/o similares al original: naturaleza, color y tamao
de grano. Si la laguna debe ser reintegrada en
forma y color, se estuca al nivel de la capa pictrica, con una textura similar al original. Si no
es as, el estucado puede dejarse al mismo nivel, o bien al de otro de los estratos preparatorios o al del soporte.

:
,
/ ,
, ; .
.
,
.
.
,

.
, , , ,
, ,

319

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Raked (left) and repointed joints (right) of brick masonry and parts of a sandstone epitaph, Church of St. Gabriel, Haseldorf (Germany), end of 16th century; Photo:
2007 (Sophie Haake)

Repointing

Rejointoiement

FR

Neuverfugung

DE

Definition: Action to check and fill/refill the

mortar joints between masonry blocks (including those made of stone, brick or other
materials).

Dfinition: Action de vrifier et remplir les

mortiers de joints entre les blocs de maonnerie (ex. blocs de pierre, briques ou autres
matriaux).

Definition: Manahme, um die Mrtel-Verfugung zwischen Mauersteinen (aus Stein, Ziegel oder anderen Materialien) zu prfen, zu
fllen oder zu erneuern.

Comment: Prior to repointing, it is necessary

to remove the deteriorated mortar (raking
out) existing in the joints of the masonry by
manual or mechanical means, to then be able
to fill the joints with a suitable mortar. In the
case of historic mortars, usually all attempts
are made to preserve the original material and
not to remove it.

Commentaires: Avant de rejointoyer, il est

ncessaire dliminer, manuellement ou mcaniquement, le mortier dgrad subsistant
dans les joints de la maonnerie, ce qui permettra de remplir les joints avec un mortier
adapt. Dans le cas de mortiers historiques,
on essaie de conserver le plus de matriau original possible.

Kommentar: Vor der Neuverfugung ist es

notwendig, den geschdigten Mrtel aus den
Fugen manuell oder mechanisch zu entfernen
(Fugen ausrumen), um dann die Fugen mit
geeignetem Mrtel wieder zu schlieen. Bei
historischen Mrteln wird normalerweise versucht, den originalen Mrtel zu erhalten und
nicht zu entfernen.

infill, joint

comblement, joint

Fuge

Sources: Foulks 1997, 123

320

EN

iNtERvENtioN
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Ponovno fugiranje

HR

spoinowanie

PL

Derz tamiri

tR

Definicija: Provjeravanje i ispunjavanje, odnosno ponovno punjenje spojnica od morta

izmeu zidnih blokova ( od kamena, opeke ili
ostalih materijala).

Definicja: Proces sprawdzania i wypeniania /

wymiany zaprawy spoje blokw muru (zarwno wykonanego z kamienia, cegy, jak i innych materiaw).

Tanm: Tula duvar rgs (ta, tula veya dier malzemeler ieren) arasndaki har derzlerini kontrol etmek ve doldurmak/tekrar doldurmak iin yaplan ilem.

Napomena: Prije ponovnoga fugiranja potrebno je runo ili strojno ukloniti oslabljeni mort
(izgrepsti ga) iz spojnica zida, kako bi se spojnice moglo ispuniti odgovarajuim mortom.
U sluaju povijesnih mortova, svi pokuaji
usmjereni su u ouvanje izvornoga materijala,
a ne na njihovo uklanjanje.

Komentarz: Przed spoinowaniem konieczne

jest usunicie (wygarnicie) rozoonej zaprawy obecnej w spoinach muru poprzez dziaanie rczne lub mechaniczne, by umoliwi wypenianie spoin waciw zapraw. W przypadku obecnoci zapraw historycznych zwykle podejmowane s wszelkie wysiki dla zachowania oryginalnych wypenie i nieusuwania ich.

Yorum: Derzleme ncesi, derzlerdeki mevcut

bozulmu harc uygun har ile doldurabilmek
iin elle veya mekanik yollarla karmak gereklidir. Tarihi harlarda, tm abalar orijinal malzemeyi korumak ve onu kaldrmamakiin yaplr.
E anlam: derzleme

ispuna, spojnica

dolgu, derz

kitowanie, spoina

Fugajavts

HU

Meghatrozs: Az ptelemek (idertve kvet, tglt s egyb anyagokat) kztti fugk

ellenrzse s szksg esetn jratltse.
Megjegyzs: Fugajavts eltt, kzi s mechanikus mdszerekkel el kell tvoltani (kikaparni) a fal fugiban lev krosodott habarcsot,
hogy aztn megfelel habarccsal lehessen a
fugkat kitlteni. Trtneti habarcsok esetn
ltalban mindent megtesznek annak rdekben, hogy az eredeti anyagot megrizzk, s
ne tvoltsk el.
tmts, fuga

Ricigliare

Rostuire

Ro

Bg

Definiie: Aciunea de a verifica i umple/reumple rosturile de mortar dintre blocurile de zidrie (inclusiv cele din piatr, crmid sau alte
materiale).

:
( ,
).

Adnotare: nainte de rostuire este necesar

ndeprtarea mortarului degradat existent n
mbinrile zidriei, prin mijloace mecanice sau
manuale, pentru a umple dup aceea rosturile
cu mortar adecvat. n cazul mortarelor istorice,
sunt realizate toate ncercrile posibile de
pstrare a materialului original i de a nu-l ndeprta.

: , ,
( ),
.
, .

chituire, rost

it

Rejuntar

Es

Definizione: Azione per verificare e riempire

i giunti di malta tra i blocchi di muratura (compresi quelli in pietra, mattoni o altri materiali).

Definicin: Accin de repasar y colmatar las

juntas de una fbrica formadas por piedra, ladrillo u otros materiales.

Commento: Prima di ricigliare, necessario rimuovere la malta deteriorata (grattando) nei

giunti della muratura con mezzi manuali o
meccanici, per essere poi in grado di riempire
i giunti con malta adeguata. In caso di malte
storiche, generalmente, tutti i tentativi sono
fatti per poter conservare il materiale originale
e non doverlo rimuovere.

Comentario: Antes de aplicar el rejuntado es

necesario eliminar el mortero inadecuado
existente en las juntas de la fbrica, picando
con medios manuales o mecnicos para poder rellenar a continuacin dichas juntas con
un mortero ms adecuado.
juntas, estucado

stuccatura, giunto, muratura

321

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coNsERvatioN

Mortar additions along the borders of historic plaster, Church of St. Vitus, Modestus and Crescentia, Trsteno (Croatia), 16/17th century; Photo: 2010, HRZ (Katarina Gavrilica)

Edging repair

EN

solin

Definition: Mortar additions undertaken to

protect exposed plaster and stone edges
against loss, water and dirt infiltration.

Dfinition: Ajot de mortier pour viter la

perte de matire en bordures denduit exposes.

Comment: The vulnerable edging repair is

usually made with lime mortar which can be
used to secure either vertical or horizontal
edges of plaster, or to secure the edges of a lacuna (when it is decided not to fill the lacuna).
The properties of the material used for the
edging repair must match the properties of
the treated material. Sometimes the edging
repair must be elastic (for structural needs requiring flexibility); in these cases, an elastomeric material is used.

Commentaires: Les solins sont gnralement

vulnrables et sont faits de mortier de chaux;
ils peuvent tre utiliss pour protger les
bords horizontaux ou verticaux denduit ou les
bords de lacune (quand il a t dcid de ne
pas la combler). Les proprits du matriau
utilis pour faire le solin doivent tre quivalentes celles du matriau trait. La rparation
de la bordure ncessite quelquefois lemploi
de matriau lastique (lorsque la structure ncessite quil y ait de la flexibilit); dans ces cas,
un matriau lastomre est utilis.

lime mortar

mortier de chaux

Sources: Hanna, Dinsmore 1987, 81; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 5; Ben Abed 2006, 106

322

FR

anbschung

DE

Definition: Mrtelergnzungen, mit denen

exponierte Putz- und Steinrnder gegen
Schdigung und das Eindringen von Wasser
und Schmutz geschtzt werden.
Kommentar: Gefhrdete Putzrnder werden
normalerweise mit einem Kalkmrtel angebscht, der sowohl senkrechte als auch waagerechte Kanten sichern kann oder Rnder
von Fehlstellen, die nicht geschlossen werden.
Die Eigenschaften des Anbschungsmrtels
sollten an die des behandelten Materials angepasst werden. Bei strukturellen Problemen,
die Flexibilitt erfordern, muss die Anbschung elastisch sein: In dem Fall wird ein mit
Elastomeren modifizierter Mrtel verwendet.
Synonym: Randsicherung
Kalkmrtel

iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN

HR

chiedono flessibilit); in questi casi viene utilizzato un materiale elastomerico.

Definicija: Dopune mortom radi zatite izloenih rubova buke od gubitka te infiltracije
vode i prljavtine.

intonaco, calce, malta di calce/intonaco a

Popravak obruba

Napomena: Osjetljivi popravci obruba obino

su izvedeni vapnenim mortom koji se moe
upotrebljavati za osiguravanje okomitih ili vodoravnih bukanih rubova ili kako bi se osigurali rubovi lakune (kada je odlueno da se lakuna nee popunjavati). Svojstva materijala
koji se koristi za popravak obruba mora odgovarati svojstvima tretiranog materijala.
Katkad popravak obruba zahtijeva uporabu
elastinih materijala, primjerice kod strukturnih zahvata.
vapneni mort

szlezs

HU

Meghatrozs: A veszlyeztetett vakolat- s

kszlek vdelme habarcs adagolsa ltal,
azrt, hogy elkerljk a vesztesgeket, valamint a vz s a piszok behatolst.
Megjegyzs: A srlkeny leket ltalban
mszhabarccsal szlezik, mely gy a vzszintes, mint a fggleges vakolat lek vdelmre
hasznlhat, vagy vhatja egy hiny peremt
(ha gy dntenek, hogy a hinyz rszt nem
tmtik). A szlezshez hasznlt anyagnak szszefrhetnek kell lennie a kezelt rsz anyagaival. Nha a szlezsnek rugalmasnak kell lennie (a rugalmassgot ignyl szerkezetek esetn), ilyenkor egy rugalmas manyagot (elasztomert) hasznlnak.
mszhabarcs

Bordatura

it

Definizione: Aggiunte di malta intraprese per

proteggere contro eventuali danneggiamenti
i bordi esposti dellintonaco.
Commento: I bordi vulnerabili sono solitamente protetti con malta di calce che pu essere utilizzata per fissare i bordi sia verticali
che orizzontali dellintonaco, o per fissare i
bordi di una lacuna (quando si decide di non
stuccare la lacuna). La riparazione deve essere
realizzata con lo stesso materiale della bordatura. Talvolta la riparazione del bordo deve essere elastica (per esigenze strutturali che ri-

calce, lacuna, stuccatura

opaski z zaprawy

PL

Definicja: Naoenie zaprawy w celu zabezpieczenia krawdzi tynku i kamienia przed odpadniciem, przenikaniem wody, zabrudzeniem.
Komentarz: Wraliwe krawdzie s zwykle
uzupeniane zapraw wapienn, ktra moe
by nakadana dla zabezpieczenia zarwno
pionowych jak i poziomych krawdzi ubytku
(gdy postanowiono nie wypeniania ubytku).
Waciwoci substancji uytej do zabezpieczenia brzegw musz odpowiada charakterowi
zabezpieczanego materiau. Czasem naprawa
krawdzi musi by elastyczna (z powodw
konstrukcyjnych, gdy wymaga elastycznoci),
w tej sytuacji uywane s materiay o charakterze elastycznym.
zaprawa wapienna

tivire

Ro

Definiie: Completare cu mortar efectuat

pentru protejarea marginilor expuse ale tencuielilor i pietrelor mpotriva pierderii, a infiltraiilor de murdrie sau ap.

Comentario: Estos bordes vulnerables, por lo

general, se reparan con mortero de cal y se
aplican para asegurar bordes de revoques tanto verticales como horizontales, o para asegurar los bordes de las lagunas (cuando se decide no estucarlas). El material usado para la reparacin debe ser compatible con el material
de la junta o borde. A veces, interesa que la reparacin de la junta sea elstica, por la necesidad estructural de que se siga moviendo; en
estos casos, se usa una masilla elastomrica.
mortero de cal

Kenar onarm

Tanm: Kayp, su ve kir szmalarna kar ta keleri ve akta kalm svalar koruma iin yaplan har eklemesi.
Yorum: Genellikle svann, (lakunay doldurmama karar verildiinde) ayn zamanda lakunann yatay veya dey krlgan kenarlarnn
koruma iin kire harc ile tamir edilmesi. Tamirat malzemesi kenarlklarla uyumlu malzemeden yaplmaldr. Bazen yapsal nedenlerle
esneklik gerektii iin kenarlklarn onarm
yumuak olmaldr, bu durumlarda kauuksu
(elastomerik) malzeme kullanlr.
E anlam: kenar tamir ss
kire harc

Adnotare: Tivirea marginilor vulnerabile se

realizeaz de obicei cu mortar de var, ce poate
fi folosit fie pentru asigurarea marginilor verticale sau orizontale ale tencuielilor, fie pentru
asigurarea marginilor unei lacune (atunci
cnd nu se opteaz pentru chituirea lacunei).
Proprietile materialului folosit la tivire trebuie s fie ct se poate de apropiate de proprietile materialului tratat. Uneori, tivirea trebuie
s fie elastic (pentru nevoi structurale ce necesit flexibilitate); n aceste cazuri se folosete
un material elastomeric.
mortar de var

Reparacin de bordes y juntas

Es

Definicin: Adicin de mortero realizada para

proteger los bordes de revoque o de piedra
expuestos a prdidas, infiltraciones de agua o
de suciedad, etc.

tR

Bg

:
,
,
.
:
, , , . , ,
.
.
.

323

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Marble inserts in the faade of the Erechtheion of the Acropolis, Athens (Greece), 421 and 406 BC; Photo: 2014, UPV (Pilar Bosch)

Dutchman repair

EN

Remplacement de pierre

Definition: Partial replacement of a small area

of damaged stone with a new insert that can
either be done with natural stone or with a
pre-cast material.

Dfinition: Remplacement partiel dune petite partie de pierre dgrade par linsertion
dune pierre naturelle ou dun matriau prmoul.

Comment: The original stone has to be

carved/hollowed out before inserting a dutchman repair. The new stone is either wedged in
place or secured with an adhesive. The joint
between new and old should be kept as narrow as possible to maintain the appearance of
a continuous surface. The disadvantages of
this method are that the surrounding stone
material is destroyed to enable the dutchman
repair to fit the lacuna.
Synonyms: patch, stone repair, replacement,
indent

Commentaires: La nouvelle pierre est soit cale sur place soit scurise par un adhsif. Le
joint entre le matriau insr et lancienne
pierre devrait tre le plus fin possible pour garder laspect dune surface continue. Les dsavantages de cette mthode sont que les
pierres contigus sont dtruites pour permettre lencastrement de la pierre de rparation
dans la lacune.
Synonymes: faire un lancis (lancer), pierre de
remplacement, incrustement, crneler

joint

joint

Sources: Grimmer 1984, 50/1; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 347; Stone 2012, 241248, 314

324

FR

vierung

DE

Definition: Partielle Ergnzung eines kleinen

Bereichs geschdigten Steinmaterials, das
durch ein neues Stck aus Naturstein oder
durch ein vorgeformtes Stck aus Steinersatzmaterial (Inlay) ersetzt wird.
Kommentar: Der originale Stein muss vor
dem Einbringen einer Vierung ausgehhlt
werden. Das neue Stck wird entweder in die
Vertiefung verkeilt oder eingeklebt. Die Fuge
zwischen neu und alt sollte so schmal wie
mglich sein, um den Eindruck einer durchgehenden Oberflche zu erzeugen. Der Nachteil einer Vierung ist, dass der geschdigte Bereich abgearbeitet und zerstrt werden muss,
um sie in die Fehlstelle einzupassen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Steinergnzung
Fehlstelle, Integration

iNtERvENtioN
coNsERvatioN

Zakrpa

HR

Flekowanie

PL

Definicija: Djelomina zamjena maloga podruja oteenoga kamena novim umetkom

koji se moe napraviti od prirodnoga kamena
ili prethodno odlivenoga materijala.

Definicja: Czciowe zastpienie niewielkich

fragmentw zniszczonego kamienia now
wstawk, ktra moe by wykonana albo z naturalnego kamienia, albo z prefabrykatu.

Napomena: Prije umetanja zakrpe izvorni kamen treba otklesati. Novi se kamen uklijeti ili
zalijepi. Kako bi se zadrao izgled kontinuirane
povrine, spoj izmeu zakrpe i izvorne povrine treba biti to ui. Nedostaci ove metode
su to se, radi umetanja zakrpe u lakunu, oteuje okolni kamen.
Sinonim: taela

Komentarz: Oryginalny kamie musi by

opracowany / podcity przed flekowaniem.
Nowy kamie jest albo klinowany na miejsce,
albo osadzony z uyciem kleju. Spoina midzy
nowym i starym materiaem powinna by
moliwie najwsza, aby cao sprawiaa wraenie jednolitej powierzchni. Niedogodnoci
stosowania tej metody jest niszczenie kamienia dla dopasowania ubytku do wstawienia
fleku.
Synonimy: wstawki, naprawa kamienia, zastpowanie, zastpowanie kamienia, wcicie

spojnica

Diki atma

tR

Tanm: Ta duvarda zarar grm bir tan yerine doal ya da imitasyon yaplm yeni bir tan yerine koyulmas.
Yorum: Diki atma ilemini yapmadan nce
orijinal tan iinin oyulmas (rtlmesi) gereklidir. Yeni ta, yerine ya sktrlabilir ya da
bir yaptrc yardm ile salamlatrlr. Yeni
ile eski arasndaki derz kesintisiz yzey grnmnn srekliliine salamak iin mmkn olduunca dar tutulmaldr. Bu yntemin
dezavantaj diki atma ilemi srasnda tan
evresine zarar verilebilmesidir.
E anlaml: yama, ta tamiri, yer deitirme, rtme
derz

spoina

Bettezs

HU

taselare

Ro

Bg

Meghatrozs: Krosodott kvek kis rszeinek helyettestse egy j betttel, ami lehet
termszetes kbl vagy egy elre kinttt
anyagbl.

Definiie: nlocuirea parial a unui fragment

de piatr deteriorat cu o inserie nou, realizat cu piatr natural, sau cu un material prefabricat.

: ,

.

Megjegyzs: Az eredeti kveket bettezs

eltt meg kell vsni. Az j kdarabot bekelik
vagy ragasztval rgztik. A rgi s j rsz kztti hzagnak a lehet legkisebbnek kell lennie, hogy megmaradjon egy sszefgg fellet ltszata. Az eljrs htrnya, hogy eredeti
anyagot kell eltvoltani a bett behelyezse
rdekben.
Szinonimk: foltozs, kjavts, kptls

Adnotare: Piatra original trebuie sculptat/

scobit nainte de a efectua taselarea. Piatra cea
nou este inserat n fant, sau fixat cu un adeziv. Rostul dintre materialul nou i cel original
trebuie s fie ct mai ngust posibil, pentru a
menine aspectul unei suprafee nentrerupte.
Dezavantajul acestei metode este c materialul
de piatr din jur (original) este distrus pentru a
permite potrivirea noii inserii n lacun.

fuga

rost

:
/
.
.

-, .
, ,
.
: ,

tassellatura

it

Restitucin ptrea por cajeado

Es

Definizione: In un concio di pietra, unarea

danneggiata di dimensioni limitate viene sostituita con un blocchetto nuovo che pu essere fatto di pietra naturale o articifiale.

Definicin: Sustitucin parcial de una pequea rea de piedra daada con una nueva unidad realizada en piedra natural o en un prefabricado de piedra.

Commento: Il nuovo blocchetto in pietra (tassello) viene inchiavettato direttamente nella

lacuna o fissato con un adesivo. Il giunto fra il
tassello e il concio di pietra devessere possibilmente fine e arrivare ad una perfetta combacianza per mantenere integro laspetto della superficie del concio.

Comentario: La piedra original tiene que ser

esculpida o vaciada antes de insertar la restitucin ptrea. La nueva piedra se puede encastrar en el lugar o asegurar con un adhesivo.
La unin o junta entre lo nuevo y lo viejo debe
ser lo ms estrecha posible para mantener la
apariencia de una superficie continua. La desventaja de este mtodo es que el material ptreo circundante es destruido para permitir
que la restitucin encaje en la laguna.

giunto, lacuna

junta

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Partially uncovered wall painting, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), by Dionis Vidal 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

Uncovering

EN

Dgagement

Definition: The process of discovering or exposing a wall painting. It involves the controlled removal of various superimposed and
overlying layers.

Dfinition: Procd de dcouvrement dune

peinture murale, qui induit llimination
contrle des couches superposes cachant
la peinture.

Comment: The concealment can be due to

one or several overlapping layers of lime or
other materials over the pictorial layer. The
reasons for covering can be varied, for instance, changes in aesthetic taste, for hygienic
reasons, to hide a painting due to its poor
state of conservation, or for controlled/deliberate destruction of a paint layer. The uncovering process is usually carried out mechanically, ending with chemical cleaning to remove any remaining material that may be left
on the painted surface.

Commentaires: Ce recouvrement peut tre

d une ou plusieurs couches superposes
de chaux ou dautres matriaux appliqus sur
la couche picturale. Les raisons du recouvrement peuvent tre varies, par exemple pour
un changement de got, pour des raisons sanitaires pour cacher une peinture due son
mauvais tat de conservation ou pour contrler la destruction dune couche de peinture.
Le dgagement est gnralement mcanique
et termin par lenlvement chimique des rsidus superficiels.

lime, cleaning, overpaint

chaux, nettoyage, repeint

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 8890; Danti, Felici 2008, 2754; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 134; Molt et al. 2003

326

FR

Freilegung

DE

Definition: Der Prozess der Entdeckung oder

des Offenlegens einer Wandmalerei, der die
kontrollierte Entfernung von mehreren darberliegenden, verdeckenden Schichten beinhaltet.
Kommentar: Die berdeckung kann durch
eine oder mehrere berlappende Kalkschichten ber der Malschicht entstanden sein. Die
Grnde dafr knnen vielfltig sein, z.B. Vernderungen des Geschmacks, hygienische
Grnde oder zum Verbergen einer schlecht erhaltenen Wandmalerei oder zur kontrollierten/bewussten Zerstrung einer Malschicht.
Die Freilegung wird meist mechanisch ausgefhrt und endet mit einer chemischen Reinigung, um jegliche berreste von der gefassten Oberflche zu entfernen.
Reinigung, Kalk/Branntkalk, bermalung

iNtERvENtioN
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otkrivanje

HR

Definicija: Proces otkrivanja ili izlaganja zidne

slike. Obuhvaa kontrolirano uklanjanje svih
slojeva koji preklapaju i prekrivaju sliku.
Napomena: Prekrivanje se moe odnositi na
jedan ili vie slojeva vapna ili drugog materijala na slikanome sloju. Razlozi pokrivanja mogu biti razliiti, na primjer estetske promjene,
radi higijenskih razloga ili da bi se sakrila slika
koja je u loemu stanju ili radi kontroliranoga/namjernoga unitavanja slikanog sloja. Postupak otkrivanja najee se provodi mehaniki te zavrava kemijskim ienjem kojim
se uklanja sav materijal koji je ostao na slikanoj
povrini.
vapno, ienje, preslik

Feltrs

HU

Meghatrozs: A falkpek felfedezsnek

vagy felfedsnek folyamata. Felttelezi a klnfle tfestsi s fedrtegek ellenrztt eltvoltst.
Megjegyzs: A fedrteg lehet a festett felletre felhordott egyszeres vagy tbbszrs
mszrteg. Az eltakarsnak klnbz okai lehetnek, pldul az eszttikai irnyzatok vltozsa, higins okok, a falkp elrejtse ennek
rossz llaga miatt. A feltrst ltalban mechanikusan vgzik, vgl pedig egy vegyszeres
tiszttsra kerl sor, a festett felleten htramarad brmely anyag eltvoltsa vgett.
msz, tisztts, tfests

Descialbo

it

odsanianie

PL

Definicja: Proces odkrywania i ukazywania

malowida ciennego. Wie si z kontrolowanym usuwaniem rozmaitych naoonych kryjcych warstw.
Komentarz: Powoka pokrywajca warstw
malarsk moe by pojedyncza lub moe to
by kilka kolejno nakadanych na siebie
warstw wapna lub innych materiaw. Powody pokrywania mogy by rne, np. zmiany
stylw estetycznych, wzgldy higieniczne lub
ch ukrycia malowida ze wzgldu na jego
zy stan zachowania, czy w celu wiadomego/
zamierzonego zniszczenia warstwy malarskiej. Proces odsaniania jest zwykle wykonywany mechanicznie, zakoczony doczyszczaniem chemicznym w celu usunicia z powierzchni malowida wszelkich pozostaoci.
wapno, oczyszczanie, przemalowanie

Decapare

Ro

Definiie: Procesul de descoperire sau de dezvelire a unei picturi murale. Acesta implic ndeprtarea controlat a diferitelor straturi suprapuse i acoperite.

var, curare, repictare

Commento: Ci possono essere vari motivi per

lo scialbo di una pittura murale, per esempio
cambiamenti di stile e di gusto, ma anche motivi igienici o il cattivo stato di conservazione
della pittura stessa. Loperazione di descialbo
di solito viene eseguita meccanicamente e rifinita con una pulitura chimica per rimuovere
eventuali residui di scialbo rimasti sulla superficie pittorica.

Definicin: Proceso de limpieza de una pintura mural que conlleva la eliminacin controlada de estratos de ocultacin.

litura, ridipintura

limpieza, cal, repinte

aa karma

Desencalado

Es

Comentario: Esta ocultacin puede deberse

a una o a varias capas de encalado (cal) y otros
materiales superpuestos a la pelcula pictrica. Los motivos y caractersticas de los encalados son muy variados: desde un cambio de
gusto esttico o necesidades higinicas, hasta
la ocultacin de una pintura por su mal estado
de conservacin o para su destruccin delibe-

tR

Tanm: Duvar resminin aa karlmas ya da

gsterilmesi. Bu ilem, i ie girmi ve rtlm katmanlarn kontroll bir ekilde soyulmasn ierir.
Yorum: Bu saklanma/gizlenme, resim tabakasnn zerindeki st ste binen bir ya da bir ka
kire tabakas (badana katmanlar) yznden
olabilir. Kaplamann sebepleri farkl olabilir, rnein, resim katmanndaki grsel bozulmalar,
hijyenik sebepler, kt koruma durumunu ya
da kontroll/kastl tahribatn saklamak iin.
Aa karma ilemi genellikle mekanik olarak yrtlr, boyamann yzeyinde kalm
olabilen artk malzemelerin kaldrlmas iin
kimyasal temizleme ile son bulur.
kire, temizleme, stne boyama

Adnotare: Aceast acoperire poate fi cauzat

de suprapunerea unuia sau mai multor straturi
de var sau alte materii peste stratul de culoare.
Motivele acoperirilor pot fi variate, de exemplu, schimbri n stilul estetic, motive de igien, pentru a ascunde o pictur datorit strii
precare de conservare, sau pentru distrugerea
controlat/deliberat a unui strat de culoare.
Procesul de decapare se realizeaz de obicei
mecanic, finalizndu-se cu o curare chimic
cu scopul de a ndeprta resturile de material
strin ce pot s rmn pe suprafaa pictat.

Definizione: Operazione di rimozione dello

scialbo su una pittura murale. Si rimuovono
uno o pi strati di scialbo, ossia di imbiancatura con idrato di calcio, con i quali la superficie di una pittura murale era stata ricoperta.

imbiancatura, pittura murale, calce, pu-

rada. Este proceso suele llevarse a cabo mecnicamente, y se termina con una limpieza qumica para eliminar los restos que puedan haber quedado sobre la superficie pictrica.

Bg

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,
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,

.
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, ,
,
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.
,
.
, ,

327

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Carrying out reintegration, wall painting by Dionis Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain), 1694-1700; Photo: 2014, UPV

Reintegration

EN

Definition: To reduce the visual impact of

damage and lacunae on a work of art, thus increasing its artistic and iconographic legibility.
Two- and even three-dimensional reintegrations can be carried out using different methods and techniques.
Comment: Every reintegration is related to a
specific historical and cultural perception of
the work of art and to prevailing taste. Therefore it should be strictly limited to damage
and lacunae and should be clearly distinguishable when viewed at close proximity. Materials to be employed should be compatible with
the original and reversible. A distinction is to
be drawn between lacunae that can be reconstructed and those that cannot, as they require different methods of reintegration.
Traditional terms: retouching, inpainting
mimetic reintegration, neutral reintegration,

tratteggio, pointillism, astrazione cromat-

ica, selezione cromatica

Rintgration

FR

Dfinition: Rduction de limpact visuel des

dtriorations et lacunes sur une uvre dart
pour accrotre sa lisibilit artistique et iconographique. Les rintgrations peuvent tre biou tridimensionnelles et ralises selon diffrentes mthodes et techniques.

Commentaires: Elle doit tre motive par

lhistoire matrielle et culturelle de luvre et
non par des choix arbitraires. Elle doit donc
tre strictement limite aux dtriorations et
lacunes et devrait tre perceptible de prs. Les
matriaux employs sont senss tre compatibles avec les matriaux originaux et tre rversibles. Il faut distinguer les lacunes qui peuvent tre reconstitues de celles qui ne le peuvent pas car elles requirent diffrentes rintgrations.
rintgration illusionniste, rintgration neu-

tre, tratteggio, rintgration chromatique,

pointillisme, abstraction chromatique

integration

DE

Definition: Ihr Ziel ist, die Auswirkung eines

Schadens und einer Fehlstelle zu reduzieren,
indem die knstlerische und ikonographische
Lesbarkeit erhht wird. Zwei- und dreidimensionale Ergnzungen knnen mit verschiedenen Methoden und Techniken ausgefhrt
werden.
Kommentar: Jede Ergnzung steht im Kontext
einer bestimmten kulturhistorischen Rezeption
des Kunstwerks und des Zeitgeschmacks. Sie
muss sich auf die Fehlstelle beschrnken und
aus der Nhe vom Original unterscheidbar sein.
Ergnzungsmaterialien sollten mit dem Original kompatibel und reversibel sein. Man unterscheidet zwischen rekonstruierbaren und nicht
rekonstruierbaren Fehlstellen, weil sie verschiedene Ergnzungsmethoden erfordern.

Synonyme: Reintegration, farbliche Reintegration, Retusche

Fehlstelle, Kittung

Reintegracija

HR

Definicija: Smanjivanje vidljivoga utjecaja

oteenja i lakuna na umjetniko djelo te poveanje umjetnike i ikonografske itljivosti.
S pomou razliitih metoda i tehnika mogu
se izvesti dvodimenzijske pa ak i trodimenzijske reintegracije.
Napomena: Svaka reintegracija povezana je
s odreenom povijesnom ili kulturnom percepcijom umjetnikoga djela i prevladavajuega ukusa. Stoga treba biti strogo ograniena
na oteenja i lakune, a kada se gleda iz blizine
treba biti jasno vidljiva. Materijali koji se upotrebljavaju moraju biti u skladu s izvornikom.
Potrebno je razluiti lakune koje se mogu rekonstruirati i one koje se ne mogu jer zahtijevaju razliite metode reintegracije.
Tradicionalni naziv: retuiranje, uslikavanje
mimetska reintegracija, neutralna reintegra-

cija, tratteggio, poentilizam, astrazione

cromatica, selezione cromatica

Kiegszts

HU

Meghatrozs: Clja mrskelni a malkots

krosodsainak s a hinyz rszeinek vizulis
hatst, javtva ezltal az alkots mvszi s

Sources: Althfer 1962b; Baldini 1978; Casazza 1981; Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1320, 7176; Ciatti 2004, 22/3; Mora et al. 1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001, 185;
Philippot 1959; Schdler-Saub 1986

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ikonogrfiai felismerhetsgt. Kt, akr hromdimenzis kiegszts is lehetsges, klnbz mdszerek s technikk hasznlatval.
Megjegyzs: Minden kiegszts a malkots
sajtos trtneti s kulturlis rzkelstl s
az uralkod zlstl fgg. Ezrt szigoran a krosodott s a hinyz rszekre kell korltozdnia, s kzeli megtekintskor vilgosan megklnbztethetnek kell lennie. A hasznlt
anyagoknak az eredetivel kompatibiliseknek
s eltvolthatknak kell lennik. El kell klnteni a helyrellthat s nem helyrellthat
hinyz rszeket, mert ezek klnbz kiegsztsi mdszereket ignyelnek.
Hagyomnyos kifejezs: retus
beilleszked retus, semleges retus, vonal-

Komentarz: Kade uzupenienie jest powizane ze swoistym odbiorem historycznym i

kulturowym dziea sztuki oraz z panujcym
gustem. Dlatego powinno by cile ograniczone do obszaru uszkodzenia i ubytku, powinno by te atwo rozpoznawalne przy
ogldaniu z niewielkiej odlegoci. Uyte materiay powinny by zgodne z oryginaem i odwracalne. Naley wyranie rozrni ubytki
ktre mog by rekonstruowane od tych, ktrych nie naley uzupenia, wymagaj one odmiennych metod reintegracji.
Tradycyjny termin: retuszowanie
uzupenianie naladowcze, uzupenianie

neutralne, tratteggio, puentylizm, abstrakcja chromatyczna, selekcja chromatyczna

kz retus, pontozsos retus, sznabsztrakci,

selezione cromatica

Reintegrazione

Reintegrare cromatic

it

Definizione: Per migliorare la percezione di

unopera darte frammentaria senza falsificare
il suo messaggio storico-culturale e la sua materia, si eseguono reintegrazioni pittoriche ed
anche plastiche con varie metodologie e tecniche basate sui principi moderni del restauro.
Commento: La reintegrazione riduce linfluenza estetica e iconografica negativa della lacuna;
a distanza ravvicinata si distingue chiaramente
dalloriginale. basata su un determinato approccio culturale allopera ed legata al gusto
del proprio tempo. Per rispettare lintegrit e
lautenticit dellopera, reintegrazioni devono
limitarsi alla lacuna e usare materiali reversibili
e compatibili con loriginale. Le teorie moderne
del restauro distinguono fra lacune ricostruibili
e non ricostruibili, le quali richiedono differenti
metodi e tecniche di reintegrazione. I termini
tradizionali restauro pittorico o ritocco pittorico
si basano su una concezione artistica del restauro non corrispondente ai principi moderni

Ro

Definiie: Se realizeaz cu scopul de a reduce

impactul vizual al degradrilor i al lacunelor
pe o oper de art, sporind astfel lizibilitatea
artistic i iconografic a lucrrii. Se pot realiza
reintegrri bi- i chiar tridimensionale folosind
diferite metode i tehnici.
Adnotare: Fiecare reintegrare este legat de o
percepie istoric i cultural specific a operei
de art i de gustul predominant al vremii. Prin
urmare, reintegrarea trebuie s se limiteze strict
la degradri i la lacune, i ar trebui s se disting
clar atunci cnd este privit din imediata apropiere. Materialele utilizate trebuie s fie compatibile cu originalul i reversibile. Trebuie fcut
o diferen ntre lacunele ce pot fi reconstruite
i cele care nu pot fi, deoarece acestea necesit
metode diferite de reintegrare.
reintegrare mimetic, reintegrare neutr, trat-

teggio, pointilism, abstracie cromatic

Reintegracin

Es

lacuna, reintegrazione a neutro, tratteg-

Definicin: Accin realizada para reducir el

impacto visual de un dao o laguna en una
obra de arte con el fin de aumentar su legibilidad artstica e iconogrfica. Reintegraciones
bi y tridimensionales pueden llevarse a cabo
utilizando diferentes mtodos y tcnicas.

Uzupenianie ubytkw warstwy

malarskiej, reintegracja

Comentario: Cada tipo se basa en un determinado enfoque histrico y cultural de la obra de

arte y est ligado al gusto de cada poca. Con
el fin de respetar la integridad y la autenticidad
de la obra, la reintegracin debe limitarse a la
laguna y debe usar materiales reversibles y
compatibles con el original. Las teoras de la restauracin moderna distinguen entre lagunas reconstruibles y no reconstruibles, que requieren

gio, punteggiato, astrazione cromatica; selezione cromatica, integrazione pittorica mimetica/restauro pittorico imitativo

PL

Definicja: Ograniczenie wzrokowego wraenia zniszcze i ubytkw dziea sztuki poprzez

zwikszenie jego artystycznej i ikonograficznej czytelnoci. Mona wykona uzupenienie
dwu- a nawet trjwymiarowe wykorzystujc
rne metody i techniki.

diferentes mtodos y tcnicas de reintegracin.

Denominacin del trmino tradicional: retoque
reintegracin mimtica, reintegracin neutra,
tratteggio, puntillismo, abstraccin crom-

tica, seleccin cromtica

tamamlama

tR

Tanm: Sanat eserindeki artistik ve ikonografik

okunabilirlii artrmak iin boluklarn ve hasarn grsel etkisini azaltma. ki hatta boyutlu btnletirme, farkl yntem ve teknikler
kullanlarak yrtlebilir.
Yorum: Her btnletirme, sanat eserinin zel
tarihi ve kltrel algsnn yannda gnmzdeki teknii ile ilgilidir. Byle olunca btnletirme hasar ve boluklar iin kesinlikle snrl
olmal, ve yeni ilem yakndan bakldnda
net bir ekilde fark edilebilmelidir. Kullanlan
malzemeler, orijinaline uyumlu ve geri dnml olmaldr. Boluklarda, farkl btnleme
yntemlerine ihtiya duyulduunda, tamamlanamayanlar ile tamamlanabilen boluklar
arasndaki ayrma dikkat edilmelidir.
Geleneksel terimler: rtu, renklendirme
E anlaml: btnleme, tmleme
takliti tamamlama, ntr tamamlama, i-

ziktirme, noktalama, renksel soyutlama

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:

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,

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Neutral reintegration of large infills, wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guill, Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-1700; Photo: 2015, UPV (Jose Luis Regidor)

Neutral reintegration

EN

Definition: When a damaged area or lacuna

cannot be reconstructed due to its size, lack
of reliable sources, or the artistic importance
of the work of art, its negative optical impact
on the original can be reduced by toning
down the damage or lacuna with a so-called
neutral colour, thereby moving it into the
background.
Comment: The method aims to preserve the
authenticity of the fragmented original. It is
widely used in archaeology. However, in more
recent times, the use of this method for the
restoration of paintings has been criticised as
according to the theory of perception
(Gestaltpsychologie, as well as the theory of
colours) there are no neutral colours or neutral additions to a work of art.
reintegration

Rintgration neutre

FR

Dfinition: Lorsque une zone dgrade ou

une lacune ne peut tre reconstruite du fait
de sa taille, de labsence de source fiable ou
limportance artistique de loeuvre, son impact
optique ngatif sur loriginal peut tre estomp avec une couleur neutre.
Commentaires: Le but est de prserver lauthenticit de ce qui reste de loriginal. Largement utilise en archologie, cette mthode
est cependant critique depuis peu sur la base
de la thorie de la perception (Gestaltpsychologie, de mme que la thorie des couleurs)
selon laquelle il ny a pas de couleurs ou
dajots neutres dans une oeuvre dart.
rintgration

Neutrale Ergnzung

DE

Definition: Wenn eine Fehlstelle wegen ihres

Ausmaes, fehlender Quellen oder der knstlerischen Bedeutung des Werkes nicht rekonstruierbar ist, kann man ihre negative optische
Wirkung mindern, indem man sie mit Farbe
oder einem Verputz in einem neutralen Farbton als Hintergrund definiert.
Kommentar: Mit dieser Methode will man die
Authentizitt eines fragmentarischen Kunstwerks bewahren. Sie ist in der Archologie
weit verbreitet. In der Gemlderestaurierung
wird sie heute kritisch beurteilt, da es bei der
Wahrnehmung eines Kunstwerks (im Sinne
der Gestaltpsychologie und der Farbtheorie)
weder neutrale Farben noch neutrale Ergnzungen an Kunstwerken gibt.
Synonym: Neutralretusche
Integration

Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1320, 7176; Ciatti 2004, 21/2; Mora et al.1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001,184; Paolini 1999, 291; Philippot 1959; Schdler-Saub
1998

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Neutralna reintegracija

HR

Definicija: Kada se oteeno podruje ili lakuna ne mogu rekonstruirati zbog veliine, nedostatka pouzdanoga izvora ili umjetnike vrijednosti djela. Negativan utjecaj takvih oteenja na original moe se s umanjiti toniranjem oteenja ili lakune tzv. neutralnom bojom i na taj se nain pomaknuti u pozadinu.

dipinti invece, oggi criticamente discusso,

perch nella percezione (vedi Gestaltpsychologie e teoria dei colori) non esistono colori
neutri n aggiunte neutre a unopera darte.

de fuentes fiables, se puede reducir su influencia ptica negativa sobre el original mediante
un color neutro que se define como fondo.

intonaco, lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro

Comentario: Este mtodo de reintegracin

pretende preservar la autenticidad de la obra
fragmentada. Se utiliza ampliamente en la arqueologa. En restauracin pictrica actualmente, sin embargo, est crticamente en discusin, ya que segn la teora de la percepcin (al igual que la teora del color) no existen colores neutros o agregados neutros en
una obra de arte.

pittorico

Uzupenianie neutralne
Napomena: Cilj je metode sauvati autentinost fragmentiranoga izvornika. Takav se pristup esto primjenjuje u arheologiji. Meutim,
u novije je vrijeme primjena ove metode restauracije slika podvrgnuta kritici jer prema
teoriji percepcije (Gestaltpsychologie kao i
teoriji boja) nema neutralnih boja, odnosno
nema neutralnih dodataka umjetnikomu
djelu.
reintegracija

semleges retus

HU

Meghatrozs: Ha egy krosodott vagy hinyz rsz nem rekonstrulhat, mretei, hiteles forrsok hinya vagy a malkots mvszi fontossga miatt, az eredetire gyakorolt
negatv optikai hats cskkentse rdekben
egy semleges (neutrlis) sznnel tomptjk a
ltvnyt, ami ltal httrbe kerl.

Definicja: Kiedy uszkodzony obszar lub ubytek nie moe by zrekonstruowany z powodu
zakresu, braku wiarygodnych rde lub artystycznej wartoci dziea sztuki, jego negatywny wpyw na orygina moe by zagodzony
poprzez stonowanie uszkodzenia czy ubytku
przy uyciu tzw. koloru neutralnego, niejako
przeniesienie go do ta.
Komentarz: Metoda umoliwia zachowanie
autentyzmu fragmentarycznego oryginau.
Jest szeroko stosowana w archeologii. Jednak
ostatnio stosowanie tej metody w konserwacji
jest krytykowane zgodnie z teori percepcji
(Gestaltpsychologie, jak rwnie teori kolorw) nie ma neutralnego koloru ani neutralnych dodatkw do dziaa sztuki.
uzupenianie/reintegracja

Reintegrare neutr
Megjegyzs: A mdszer clja megrizni a tredkes eredeti malkots hitelessgt. Szles
krben hasznljk a rgszetben. Mindamellett, a festmnyrestaurlsban val hasznlata
brlt, mivel az rzkels elmlete szerint
(Gestaltpsychologie valamint a sznelmlet)
nincsenek semleges sznek vagy semleges
kiegsztsek egy malkotson.
kiegszts

Reintegrazione a neutro

it

Definizione: Quando una lacuna non ricostruibile a causa delle sue dimensioni o della
sua importanza artistica o per mancanza di
fonti attendibili, si pu ridurre la sua influenza
ottica negativa sulloriginale con vari metodi
e tecniche.
Commento: Di solito si cerca di definire la lacuna come sfondo, usando una tinta o un intonaco di tono neutro e ponendo lintegrazione un poco sotto il livello dei frammenti originali. Il metodo vuole salvaguardare lautenticit dellopera darte frammentaria. molto
usato in ambito archeologico. Nel restauro dei

PL

Ro

Definiie: Atunci cnd o zon degradat sau

o lacun nu poate fi reconstruit datorit dimensiunii sale, datorit lipsei de surse credibile, sau datorit importanei artistice a operei
de art, impactul optic negativ de pe original
poate fi redus prin estomparea degradrii sau
a lacunei cu o aa-numit culoare neutr, plasndu-o astfel n fundal.
Adnotare: Metoda are drept scop pstrarea
autenticitii originalului fragmentat. Reintegrarea neutr este utilizat n arheologie pe
scar larg. Cu toate acestea, n ultima vreme,
utilizarea acestei metode pentru restaurarea
picturilor a fost criticat, deoarece, conform
teoriei percepiei (Gestaltpsychologie, precum i teoriei culorilor) nu exist culori neutre
sau completri neutre la o oper de art.
reintegrare cromatic

Reintegracin neutra

Es

Definicin: Cuando un rea daada o una laguna no puede ser reconstruida debido a su
tamao, a su importancia artstica o a la falta

reintegracin

Ntr btnleme

tR

Tanm: Hasarl blge veya boluk, boyutu, gvenilir kaynak eksiklii ya da sanat eserinin artistik nemi yznden btnlenemiyorsa, orijinalindeki negatif optik etki, ntr renk kullanlarak hasarn ya da boluun tonunun yumuatlmasyla azaltlabilir bylelikle bu etki
arka plana tanm olur.
Yorum: Bu yntemde ama, paralanm olan
orijinal eserin otantikliini korumaktr. Genellikle arkeolojide kullanlr. Fakat gnmzde,
bu yntemin resim restorasyonu iin kullanm
eletirilmektedir, nk alg teorisine gre
(renklerin teorisi olarak bilinen Gestalt psikolojisi) sanat eserinde ntr renk veya ekler yoktur.
tamamlama, btnleme

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331

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Short vertical coloured lines for reintegration of an infill, wall painting by Dionis
Vidal, Church of San Nicols Obispo y San Pedro Mrtir, Valencia (Spain) 16941700; Photo: 2014, UPV

tratteggio

EN

Definition: Based on the conservation/

restoration theory of Cesare Brandi, the shape
and colour of a damaged area are reconstructed using short vertical lines.
Comment: As in pointillism, pure colours are
used mostly water colours that appear to
blend together when viewed from a distance.
It is only used for small areas of lacunae that
can be very confidently and easily reconstructed. It improves the readability of a fragmented work of art, and is discernible at close
proximity. The intervention is reversible. In
many countries, the term is mistakenly used
for any type of retouching carried out with
lines, even for mono-chromatic retouchings.
Not to be confused with: rigatino
reintegration, pointillism

tratteggio

FR

Dfinition: Reconstruction de la forme et de

la couleur dune zone lacunaire par de petits
traits verticaux (daprs la thorie de la restauration de Cesare Brandi).

Commentaires: Comme dans le pointillisme,

on utilise des couleurs pures -gnralement
de laquarelle- qui se mlangent optiquement
distance. On amliore la lisibilit dune oeuvre fragmente par la rintgration de petites
lacunes facilement reconstitues mais qui restent identifiables de prs. Dans de nombreux
pays, le terme est abusivement utilis pour dsigner toutes retouches au trait, mme monochromatique.
Ne pas confondre avec: rigatino

Integration, Punktretusche

tratteggio

DE

Definition: Form und Farbigkeit einer Fehlstelle wird mit kurzen vertikalen Strichen auf hellem Untergrund rekonstruiert (auf Grundlage
der Restaurierungstheorie von Cesare Brandi).
Kommentar: Wie im Pointillismus werden reine Farben, meist Aquarellfarben, verwendet,
die sich aus der Distanz im Auge des Betrachters mischen. Es wird nur bei kleinen Fehlstellen angewandt, die zweifelsfrei rekonstruierbar sind. Es verbessert die Lesbarkeit eines
fragmentarischen Kunstwerks und ist aus der
Nhe identifizierbar. Die Manahme ist rever-

Napomena: Kao u poentilizmu, rabe se iste

boje uglavnom vodene koje iz daljine izgledaju kao da se stapaju. Tehnika se primjenjuje samo za mala podruja lakune koja se
mogu pouzdano i lako rekonstruirati. Rekonstrukcija poboljava itljivost fragmentiranoga umjetnikog djela te je primjetna iz blizine.
Intervencija je reverzibilna. U mnogim zemljama naziv se pogreno upotrebljava za bilo koju vrstu retuiranja izvedenu crticama, ak i za
monokromatsko retuiranje.
Ne smije se mijeati s: rigatino
reintegracija, poentilizam

Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 1322, 7176; Mora et al. 1984, 355358; Nimmo 2001, 185; Schdler-Saub 1986; Schdler-Saub 2005

332

HR

Definicija: Rekonstrukcija oblika i boja oteenoga podruja kratkim okomitim crticama

temeljena na konzervatorskoj teoriji Cesarea
Brandija.

rintgration, pointillisme

tratteggio

sibel. In vielen Lndern wird der Begriff irrtmlich fr jede Art von Strichretusche genutzt, sogar frneutrale monochrome Strichtexturen.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Rigatino, Strichretusche

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vonalkz retus

HU

Meghatrozs: Cesare Brandi restaurls elmlete alapjn, a krosodott rsz formjt s

sznt rvid, fggleges vonalakkal lltjk
helyre.
Megjegyzs: Akrcsak a pontozsos retus
esetn, tiszta szneket hasznlnak ltalban
vzfestkeket melyek tvolabbrl szemllve
sszeolvadnak. Csak kismret hinyok esetn hasznljk, melyeket bizonyosan s knynyen rekonstrulhatak. Javtja a tredkes
malkots olvashatsgt s kzelrl felismerhet. A beavatkozs visszafordthat. A kifejezst sok orszgban tvesen hasznljk,
brmely tpus vonalakkal vgzett retus, akr
egyszn retus esetn.
Szinonimk: vonalkzs, tratteggio
Tves megnevezs: rigatino
kiegszts, pontozsos retus

tratteggio

Komentarz: Tak jak w technice punktowania

uywane s czyste kolory gwnie akwarele
wspgrajce ze sob podczas ogldania z
dystansu. Metoda stosowana tylko na maych
ubytkach, ktre mona pewnie i atwo zrekonstruowa. Uzupenienie, dostrzegalne z bliskiej odlegoci, poprawia czytelno niekompletnego dziea sztuki. Interwencja jest odwracalna. W wielu krajach termin mylnie uywany do kadego sposobu retuszowania z zastosowaniem linii, nawet monochromatycznego. Termin rigatino bywa mylnie uywany
jako synonim terminu tratteggio.
uzupenianie / reintegracja, kropkowanie,
puentylizm

tratteggio

it

Definizione: Basato sulla teoria del restauro

di Cesare Brandi, il tratteggio ricostruisce forma e cromia di un testo pittorico lacunoso con
brevi tratti paralleli verticali di colori puri giustapposti e sovrapposti, secondo i principi del
pointilismo, su uno sfondo chiaro.
Commento: Integra limmagine senza creare
un falso storico e artistico, perch a distanza
ravvicinata facilmente identificabile. Di solito si usano colori ad acquarello, lintervento
reversibile (per Brandi, un concetto essenziale
per ogni reintegrazione). applicabile solo a
lacune di dimensioni contenute, in cui limmagine ricostruibile senza dubbi o arbitrariet
interpretative. In molti paesi, il termine usato
per ogni tipo dintegrazione a righe, con varie
strutture e con colori mescolati sulla tavolozza; pu persino assumere la funzione di unintegrazione a neutro, con righe monocrome,
senza ricostruire forma e cromia.
Da non confondersi con: rigatino (termine improprio per tratteggio)
lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico,
punteggiato, reintegrazione a neutro

tratteggio

nowych linii, metoda oparta na teorii konserwacji / restauracji Cesare Brandiego.

PL

Definicja: Zarysy i kolory zniszczonych partii

s rekonstruowane przy uyciu krtkich pio-

Ro

Definiie: Bazat pe teoria conservrii-restaurrii a lui Cesare Brandi, forma i culoarea unei
zone degradate este reconstruit prin linii verticale scurte.
Adnotare: Ca i n pointilism, sunt folosite culori pure mai ales culori pe baz de ap care
vizualizate de la distan par s se contopeasc.
Este folosit doar pentru lacune mici care pot
fi reconstruite cu foarte mare ncredere i uurin. Acesta mbuntete lizibilitatea unei
opere de art fragmentate i este perceptibil
din imediata apropiere. Intervenia este reversibil. n multe ri, termenul este folosit eronat pentru orice tip de retu realizat cu linii,
chiar i pentru retuuri monocromatice.
A nu se confunda cu: rigatino
reintegrare cromatic, pointilism

tratteggio

Es

Definicin: Basado en la teora de la restauracin de Brandi, reconstruye la forma y el color de un rea daada con trazos cortos paralelos y verticales.
Comentario: Igual que el puntillismo, se usan
colores puros, generalmente acuarelas, que se
fusionan cuando se observan en la distancia.
Es aplicable solo en lagunas de pequeo tamao que pueden reconstruirse fcilmente y
sin dudas ni interpretaciones arbitrarias. Me-

jora la lectura de una obra de arte fragmentada que es fcilmente identificable a corta distancia. La intervencin es reversible. En muchos pases, el trmino se utiliza para cualquier tipo de integracin a rayas, incluso para
los retoques monocromticos.
No confundir con: rigatino
reintegracin, puntillismo

iziktirme

tR

Tanm: Cesare Brandinin koruma/restorasyon

teorisine dayanarak, hasarl blgenin eklinin
ve renginin, ksa dey izgiler kullanlarak yeniden yaplmasdr.
Yorum: Noktalamada olduu gibi, uzaktan
bakldnda birbirine karm gibi grnen
katksz renkler -ounlukla sulu boyalar-kullanlr. Sadece hasarn kk ksmlarnda ve
geri dnebilir nitelikte uygulanr. ok yakndan bakldnda tamamlanan alann yeni yapldnn okunabilir olmas gerekir. (Brandinin teorisine gre btnlemenin geri dnml olmas hayati bir kavramdr). Birok lkede bu terim yanllkla izgilerle yaplan her
trl rtu hatta tek renkli rtu iin kullanlr.
E anlam: tarama
Kartrmaynz: rigatino
btnleme, tamamlama, noktalama

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333

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Reintegration of an infill with dots of pure colour, Ottonian Cycle, St. Georg, Reichenau-Oberzell (Germany), 10th century; Photos: 1988, RPS (Drthe Jakobs, Helmut F. Reichwald)

Pointillism

EN

Pointillisme

Punktretusche

DE

Definition: The colour and not necessarily

the shape of the damage or lacuna is reconstructed using a dense application of dots
(wherever possible in pure colours).

Dfinition: Reconstitution de la couleur -pas

forcment de la forme- dune zone lacunaire
par un rseau de points juxtaposs et superposs, selon le principe du pointillisme.

Definition: Mit einem dichten Auftrag von

Punkten in mglichst reinen Farben rekonstruiert man die Farbigkeit, nicht unbedingt
die Form einer Fehlstelle.

Comment: The texture of the dots allows for

the identification of damage at close proximity; at a normal viewing distance it has a positive impact on the perception of the fragmentary image through its impressionistic effect
with the combination of warm and cold and
lighter and darker colours. The reconstruction
is carried out only on new infills. The pointillistic reintegration uses the principles of tratteggio, but it can also be used on larger lacunae that cannot be formally reconstructed.

Commentaires: La finesse du rseau de

points ne rend visible la rintgration qu distance rapproche. A distance normale, la perception de limage fragmentaire est restitue
par leffet chromatique de type impressionniste. La rintgration nest effectue que sur
des comblements neufs. La rintgration par
pointillisme reprend certains principes du
tratteggio, mais est galement applicable
des lacunes plus grandes et o les formes ne
peuvent pas tre reconstitues.

Kommentar: Durch die Punktstruktur erkennt

man den Schaden aus der Nhe; bei normalem Abstand frdert sie die Wahrnehmung
der fragmentarischen Darstellung durch die
impressionistische Farbwirkung. Die Punktretusche wird nur auf neuen Kittungen ausgefhrt. Sie nimmt einige Prinzipien des Tratteggio auf, kann aber auch bei greren und formal nicht rekonstruierbaren Fehlstellen angewandt werden.

reintegration, tratteggio

rintgration, tratteggio

Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Jakobs 2005

334

FR

Integration, tratteggio

iNtERvENtioN
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HR

In uso anche il termine puntinismo (quando

il punteggiato adoperato come neutro).

Definicija: Tehnika rekonstrukcije oteenja

ili lakune s pomou gustih toaka u boji. Kada
je to mogue, rabe se iste boje.

lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico,

Poentilizam

Napomena: Tekstura toaka omoguuje utvrivanje tete iz neposredne blizine. Pri normalnoj udaljenosti ima pozitivan utjecaj na
percepciju fragmentarne slike impresionistikim efektom kombinacije toplih i hladnih te
svjetlijih i tamnijih boja. Rekonstrukcija se izvodi samo na novim ispunama. Poentilistika
reintegracija temelji se na naelima tratteggia, ali se takoer moe primijeniti i na veim
lakunama koje se ne mogu formalno rekonstruirati.
reintegracija, tratteggio

Pontozsos retus

HU

Meghatrozs: A krosods vagy hinyz

rsz sznt s nem felttlenl a formjt is
sr pontok elhelyezsvel rekonstruljk
(amennyiben lehet, tiszta szneket hasznlva).
Megjegyzs: A pontok textrja lehetv teszi
a krosods kzelrl val felismerst; normlis
tvolsgrl szemllve pozitv hatssal van a tredkes kp felismerhetsgre, impresszionista hatsa, a hideg s meleg, vilgos s stt sznek sszeolvadsa ltal. A helyrelltst csak j
tmtseken vgzik. A pontozsos retus a vonalkz retushoz hasonl elveken alapszik, de
hasznlhat nagyobb hinyokon is, melyeken
a formai kiegszts nem lehetsges.

Punktowanie / Kropkowanie

PL

Definicja: Rekonstruowany jest kolor nie koniecznie ksztat zniszczenia lub ubytku, z wykorzystaniem gstych kropek (o ile to moliwe
w czystych kolorach).

reintegracin, tratteggio

Noktalama
Komentarz: Struktura kropek pozwala na
identyfikacj ubytkw z bliska, poprzez impresjonistyczny efekt zmieszania ciepych i
zimnych oraz ciemniejszych i janiejszych kolorw przy zwykej odlegoci ma pozytywny
wpyw na odbir niekompletnego obrazu. Rekonstrukcja jest wykonywana tylko na nowych wypenieniach. Puentylistyczne punktowania / uzupenianie / reintegracja dziaa
wedug zasad tratteggio, ale moe by stosowane take na wikszych ubytkach, ktre w
zasadzie nie mog by rekonstruowane.
Synonim: puentylizm
uzupenianie/reintegracja, tratteggio

Pointilism

Ro

Definiie: Culoarea i nu neaprat forma degradrii sau a unei lacune este reconstruit folosind o aplicare dens de puncte (n culori
pure, oriunde este posibil).

it

Definizione: Si ricostruisce la cromia, non la

forma, di un testo pittorico lacunoso con una
struttura a puntini giustapposti e sovrapposti,
secondo i principi del pointillismo.
Commento: La finezza del punteggiato tale
da rendere riconoscibile lintegrazione a distanza ravvicinata. A distanza normale, la percezione dellimmagine frammentaria facilitata dalla cromia di effetto impressionistico.
La reintegazione viene eseguita solo su nuove
stuccature. Il punteggiato riprende certi principi del tratteggio, ma applicabile anche a
lacune di dimensioni pi grandi o laddove le
forme dellimmagine non sono ricostruibili. Se
la cromia rinuncia ad avvicinarsi alloriginale
circostante, il punteggiato pu assumere anche la funzione di unintegrazione a neutro.

Adnotare: Textura punctelor permite identificarea deteriorrilor din imediata apropiere;

la o distan normal de vizualizare are un impact pozitiv asupra percepiei imaginii fragmentate, prin efectul su impresionist, datorat
combinaiei de culori calde i reci, mai deschise i mai ntunecate. Reconstrucia se realizeaz doar pe chituirile noi. Reintegrarea pointillist se realizeaz conform principiilor tratteggio-ului, ns poate fi folosit i pe lacune mai
mari ce nu pot fi reconstruite.
reintegrare cromatic, tratteggio

Puntillismo

Es

Definicin: Tipo de reintegracin que reconstruye el cromatismo, aunque no necesariamente la forma, de un dao o laguna, mediante el uso de puntos, con colores puros, siempre que sea posible.

tR

Tanm: Hasar veya boluun rengi ok gerekli

olmasa da eklinin youn noktalama (mmkn olan yerlerde doal renklerde) uygulamasyla tamamlanmas.
Yorum: Noktalarn dokusu, ok yakndan bakldnda hasarn fark edilmesine izin vermeli,
normal mesafeden bakldnda da, scak-souk, ak-koyu renklerin kombinasyonunun
verdii etki sayesinde paralanm resimde
olumlu bir iz brakmaldr. Tamamlama sadece
yeni boluklarda yaplr. Noktalama ile tamamlama izgi ile tamamlama prensiplerini kullanarak alr ancak ayn zamanda Tratteggio
prensiplerini kullanarak alr fakat ayn zamanda ekil olarak yeniden ina edilemeyen
daha byk boluklarda da kullanlabilir.
tamamlama, btnleme, izgi ile tamam-

lama

kiegszts, vonalkz retus

Punteggiato

tratteggio, reintegrazione a neutro, astrazione cromatica, selezione cromatica

Comentario: La textura de los puntos permite

la identificacin del dao a corta distancia, mientras que a la distancia normal, la percepcin de
la imagen fragmentada se ve atenuada por la
combinacin de colores (fros, clidos, claros y
oscuros), con efecto impresionista. La intervencin se realiza solo sobre estucados nuevos. El
puntillismo utiliza algunos principios del tratteggio, pero tambin es aplicable a lagunas ms
grandes donde las formas no son reconstruibles.

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335

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Before/after velatura on a column, Cappella Maggiore di Santa Croce, Florence (Italy), 1380; Photos: 2010, OPD (Maria Rosa Lanfranchi)

tonal adjustment / glazing

EN

Definition: Small losses in the paint layer, in

the preparatory layer or in the final layer of an
architectural surface, caused by wear/use,
abrasion or other damage, are reintegrated by
means of reducing the tone with transparent
glazes (applied using watercolours or any other compatible and adequate binding media).
Comment: It is applied onto the original support, e.g. on the intonaco (plaster) and, is reversible. It is able to reintroduce an appearance
of integrity to the architectural surface, optically darkening the lighter tones of the losses
with respect to the original surface. Another
possibility for the reintegration of larger losses
is the application of watercolour glazes by
means of dots, ticks or similar formal textures.
Not to be confused with: acqua sporca
reintegration

glacis

FR

Dfinition: Attnuation des petites pertes de

couches picturale, de prparation ou dun dcor architectural, du fait dusures, dabrasion

ou autre dgradation, en appliquant une

peinture leau ou tout autre liant compatible
et adapt.
Commentaires: Il est rversible et appliqu
sur le support original (ex. intonaco, enduit). Il
peut redonner une apparence dintgrit la
couche picturale ou la surface architecturale,
en assombrissant les tons plus clairs des lacunes par rapport la surface dorigine. Il est
aussi possible dappliquer des glacis par
points ou toute autre texture similaire
dusage, pour rintgrer des lacunes plus importantes.
Ne pas confondre avec: acqua sporca

336

DE

Definition: Kleine Fehlstellen von Malschicht,

-grund oder der obersten Schicht einer Architekturoberflche, die durch Abnutzung, Abrieb o.a. entstanden sind, ergnzt man in reduziertem Farbton, mit Lasuren aus Wasserfarben oder anderen Farben mit passenden
Bindemitteln.

Sources: Basile 2005; Brandi 1963, 7176; Mora et al.1999, 329345; Nimmo 2001, 186

Integration

tonsko podeavanje / Lazuriranje

rintgration

Lasierende Ergnzung

Kommentar: Sie wird auf den originalen Trger, z.B. den Intonaco, aufgetragen und ist reversibel. Sie kann ein geschlossenes Erscheinungsbild wiederherstellen, indem sie, mit
Rcksicht auf die originale Oberflche, die helleren Farbtne der Fehlstellen abdunkelt. Fr
die Ergnzung groer Fehlstellen ist das Auftragen von Aquarell-Lasuren in Form von Punkten, Hkchen oder hnlichen Formen mglich.
Synonyme: Unterton-Lasur, Aquarell-Lasur
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: acqua sporca

HR

Definicija: Manji gubitci prouzroeni troenjem/ koritenjem, abrazijom ili drugim oteenjem u slikanome, pripremnome ili zavrnome sloju arhitektonske povrine, reintegriraju se smanjivanjem tona lazurnim vodenim
bojama ili nekim drugim kompatibilnim i odgovarajuim vezivom.
Napomena: Nanosi se na originalnu podlogu,
npr. na intonaco (buku) i reverzibilno je. Mogue je ponovno uspostaviti dojam cjelovitosti
arhitektonske povrine optiki tamnjenjem

iNtERvENtioN
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svijetlih tonova praznina u odnosu na izvornu

povrinu. Druga mogunost za reintegriranje
veih praznina je uporaba akvarelnih lazura s
pomou toaka, kukica ili neke sline teksture.
Ne smije se mijeati s: acqua sporca
reintegracija

Lazrozs

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy ptszeti fellet festkrtegei, alapozsa vagy bevonata hasznlat,

kops vagy egyb kr miatti kisebb hinyainak kiegsztse, gy, hogy visszafogjk a tnusukat tltsz, vzfestkkel vagy ms megfelel ktanyaggal felhordott lazrral.
Megjegyzs: Az eredeti felletre hordjk fel,
pldul az intonaco (vakolat) rtegre s visszafordthat. Kpes visszaadni az ptszeti fellet egysges ltvnyt, optikailag stttve az
eredeti fellethez kpest vilgosabb hinyok
rnyalatt. A nagyobb hinyok kiegsztse
esetn a vzfestkes lazrozs pontokkal, vonalkkkal vagy hasonl szablyos textrkkal
val alkalmazsa is lehetsges.
Tves megnevezs: acqua sporca
kiegszts

Reintegrazione a velatura/
abbassamento ottico/ sottotono

it

Definizione: Piccole perdite nella pellicola

pittorica, nello strato di preparazione o in strati di rifinitura della superficie architettonica
dovute a usura, abrasione o altri motivi, si reintegrano per abbassamento di tono, mediante
velature trasparenti eseguite ad acquarello o
con altri pigmenti con un legante adatto.
Commento: La reintegrazione a velatura applicata sul supporto originale, p. es. sullintonaco
abraso. reversibile. Restituisce continuit al tessuto pittorico, facendo arretrare otticamente le
parti pi chiare dovute alla mancanza della superficie originale. Una variante, per perdite di dimensioni pi grandi, lapplicazione di strati di velatura
ad acquarello con struttura punteggiata o simile.
Da non confondersi con: acqua sporca (termine tradizionale improprio)
lacuna, abrasione, reintegrazione/restauro

pittorico, reintegrazione a neutro

Lawowanie tonalne

ni architektonicznej spowodowane przez zuycie, otarcia lub inne uszkodzenia, mona uzupeni przez stonowanie przezroczystym laserunkiem akwarel lub farb z innym waciwym
spoiwem.
Komentarz: Lawowanie tonalne nakadane
na oryginalne podoe, np. na intonaco (tynk),
jest odwracalne. Umoliwia stworzenie wraenia integracji ubytkw z warstw malarsk
czy powierzchni architektoniczn, optycznie
ciemniajc jasne tony ubytkw z poszanowaniem oryginalnej powierzchni. Mona uzupenia wiksze ubytki przez stonowanie akwarel i z uyciem znakw graficznych: kropek,
ptaszkw i in. Woski termin aqua sporca bywa bdnie stosowany jako synonim tonalnego lawowania
uzupenianie/reintegracja

ajustare tonal

Ro

Definiie: Mici pierderi n stratul de culoare,

n stratul de preparaie sau n stratul final al
unei suprafee arhitecturale, cauzate de uzur/utilizare, abraziune sau alte deteriorri, sunt
reintegrate prin estomparea tonului cu velaturi transparente folosind acuarele sau orice
alt liant compatibil i adecvat.
Adnotare: Este realizat pe suportul original,
de exemplu pe intonaco (tencuial) i este reversibil. Este capabil s restabileasc un aspect de integritate suprafeei arhitecturale, optic nchiznd la culoare tonurile mai deschise
ale degradrilor, respectnd suprafaa original. O alt variant pentru reintegrarea pierderilor de dimensiuni mari este aplicarea unei velaturi de acuarel prin intermediul punctelor,
bifelor sau texturilor similare regulate.
Sinonim: velatura
A nu se confunda cu: acqua sporca
reintegrare cromatic

ajuste tonal

reintegracin

ton ayarlamas / srlama

tR

Tanm: Mimari yzeyin boya katman, hazrlk

katman veya son katmanndaki ypranma/kullanm, anma veya dier zararlar sebebiyle olumu kk kayplarn sulu boyalar veya dier
uyumlu balayc aralar kullanlarak effaf srlar
ile ton azaltma yntemiyle tamamlanmas.
Yorum:Ton ayarlamas/srlama boya ya da boya
alt tabakas zerine uygulanr ve geri dnmldr. Orijinal yzeye saygy gsterebilmek iin
boluun tamamlama ilemi daha ak renk
tonlarn karartma ya da mimari yzeyden daha
geriden olmak zere uygulanr. Byk boluklar
tamamlamann bir baka yolu da noktalama,
kk izgiler ya da benzer biimli dokular kullanlarak sulu boyal sr uygulanmasdr.
Geleneksel talyan terimi olan kirli su hatal bir
ekilde Ton ayarlamas/srlama terimleri ile e
anlam olarak kullanlr.
E anlam: srlama
Kartrmaynz: kirli su
tamamlama, btnleme

Bg

:
,
, /, ,

.

Es

Definicin: Las pequeas prdidas en la capa

pictrica, en la capa preparatoria o en la capa
final de una superficie arquitectnica, causadas por el desgaste o el uso, la abrasin u otros
daos, son reintegradas mediante la reduccin del tono aplicando veladuras transparentes mediante el uso de acuarelas u otras tcnicas adecuadas.

PL

Definicja: Mae ubytki warstwy malarskiej,

przygotowawczej lub wykoczenia powierzch-

el aspecto de integridad de la superficie arquitectnica, disminuyendo pticamente el tono

de las prdidas con respecto al original. Una
variante para la reintegracin de prdidas ms
grandes es la realizacin de veladuras con
acuarelas mediante puntos, o similar.
No confundir con: acqua sporca

Comentario: Se aplica sobre el soporte original, por ejemplo, sobre el intonaco (revoque),
y de manera reversible. Es capaz de devolver

: /
, .
( )
. ,
-
.
, .

337

iNtERvENtioN
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Before/after mimetic reintegration of an infill, Church of St. Lawrence, Poega (Croatia), 12th century; Photos: 2012, HRZ (Ivan Sra)

mimetic reintegration

EN

Definition: Damage (a lacuna) is reconstructed as accurately as possible technically and

stylistically so that it cannot be distinguished
from the original with the naked eye.
Comment: This procedure is used regardless
of the extent or the importance of the lacuna.
One assumes a perfect state of preservation
and thereby falsifies the historic and artistic
expression of the work of art. This conflicts
with modern conservation ethics. Today this
restoration procedure is justified only in exceptional cases, such as after vandalism. Historical mimetic restorations are generally preserved, as long as they do not negatively affect the original (from a conservation point of
view).
Synonym: illusionism reintegration
Not to be confused with: complete retouching
reintegration

Rintgration illusionniste

FR

Dfinition: Lacune reconstruite techniquement et stylistiquement afin quelle ne puisse

tre distingue de loriginal lil nu.

Commentaires: tait auparavant utilise, partant du principe que luvre devait tre en
parfait tat de conservation. Pour viter toute
falsification historique et artistique, cette intervention rversible est maintenant restreinte au seul rtablissement dune expression artistique partiellement masque ou modifie pour une uvre insuffisamment lisible,
si les lacunes ne sont pas trop importantes et
si les motifs originaux sont connus. Des restaurations historiques illusionnistes sont souvent conserves si elles naffectent pas ngativement loriginal du point de vue de la
conservation.
Ne pas confondre avec: rintgration pousse

338

mimetska reintegracija

HR

DE

Definition: Mit einer mglichst genauen

Nachahmung der maltechnischen und stilistischen Merkmale einer Malerei wird eine
Fehlstelle so ergnzt, dass sie mit bloem Auge nicht vom Original zu unterscheiden ist.
Kommentar: Die Vorgehensweise wird unabhngig von Ausma und Bedeutung einer
Fehlstelle angewandt. Man tuscht einen perfekten Zustand vor und verflscht damit die

Sources: Althfer 1962a; Althfer 1962b; Philippot 1962; Piva 1980, 240244; Ortner 2003, 3739

Integration

Definicija: Rekonstrukcija oteenja (lakune)

koja je tehniki i stilski izvedena to je tonije
mogue, tako da ju je golim okom nemogue
razlikovati od originala.

rintgration

mimetische Ergnzung

historische und knstlerische Aussage des

Kunstwerks. Dies widerspricht der modernen
Restaurierungsethik. Nur in Ausnahmefllen,
z. B. nach Vandalismus, ist diese Methode heute berechtigt. Historische mimetische Ergnzungen werden im Allgemeinen erhalten, solange sie aus konservatorischer Sicht nicht negativ fr das Original sind.
Synonym: mimetische Retusche

Napomena: Ovaj se postupak provodi bez

obzira na veliinu ili vanost lakune. Pretpostavlja savrenu ouvanost i stoga falsificira
povijesni i umjetniki izraaj umjetnikoga
djela. U sukobu je s modernom etikom konzerviranja. Danas je taj postupak restauriranja
opravdan samo u iznimnim sluajevima, primjerice nakon vandalizma. U povijesne mimetske restauracije uglavnom se ne intervenira, sve dok s konzervatorskoga gledita ne
utjeu negativno na izvornik.

iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN

technicznie i stylistycznie by nie mgo by

odrnione od oryginau goym okiem.

Ne smije se mijeati s: potpuno retuiranje

Sinonim: iluzionistika reintegracija
reintegracija

Beilleszked (integrlt) retus

HU

Meghatrozs: A krosodst (hinyt) a lehet

legpontosabban rekonstruljk technikailag
s stlusban is gy, hogy szabad szemmel
nem lehet megklnbztetni az eredetitl.
Megjegyzs: A mdszert a hinyz rsz mrettl s fontossgtl fggetlenl alkalmazzk. A szemll a malkots tkletes megrzst felttelezi, s ezltal az beilleszked kiegszts meghamistja a malkots trtneti
s mvszeti kifejezst. Ez ellenttben van a
kortrs restaurlsi etikval. Manapsg ez a
restaurlsi eljrs csak rendkvli esetekben
indokolt, mint pldul vandalizmus esetn. A
trtneti integrlt helyrelltsokat ltalban
megrzik, amennyiben ezek nem hatnak krosan az eredeti rsz llagnak megvsra.
Tves megnevezs: teljes kiegszts
kiegszts

integrazione pittorica mimetica /

Restauro pittorico imitativo

it

Definizione: Con unimitazione possibilmente

precisa delle caratteristiche stilistiche, tecniche
e materiche di unopera darte, si eseguono integrazioni pittoriche delle lacune che a occhio
nudo non si distinguono dalloriginale.
Commento: Questa tecnica tradizionale
adottata per ogni tipo di lacuna, indipendentemente dalla sua importanza e dalle dimensioni. Il metodo falsifica il valore storico e artistico dellopera, perch vuole rendere invisibili
le lacune per simulare unopera darte perfettamente intatta. Contraddice cos i principi
moderni del restauro. Oggi, il restauro pittorico imitativo eseguito solo in casi eccezionali,
p. es. dopo un atto di vandalismo. Si rispettano
invece interventi storici di questo tipo, se non
creano problemi di conservazione.
lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico

Uzupenienie naladowcze

PL

Definicja: Uszkodzenie (ubytek) jest rekonstruowane tak dokadnie, jak to tylko moliwe

Komentarz: Zabieg ten jest stosowany bez

baczenia na zakres i istot ubytku. Sugeruje
doskonay stan zachowania, a wic faszuje
historyczny i artystyczny wyraz dziea sztuki.
Kci si to z zasadami etyki nowoczesnej konserwacji. Dzi takie rozwizanie dopuszcza si
jedynie w wyjtkowych wypadkach, takich jak
dziaanie po akcie wandalizmu. Historyczne
konserwacje naladowcze s zwykle zachowywane tak dugo, pki w ocenie konserwatorskiej nie maj negatywnego oddziaywania
na orygina.
Synonimy: retusz naladowczy, retusz imitatorski
uzupenianie / reintegracja

Reintegrare mimetic

Ro

Definiie: Degradarea (o lacun) este reconstruit ct mai precis posibil tehnic i stilistic
n aa fel nct s nu poat fi distins de original cu ochiul liber.
Adnotare: Aceast procedur este folosit indiferent de mrimea sau importana lacunei.
Se presupune o stare perfect de conservare
i, prin urmare, se falsific expresia istoric i
artistic a operei de art. Acest lucru intr n
contradicie cu principiile moderne de conservare. Astzi, aceast procedur de restaurare
este justificat doar n cazuri excepionale,
cum ar fi dup un vandalism. Reintegrile mimetice istorice sunt n general pstrate, atta
timp ct acestea nu afecteaz originalul din
punct de vedere al conservrii.
reintegrare cromatic

Reintegracin mimtica

Es

Definicin: El dao (laguna) es reconstruido

lo ms exactamente posible, tanto tcnicamente como estilsticamente, de manera que,
a simple vista, no se puede distinguir de la original.
Comentario: Esta tcnica tradicional se adopta para todo tipo de laguna, independientemente de su importancia y tamao. Este mtodo falsifica el valor histrico y artstico de la
obra porque pretende hacer las lagunas invisibles para simular una obra de arte perfectamente intacta. Por lo tanto, contradice los

principios de la restauracin moderna. Hoy en

da, esta restauracin se realiza solo en casos
excepcionales, como por ejemplo, tras un acto
de vandalismo. Sin embargo, se respetan las
intervenciones histricas de este tipo si no
crean problemas de conservacin.
reintegracin

takliti tamamlama

tR

Tanm: Hasarn (boluk), plak gzle orijinalinden ayrlamayacak biimde teknik ve stil
olarak mmkn olduunca ayn ekilde tekrar
yaplmas.
Yorum: Bu ilem, lakunann nemi ve boyutu
gzetilmeksizin kullanlr. Bu yntem, restorasyonun mkemmel ekilde yaplmasn kabul
eder ve sanat eserinin estetik ve tarihi deerini
bozar. Bu, modern koruma etikleri ile akr.
Gnmzde bu tr restorasyon yntemi sadece vandallk sonras gibi istisnai durumlarda
hakl grlebilir.Tarihsel takliti restorasyonlar,
koruma asndan orijinalini olumsuz bir ekilde etkilemedii srece kabul edilebilir.
E anlam: yanltc tamamlama
Kartrmaynz: tam rtu
tamamlama

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339

iNtERvENtioN
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Reintegration of a large infill on a wall painting, Church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence (Italy), ca. 2nd half of 14th century; Photo: 2015, HAWK (Ursula Schdler-Saub)

astrazione cromatica

EN

Definition: Using four pure colours on a light

background applied with short hatched lines,
an abstract structure is created. This structure
merges optically with the contiguous original.
Comment: As part of the Unit di metodologia, the conservation methodology of Umberto Baldini, this offers an objective aesthetic
solution for the reintegration of large lacunae
that cannot be reconstructed. It reduces their
formal impact and thereby, increases the legibility of the original image. The vibrant colour
effect of the astrazione cromatica offers a logical alternative to the traditional neutral reintegration. In this way, the Florentine methodology is able to complete the methods of integration based on Cesare Brandis Theory.
reintegration, selezione cromatica

abstraction chromatique

FR

astrazione cromatica

Dfinition: Structure abstraite cre au

moyen de quatre couleurs pures appliques
avec de courtes lignes hachures sur un fond
clair. Cette structure se fond optiquement
avec loriginal contigu.

Definition: Mit vier reinen Farben auf hellem

Grund aufgetragen entsteht mit kurzen, berkreuzten Strichen eine abstrakte Farbstruktur,
die sich optisch mit dem angrenzenden Original verbindet.

Commentaires: Umberto Baldini propose

dans la Unit di metodologia, cette solution
esthtique objective pour la rintgration de
grandes lacunes qui ne peuvent pas tre refaites. Elle rduit leur impact et, par consquent, augmente la lisibilit de limage originale. Leffet de la couleur vibrante de labstraction chromatique offre une alternative la rintgration neutre traditionnelle. La mthode
florentine est ainsi en mesure de complter
les mthodes dintgration bases sur la Thorie de Cesare Brandi.

Kommentar: Als Bestandteil der Unit di metodologia, der Restaurierungsmethodik von

Umberto Baldini, bietet sie eine objektive sthetische Lsung zur Ergnzung groer, nicht
rekonstruierbarer Fehlstellen. Sie reduziert deren formale Eigenstndigkeit und frdert die
Wahrnehmbarkeit der Darstellung. Der vibrierende Farbeffekt bietet eine logische Alternative zur traditionellen neutralen Ergnzung.
Diese Florentiner Methodik vervollstndigt
damit die Ergnzungsmethoden, die auf Cesare Brandis Theorie beruhen.
Synonym: Farbabstraktion

rintgration, rintgration chromatique

Integration, selezione cromatica

Sources: Baldini 1978, 453; Baldini, Casazza 1983; Botticelli 1992, 150; Casazza 1981, 2960; Ciatti 2004, 24; Jakobs 1988; Schaedler-Saub 1998

340

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iNtERvENtioN
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HR

vano un margine soggettivo per le lacune non

ricostruibili.

Definicija: Apstraktna struktura ostvarena primjenom etiriju boja na svijetloj podlozi nanesenih kratkim crticama. Ova se struktura
optiki stapa sa susjednim izvornikom.

lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorica,

astrazione cromatica

Napomena: Kao dio Unita di metodologia,

konzervatorske metodologije Umberta Baldinija nudi se objektivno estetsko rjeenje za
reintegraciju velikih lakuna koje se ne mogu
rekonstruirati. Time se smanjuje njihov formalan utjecaj i poveava itljivost izvorne slike.
Treperav efekt boje astrazione cromatica nudi
loginu alternativu tradicionalnoj neutralnoj
reintegraciji. Na taj je nain firentinska metodologija u mogunosti zavriti metode integracije temeljene na teoriji Cesarea Brandija.
reintegracija, selezione cromatica

sznabsztrakci

HU

Meghatrozs: Absztrakt sznsszellts,

melyet vilgos alapon, ngy tiszta sznt hasznlva, rvid vonalkk segtsgvel hoznak ltre (astrazione cromatica). Ez optikailag beleolvad a krltte lev eredeti festsbe.
Megjegyzs: Az Umberto Baldini fle restaurlsi metodolgia Unit di metodologia rszeknt, objektv eszttikai megoldst knl a
nagyobb terjedelm, nem rekonstrulhat hinyok kiegsztshez. Cskkenti a hinyz
rsz formjnak hatst s ezltal javtja az
eredeti kp olvashatsgt. Az sznabsztrakci remeg sznhatsa j alternatvja a hagyomnyos semleges retusnak. Ezltal a firenzei metodolgia jl kiegszti a Cesare Brandi
elmletn alapul kiegsztsi mdszereket.
kiegszts, selezione cromatica

astrazione cromatica

it

Definizione: Con quattro colori puri applicati

a tratti brevi incrociati su fondo chiaro, si crea
una struttura cromatica astratta che si connette otticamente alloriginale circostante.
Commento: Come parte integrante dellUnit
di metodologia di Umberto Baldini, lastrazione
cromatica propone una soluzione estetica oggettiva per integrare lacune grandi e non ricostruibili. Riducendo il loro impatto formale, facilita la percezione dellimmagine. Il suo effetto
vibrato unalternativa logica al discutibile
neutro tradizionale. Cos la metodologia fiorentina porta avanti i concetti dintegrazione
basati sulla teoria di Cesare Brandi che lascia-

reintegrazione a neutro, tratteggio, selezio-

ne cromatica

abstrakcja chromatyczna

PL

Definicja: Stosowanie czterech czystych kolorw na jasnym podou, nakadanych krtkimi,

przecinajcymi si liniami, ktre tworz abstrakcyjn kompozycj. Zlewa si ona optycznie z
ssiadujcym oryginaem.

Comentario: Como parte integral de la unidad de metodologa de restauracin de Umberto Baldini ofrece una solucin esttica objetiva para reintegrar grandes lagunas no reconstruibles. Al reducir su impacto visual, facilita la percepcin de la imagen. Su efecto vibrante es una alternativa lgica a la cuestionable reintegracin neutra tradicional. De este
modo, la metodologa florentina es capaz de
avanzar y completar los mtodos de reintegracin basados en la teora de Brandi.
reintegracin, seleccin cromtica

Renk soyutlamas
Komentarz: Metoda stanowi cz Unit di
metodologia, metodologii konserwacji Umberto Baldiniego, proponuje obiektywny estetycznie sposb uzupeniania duych ubytkw, ktre
nie mog by rekonstruowane. Ogranicza ich
formalne oddziaywanie, przez co zwiksza czytelno oryginalnego przedstawienia. Efekt
wibracji kolorw astrazione cromatica stanowi
logiczn alternatyw dla uzupenie neutralnych. W ten sposb florencka metodologia dopenia system uzupeniania oparty na teorii Cesare Brandiego.
uzupenianie/reintegracja, selekcja chromatyczna

abstracie cromatic

Ro

Definiie: Prin utilizarea a patru culori pure pe

un fundal deschis, aplicate cu linii scurte haurate, se creeaz o structur abstract. Aceast
structur fuzioneaz optic cu originalul adiacent.

Tanm: Ksa tarama izgileriyle uygulanan ak

bir zeminde drt saf renk kullanlarak, stilize
bir yap oluturulur. Bu desenleme uzaktan bakldnda orijinaliyle optik olarak kaynam
gibi grlr.
Yorum: Unitdimetodologia (birlemi yntem) paras olarak, Umberto Baldininin koruma metodolojisi, tekrar ina edilemeyecek
byk lakunalarn reintegrasyonu iin objektif-estetik bir zm nerir. Bylece tamamlamann ekilsel etkileri azalr ve orijinal resmin
okunakll artar. Renk soyutlanmasnn canl
renk etkisi geleneksel ntr tamamlanmaya gre daha bilimsel bir seenek sunar. Bylece Cesare Brandinin teorisine dayanan Florentine
yntemiyle tamamlama yaplabilir.
tamamlama, seilmi renkle tamamlama

Adnotare: Ca parte dinUnit di metodologia,
metodologia de conservare a lui Umberto Baldini, abstracia cromatic ofer o soluie estetic obiectiv pentru reintegrarea lacunelor
mari, ce nu pot fi reconstruite. Se estompeaz
impactul formal al acestora i, prin urmare,
crete lizibilitatea imaginii originale. Efectul culorilor vibrante ale abstraciei cromatice ofer
o alternativ logic pentru reintegrarea neutr
tradiional. n acest fel, metodologia florentin este capabil s completeze metodele de
integrare bazate pe teoria lui Cesare Brandi.
reintegrare cromatic, selecie cromatic

abstraccin cromtica

Es

Definicin: Tipo de reintegracin que, usando cuatro colores puros aplicados en trazos
cortos y cruzados sobre un fondo claro, crea
una estructura cromtica abstracta fusionada
pticamente con el original circundante.

tR

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341

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Reintegration of lost areas, wall painting by Agnolo Gaddi Cappella Maggiore di Santa Croce, Florence (Italy) 1380, detail on the right; Photos: 2010, OPD (Maria Rosa Lanfranchi)

selezione cromatica

EN

Rintgration chromatique

FR

selezione cromatica

Definition: The lacuna is reintegrated with

short parallel lines in pure colours on a light
background, which follow the shapes and
contours of the original alongside them.

Dfinition: Lacune rintgre avec de courtes

lignes parallles en couleur pure sur un fond
clair, qui suit les formes et contours de loriginal.

Definition: Die Fehlstelle wird mit kurzen, parallelen Strichen in reinen Farben auf hellem
Grund ergnzt, die dem Verlauf der Formen
des angrenzenden Originals folgen.

Comment: As part of the conservation

methodology of Umberto Baldini, Cesare
Brandis concept of tratteggio is further developed, and its strictly vertical structure is abandoned. The dimensions of the lines depend on
the dimensions of the work of art and the distance of the viewer. On account of the disposition of its lines, selezione cromatica is also
suited to reintegrate the polychromy of threedimensional objects. Specific variants exist for
damage on gilt and silvered objects: selezione delloro and selezione dellargento.

Commentaires: La structure strictement verticale du tratteggio, concept dvelopp par

Cesare Brandi, est abandonne dans la mthode de conservation dUmberto Baldini. Les
dimensions des lignes dpendent des dimensions de luvre dart et la distance de lobservateur. En raison de la disposition de ses
lignes, la rintgration chromatique est galement adapte la rintgration de la polychromie des objets en trois dimensions. Des
variantes spcifiques existent pour les objets
dors et argents dgrads: selezione delloro
et selezione dellArgento.

Kommentar: Als Bestandteil der Restaurierungsmethodik von Umberto Baldini entwickelt sie das Konzept des Tratteggio von Cesare Brandi weiter unter Verzicht auf dessen
streng vertikale Struktur. Die Feinheit der Striche ist abhngig von den Dimensionen des
Kunstwerks und der Betrachterdistanz. Die Selezione cromatica eignet sich aufgrund ihres
Linienverlaufs auch fr farbliche Ergnzungen
an dreidimensionalen Objekten. Fr Ergnzungen in Vergoldungen oder Versilberungen
gibt es die Varianten Selezione delloro und dellargento.
Synonym: Farbselektion

reintegration, tratteggio, astrazione cro-

matica

rintgration, tratteggio, abstraction chro-

matique

Integration, Tratteggio, Astrazione croma-

tica

Sources: Baldini 1978; Baldini, Casazza 1983; Casazza 1981, 2960; Ciatti 2004; Jakobs 1988; Schdler-Saub 1998

342

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HR

superfici dorate o argentate esistono specifiche

varianti: la Selezione delloro e dellargento.

Definicija: Reintegracija lakune kratkim usporednim crtama istih boja na svijetloj podlozi
koje slijede oblike i konture izvornika uz njih.

lacuna, reintegrazione/restauro pittorico,

selezione cromatica

Napomena: U sklopu konzervatorske metodologije Umberta Baldinija, koncept tratteggia Cesara Brandija dodatno je razvijen i naputena je njegova strogo okomita struktura.
Dimenzije crta ovise o dimenzijama umjetnikoga djela i udaljenosti od gledatelja. Zbog
rasporeda njezinih crtica, selezione cromatica
takoer je pogodna za reintegraciju polikromije trodimenzijskih predmeta. Postoje posebne inaice za oteenja na pozlaenim ili posrebrenim objektima: selezione delloro i selezione dellargento.
reintegracija, tratteggio, astrazione cromatica

selezione cromatica

HU

Meghatrozs: A hinyz rszeket vilgos alapon, tiszta sznekkel hzott rvid, prhuzamos
vonalakkal egsztik ki, melyek kvetik a mellette lev eredeti fests formjt s szleit.

reintegrazione a neutro, tratteggio, astrazione cromatica

selekcja chromatyczna

PL

Definicja: Ubytek jest uzupeniany na jasnym

podou w czystych kolorach krtkimi, rwnolegymi liniami, ktre odtwarzaj ksztaty i
kontury biegnc wzdu nich.
Komentarz: Jako cz metodologii konserwacji Umberto Baldiniego, rozwija pomys
tratteggio Cesare Brandiego, porzucajc jego
cile pionow konstrukcj. Wymiary linii zale od wielkoci dziea sztuki i odlegoci od
widza. Ze wzgldu na sposb rozmieszczenia
linii, selezione cromatica jest stosowana take
do uzupeniania polichromii na obiektach trjwymiarowych. Istniej swoiste warianty dla
ubytkw zoconych i srebrzonych: selezione
delloro i selezione dellargento.
uzupenianie/reintegracja, tratteggio, abs-

trakcja chromatyczna

Megjegyzs: Az Umberto Baldini fle restaurlsi metodolgia Unit di metodologia rszeknt tovbbfejleszti Cesare Brandi elgondolst a vonalkz retusrl, feladva ennek
teljesen fggleges szerkezett. A vonalak
mrete a malkots mreteitl s a megfigyelsi tvolsgtl fgg. A vonalak elhelyezsbl
addan, a selezione cromatica alkalmas a hromdimenzis trgyak festsnek kiegsztsre is. Sajtos vltozatai vannak a krosodott
aranyozott vagy ezstztt trgyak esetn, a
selezione delloro s a selezione dellargento.
kiegszts, vonalkz retus, sznabsztrakci

selezione cromatica

it

Definizione: La lacuna integrata con brevi tratti paralleli giustapposti e sovrapposti, eseguiti
con colori puri su fondo chiaro, seguendo landamento delle forme delloriginale circostante.
Commento: La tecnica parte integrante
dellUnit di metodologia di Umberto Baldini e
porta avanti il concetto del tratteggio di Cesare
Brandi abbandonando la sua rigida struttura
verticale. La finezza dei tratti varia secondo le
dimensioni dellopera e la distanza di percezione. La selezione cromatica con il suo andamento curvilineo adatta anche per reintegrare policromie di opere tridimensionali p. es. sculture,
cornici o elementi architettonici. Per lacune in

selecie cromatic

Ro

Definiie: Lacuna este reintegrat cu linii paralele, scurte, n culori pure pe un fond deschis, urmnd formele i conturul originalului adiacent.
Adnotare: Ca o parte a metodologiei de conservare a lui Umberto Baldini, conceptul de tratteggio al lui Cesare Brandi este dezvoltat, iar
structura sa strict vertical este abandonat. Dimensiunile liniilor depind de dimensiunile operei de art i de distana privitorului. Avnd n
vedere dispunerea liniilor sale, selecia cromatic este, de asemenea, potrivit pentru reintegrarea policromiei obiectelor tridimensionale.
Exist variante specifice pentru deteriorrile de
pe obiectele aurite i argintate: selezione dell
oro respectiv selezione dell argento.
reintegrare cromatic, tratteggio

seleccin cromtica

Es

Definicin: La laguna se reintegra con pequeas lneas paralelas de colores puros sobre un
fondo claro, que siguen las formas y los contornos del original circundante.
Comentario: Forma parte de la unidad de metodologa de restauracin de Umberto Baldini,

que desarrolla el concepto de tratteggio de

Brandi y abandona su estructura estrictamente
vertical. Las dimensiones de las lneas dependen de las dimensiones de la obra de arte y la
distancia del espectador. A causa del flujo de
sus lneas, la seleccin cromtica tambin es
adecuada para reintegrar la policroma de objetos tridimensionales como esculturas, marcos y elementos arquitectnicos. Existen variaciones especficas para dorados y plateados:
seleccin efecto oro y seleccin efecto plata.
reintegracin, tratteggio, abstraccin cro-

mtica

seilmi renkle tamamlama

tR

Tanm: Boluun orijinal desenini eklini ve

konturlarn takip edecek ekilde ksa paralel
izgilerle ak tonlu arka planda tekrar tamamlanmas.
Yorum: Umberto Baldinive Cesare Brandinin
koruma yntemlerinin bir paras olarak izgi
ile tamamlama daha da gelitirilir ve dikey yap terk edilir. izgilerin boyutlar, sanat eserine
ve izleyicinin uzaklna baldr.
Bu yntem izgilerin biiminden dolay boyutlu ve ok renkli nesnelerin tamamlanmas
iin de uygundur. Gm kapl ya da yaldzlanm nesnelerdeki hasarlarn tamamlanmas
iin zel eitler de bulunmaktadr: Altn soyutlamas, gm soyutlamas.
tamamlama, iziktirme, renk soyutlamas

Bg

: ,
.
:
,
. . ,
.
: selezione delloro ( )
selezione dellargento ( ).
, , -

343

iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN

Stacco

Stacco a massello

Strappo

detachment line
detachment line

detachment line

wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint

wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint
facing
rigid support

wall
arriccio
intonaco
paint

facing
rigid support

facing

Detachment types; Illustrations: 2015, Raimar Heber based on a drawing by Pilar Soriano Sancho

Detachment

EN

Definition: Removal of a wall painting by separating the paint layer, with or without intonaco, arriccio and part of the wall support. It is
done when there are problems in the supporting structure, or when the painting needs to
be moved.
Comment: The traditional detachment techniques, still in use today, according to the strata
which are to be detached, can be divided into:
- Stacco a massello: removing the paint layer,
intonaco, arriccio and part of the wall support;
- Stacco: removing the paint layer, intonaco
and arriccio;
- Strappo: removing the paint layer only.
Nowadays this treatment has been limited only to those cases in which the paint layer cannot be retained by in situ treatments or when
the building is in danger of collapse or demolition.
transfer

Dpose

FR

Dfinition: Fait de dcoller une peinture murale du mur, en dtachant la couche picturale
seule, avec lenduit ou avec une partie du mur.
Commentaires: En France, la dpose est
considre comme une opration risque car
elle engendre des pertes de matires. Y avoir
recours est aujourdhui rare et ne se fait quen

cas de problmes de conservation graves et

insolubles, tels structurels lorsque le btiment
menace de seffondrer ou doit tre dmoli. Les
termes techniques traditionnels restent dactualit:
- stacco a massello: dpose des couches picturales, de lintonaco, de larriccio et dune
partie du mur- support;
- stacco: dpose des couches picturales, de
lintonaco, de larriccio;
- strappo: dpose des couches picturales seulement.
repose

abnahme

DE

Definition: Ausbau einer Wandmalerei durch

Trennung der Malschicht, mit oder ohne Intonaco, Arriccio und Teilen des Trgers. Sie wird
bei Problemen mit dem Trger durchgefhrt
oder wenn die Malerei transferiert werden
muss.
Kommentar:Traditionelle, heute noch verwendete Abnahmetechniken werden nach den abzunehmenden Schichten unterschieden:
- Abnahme der Malschicht mit Intonaco, Arriccio und Teilen des Trgers (stacco a masello);
- Abnahme der Malschicht mit Intonaco und
Arriccio (stacco);
- Abnahme der Malschicht (strappo).
Heute ist die Abnahme auf solche Flle beschrnkt, in denen die Malschicht mit keiner
Manahme vor Ort gehalten werden kann

oder das Gebude durch Einsturz oder Abbruch gefhrdet ist.

Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Abnahme von Bauleistungen
Transfer/bertragung

skidanje

Definicija: Premjetanje zidne slike odvajanjem bojenoga sloja s intonacom, arricciom i

dijelom podloge ili bez nje. Izvodi se kad postoje problemi u strukturi nosaa ili kad sliku
treba premjestiti.
Napomena: Tradicionalne tehnike skidanja
koje se jo uvijek rabe, prema sloju s kojeg e
biti skinute, mogu se podijeliti na:
- Stacco a massello: skidanje bojenoga sloja,
intonaca, arricccia i dijela potpore;
- Stacco: skidanje slikanoga sloja, intonaca i arriccia;
- Strappo: skidanje samo slikanoga sloja.
Danas je postupak skidanja ogranien samo
na one sluajeve u kojima se bojeni sloj ne
moe zadrati in situ postupcima ili kad je graevina u opasnosti od uruavanja ili ruenja.
prijenos

Levlaszts

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy falkp eltvoltsa a festkrtegek levlasztsa ltal, az intonaco,

Sources: Del Pino 2004, 327344; Botticelli 2007, 111134; Mora et al. 1999, 265308; Roig Picazo 2007, 321337; Glossary of conservation 2005, 7387

344

HR

iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN

alapvakolat s a fal egy rszvel egytt vagy

a nlkl. Akkor szoktk alkalmazni, amikor
gond van a hordozval vagy mikor a falkpet
ms helyre kell kltztetni.
Megjegyzs: A hagyomnyos, mg mindig hasznlatban lev levlasztsi technikk a levlasztott rteg (strata) fggvnyben a kvetkezek:
- Stacco a massello: a festkrtegek, az intonaco, alapvakolat s a hordoz fal egy rsznek eltvoltsa;
- Stacco: a festkrteg s az intonaco, alapvakolat eltvoltsa;
- Strappo: csupn a festkrtegeket tvoltjk el.
Manapsg ezt az eljrst csak azokra az esetekre korltozzk, amikor a festkrtegeket
nem lehet megrizni helyszni (in situ) beavatkozssal vagy mikor az plet omls- vagy
bontsveszlybe kerl.

transfer, przenoszenie

Extragere

tltets

stacco / strappo

Komentarz: Tradycyjne techniki zdejmowania uywane do dzi s nazwane zgodnie z

warstwami, jakie zostan oddzielone:
- Stacco a massello: oddzielenie warstwy malarskiej, intonaco, arriccio z fragmentem
muru;
- Stacco: oddzielenie warstwy malarskiej i intonaco, arriccio;
- Strappo: oddzielenie samej warstwy malarskiej.
Obecnie zabieg zosta ograniczony do przypadkw, gdy warstwa malarska nie moe by
zachowana za pomoc zabiegw przeprowadzonych in situ lub gdy budynkowi grozi zawalenie czy zburzenie.

it

Definizione: Distacco di una pittura murale

separando la pellicola pittorica insieme o senza lintonaco e/o larriccio e altre parti componenti il supporto, dal supporto stesso. Loperazione eseguita a causa di problemi con il
supporto, o per trasferire la pittura dal sito originale in un altro luogo.
Commento: Nel corso dei secoli, si svilupparono varie tecniche di stacco/strappo, che secondo gli strati trasferiti si possono distinguere in:
- Stacco a massello: trasferimento della pellicola pittorica, di intonaco e arriccio e di
parte del supporto murario;
- Stacco: trasferimento della pellicola pittorica e di intonaco e arriccio;
- Strappo: trasferimento della sola pellicola pittorica.
Oggigiorno, loperazione di distacco strettamente limitata a quei casi nei quali non esiste
alcuna possibilit tecnica per conservare la
pittura in situ, oppure quando ledificio in
pericolo di crollo o quando prevista la sua
demolizione.
supporto, intonaco, arriccio, trasporto/

Ro

Definiie: Detaarea unei picturi murale prin

separarea stratului de culoare, cu sau fr intonaco, arriccio i o parte din suport (zidrie).
Se realizeaz n momentul n care sunt probleme ale structurii suportului, sau n cazul n care
pictura necesit relocare.
Adnotare: Tehnicile tradiionale de extragere
aflate nc n uz, n funcie de straturile ce urmeaz s fie detaate pot fi clasificate dup
cum urmeaz:
- Stacco a massello: ndeprtarea stratului de
culoare, de intonaco, de arriccio i a unei pri
de zidrie;
- Stacco: ndeprtarea stratului de culoare,
de intonaco i de arriccio;
- Strappo: ndeprtarea doar a stratului de culoare.
n prezent, aceast metod se aplic doar n
cazurile n care pictura mural nu poate fi conservat prin tratamente efectuate in situ sau
n cazul n care construcia este n pericol de
prbuire sau demolare.
transfer

arranque

Es

PL

Definicin: Accin que consiste en separar la

pelcula pictrica, con o sin intonaco, arriccio y
muro, para solucionar problemas en el soporte,
o simplemente con el fin de trasladar la pintura
mural de un lugar a otro

Definicja: Zdejmowanie malowida ciennego

przez oddzielenie warstwy malarskiej, z lub bez
warstwy intonaco, arriccio i czci podoa
ciennego. Zabieg wykonywany gdy s problemy z podoem lub gdy malowido z innych
wzgldw wymaga przeniesienia.

Comentario: Las tcnicas de arranque, segn

los estratos que se separan se dividen en:
- Stacco a massello: arranque de pelcula pictrica, intonaco, arriccio y muro;
- Stacco: arranque de pelcula pictrica, intonaco y arriccio;

trasferimento

Zdejmowanie malowida

- Strappo: arranque de pelcula pictrica.

Este tratamiento, en la actualidad, ha quedado
limitado nicamente a aquellos casos en los
que la pintura no puede salvaguardarse con
ningn tratamiento realizado en el sitio, o
cuando el edificio est en peligro de derrumbe o demolicin.
transferencia

ayrma

tR

Tanm: Duvar resmini; resim tabakasnn duvardan, son kat sva, ikinci kat svadan, ayrma suretiyle tanmas. Zeminde sorunlar olduu zaman ya da resim bir yerden bir yere tanmas
iin yaplr.
Yorum: Gnmzde hala kullanmda olan geleneksel tama teknikleri ayrlabilen tabakaya
gre gruba ayrlabilir:
- Stacco a massello: boya katman, son kat sva, ikinci kat sva ve duvar desteinin bir ksmn karma;
- Stacco: boya katmann, son kat svay ve
ikinci kat svay da karma;
- Strappo: sadece boya katmann karma.
Gnmzde bu yntemin uygulanmas ancak
boyann onarmnn yerinde mmkn olmad ya da yapnn kme ve yklma tehlikesi ihtimalinin olduu durumlarda yaplr.
E anlam: kaldrma
tama, nakil

Bg

:

,
.
.
: , , :
- Stacco a massello ( ): ,
;
- Stacco ():
;
- Strappo (): .

, in situ
.

345

iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN

Transfer of a wall painting by Antonio A. Palomino/ Guill, after its restoration, to its original place: Church of Santos Juanes, Valencia (Spain), 1698-1700; Photo:
2009, UPV (Pilar Soriano Sancho)

transfer

EN

Definition: Adhesion of a detached wall

painting or mosaic to a new support replacing
the original.
Comment: When the detached wall painting
is repositioned in the original place, it is called
reattachment. This new support gives the artwork a renewed possibility for preservation
and/or exposition in the original place or in a
new location. Traditionally, the paint layer was
transferred to a new support which was usually made of wood. This later became canvas
(cloth) due to its ease of mobility, and later on
it was replaced by fiber-resin (sandwich type).
Between the detached artwork and the new
support, a mortar or stratum must be applied.
This stratum facilitates the separation of the
artwork from its new support (if necessary).

dpose

transfer / bertragung

DE

Definition: Befestigung einer abgenommenen Malerei oder eines Mosaiks auf einem
neuen Trger, der den ursprnglichen ersetzt.

detachment

Repose

dorigine. Le nouveau support permet la prservation de luvre, expose sa place

dorigine ou dans un nouvel emplacement.
La couche de peinture tait traditionnellement transfre sur un support en bois,
remplac plus tard par du tissu, plus lger.
Les fibres sont maintenant synthtiques (carbone), les supports alvols (aluminium) ou
arms (rsine/fibres). Une couche dintervention facilitant un futur dmontage est place
entre luvre dtache et le nouveau support.
Ne pas confondre avec: transposition, qui
concerne les peintures de chevalet

FR

Dfinition: Adhsion dune peinture murale

dtache ou dune mosaque sur un nouveau
support remplaant loriginal.
Commentaires: Repose in situ quand la peinture murale dtache est remise sa place

Kommentar: Wird eine abgenommene Malerei wieder an ihrem originalen Ort befestigt, ist
dies eine Rckbertragung. Der neue Trger
gibt dem Werk neue Chancen fr dessen Erhalt
und/oder fr die Ausstellung am originalen
oder an einem neuen Standort. Traditionell
wurde die Malschicht auf einen hlzernen Trger bertragen. Spter wurde wegen der bes-

seren Beweglichkeit Leinwand bevorzugt, die

man dann durch Faserverbundstoffe (Sandwich-Material) ersetzte. Zwischen dem abgenommenen Werk und dem neuen Trger muss
eine Mrtelschicht aufgetragen werden, die eine sptere erneute Trennung ermglicht.
Synonym: Translozierung
Abnahme

Prijenos

HR

Definicija: Lijepljenje skinute zidne slike ili

mozaika na novi nosa.
Napomena: Postupak vraanja skinute zidne
slike na izvorno mjesto naziva se ponovno
privrivanje. Nova podloga omoguuje da
se umjetniko djelo bolje uva i/ili izloi na izvornoj ili novoj lokaciji. Tradicionalno, slikani
se sloj prenosio na novi, obino drveni, nosa.
Poslije je zbog lakega prijenosa stavljan na
platno (tkaninu), a nakon toga je zamijenjen
ploom od vlaknaste smole. Izmeu skinutoga umjetnikog djela i novoga nosaa potrebno je staviti mort ili stratum. Stavljanje stratuma omoguit e odvajanje umjetnikoga
djela od novoga nosaa.
skidanje

Sources: Botticelli 1992, 123; Del Pino 2004, 339344; Daz Martos, 1975; Ferrer Morales 1995, 126/7; Mora et al. 1999, 286; Secco-Suardo 1927, 208; Glossary
of Conservation 2005, 78, 144

346

iNtERvENtioN
REstoRatioN

tltets

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy levlasztott falkp vagy

mozaik felragasztsa egy j, az eredetit helyettest hordozra.
Megjegyzs: Amikor a levlasztott falkpet
eredeti helyre helyezik el, visszaltetsrl beszlnk. Az j hordoz ltal a malkots megjult megrzsi s/vagy bemutatsi lehetsget kap, az eredeti helyn vagy egy j helyen.
Hagyomnyosan a festkrtegeket ltalban
egy fbl kszlt hordozra helyeztk t. Ezt
ksbb vszon (szvet) helyettesti, az egyszerbb mozgathatsga miatt, majd mg utbb,
szllal erstett manyag (szendvics tpus). A
levlasztott malkots s az j hordoz kz
egy habarcsot vagy egyb rteget kell helyezni.
Ez a rteg, szksg esetn, megknnyti majd
a malkots elvlasztst az j hordoztl.
levlaszts

trasporto / trasferimento

it

Definizione: Trasferimento di una pittura murale staccata o strappata o di un mosaico strappato su un supporto nuovo che sostituisce
quello originale.
Commento: Quando una pittura murale staccata o strappata viene ricollocata in situ, si parla di ri-trasferimento. Il supporto nuovo pu
migliorare le condizioni conservative per
lopera darte, per la presentazione in situ o in
un nuovo contesto.
La pellicola pittorica tradizionalmente veniva
trasferita su un nuovo supporto fatto di legno.
Pi tardi si preferivano supporti in tela o altri
tessuti, perch pi leggeri e facili da muovere.
I supporti moderni sono di tipo sandwich in
vetroresina. Tra la pittura staccata o strappata
e il nuovo supporto, necessario applicare
uno strato di malta o altro materiale. Questo
strato facilita la separazione della pittura dal
nuovo supporto, in caso di necessit.
stacco/strappo, intonaco

Przenoszenie / transfer

PL

Definicja: Naklejenie zdjtego malowida

ciennego lub mozaiki na nowe podoe, zastpujce dawne.
Komentarz: Gdy zdjte malowido cienne
jest ponowie umieszczone w miejscu orygi-

nalnym dziaanie okrela si jako retransfer.

Nowe podoe zapewnia moliwoc zachowania i / lub ekspozycji dziea sztuki w pierwotnym lub nowym miejscu. Tradycyjnie warstw malarsk przenoszono na nowe podoe,
zwykle drewno. Pniej na ptno (tkanin) ze
wzgldu na atwo przemieszczania, potem
na podoe z wkna z ywic (typu sandwich).
Midzy zdjte malowido i nowe podoe naley konieczne naoy warstw zaprawy. Ta
warstwa umoliwi ponowne oddzielenie malowida od nowego podoa, jeli to bdzie konieczne.
zdejmowane malowida

transfer

Ro

Definiie: Adeziunea unei picturi murale extrase sau a unui mozaic pe un nou suport, nlocuind originalul.
Adnotare: Atunci cnd pictura mural este
reataat n locul ei originar se numete replantare. Acest suport ofer operei de art o
nou posibilitate de conservare i/sau de expunere n locul originar sau ntr-o locaie nou. Tradiional, stratul de culoare a fost transferat pe un suport nou, care a fost realizat de
obicei din lemn. Acesta s-a nlocuit mai trziu
cu pnza datorit uurinei de mobilitate, i
mai trziu a fost substituit cu fibra de rin
(tip sandwich). ntre opera de art extras i
noul suport trebuie aplicat un mortar. Acest
strat va facilita separarea operei de art de
noul suport, dac acest lucru devine necesar.
extragere

transferencia

Es

Definicin: Adhesin de una pintura mural

arrancada o de un mosaico, sobre un nuevo
soporte que sustituye el muro original.
Comentario: Cuando la pintura arrancada se
reubica en el lugar original se denomina recolocacin. Este nuevo soporte le confiere a
la obra la consistencia necesaria para poder
ser conservada y/o expuesta, tanto en el lugar
de origen como en un nuevo emplazamiento.
Tradicionalmente, la capa pictrica se transfera a soportes de madera. Los soportes, despus, pasaron a ser lienzos (tela) por su mayor
facilidad de traslado; y posteriormente fueron
de resinas y fibras (tipo sndwitch). Entre la
obra arrancada y el nuevo soporte hay que

aplicar un mortero u otro material que facilitar la futura separacin de la obra de su nuevo soporte.
arranque

Nakil

tR

Tanm: Ayrlm duvar resmi ya da mozaiin,

orijinali ile yer deitirip yeni bir yzeye yaptrlmas.
Yorum: Ayrlm duvar resmi orijinal yerine yeniden yerletirilmesine yeniden birletirme
denir. Bu yeni taban, sanat eserine orijinal ya
da yeni mekannda sergilenip korunmas iin
yeni bir imkan verir. Geleneksel olarak, boya
katman, genellikle ahap olan yeni bir tabana
aktarlrd. Bu zemin, sonrasnda kolay tanabilirliinden dolay kanvas (bez) oldu. Daha
sonra da kanvasn yerini lif-reine (sandvi tr) ald. Ayrlm sanat eseri ve yeni taban arasna har veya zemin tabakas uygulanmaldr.
Gerektiinde bu zemin tabakas, yeni tabandan sanat eserinin ayrlmasn kolaylatrr.
E anlam: tama
ayrma, kaldrma

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347

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Acrylic

EN

Definition: Synthetic polymers obtained from

esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid (unsaturated organic acids).
Comment: Acrylics (monomers, polymers and
dispersions) are used in conservation as binding agents in paint layers, as adhesives, as
coating materials, and as consolidants, as well
as additives for mortars.
The use of acrylic-containing materials for wall
painting conservation is controversial due to
their mode of degradation, their poor penetration depth as consolidants for porous materials, and their poor reversibility. Nonetheless they are very common and popular materials in conservation with a wide range of
applications.
Not to be confused with: acrylate resin, acrylic
resin
binder, consolidant, varnish, additive

Rsine acrylique

FR

Dfinition: Polymres synthtiques obtenus

partir desters dacide acrylique ou mtacrylique (acides organiques insaturs).
Commentaires: Les monomres, polymres
et dispersions acryliques sont utiliss en
conservation comme liants des couches picturales, adhsifs, consolidants ou comme additifs dans les mortiers. Lutilisation de matriaux base acrylique est controverse en
conservation des peintures murales du fait
de leur mode de dgradation, leur faible
profondeur de pntration en tant que
consolidants des matriaux poreux et de
leur faible rversibilit. Ils sont cependant
trs largement utiliss dans diverses applications.
Ne pas confondre avec: acrylate
liant, consolidant, vernis, additif

Acrylat

DE

Definition: Aus den Estern der Acrylsure

oder der Methacrylsure (ungesttigte organische Suren) gewonnene Kunststoffe.
Kommentar: Acrylate (Monomere, Polymere
und Dispersionen) werden in der Restaurierung und Konservierung als Bindemittel in
Farben, als Klebstoffe, als Filmbildner und als

Festigungsmittel verwendet sowie als Zusatzmittel fr Mrtel.

Die Verwendung von Acrylat beinhaltenden
Materialien in der Restaurierung und Konservierung ist wegen der Art ihres Zerfalls, ihrer geringen Eindringtiefe bei der Festigung von porsen
Materialien und wegen ihrer schlechten Reversibilitt umstritten. Dennoch sind sie in der Restaurierung und Konservierung in vielen Anwendungsbereichen sehr hufig und beliebt.
Synonym: Acrylsureester
Bindemittel, Festigungsmittel, Firnis, Zusatzmittel

Akrilik

Definicija: Sintetiki polimeri dobiveni iz estera akrilne ili metaakrilne kiseline (nezasiene
organske kiseline).
Napomena: Akrilici (monomeri, polimeri i disperzije) se u konzerviranju rabe kao vezivo u
bojenim slojevima, ljepila, materijali za stvaranje zatitnih tankih slojeva, uvrivai te
kao aditivi za mortove.
Uporaba materijala koji sadravaju akrilik u
konzerviranju zidnih slika kao uvrivaa
poroznih materijala, kontroverzno je zbog
njihova naina razgradnje, slaboga prodiranja u dubinu i loe reverzibilnosti. Bez obzira
na to, u konzerviranju su to veoma uobiajeni
i popularni materijali irokoga raspona primjene.
Ne smije se mijeati s: akrilatna smola, akrilna
smola
vezivo, uvriva, lak, aditiv

Akril

HU

Meghatrozs: Az akrilsav s metakrilsav (teltetlen szerves savak) sztereibl nyert mestersges polimerek.
Megjegyzs: Az akrilokat (monomerek, polimerek, diszperzik) a restaurlsban festkrtegek ktanyagaknt, ragasztknt, felleti
bevonatknt s szilrdt anyagknt, valamint
habarcsok adalkanyagaknt hasznljk.
Az akriltartalm anyagok hasznlata a falkprestaurlsban vitatott, ennek oka lebomlsuk
mdja, csekly behatol kpessgk s gyenge visszaoldhatsguk. Mindazonltal elterjedt, npszer anyagok a restaurlsban, alkalmazsi terletk szles.
Tves megnevezs: akrilt gyanta

Sources: OED: Acrylate (9.5.2014); Glossar Wandmalerei 20032006 (17.6.2014); Horie 2010, 153ff.

348

HR

ktanyag, szilrdt anyag, ragaszt,

bevonat

Acrilici

IT

Definizione: Polimeri sintetici ottenuti da

esteri dellacido acrilico o metacrilico (acidi organici insaturi).
Commento: Gli acrilici (monomeri, polimeri e
dispersioni) sono usati nel campo della conservazione come leganti nelle pellicole pittoriche, come adesivi, come materiali di rivestimento e come consolidanti, nonch come additivi per malte.
Luso di materiali contenenti acrilici per la conservazione di pitture murali controverso a
causa del modo in cui queste resine degradano, della loro scarsa profondit di penetrazione come consolidanti dei materiali porosi, e
della loro scarsa reversibilit. Ciononostante
sono materiali molto comuni e richiesti nel
campo della conservazione con unampia
gamma di applicazioni.
Da non confondersi con: resina acrilata, resina
acrilica
legante, consolidante, vernice, additivo

Akryle

PL

Definicja: Syntetyczne polimery otrzymywane z estrw kwasw akrylowego lub metakrylowego (nienasyconych kwasw organicznych).
Komentarz: Akryle (monomery, polimery i
dyspersje) uywane s w konserwacji jako
rodki wice w warstwach malarskich, jako
kleje, jako materiay do powok, jako impregnaty konsolidujce, a take jako dodatki do zapraw.
Stosowanie materiaw akrylowych w konserwacji malarstwa ciennego budzi kontrowersje ze wzgldu na ich sposb degradacji, sab
penetracj porowatych materiaw podczas
impregnacji oraz nisk odwracalno. Niemniej jednak s one bardzo popularne i maj
szeroki wachlarz zastosowa.
spoiwo, impregnat konsolidujcy, werniks
domieszka

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Rin acrilic

RO

Definiie: Polimeri sintetici obinui din esteri

ai acidului acrilic sau metacrilic (acizi organici
nesaturai).
Adnotare: Rinile acrilice (monomeri, polimeri
i dispersii) sunt utilizate n conservare ca liani
n straturile de culoare, adezivi, peliculogeni,
consolidani, precum i ca aditivi pentru mortare. Utilizarea materialelor cu coninut acrilic n
conservarea picturilor murale este controversat, datorit modului lor de degradare, slabei puteri de penetrare ca i consolidani n cazul materialelor poroase, precum i gradului sczut de
reversibilitate. Cu toate acestea, rinile acrilice
sunt materiale frecvent utilizate n conservare,
cu o gam larg de aplicaii.
liant, consolidant, aditiv, vernis

Acrlico

Es

Definicin: Polmeros sintticos obtenidos a

partir de steres de cidos acrlicos o metacrlicos (cidos orgnicos insaturados).
Comentario: Los acrlicos (monmeros, polmeros y dispersiones) son usados en la conservacin como agentes ligantes en capas pictricas, como adhesivos, como materiales protectores y como consolidantes, as como aditivos para morteros.

El uso de materiales que contienen acrlicos

en la conservacin de pinturas murales es
controvertido, debido a su forma de degradacin, su escasa penetrabilidad como consolidante de materiales porosos y su difcil reversibilidad. A pesar de todo esto, son materiales
muy comunes y de gran aceptacin en la conservacin que tienen una amplio rango de
aplicaciones posibles.
No confundir con: acrilato, resina acrlica
ligante, consolidante, adhesivo, barniz

Akrilik

TR

Tanm: Metakrilik asit veya akrilik esterlerden

(doymam organik asitler) elde edilen sentetik polimerler.
Yorum: Akrilikler (monomerler, polimerler ve
yaylmalar), korumada, boya katmanlarnda
balayc madde, yaptrc, kaplama maddesi ve salamlatrc olarak ve ayn zamanda
harlarda katk malzemesi olarak da kullanlr.
Akrilik ieren malzemelerin duvar resimlerinin
korunmasnda kullanm; ayrtrma zellii,
gzenekli malzemelerin salamlatrlmasnda zayf geirgenlik derinlii ve geri dntrlebilirlii sebebiyle tartmaldr.
Ama yine de korumada, geni uygulama alanlarnda kullanlan ok yaygn ve popler bir
malzemedir.

Additive

EN

Definition: Any organic or inorganic substance (or material) used in a very small quantity and mixed with paint, plaster, mortar or
cement as an accelerator, plasticiser, stabiliser,
fluidiser or retarder.
Comment: Examples of natural substances
may include egg yolk, hair, wool, angora, silk,
straw, cotton, linen, kapok, hemp and jute;
synthetic ones, on the other hand, may include rayon, nylon, acetate, polyester and
acrylic. Egg yolk was used as an additive material due to its binding feature in both mural
paintings (such as secco) and in some special

Kartrmaynz: akrilat reine, akrilik reine

balayc, salamlatrc, cila, katk mal-

zemesi

BG

: , ( ).
: (, )

, ,
, .
, ,


, . ,

.
: a ,
, , ,

mortars such as cocciopesto/Khorasan mortar

which was used intensively in Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods.
Not to be confused with: admixture
plaster, secco

Additif

FR

Dfinition: Substance ou matriau organique

ou inorganique, utilise en trs faible quantit
et mlange la peinture, au pltre, mortier,
ciment ou comme un acclrateur ou ralentisseur de prise, plastifiant, stabilisant ou
agent fluidifiant.

Commentaires: Le jaune duf, les cheveux,

la laine angora, la soie, la paille, le coton, le lin,
le kapok, le chanvre et le jute sont des exemples naturels et la soie artificielle, le nylon,
lactate, le polyester et lacrylique des exemples dadditifs synthtiques. Le jaune doeuf a
t utilis comme additif du fait de sa fonction
de liaison en peinture murale (a secco) et, dans
certains mortiers tels que mortier Khorasan,
utilis intensivement dans les priodes byzantine, romaine et ottomane.
enduit, peinture a secco

Sources: Hasol 2002, 246/7; Cassar et al. 2014; Sickels 1981; Akman et al. 1986; Fuga 2006, 94

349

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Zusatzmittel

DE

Definition: Organische oder anorganische

Substanz, die in sehr kleinen Mengen als Beschleuniger, Weichmacher, Stabilisator, Fliemittel oder Verzgerer zu Farben, Putz, Mrtel
oder Zement zugemischt wird.
Kommentar: Eigelb wurde aufgrund seiner
Bindefhigkeit als Hilfsmittel sowohl bei Wandmalereien (wie der Secco-Malerei) als auch bei
einigen speziellen Mrteln zugemischt, wie z.B.
dem anatolischen Khorasan Mrtel, der oft in
byzantinischer, rmischer und ottomanischer
Zeit eingesetzt wurde. Natrliche Substanzen,
die als Zusatzmittel benutzt werden, sind u.a.
Eigelb, Haar, Wolle, Angora, Seide, Stroh, Baumwolle, Leinen, Kapok, Hanf und Jute. Knstliche
Hilfsmittel sind z.B. Viskose, Nylon, Azetat, Polyester und Acrylat.
Synonyme: Hilfsmittel, Additiv
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Zuschlag, Zusatzstoff (hat einen greren Anteil an der Mrtelmischung als ein Zusatzmittel)
Putz, Secco

Aditiv

HR

Definicija: Bilo koji organski ili anorganski sastojak (ili materijal) koji se upotrebljava u vrlo malim
koliinama te se mijea s bojom, bukom, mortom ili cementom kao akcelerator, plastifikator,
stabilizator, pospjeiva itkosti ili usporiva.
Napomena: Primjeri prirodnih supstancija su
umanjak, kosa, vuna, angora, svila, slama, pamuk, lan, kapok, konoplja i juta. U sintetike
supstancije s druge strane ubrajaju se svila,
najlon, acetat, poliester i akrilik. umanjak se
kao aditiv upotrebljava zbog svojih vezivnih
znaajki u zidnim slikama (poput secca) i u nekim posebnim mortovima poput cocciopesto/Khorasan morta koji se intenzivno rabio u
Rimskome, Bizantskome, te u Otomanskome
razdoblju.
Ne smije se mijeati s: primjesa
buka, secco

Adalkanyag

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely szervetlen vagy szerves anyag, melyet kis mennyisgben hozzkevernek festkekhez, falaz habarcsokhoz, vakolatokhoz vagy betonokhoz, mint gyorst, lgyt, stabilizl, folyst vagy ksleltet anyag.
Megjegyzs: Termszetes adalkanyag lehet
pldul a tojssrga, haj, gyapj, angra szr,

350

selyem, szalma, pamut, len, kender, kapok

vagy juta; a manyagok kzl a mselyem, a
nylon, az acett, a poliszter vagy az akril fordulnak el. A tojssrgt, kthatsa miatt, falkpeken (szekk esetn) s specilis habarcsok
adalkanyagaknt is hasznltk, mint pldul
a cocciopesto vagy Khorasan habarcsban, melyet sokat hasznltak a Rmai birodalomban,
Bizncban s az Oszmn birodalomban.
Szinonima: segdanyag, additv
vakolat, szekk

Additivo

IT

Definizione: Qualsiasi sostanza (o materiale)

organica o inorganica usata in quantit minime e mescolata con pittura, intonaco, malta o
cemento come acceleratore, plastificante, stabilizzante, fluidificante o ritardante.
Commento: Esempi di sostanze naturali possono includere tuorlo duovo, capelli, lana, angora, seta, paglia, cotone, lino, kapok, canapa
e iuta; quelli sintetici, invece, possono includere rayon, nylon, acetato, poliestere, e acrilici.
Il tuorlo duovo era usato come materiale additivo grazie alle sue caratteristiche di legante
sia in dipinti murali (come nei dipinti a secco)
e in alcune speciali malte come quella Khorasan, utilizzata intensivamente a Bisanzio, nellImpero romano e nel periodo ottomano.
intonaco, pittura a secco

Dodatek

PL

Definicja: Kada organiczna lub nieorganiczna

substancja (lub materia) stosowana w bardzo
niewielkiej iloci i mieszana z farb, tynkiem, zapraw lub cementem jako przyspieszacz, plastyfikator, stabilizator, upynniacz czy opniacz.
Komentarz: Przykady naturalnych substancji
mog obejmowa tko jaja, wosie, wen,
angor, jedwab, som, bawen, len, kapok,
konopie i jut; z syntetycznych mog to by
rayon, nylon, wkno octanowe, poliester i
akryl. tko jaja dodawano w malarstwie
ciennym (jak secco) z uwagi na jego wasnoci wice i do niektrych specjalnych zapraw jak cocciopesto / Khorasan, ktra bya
popularna okresie rzymskim, bizantyjskim i w
czasach otomaskich.
Nie naley myli z: domieszka
tynk, secco

Aditiv

RO

Definiie: Orice substan (sau material) organic sau anorganic utilizat ntr-o cantitate
foarte mic i amestecat n culori, tencuieli,
mortare sau cimenturi, avnd rol catalizator,
plastifiant, stabilizator sau fluidizator.
Adnotare: Exemple de substane naturale pot
include glbenu de ou, pr, ln, angora, mtase, paie, bumbac, pnz, capoc, cnep i iut;
cele sintetice, pe de alt parte, pot include celofibr, nailon, acetat, poliester i rini acrilice.
Glbenuul de ou a fost folosit ca i material aditiv datorit proprietilor sale de liant att n picturile murale (de ex. a secco), ct i n anumite
mortare speciale, precum mortarul cocciopesto/Khorasan ce a fost intens folosit n perioadele
Imperiului Roman, Bizantin i Otoman.
tencuial, a secco

Aditivo

Es

Definicin: Cualquier sustancia (o material)

orgnico o inorgnico, aadido en proporcin muy baja a una pintura, revoque, mortero
o cemento, como acelerante, plastificante, estabilizante, fluidificante o retardante.
Comentario: Algunos ejemplos de sustancias
naturales son la yema de huevo, el pelo, la lana, la angora, la seda, la paja, el algodn, el lino, el camo y el yute; por otra parte, entre
las sustancias sintticas, se puede encontrar
el rayn, el nailon, el acetato, el polister y los
acrlicos.La yema de huevo fue usada como
aditivo, debido a su capacidad aglutinante, en
algunas pinturas murales (como en la pintura
al seco) y en algunos morteros especiales como el mortero khorasan, muy empleado en
los perodos Bizantino, Romano y Otomano.
revoque pintura al seco

Katk maddesi

TR

Tanm: ok az miktarda kullanlan ve tepkimeyi hzlandrc, yumuatc, sabitleyici, akkanlatrc ya da yavalatc olarak boya, al, har
ya da imento ile kartrlan organik veya inorganik madde (malzeme).
Yorum: Doal katk maddelerinin rnekleri
yumurta sars, kl, yn, tiftik, ipek, saman, pamuk, keten, lif, kenevir ve jt olabilirken sentetiklerin rnekleri suni ipek, naylon, asetat,
polyester ve akrilik olabilir. Yumurta sars, yaptrc zelliinden dolay hem duvar resimlerinde (kuru fresk gibi) hem de Roma, Bizans

MATERIALs APPENDIx

ve Osmanl dnemlerinde youn olarak Horasan harc gibi baz zel harlarda katk maddesi olarak kullanlrd.
Kartrmaynz: karm

BG

, ,
, ,
. , , ,
, , , , , ,
;
, , , .

: ( ), -

:
-

sva, kuru fresko

Aggregate

EN

Definition: Granular, inert, hard material used

together with a binding (or adhesive) material
to give specific physical properties to concrete, mortar or plaster.
Comment: Aggregates are used to provide
mainly bulk, stability, and resistance to stress
and wear to an architectural surface. They are
also used to prevent excessive shrinkage during setting.
Coarse aggregate is mainly used to give concrete resistance to compressive stress. It may
consist of crushed stone, gravel and crushed
gravel, vermiculite, perlite or oven-dried slag.
Fine aggregate is mainly used for thin concrete slabs, mortars or plasters, and where a
smooth surface is desired. It may consist of
sand, stone dust/powder, or brick dust/powder. There is an ambiguity in using aggregate
and filler. While the latter is defined by construction standards as a very fine aggregate,
the use of filler in a broader sense gives rise
to situations where aggregate is used with
the meaning of a filler.
Not to be confused with: filler
brick dust, filler, plaster, sand

Granulat (agrgat)

FR

Dfinition: Matire dure granulaire et inerte,

utilise avec un matriau liant (ou adhsif )
pour donner des proprits physiques spcifiques au bton, au mortier ou au pltre.
Commentaires: Les granulats sont utiliss
pour fournir la stabilit et la rsistance mcanique lusure dun mortier constituant une

surface architecturale. Ils sont galement utiliss pour limiter un retrait excessif pendant le
schage. Les granulats grossiers sont principalement utiliss pour donner une grande rsistance la compression au bton. Ils peuvent tre constitus de pierre concasse, de
gravier qui peut tre concass, de vermiculite,
de perlite ou de laitier sch au four. Les granulats fins sont principalement utiliss pour
les plaques fines de bton, les enduits minces
ou l o une surface lisse est souhaite. Il peut
tre constitu de sable, de poudre de pierre
ou de brique. Il y a une ambigut dans lutilisation des mots granulat et de charge. Alors
que ce dernier est dfini par les normes de
construction comme dfinissant un agrgat
trs fin, lutilisation de charge dans un sens
plus large donne lieu des situations o le
terme granulat est utilis avec le sens dune
charge.
Ne pas confondre avec: charge
poudre de brique, charge, enduit, sable

Zuschlag

(. ), .,
, .
:

genutzt, um Beton hheren Widerstand gegen Druckspannung zu verleihen: Er kann aus

Schotter, Splitt, Kies und Kiessplitt, Vermiculit,
Perlit oder Schlacke bestehen.
Feiner Zuschlag wird hauptschlich fr Betonplatten, Mrtel oder Putze und fr glatte
Oberflchen eingesetzt: Er kann aus Sand,
Steinmehl oder Ziegelmehl bestehen.
Die Begriffe Zuschlag und Fllstoff werden
oft nicht eindeutig verwendet: Fllstoff wird
in Baustandards als sehr feiner Zuschlag definiert; Zuschlag wird also u.a. auch als Fllstoff bezeichnet.
Synonym: Zuschlagstoff
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Fllstoff, Zusatzstoff
Ziegelmehl, Fllstoff, Putz, Sand

Agregat

HR

Definicija: Zrnati, inertni, tvrdi materijal koji

se upotrebljava s vezivnim materijalom (ili ljepilom) radi postizanja odreenih fizikih svojstava betona, morta ili buke.

DE

Definition: Krniges, inertes, hartes Material,

das zusammen mit einem Bindemittel (oder
Klebemittel) dazu benutzt wird, Beton, Mrtel
oder Putz bestimmte physikalische Eigenschaften zu verleihen.
Kommentar: Es wird dazu verwendet, einen
Werkstoff fr Architekturoberflchen hauptschlich mit Volumen, Stabilitt und Widerstand gegenber Belastung und Abnutzung
auszursten. Zuschlge werden auch als Magerungsmittel eingesetzt, um bermiges
Schrumpfen beim Aushrten zu verhindern.
Grober Zuschlag wird hauptschlich als Hrter

Napomena: Agregati se uglavnom rabe kako

bi osigurali masu, stabilnost te otpornost na
naprezanje i troenje arhitektonske povrine.
Takoer se upotrebljavaju za sprjeavanje pretjeranoga skupljanja tijekom nanoenja.
Grubi se agregat uglavnom upotrebljava kako
bi beton bio otporniji na tlano naprezanje.
Moe se sastojati od lomljenoga kamena,
ljunka i lomljenoga ljunka, minerala vermikulita, perlita ili troske suene u pei.
Fini agregat uglavnom se rabi za tanke betonske ploe, mortove ili buke te gdje je poeljna
glatka povrina. Moe se sastojati od pijeska,
kamene praine ili kamenoga praha, ili praine/praha od opeke.

Sources: Hasol 2002, 25; Harris 2006, 8; AAT: aggregate (4.1.2015); Ching 1996, 43

351

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Postoji nejasnoa u koritenju naziva agregat

i punilo. Dok je potonji definiran graevnim
standardima kao vrlo fini agregat, uporaba naziva punilo u iremu smislu dovodi do situacije da se agregat rabi u znaenju punila.
openi prah, punilo, buka, pijesak

Aggregtum

HU

Meghatrozs: Szemcss, inert, kemny

anyag, melyet ktanyaggal (vagy ragasztanyaggal) keverve hasznlnak, hogy sajtos fizikai tulajdonsgokat adjanak a betonnak, falaz habarcsnak vagy vakolatnak.
Megjegyzs: Az aggregtum szerepe tmegt adni az ptszeti felletnek, nvelni stabilitst, nyoms- s kopsllsgt. A kts
alatti zsugorods visszafogsa rdekben is
hasznljk. A durva szemcszet aggregtumot leginkbb a beton nyomsllsgnak
nvelsre hasznljk. Ez lehet trtt k, kavics, trtt kavics, vermikulit, perlit vagy szrtott salak.
A finom szemcszet aggregtumot vkony
betonlapokhoz, vakolatokhoz s habarcsokhoz, sima felletek ltrehozshoz hasznljk.
Lehet homok, kpor vagy krlemny, tglapor vagy tglarlemny.
Az aggregtum s a tltanyag kifejezseket
gyakran tvesztik. Az ptszeti szabvnyok
szerint a tltanyag egy finom szemcszet
aggregtum, de a kt kifejezst a kznyelvben
gyakran keverik.
tglapor, tltanyag, vakolat, homok

Inerte

IT

Definizione: Materiale granulare, inerte, rigido usato in combinazione con un legante (o

un adesivo) per conferire propriet fisiche specifiche al cemento, alla malta o ad un intonaco.
Commento: Gli inerti sono utilizzati principalmente per fornire massa, stabilit e resistenza
contro sollecitazioni e logoramento ad una superficie architettonica. Sono altres usati per
prevenire un eccessivo restringimento durante la presa.
Un inerte grossolano viene principalmente
usato per dare al cemento resistenza a sollecitazioni compressive. Pu essere costituito da
pietrisco, ciottoli e ciottoli frantumati, vermiculite, perlite, e scorie essiccate.
Un inerte sottile viene principalmente usato
per lastre sottili di cemento, malte o intonaci,
e laddove si desideri avere una superficie li-

352

scia. Pu essere costituito da sabbia, polvere

di rocce o polvere di mattoni.
C un ambiguit quando si usano i termini
inerte e filler. Mentre questultimo definito negli standard costruttivi come un aggregato molto sottile, luso del termine filler in
un senso pi ampio d luogo a situazioni nelle
quali inerte usato con il significato di filler.
Da non confondersi con: filler
polvere di mattone, filler, intonaco, sabbia

subiri de beton, mortar sau tencuial, precum

i n cazul n care se dorete o suprafa neted.
Acesta poate consta din nisip, praf/pulbere de
piatr sau de crmid. Exist o ambiguitate n
ceea ce privete termenii agregat i material
de umplutur. Cel de-al doilea este definit de
standardele din construcii ca fiind un agregat
foarte fin; utilizarea sa n sens mai larg putnd
duce la situaii n care agregat este folosit cu
sensul de material de umplutur.
Sinonim: material inert
praf de crmid, material de umplutur,
tencuial, nisip

Kruszywo

PL

Definicja: Ziarnisty, obojtny, twardy materia

uywany razem z substancj wic (lub klejem) by uzyska swoiste wasnoci fizyczne
betonu, zaprawy czy tynku.
Komentarz: Dodawane gwnie by zwikszy
mas, stabilno i odporno powierzchni architektonicznej na obcienie i zuycie. Stosowane te by zapobiec gwatownym skurczom podczas tenia.
Gruboziarniste kruszywo zwykle jest uywane
aby zapewni betonowi odporno na naprenia ciskajce. Moe zawiera kruszony kamie, wir i kruszony wir, wermikulit, perlit
lub wypraany uel.
Drobne kruszywo jest uywane gwnie do cienkich pyt betonowych, zapraw czy tynkw oraz
gdy podana jest gadka powierzchnia. Moe
zawiera piasek, py kamienny lub ceglany.
Terminy kruszywo i wypeniacz bywaj niesusznie mylone. Standardy budowlane definiuj wypeniacz jako bardzo drobne kruszywo, ma on wic szersze znaczenie, prowadzi
to do sytuacji, gdy terminu kruszywo uywa
si w znaczeniu wypeniacza.
py ceglany, wypeniacz, tynk, piasek

Agregat

RO

Definiie: Material granulat, inert, dur, utilizat

mpreun cu un liant (sau adeziv) pentru a
conferi proprieti fizice specifice betonului,
mortarului sau tencuielii.
Adnotare: Agregatele sunt folosite pentru a
oferi suprafaei arhitecturale, volum, stabilitate
i rezisten la stres i uzur. De asemenea,
acestea sunt folosite i pentru a preveni contracia excesiv n timpul prizei. Agregatul grosier este utilizat n special pentru a oferi rezisten betonului la stresul de compresie. Acesta
poate consta din piatr spart, pietri, vermiculit, perlit sau zgur uscat n cuptor. Agregatul fin este utilizat n general pentru plci

Carga

Es

Definicin: Material granulado, inerte y duro

usado junto con un aglutinante (o adhesivo)
para aportar determinadas propiedades fsicas a un cemento, mortero o revoque.
Comentario: Se usa fundamentalmente para
aportar cuerpo, estabilidad y resistencia al estrs, as como para revestir una superficie arquitectnica.
Las cargas gruesas se utilizan, sobre todo, para
aportar al cemento una resistencia al estrs
por compresin. Suelen estar constituidos por
piedra triturada, grava, gravilla, vermiculita,
perlita o escorias granuladas de alto horno.
Las cargas finas se emplean, principalmente,
para estratos finos de cemento, mortero y revoques, y siempre que se necesite obtener
una superficie suave. Suelen ser arena, pulverizados de piedra o polvo de ladrillo.
polvo de ladrillo, carga fina, revoque,
arena

Agrega

TR

Tanm: Betona, harca veya plastie, zel fiziksel nitelik vermek iin balayc (ya da yaptrc) malzeme ile birlikte kullanlan tanecikli
hareketsiz sert materyal.
Yorum: Agrega, aslnda mimari yzeyin anmasna ve gerilmesine diren, sabitlik ve hacim salamak iin kullanlr. Ayrca sertleme
sresince ar ekmeyi nlemek iin de kullanlr. ri agrega genellikle betona, basnca
kar diren vermek iin kullanlr. Agrega;
mcr, akl, krma akl, vermikulit, volkanik
cam ya da frnda kurutulmu cruftan oluabilir.
nce agrega genellikle ince beton deme,
har ya da plastik iin przsz yzey istenilen
yerde kullanlr. Kumdan, ta tozundan ya da
kiremit tozundan oluabilir.

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Agrega ve dolgu kullanmnda anlam belirsizlii vardr. na standartlarnda dolgu ok ince agregay tanmlanrken, daha geni anlamda ise agregann dolgu olarak anlmasna sebep olur.
Kartrmaynz: dolgu maddesi
tula tozu, dolgu maddesi, sva, kum

BG

: , ,
,
( ),

,
.
: , ,
.

, . , , ,
.

,
, -

Binder

EN

Definition: Material with adhesive and cohesive properties, which coats all particles of a
filler or pigment and builds a coherent mass.
Comment: The ratio of binder to fill material
or pigment can vary greatly, so the mass can
be used as a coating, paint, mortar, or putty.
Examples of binders: clay, lime, gypsum, cements, oils, waxes, proteins (glue) and natural
or synthetic resins.
Synonyms: binding medium, binding agent,
medium
filler, pigment, lime putty, clay, glue,
cement, gypsum, acrylic

Liant

Bindemittel

DE

Definition: Material mit adhsiven und kohsiven Eigenschaften, das alle Partikel eines
Fllstoffes oder Pigmentes benetzt und eine
zusammenhngende Masse bildet.
Kommentar: Das Verhltnis von Bindemittel
zu Fllstoff oder zu Pigment kann stark variieren, so dass die Masse als Beschichtung, Farbe,
Mrtel oder Kitt verwendet werden kann.
Beispiele fr Bindemittel: Ton, Kalk, Gips, Zement, le, Wachse, Proteine (Leime) und natrliche oder synthetische Harze.
Synonyme: Binder, Medium
Fllstoff, Pigment, Sumpfkalk, Ton,

Ktanyag

HU

Meghatrozs: Kohzis (sszetart) s ragaszt vagy tapad tulajdonsgokkal rendelkez anyag, mely bevonja a tltanyag szemcsket vagy a festkszemcsket, s egy sszefgg tmeget hoz ltre.
Megjegyzs: A ktanyag s tltanyag vagy
pigment arnya nagymrtkben vltozhat,
gy a keverket lehet bevonatknt, festkknt,
habarcsknt vagy tmt anyagknt hasznlni. Ktanyagpldk: agyag, msz, gipsz, cementek, olajok, viaszok, fehrjk (enyv) s termszetes vagy szintetikus gyantk.
Szinonimk: mdium, kzeg (kevsb hasznltak)
tltanyag, pigment, mszpp, agyag,
enyv, cement, gipsz, akril

FR
Vezivo

Commentaires: La quantit de liant ajoute

au matriau de remplissage ou des pigments
peut varier considrablement et va dterminer
lutilisation du matriau comme enduit, peinture, mortier ou mastic. Exemples de liants: argile, chaux, pltre, ciments, huiles, cires, colles
animales (protiques), rsines naturelles ou
synthtiques.
Synonyme: agent de liaison

, , -

Leim, Zement, Gips, Acrylat

Dfinition: Matriau aux proprits adhsives

et cohsives qui, en recouvrant toutes les particules dun matriau de remplissage ou des
pigments, lui ou leur confre une cohsion.

. ,
. .

, - ,
.
:
:

HR

Definicija: Materijal ljepljivih i prianjajuih

svojstava, koji oblae sve estice punila ili pigmenata te stvara jedinstvenu masu.
Napomena: Omjer veziva i punila ili pigmenta
moe jako varirati, tako da se masa moe upotrijebiti kao premaz, boja, mort ili kit.
Primjeri veziva su: glina, vapno, gips, cement,
ulja, voskovi, proteini (tutkalo), te prirodne i
sintetike smole.
punilo, pigment, vapneno tijesto, glina,
tutkalo, cement, gips, akrilik

enduit, pigment, charge, argile, colle ani-

male, ciment, pltre de Paris, rsine acrylique

Legante

IT

Definizione: Materiale con propriet adesive e

coesive, che riveste tutte le particelle di un filler
o di un pigmento e crea una massa coerente.
Commento: Il rapporto tra il legante e il filler
o il pigmento pu variare notevolmente, al
punto che la massa ottenuta pu essere usata
come rivestimento, pittura, malta o mastice.
Esempi di leganti: argilla, calce, gesso, cementi, oli, cere, proteine (colla) e resine naturali o
sintetiche
filler, pigmento, grassello di calce, argilla,
colla, cemento, gesso, acrilici

Sources: E DIN EN 16572, 2012, 6; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 20; Mortars 2011, 27

353

MATERIALs APPENDIx

spoiwo

PL

Definicja: Materia o wasnociach klejcych i

spajajcych, ktry pokrywa wszystkie czsteczki wypeniacza tworzc jednorodn mas.
Komentarz: Proporcje zawartoci spoiwa do
wypeniacza czy pigmentu mog si znacznie
rni, mieszanina moe by uyta jako powoka, farba, zaprawa lub kit. Przykady spoiw:
glina, wapno, gips, cementy, oleje, woski, biaka (klej) i naturalne oraz sztuczne ywice.
Synonimy: substancja wica, rodek wicy
wypeniacz, pigment, ciasto wapienne,
glina, klej, cement, gips, akryle

Liant

RO

Definiie: Material cu proprieti adezive i

coezive, care nglobeaz toate particulele
dintr-un material de umplutur sau pigment
i construiete o mas coerent.
Adnotare: Raportul dintre liant i materialul
de umplutur sau pigment poate varia foarte
mult, astfel nct masa obinut poate fi folosit ca un strat de acoperire, ca vopsea, ca
mortar sau chit.
Exemple de liani: argil, var, gips, ciment, uleiuri, ceruri, proteine (clei) i rini naturale sau
sintetice.
Sinonim: agent de legare
material de umplutur, pigment, var past,

argil, clei, ciment, gips, rin acrilic

Ligante

Es

Definicin: Material con propiedades adhesivas y cohesivas, que engloba todas las partculas de un material de carga o pigmento
formando una masa homognea.
Comentario: La proporcin de ligante necesaria puede variar significativamente. De este
modo, la mezcla puede usarse como una capa
protectora, una pintura, un mortero o un estuco.
Ejemplos de ligantes: arcilla, cal, yeso, cementos, aceites, ceras, protenas (cola) y resinas naturales y sintticas.
En espaol se distingue entre los trminos:
- aglomerante (da cohesin mediante transformaciones fsicas, por ejemplo: arcilla);
- conglomerante (da cohesin mediante
transformaciones qumicas que originan
nuevos compuestos, por ejemplo: cal);
- aglutinante (mantiene unidas entre s partculas de pigmentos, por ejemplo: cola).
carga fina, pigmento, arcilla, cera, co-

la, cemento, yeso, acrlico

Balayc

TR

Tanm: Pigment ya da dolgu malzemelerinin

tmn kaplayan, yapkan bir ktle oluturan, yaptc ve birletirici zellikli malzeme.

EN

Definition: A manufactured structural unit of

clay or shale produced in the form of a rectangular block, either sun-dried or baked (fired),
and used as a building material in masonry.
Comment: While bricks are sometimes used
decoratively, most of their uses are utilitarian,
such as for load bearing, non-load bearing
and veneer walls. The aesthetic aspect is given
by the geometrical arrangement of the bricks,
which can also have different colours.
Besides clay, baked brick can contain, sand,
calcium carbonate, iron oxide and refractory
fillers. Sun-dried mud bricks were one of the

dolgu maddesi, pigment, kire kayma,

kil, tutkal, imento, al, akrilik

: , .
: , ,
, () .
: , , ,
, , , () .
: ,
,
, , ,

, , , ,
,

first man-made masonry materials, and their

dimensions were dictated by the possibility of
easy handling.
Aside from useful properties like strength,
load bearing capacity, resistance to moisture
and isolation from environmental factors, it
was their resistance to fire that brought about
the worldwide use of bricks.
clay, filler, masonry, sand

Brique

FR

Dfinition: Unit structurale fabrique

laide de matriaux argileux, sous forme dun

bloc rectangulaire, sche au soleil ou cuite

au four et utilise comme matriau de
construction en maonnerie.
Commentaires: Bien que les briques soient
parfois utilises de faon dcorative, la plupart
de leurs utilisations sont structurelles, portantes ou non, ou sur les murs de placage. Laspect esthtique est donn par la disposition
gomtrique des briques, qui peuvent aussi
avoir des couleurs diffrentes. Les briques
cuites peuvent contenir, en plus de largile, du
sable, du carbonate de calcium, des oxydes de
fer et des charges rfractaires. Les briques de
boue sche ont t lun des premiers matriaux de maonnerie artificielle et leurs dimen-

Sources: Hasol 2002, 467; Harris 1984, 68; Ching 1995, 18; Juracek 2002, 4760, 337; CAMEO: Brick (11.4.2014); Britannica: brick-and-tile (11.4.2014)

354

BG

Yorum: Pigmenti veya dolgu malzemesini

doldurmak iin tutkal oran fazlasyla eitlilik
gsterebilir. Bylece ktle; kaplama, boya,

Brick

har veya macun olarak kullanlabilir. Balayc

rnekleri: Kil, kire, al, imentolar, yalar, adalar/mumlar, proteinler (tutkal) ve reineler
E anlaml: yaptrma maddesi, balayc eleman, arac

MATERIALs APPENDIx

sions ont t dictes par la possibilit dtre

facilement manipules. Outre leurs proprits
de rsistance la compression, la traction,
de rsistance lhumidit et de protection vis-vis des facteurs environnementaux, leur
rsistance au feu a aussi favoris le dveloppement de lutilisation des briques dans le
monde.

od prvih zidarskih materijala koje je ovjek

stvorio, a njihove su dimenzije uvjetovane mogunou lakoga rukovanja.
Osim korisnih svojstava poput snage, kapaciteta nosivosti, otpornosti na vlagu i izolacije
od okolinih imbenika, njihova otpornost na
vatru glavni je razlog irenja uporabe opeke
po cijelome svijetu.

argile, charge, maonnerie, sable

glina, punilo, zidanje, pijesak

no imposte dalla possibilit di essere maneggiati facilmente.

Al di l di utili propriet come solidit, capacit
di sopportare carico, resistenza allumidit e
isolamento da fattori ambientali, la loro resistenza al fuoco che ha fatto diffondere a livello mondiale luso dei mattoni.
argilla, filler, muratura, sabbia

Cega
Ziegel

DE

Tgla

Definition: Ein aus tonhaltigem Lehm oder

Tonschiefer gefertigtes Bauelement in Form
eines rechteckigen Blocks, entweder getrocknet oder gebrannt und als Baumaterial fr
Mauerwerk verwendet.

Meghatrozs: Egy agyagbl vagy palbl

ksztett falszerkezeti elem, tglatest alak
tmb, melyet napon szrtanak vagy kigetnek, s falak ksztshez hasznlnak ptanyagknt.

Kommentar: Ziegel werden hauptschlich fr

konstruktive Zwecke verwendet, wie tragende oder nichttragende Mauern und Verblendmauerwerk. Manchmal nutzt man sie auch fr
dekorative Zwecke: Ihre sthetische Wirkung
ergibt sich durch die geometrische Anordnung der Ziegel, die manchmal auch verschiedenfarbig sind.
Gebrannte Ziegel knnen neben Ton auch
Sand, Calciumcarbonat, Eisenoxid und feuerfeste Fllstoffe enthalten. Getrocknete Lehmziegel sind eines der ersten, von Menschen
geschaffene Baumaterialien fr Mauerwerk.
Ihre Mae waren durch die Notwendigkeit der
einfachen Handhabung vorgegeben.
Neben ihren ntzlichen Eigenschaften wie Festigkeit, Tragfhigkeit, Widerstand gegenber
Feuchte und Isolierung gegen andere Umweltfaktoren war es ihre Feuerfestigkeit, die zum
weltweiten Einsatz von Ziegeln gefhrt hat.
Synonyme: Ziegelstein, Backstein, Klinker, Klinkerziegel, Mauerziegel, Tonziegel, Lehmziegel

Megjegyzs: Br nha dsztsre is alkalmazzk, leginkbb gyakorlati hasznostsa van,

tartfalaknl, nem tartfalaknl vagy falburkolatknt. Az eszttikt a tglk elhelyezse
adja, melyek lehetnek klnbz sznek is.
Az getett tgla tartalmazhat, az agyagon kvl, homokot, kalcium-karbontot, vas-oxidokat s tzll tltanyagokat. A napon szrtott srtgla vagy vlyogtgla az ember ltal
elsknt hasznlt falazanyagok egyike volt,
mreteit a knny kezelhetsg hatrozta
meg. Hasznos tulajdonsgain kvl (mint pldul szilrdsga, teherbr kpessge, nedvessggel szembeni ellenll kpessge s
krnyezeti tnyezkkel szembeni szigetelhatsa), tzllsgnak ksznheti szleskr
hasznlatt vilgszerte.

Ton, Fllstoff, Mauerwerk, Sand

Opeka

HR

Definicija: Strukturna jedinica gline ili kriljevca proizvedena u obliku pravokutnoga bloka
suenjem ili peenjem (paljenjem) koja se
upotrebljava kao graevni materijal u zidanju.
Napomena: Lako se opeka katkad upotrebljavaju u dekorativne svrhe, uglavnom je njihova
namjena utilitarna; gradnja nosivih i nenosivih
zidova te njihovo oblaganje. Estetski aspekt
dan je geometrijskim rasporedom opeka, koje
mogu biti razliito obojene. Peene opeke uz
glinu mogu sadravati pijesak, vapno (kalcijev
karbonat), eljezov oksid i vatrostalna punila.
Na suncu suene opeke od blata bile su jedan

agyag, tltanyag, fal, homok

Definicja: Pojedynczy element w postaci prostoktnego bloku, wytworzony z gliny lub iu,
wysuszony na socu lub wypalony, uywany
jako materia w budownictwie.
Komentarz: Cegy bywaj czasem uywane
do dekoracji, ale gwnie maj zastosowanie
uytkowe, do budowy cian nonych, dziaowych i licowania cian. Poprzez geometryczny
ukad cegie, ktre mog te mie rne kolory, uzyskuje si efekt estetyczny.
Wypalone cegy oprcz gliny mog zawiera
piasek, wglan wapnia, tlenek elaza i ogniotrwae wypeniacze. Cegy z muu suszone na
socu byy jednym z pierwszych wytworzonych przez czowieka materiaw budowlanych, ich wymiary dyktowaa moliwo atwego posugiwania si. Poza wasnociami
praktycznymi jak wytrzymao, dwiganie
obcie, odporno na dziaanie wilgoci i izolacja od czynnikw rodowiska, o wiatowym
wykorzystaniu cegie zdecydowaa ich odporno na ogie.
glina, wypeniacz, budownictwo, piasek

Crmid
Mattone

PL

HU

RO

IT

Definizione: Unit strutturale lavorata, prodotta con argilla o scisto nella forma di un
blocco rettangolare, essiccata al sole o cotta,
e usata come materiale da costruzione nelle
opere in muratura.
Commento: Sebbene i mattoni siano talvolta
usati a scopo decorativo, la maggior parte delle loro applicazioni sono funzionali, ad esempio in muri portanti, non portanti e nei muri
di rivestimento esterno.
Lapparenza estetica data dalla disposizione
geometrica dei mattoni, che possono anche
avere colori differenti.
Oltre allargilla, i mattoni cotti possono contenere sabbia, carbonato di calcio, ossido di ferro e inerti refrattari. I mattoni di fango essiccati
al sole sono tra i primi materiali da costruzione
per muratura artificiali, e le loro dimensioni so-

Definiie: O unitate structural fabricat din

argil sau ist, produs sub forma unui bloc
dreptunghiular, uscat la soare sau ars n
cuptor, i folosit ca material de construcie n
zidrie.
Adnotare: Dei crmizile sunt uneori utilizate n scopuri decorative, cele mai multe dintre
aplicaiile acestora sunt funcionale, de exemplu, n perei portani, perei neportani i n
zidria aparent. Aspectul estetic este dat de
aranjamentul geometric al crmizilor, ce pot
avea culori diferite.
Crmizile arse pot conine n afar de argil
i nisip, carbonat de calciu, oxid de fier i materiale de umplutur refractare. Crmizile din
chirpici uscat la soare au fost printre primele
materiale de zidrie create de om, iar dimensiunile lor au fost dictate de posibilitatea manevrrii cu uurin a acestora.

355

MATERIALs APPENDIx

nafara proprietilor utile, precum rezistena,

capacitatea portant, rezistena la umiditate
i izolarea mpotriva factorilor de mediu, rezistena crmizilor la foc a adus la utilizarea lor
la nivel mondial.
argil, material de umplutur, zidrie, nisip

Ladrillo

Adems de sus propiedades de fuerza, capacidad de carga, resistencia a la humedad y aislamiento frente a factores medioambientales,
es su resistencia al fuego y su durabilidad la
que ha contribuido a la difusin de su uso por
todo el mundo.
arcilla carga fina, fbrica arena

Es
Tula

Definicin: Unidad estructural fabricada con

arcilla o pizarra, con forma de bloque rectangular, que se cuece o se seca al sol y se emplea
como material de construccin.
Comentario: A pesar de que algunas veces los
ladrillos tienen un uso decorativo, la mayor
parte de las ocasiones lo tienen funcional,
bien como material que conforma el muro de
carga, bien como revestimiento. La apariencia
viene dada por la disposicin geomtrica de
los ladrillos (aparejo), que adems pueden tener diversas tonalidades.
Los ladrillos cocidos pueden contener, adems de arcilla, carbonato de calcio, xidos frricos y cargas refractarias. Los ladrillos de barro secado al sol fueron uno de los primeros
materiales de construccin confeccionados
por el hombre y sus dimensiones estaban condicionadas por la posibilidad de manipulacin
individual. ( 30 x 15 x 15 cm)

TR

Tanm: Duvarclkta yap malzemesi olarak

kullanlan gnete kurutulmu ya da frnlanm drtgen blok eklinde retilmi ist ya da
kilden imal edilmi yap esi.
Yorum: Tulalar dekoratif amal kullanmnn
yansra ounlukla tayc olarak, dolgu ve
duvar kaplama ilevlerinde de kullamlr. Estetik grnm, farkl renkte de olabilen tulalarn geometrik dizimi ile elde edilir.
Frnlanm tulalar kilin yan sra kum, kalsiyum
karbonat, demiroksit ve sya dayankl dolgular
da ierebilir. Gnete kurutulmu kerpi, ilk insan yapm duvarclk malzemelerinden biridir
ve boyutlar, kolay kullanm iin belirlenmitir.
G, tama kapasitesi, diren gibi faydal zelliklerden nemlendirme ve izole etme gibi evresel faktrlerden baka, tulann dnya apnda
kullanmna sebep olan atee kar direnciydi.

EN

Definition: A moisture-retaining aggregate

which, depending on its grain size, may be a
pozzolanic aggregate for mortars. Brick dust
is also used for colouring mortars. Crushed
brick and coarse brick particles are used for
the manufacture of cocciopesto mortar, terrazzo and waterproof mortars.
Comment: Depending on the degree of
crushing, the terms brick chippings, brick grit,
or brick dust are used.
The pozzolanic effect of the brick dust is mainly due to fired clay minerals such as kaolin,
which at temperatures between 700900C
transforms to strongly pozzolanic metakaolin
and acts hydraulically with alkaline binders.
pozzolan

Poudre de brique

:
,
,
.
:
, , - . ,
.
, , ,
. , , - .
, ,
, , .
, , /, -

FR

Dfinition: Poudre dont les proprits de rtention de lhumidit dpendent de la taille

des grains. Elle peut tre faite de pouzzolane
ou de tuileau. Elle peut aussi tre utilise pour
colorer les mortiers.
Commentaires: La granulomtrie de la poudre dpend du degr de concassage.
La brique concasse en morceaux plus grossiers est utilise dans la fabrication des mortiers cocciopesto, terrazzo ou tanches. Leffet pouzzolanique de la brique concasse est
principalement d aux minraux argileux
cuits comme la kaolinite, qui, une temprature comprise entre 700 et 900 C, se transforme en mtakaolin. Ce dernier est, en prsence de liant alcalin, responsable de cette
raction, qui donne un caractre hydraulique
un mortier.
pouzzolane

Sources: Heide 2000; E DIN EN 16572: 2012; Mortars 2011, 62, 274

356

BG

kil, dolgu maddesi, duvarclk, kum

Brick dust

Ziegelmehl

DE

Definition: Ein feuchtespeichernder und ggf.,

abhngig von seiner Korngre, ein puzzolanischer Zuschlag fr Mrtel, der auch zum Frben von Mrteln verwendet wird. Ziegelbruch
und grobe Ziegelpartikel werden fr die Herstellung von Cocciopesto-Mrtel, Terrazzo
und wasserfesten Mrteln verwendet.
Kommentar: Der puzzolanische Effekt des
Ziegelmehls basiert hauptschlich auf den gebrannten Tonmineralien wie Kaolin, welches
bei Temperaturen zwischen 700900 C in
stark puzzolanisches Metakaolin umgewandelt wird und mit alkalischen Bindemitteln hydraulisch wirkt. Abhngig vom Zerkleinerungsgrad werden die Begriffe Ziegelsplitt,
Ziegelschrot oder Ziegelmehl verwendet.
Puzzolan

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Openi prah

HR

Definicija: Agregat koji zadrava vlagu i ovisno o veliini zrna (granulaciji), moe biti pucolanski agregat za mortove. Openi se prah
takoer rabi za bojenje mortova. Drobljena
opeka i grube estice opeke upotrebljavaju se
za proizvodnju cocciopesto morta, terrazzoa
i vodootpornih mortova.

argillosi cotti come il caolino, che a temperature comprese tra 700900C si trasforma in
un metacaolino fortemente pozzolanico e che
agisce idraulicamente con leganti alcalini.
Sinonimo: cocciopesto
pozzolana

Py ceglany
Napomena: Ovisno o stupnju drobljenja,
upotrebljavaju se nazivi opene krhotine,
openi pijesak i openi prah. Pucolanski efekt
openi prah uglavnom duguje mineralima peene gline poput kaolina, koji se na temperaturi od 700 do 900 C transformira u jaki pucolanski metakaolin te s lunatim vezivima
djeluje hidraulino.
pucolan

Tglapor

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy vzmegkt szemcssanyag, mely szemcsemrettl fggen habarcsok hidraulikus adalkanyaga lehet (puccoln). Habarcsok sznezsre is hasznljk. A
tglatrmelket s a nagyobb tgladarabkkat a cocciopesto habarcs, a terrazzo s a vzll habarcsok ksztsre hasznljk.
Megjegyzs: A zzs mrtke szerint beszlhetnk tglazzalkrl, tglarlemnyrl (tgladara) vagy tglaporrl. A tglapor puccoln
hatsa fleg az getett agyagsvnyoknak ksznhet, mint a kaolin, mely 700900 C kztt ersen hidraulikus hats metakaolintt
alakul, s lgos ktanyagok jelenltben hidraulikus hatst fejt ki.
Angolul cocciopestonak is nevezik.
puccoln

Polvere di mattone

IT

Definizione: Inerte che mantiene lumidit e

che, a seconda della sua granulometria, pu
essere usato come aggregato pozzolanico per
malte. La polvere di mattone viene anche usata per la colorazione delle malte. Mattoni tritati e particelle grossolane di mattoni vengono usati per la realizzazione del cocciopesto,
del terrazzo alla veneziana e di malte impermeabili.
Commento: A seconda del grado di frantumazione, vengono usati i termini schegge di
mattone, graniglia di mattone o polvere di
mattone. Leffetto pozzolanico della polvere di
mattoni principalmente dovuto ai minerali

PL

Definicja: Kruszywo do zapraw utrzymujce

wilgo, zalenie od rozmiaru ziarna ma charakter pucolany. Py ceglany uywany jest take do barwienia zapraw. Kruszone cegy i ich
chropowate czstki uywane s te do wyrobu zaprawy cocciopesto, terrazzo oraz zapraw
wodoodpornych.
Komentarz: Zalenie od stopnia skruszenia
uywa si terminw: ceglane okruchy, ceglany tucze, ceglany grys, lub ceglany py.
Ceglany py dziaa jak pucolana, w sposb typowy dla wypalanych mineraw gliniastych,
jak kaolin, ktry w temperaturze 700900 C
przechodzi w metakaolin, silnie wykazujcy
wasnoci pucolany i z zasadowymi spoiwami
dziaa hydraulicznie.
pucolana

Praf de crmid

RO

Definiie: Un agregat absorbant, iar n funcie

de granulaie, poate fi un agregat pozzolanic
pentru mortare. Praful de crmid este de asemenea folosit i pentru colorarea mortarelor. Crmida zdrobit i bucile grosiere de crmid
sunt folosite pentru fabricarea mortarului cocciopesto, terrazzo i a mortarelor impermeabile.
Adnotare: n funcie de gradul de frmiare,
sunt folosii termenii de cioburi de crmid,
pietri de crmid sau praf de crmid. Efectul pozzolanic al prafului de crmid se datoreaz n principiu mineralelor argiloase arse,
cum ar fi caolinul, care la temperaturi ntre 700
900C se transform n metacaolin foarte pozzolanic i acioneaz hidraulic cu liani alcalini.
pozzolana

Polvo de ladrillo

Es

Definicin: Carga que absorbe la humedad

y, dependiendo de su tamao de partcula,
carga puzolnica para morteros. El polvo de
ladrillo se emplea tambin para colorear morteros. Los fragmentos de ladrillo y los triturados cermicos se emplean para la manufactu-

ra de morteros de terrazo y morteros con propiedades hidrofugantes.

Comentario: En funcin del grado de triturado, existen diversos tipos de chamotas: desde
el polvo de ladrillo a los triturados cermicos.
El efecto puzolnico del polvo de ladrillo se
debe fundamentalmente a los minerales arcillosos cocidos, como el caoln, que, a temperaturas entre 700900C, se transforman en
metacaln fuertemente puzolnico y funcionan de forma hidrulica con ligantes alcalinos.
Sinnimo: chamota, cocciopesto
puzolana

Tula tozu

TR

Tanm: Tane ebadna bal olarak har iin puzolanik agrega da olabilen nem tutucu bir agrega tr. Ayrca tula tozu, harlar renklendirmek amacyla da kullanlabilir. Tula kr
ve kaba tula paracklar; cocciopesto, terrazzo ve su geirmez harlar iin de kullanlr.
Yorum: Krma derecesine gre, tula kr,
tula krnts veya tula tozu terimleri kullanlr. Tula tozunun pozzalana etkisi genellikle
kaolin gibi 700900C scaklklarda gl pozzolanic metakaoline dnen ve alkalin balayclarla hidrolik etki gsteren yaklm kil minerallerinden kaynaklanr.
pozalan

BG

: , ,
,
.

. , - -
.
:

, ().
,
,
700900C
.

357

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Calcite crust

EN

Definition: A thin film of calcium carbonate

which forms on lime water or on a lime plaster
surface as a result of the reaction of carbon
dioxide from the air with calcium hydroxide
(carbonation).

Napomena: Sjajna kalcitna kora moe se formirati na povrini vapnene buke kao rezultat
pretjeranoga zaglaivanja i pritiska.
karbonatacija

Mszpncl
Comment: A glossy calcite crust can form on
the surface of a lime plaster as a result of exaggerated smoothing and pressing.
Not to be confused with: sintered skin
carbonation

Crote de calcaire (encrotement)

FR

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy vkony kalcium-karbont

rteg, mely a mszvz vagy a mszvakolat felletn keletkezik, a kalcium-hidroxid s a levegben lev szndioxid reakcija ltal (karbontosods, karbont kpzds).
Megjegyzs: A fnyes mszpncl tlzott simts vagy nyoms eredmnyeknt keletkezhet a mszvakolat felletn.

Dfinition: Fine couche de carbonate de calcium se formant sur leau de chaux ou sur la
surface dun enduit la chaux en raison de la
raction du dioxyde de carbone de lair avec
de lhydroxyde de calcium (carbonatation).

karbontosods

Commentaires: Une couche de calcite daspect luisant peut se former sur la surface dun
enduit la chaux en raison dun lissage exagr et du pressage.

Definizione: Strato sottile di carbonato di calcio che si forma nellacqua di calce o su una
superficie di intonaco a calce come risultato
della reazione chimica tra lanidride carbonica
nellaria e lidrossido di calcio (carbonatazione).

carbonatation (raction de)

Kalksinterhaut

DE

Definition: Eine dnne, feinkristalline Schicht

aus Calciumcarbonat, die auf Kalkwasser oder
auf einer Kalkputzoberflche gebildet wird
als Ergebnis der Reaktion von Kohlendioxid
aus der Luft mit Calciumhydroxid (Karbonatisierung).

Incrostazione di calcite

Commento: Unincrostazione di calcite lucida

pu formarsi sulla superficie di un intonaco a
calce a seguito di levigatura e pressione eccessive.
carbonatazione, malta di calce/intonaco a

calce

Karbonatisierung

Kalcitna kora

HR

Definicija: Film kalcijeva karbonata koji se formira na povrini vapnene vode ili vapnene
buke kao rezultat reakcije ugljikova dioksida
iz zraka s kalcijevim hidroksidom (karbonatacija).

Adnotare: Pe suprafaa unei tencuieli pe baz

de var se poate forma o crust de calcit lucioas, ca rezultat al sclivisirii i presrii exagerate.
Sinonim: crust de carbonat de calciu
carbonatare

Costra de cal carbonatada (Protectora) Es

Definicin: Fina pelcula o capa de carbonato
clcico que se forma en la superficie del agua
de cal o del revoque de cal como resultado de
la reaccin del dixido de carbono del aire con
el hidrxido de calcio (carbonatacin).
Comentario: Se puede formar una costra de
cal carbonatada brillante sobre la superficie
de un revoque de cal como resultado de un
fratasado y un pulido exagerado del mismo.
carbonatacin

Kalsit tabaka

Tanm: Havadan Kalsiyum hidroksit (karbonlama) ile karbon dioksitin reaksiyonu sonucu
kire suyu veya kire sva yzey zerinde oluan ince kalsiyum karbonat zar.
Yorum: Ar dzeltme ve bask sonucu kire
sva zerinde parlak kalsit tabaka oluabilir.
Kartrmaynz: cruflu yzey

PL

Definicja: Cienka powoka wglanu wapnia,

ktra tworzy si na powierzchni wody wapiennej lub tynku wapiennego w wyniku reakcji dwutlenku wgla z powietrza z wodorotlenkiem wapna (karbonizacja).
Komentarz: Byszczca warstwa kalcytu moe
tworzy si na powierzchni tynku wapiennego w wyniku nadmiernego wygadzania i naciskania.
karbonizacja

Crust de calcit

RO

BG

: , ,
().
:
, .

Definiie: O pelicul subire de carbonat de

calciu ce se formeaz pe apa de var sau pe su-

Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 230; Cowper 2005, 78; Mortars 2011, 608; Spiro et al. 2013, 284; Le guide pratiche: Trattamento allacqua di calce (25.3.2014)

358

TR

karbonlama

Warstwa kalcytu
Kommentar: Auf der Oberflche eines Kalkputzes kann eine glnzende Sinterschicht
durch bertriebene Glttung und Verdichtung entstehen.
Synonym: Sinterhaut
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Calcitkruste (Verwitterungsphnomen), Sinterkruste (Verwitterungsphnomen)

IT

prafaa unei tencuieli de var, ca rezultat al

reaciei dioxidului de carbon din aer cu hidroxidul de calciu (carbonatare).

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Carbonation

EN

Definition: Chemical reaction in which calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) reacts with carbon
dioxide from the air and forms insoluble calcium carbonate.
Comment: In the lime cycle (fig. p. 383), on applying high temperatures, limestone is converted to quicklime; by the addition of water, quicklime is converted to slaked lime; by carbonation,
slaked lime reverts to calcium carbonate.
Not to be confused with: carbonatation

FR

Dfinition: Raction chimique au cours de laquelle lhydroxyde de calcium (chaux teinte)

ragit avec du dioxyde de carbone de lair
pour former du carbonate de calcium trs peu
soluble.
Commentaires: Dans le cycle de la chaux, le
calcaire (carbonate de calcium) est converti en
chaux vive (monoxyde de calcium) des tempratures leves. Puis, en ajoutant de leau,
la chaux vive se transforme en chaux teinte
(hydroxyde de calcium). Enfin, le carbonate de
calcium se forme par carbonatation de chaux
teinte.
chaux

Karbonatisierung

DE

Definition: Chemische Reaktion, in der Calciumhydroxid (gelschter Kalk) mit Kohlendioxid aus der Luft reagiert und unlsliches Calciumcarbonat bildet.
Kommentar: Im Kalkkreislauf wird Kalkstein
durch den Einfluss von hohen Temperaturen
zu ungelschtem Kalk. Durch Zufgen von
Wasser wird der ungelschte Kalk zu gelschtem Kalk. Durch Karbonatisierung wird gelschter Kalk wieder zu Calciumcarbonat umgewandelt.
Kalk/Branntkalk

Karbonatacija

Napomena: Uciklusu vapna, primjenjujui visoke temperature, vapnenac se pretvara u ivo

vapno; dodavanjem vode ivo vapno pretvara
se u gaeno vapno; karbonatacijom gaeno
vapno se ponovno vraa u kalcijev karbonat.
Ne smije se mijeati s: karbonacija
vapno

Karbontosods

lime, p. 383

Carbonatation (raction de)

dioksidom iz zraka i tvori netopljivi kalcijev

karbonat.

HR

Definicija: Kemijska reakcija u kojoj kalcijev

hidroksid (gaeno vapno) reagira s ugljikovim

HU

Meghatrozs: Kmiai reakci, melynek sorn a kalcium-hidroxid (oltott msz) a leveg

szndioxidjval reagl s oldhatatlan kalciumkarbontot kpez.

cesie karbonizacji wapno gaszone przechodzi

w wglan wapnia.
wapno

Carbonatare

RO

Definiie: Reacie chimic n care hidroxidul

de calciu (var stins) reacioneaz cu dioxidul
de carbon din aer i formeaz carbonat de calciu insolubil.
Adnotare: n ciclul varului, aplicnd temperaturi ridicate, calcarul (carbonat de calciu) este transformat n var nestins sau var ars (oxid
de calciu); prin adugare de ap varul nestins
este transformat n var stins (hidroxid de calciu); prin carbonatare varul stins revine n stadiul de carbonat de calciu.

Megjegyzs: A mszciklusban, magas hfok

hatsra, a mszk (kalcium-karbont) getett mssz alakul (kalcium-oxid); vz hatsra
az getett mszbl oltott msz lesz (kalciumhidroxid); a karbontosods ltal az oltott
msz kalcium-karbontt alakul.

var

msz

Definicin: Reaccin qumica en la que el hidrxido de calcio (cal apagada) reacciona con
dixido de carbono del aire y forma carbonato
clcico insoluble.

Carbonatazione

Es

IT

Definizione: Reazione chimica in cui lidrossido di calcio (calce spenta) reagisce con lanidride carbonica nellaria e forma carbonato di
calcio insolubile.
Commento: Nel ciclo della calce, mediante
lapplicazione di alte temperature, il calcare
viene convertito in calce viva; aggiungendo
acqua, la calce viva viene convertita in calce
spenta; attraverso la carbonatazione la calce
spenta ritorna allo stato di carbonato di calcio.
calce

Karbonizacja

Carbonatacin

PL

Definicja: Proces chemiczny w ktrym wodorotlenek wapnia (wapno gaszone) reaguje z

dwutlenkiem wgla z powietrza i tworzy nierozpuszczalny wglan wapnia.
Komentarz: W cyklu wapiennym wapie po
zastosowaniu wysokich temperatur przechodzi w wapno palone; po dodaniu wody wapno
palone zmienia si w wapno gaszone; w pro-

Comentario: En el ciclo de la cal, la piedra caliza se convierte en xido de calcio cuando se

le aplica temperaturas elevadas; si se le aade
agua, este se convierte en cal apagada; si se
produce la carbonatacin de la cal apagada,
esta se convierte en carbonato de calcio.
cal

Karbonlama

TR

Tanm: Kalsiyum hidroksitin (snm kire)

havadaki karbon dioksit ile tepkimeye girdii
ve znmez kalsiyum karbonat oluturduu
kimyasal tepkimedir.
Yorum: Kire dngsnde, yksek scaklklar
uygulayarak, kireta snmemi kirece; snmemi kirece su ekleyerek ise snm kirece
dntrlr. Karbonlama yntemiyle snm kire kalsiyum karbonat haline dnr.
Kartrmaynz: karbonatlama
kire

Sources: Mora et al. 1984, 85, 96; Botticelli 1992, 15/6, 18, 24; Chemeurope: Carbonatation, (1.2.2015); Lexic: Definition of Carbonatation (1.2.2015); Wikipedia:
Carbonatation (1.2.2015)

359

MATERIALs APPENDIx

BG

: ,
( ) -

.
:

Casein

EN

Kasein

DE

Definition: Organic binder obtained from

milk (e.g. curd or cheese).

Definition: Organisches Bindemittel aus

Milch (z.B. Quark oder Kse).

Comment: When dried, casein is insoluble in

water but soluble in caustic alkalis (i.e. ammonia and borax). Adding alkalis to casein forms
a tempera binder, often used in wall paintings.
By adding casein to slaked lime, a very strong
insoluble adhesive (with a pH of 9.0-9.9), and
exceptionally weather-resistant binder, is
formed. Casein is used in lime fresco, but also
as a tempera binder in secco painting. In conservation practice, casein has been used as an
adhesive for wall painting, wood, stone and
paper. Because of possible biological growth,
casein cannot be used in a damp environment.

Kommentar: In getrocknetem Zustand ist Kasein unlslich in Wasser, jedoch lslich in tzenden Laugen (z.B. Ammoniak und Borax).
Durch Zugabe von Laugen zu Kasein entsteht
ein Temperabindemittel, das oft in Wandmalereien verwendet wird. Durch Zugabe von Kasein zu gelschtem Kalk entstehen ein sehr
starkes, unlsliches Klebemittel (mit einem pH
Wert von 9,0 bis 9,9) und ein auerordentlich
verwitterungsstabiles Bindemittel. Kasein wird
im Kalkfresko verwendet, aber auch als Temperabindemittel in der Secco-Malerei. In der
Restaurierung wurde Kasein als Klebemittel an
Wandmalereien, Holz, Stein und Papier eingesetzt. Da es durch biologischen Bewuchs gefhrdet ist, kann Kasein nicht in feuchten Umgebungen eingesetzt werden.

;

; .

tempera, vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, fresco,

secco, bioloki rast

Kazein

tempera, binder, wall painting, fresco,

secco, biological growth

Casine

FR

Tempera, Bindemittel, Wandmalerei,

Freskomalerei, Secco, biologischer Be-

Dfinition: Liant organique obtenu partir

dun produit laitier (ex. lait caill, fromage).

wuchs

Commentaires: La casine est insoluble leau

aprs schage mais reste soluble dans les solutions alcalines (ex. ammoniac, borax). En la mlangeant des alcalis, on obtient un liant souvent utilis dans les peintures murales. Ajoute
de la chaux teinte, elle forme un adhsif trs
puissant, qui constitue un liant rsistant aux intempries. La casine est utilise dans les peintures a fresco et aussi dans la peinture la dtrempe. Elle a t utilise en conservation
comme adhsif pour la peinture murale, le bois,
la pierre et le papier. Elle ne peut pas tre utilise dans un environnement humide du fait
dun possible dveloppement biologique.

Kazein

peinture a tempera, liant, peinture murale,

fresque, peinture a secco, dveloppement

biologique

HU

Meghatrozs: Tejbl (illetve aludttejbl

vagy trbl) nyert szerves ktanyag.
Megjegyzs: A szraz kazein vzben oldhatatlan, de olddik lgos kzegben (mint pldul
ammnium-hidroxidban vagy brax oldatban). Lgok (bzikus anyagok) hozzadsval
a kazein tempera ktanyagg alakul, melyet
gyakran hasznlnak falkpeknl is. Ha a kazeint oltott msszel keverik, egy igen ers, oldhatatlan ragasztanyag (melynek pH-ja 9,0
9,9), valamint egy remek, vzll ktanyag
keletkezik. A kazeint hasznljk a mszfresk
technikban, de a szekk festszetben is alkalmazzk tempera ktanyagknt. A restaurlsi gyakorlatban a kazeint falkpek, k s papr ragasztanyagknt hasznljk. Mivel biolgiai krosodsa valszn, a kazeint nem tancsos nedves krnyezetben alkalmazni.
tempera, ktanyag, falkp, ragaszt,
fresk, szekk, biolgiai krosods

HR

Definicija: Organsko vezivo dobiveno iz

mlijeka (npr. skute ili sira).
Napomena: Kad se osui, kazein je netoplijv
u vodi, ali je topljiv u luinama (npr. amonijaku
i boraksu). Dodavanjem luine kazeinu formira se vezivo tempere koje se esto upotrebljava u zidnome slikarstvu. Dodavanjem kazeina
gaenomu vapnu formira se netopljivo ljepilo
(pH 9,0 9,9), koje je vrlo jako i izrazito otporno na vremenske prilike. Kazein se rabi za vapneni fresco, ali i kao vezivo tempere u secco
slikanju. U restauriranju kazein je ljepilo za zidne slike, drvo, kamen i papir. Zbog moguega biolokoga rasta kazein se ne moe upotrebljavati u vlanoj okolini.

Caseina

IT

Definizione: Legante organico ottenuto dal

latte (es. cagliata o formaggio).
Commento: Dopo lessiccazione, la caseina
insolubile in acqua ma solubile negli alcali
caustici (es. ammoniaca e borace). Aggiungendo alcali alla caseina si ottiene un legante
a tempera, usato spesso sui dipinti murali. Con
laggiunta di caseina alla calce spenta, si forma
un adesivo insolubile molto forte (pH di 9,0
9,9) che anche un legante eccezionalmente
resistente alle intemperie. La caseina usata
negli affreschi ma anche come legante a tempera nei dipinti a secco. Nella prassi del restau-

Sources: Constable 1979, 56; Thompson 1956, 31; Laurie 1967, 175; Mora et al. 1984, 96, 117, 156, 160, 296, 348; Grli 1992, 99; Botticelli 1992, 164; Horie 1997,
50, 144; Cowper 2005, 23, 2628, 77; Thomson 2005, 153; Cennini 2007, CXIICXIII; Doherty, Woollett 2009, 13; Clarke 2010, 49; Mortars 2011, 591; Art History
Archive: Casein paint (22.10.2014); CAMEO: Casein (22.10.2014)

360

MATERIALs APPENDIx

ro tradizionale, la caseina veniva usata per dipinti murali, legno, pietra e carta. A causa di
possibili proliferazioni biologiche, la caseina
non pu essere impiegata in ambienti umidi.
pittura a tempera, legante, affresco, proliferazione biologica, pittura murale, pittura
a fresco

Kazeina

PL

Definicja: Spoiwo organiczne otrzymywane

z mleka (np. z twarogu).
Komentarz: Po wyschniciu kazeina jest nierozpuszczalna w wodzie, ale rozpuszcza si w
zasadach (np. w amoniaku i boraksie). Dodanie zasad do kazeiny tworzy spoiwo temperowe, czsto uywane w malarstwie ciennym.
Po dodaniu wapna gaszonego do kazeiny powstaje mocny nierozpuszczalny klej (o pH 9,0
9,9), spoiwo bardzo odporne na dziaanie
czynnikw atmosferycznych. Kazeina jest uywana we fresku wapiennym, ale te jako spoiwo w malarstwie secco. W praktyce konserwatorskiej bya uywana jako klej do malowide
ciennych, drewna, kamienia i papieru. Ze
wzgldu na podatno na wzrost biologiczny
kazeina nie moe by uywana w wilgotnych
warunkach.
tempera, spoiwo, malarstwo cienne,
fresk, secco, wzrost biologiczny

Cazein

RO

Definiie: Liant organic obinut din lapte (de

exemplu, ca sau brnz).
Adnotare: Atunci cnd este uscat, cazeina
este insolubil n ap, dar solubil n alcalii
caustice (de exemplu, amoniac i borax). Prin
adugarea substanelor alcaline n cazein,
se formeaz un liant de tempera, adesea fo-

losit n picturile murale. Adugnd cazeina n

varul stins, se formeaz un adeziv foarte puternic, insolubil (cu un pH de 9,0 9,9), i un
liant excepional de rezistent la intemperii.
Cazeina este utilizat n tehnica a fresco, dar
i ca un liant pentru tempera n pictura a secco. n conservare cazeina a fost folosit drept
adeziv pentru pictur mural, lemn, piatr i
hrtie. Datorit riscului unui atac biologic, cazeina nu poate fi utilizat ntr-un mediu
umed.
pictur n tempera, liant, pictur mural,
adeziv, a fresco, a secco, atac biologic

tempera, tutkal, duvar resmi, fresko,

Casena

Es

Definicin: Ligante orgnico obtenido de la

leche (por ejemplo, del requesn o queso).
Comentario: Cuando se seca, es insoluble en
agua, pero soluble en medios alcalinos (como
amoniaco y brax). Aadiendo sustancias alcalinas a la casena forma un ligante para el
temple, muy empleado en pinturas murales.
Si se le aade casena a la cal apagada, se forma un adhesivo insoluble muy fuerte (con pH
9,09,9) y extremadamente resistente al agua.
La casena se usa en el fresco a la cal, pero tambin como ligante para el temple en la pintura
al seco. En las prcticas de conservacin, la casena se usaba como adhesivo para pintura
mural, madera, piedra y papel. Debido a la posibilidad de crecimiento biolgico, la casena
no se puede usar en ambientes hmedos.
temple, ligante, pintura mural, fresco a

la cal, pintura al seco, crecimiento biolgico

Kazein

TR

Tanm: Stten (kesmik veya peynir) elde edilen organik balayc.

Cement

EN

Definition: An inorganic binder, used for the

preparation of mortars, plasters, renders and
concrete.
Comment: Depending on the type, it is made
mainly from limestone (as a source of calcium

Yorum: Kurutulduunda kazein suda znmez ama kostik alkalide (amonyak ve boraks
gibi) znr. Kazeine alkali eklenince genellikle duvar resimlerinde kullanlan zamkl balayc, snm kire eklenince, ok kuvvetli znmez yaptrc (9,09,9 pH deerinde) ve
hava koullarna son derece dayankl tutkal
oluur. Kazein kireli freskte kullanlr, ama ayrca zamkl balayc olarak kuru fresk resimde
de kullanlr. Koruma uygulamasnda ise, kazein; duvar resmi, ahap, ta ve kat iin yaptrc olarak kullanlrd. Muhtemel biyolojik byme olasl nedeniyle, kazein nemli evrede
kullanlamaz.

kuru fresko, biyolojik oluum

BG

: , ( ).
:
, (, ).

, . ,
( pH of 9,09,9)
, .
,
. , , .
.
, , ,
, ,

oxide) and clay (as a source of silica) and other

materials (like sand, marl, trass, pozzolans,
brick dust, iron oxides, silicates, chalk, gypsum, etc.) heated to about 1500 C and
ground to a powder. Hydraulic cement sets in
wet conditions. Non-hydraulic cement (the
initial ancient mixture) sets when exposed to
carbon dioxide in the air. There is a variety of

cements, the most common being Pozzolanic, Roman, White and Portland cement. The
latter forms soluble salts during setting,
which can cause degradation of historic
building materials.
binder, plaster, render, clay, soluble

salt

Sources: EN DIN EN 16572: 2012, 14; Mortars 2011, 591, 612; Torraca 1986, 67, 70; Wehlte 1981, 32; Maier 2007, 39, 50/1

361

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Ciment

FR

Dfinition: Liant inorganique, utilis pour la

prparation des mortiers et btons.
Commentaires: Fait principalement partir
de calcaire (source doxyde de calcium), dargile (source de silice) et dautres matriaux (sable, marne, trass, pouzzolane, poudre de
brique, oxydes de fer, silicates, craie, gypse
etc.) chauffs environ 1500 C et broys en
poudre. Le ciment hydraulique durcit dans
des conditions humides. La chaux arienne et
non hydraulique (qui est un ciment) durcit
lorsquelle est expose du dioxyde de carbone dans lair. Il y a une grande varit de ciments, les plus communs tant pouzzolaniques, romains, blancs et Portland. Ces derniers forment des sels solubles lors de leur
prise, ce qui peut causer une dgradation des
matriaux des monuments historiques.

DE

Definition: Ein anorganisches Bindemittel zur

Herstellung von Mrtel, Putzen und Beton.
Kommentar: Je nach Art, wird er hauptschlich aus Kalkstein (als Quelle von Calciumoxid) und Ton (als Quelle von Siliziumdioxid)
und anderen Materialien (wie Sand, Mergel,
Trass, Puzzolane, Ziegelmehl, Eisenoxide, Silikate, Kreide, Gips etc.) hergestellt, auf Temperaturen von etwa 1500C erhitzt und zu
Pulver zermahlen. Hydraulischer Zement bindet unter feuchten Bedingungen ab. Im Englischen wird die ursprngliche antike Mischung, die in Verbindung mit Kohlendioxid
aus der Luft abbindet, non-hydraulic cement genannt.
Es gibt eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Zemente,
zu den hufigsten gehren Puzzolanischer-,
Roman-, Wei- und Portlandzement. Letzterer
bildet beim Abbinden lsliche Salze, die zur
Schdigung von historischen Baumaterialien
fhren knnen.
Bindemittel, Putz, Auenputz, Ton, ls-

liche Salze

Cement

HR

Definicija: Anorgansko vezivo koje se upotrebljava za pripremu mortova, buka i betona.

Napomena: Ovisno o tipu, uglavnom se
proizvodi iz vapnenca (kao izvora kalcijeva

362

vezivo, buka, vanjska buka, glina,

topljive soli

Cement

HU

Meghatrozs: Szervetlen ktanyag, melyet

habarcsok, kls s bels vakolatok, valamint
beton ksztshez hasznlnak.

liant, enduit, argile, sels solubles

Zement

oksida) i gline (kao izvora silicija) te ostalih materijala (poput pijeska, lapora, trasa, pucolana,
openoga praha, eljezovih oksida, silikata,
krede, gipsa itd.) grijanjem do priblino 1500 C
te mrvljenjem u prah.
Hidraulini cement ovrsne u vlanim uvjetima. Nehidraulini cement (izvorna stara smjesa) ovrsne izlaganjem ugljikovu dioksidu iz
zraka. Meu razliitim vrstama cementa koji
se upotrebljavaju najei su pucolanski, rimski, bijeli i portland cement. Portland cement
tijekom ovrivanja formira topljive soli, koje
mogu prouzroiti propadanje materijala povijesne graevine.

Megjegyzs: Tpusa szerint, leginkbb mszkbl (ez a kalcium-oxid forrsa) s agyagbl

(mint sziliktforrs), valamint egyb anyagokbl (pldul homok, mrga, trassz, puccolnok, tglapor, vas-oxidok, krta, gipsz stb.) ksztik, melyeket kb. 1500 C-ra hevtenek, majd
porr rlnek. A hidraulikus cement nedves
krlmnyek kztt kt. A nem hidraulikus
cement (az eredeti kori keverk) a leveg
szndioxidjnak hatsra kt. Tbbfle cement ltezik, legismertebbek a puccoln, a romn, a fehr s a Portland cement. Az utbbi
oldhat skat kpez kts kzben, melyek krosodsokat okoznak a trtneti ptanyagokban.
ktanyag, vakolat, kltri vakolat,
agyag, vzoldhat sk

Cemento

IT

Definizione: Legante inorganico, usato per la

preparazione di malte, intonaci, rinzaffi e calcestruzzo.
Commento: A seconda del tipo, ricavato
principalmente da pietra calcarea (fonte di ossido di calcio) e argilla (fonte di silice) e altri
materiali (come sabbia, marna, tufo vulcanico,
pozzolane, polvere di mattone, ossidi di ferro,
silicati, carbonato di calcio, gesso, ecc.) cotti a
circa 1500 C e macinati fino ad ottenere una
polvere. Il cemento idraulico fa presa in condizioni in cui presente lacqua. Il cemento
non idraulico (liniziale miscela dellantichit)
fa presa quando esposta allanidride carboni-

ca nellaria. Esistono vari tipi di cementi, i pi

comuni dei quali sono pozzolanico, romano,
bianco e Portland. Questultimo forma dei sali
solubili durante la presa, che possono determinare della degradazione nei materiali degli
edifici storici.
legante, intonaco, argilla, sali solubili,
intonaco per esterni

Cement

PL

Definicja: Nieorganiczne spoiwo uywane do

wyrobu zapraw, tynkw i betonu.
Komentarz: Zalenie od rodzaju, wytwarzany
gwnie ze ska wapiennych (jako rda tlenku wapnia) i gliny (jako rda krzemu) oraz innych materiaw (jak piasek, margiel, tras, pucolany, py ceglany, tlenki elaza, silikaty, kreda,
gips itp.) ogrzanych do ok.1500 C i zmielonych
na proszek. Cement hydrauliczny wie w
obecnoci wilgoci. Nie hydrauliczny (pierwotna, najstarsza mieszanka) wie w reakcji z
dwutlenkiem wgla z powietrza. Istnieje wiele
odmian cementu, najpopularniejsze to: cement pucolana, -rzymski, -biay i cement portlandzki. Ostatni podczas wizania tworzy sole
rozpuszczalne, ktre powoduj degradacj
substancji historycznych zabytkw.
spoiwo, tynk, glina, sole rozpuszczalne

Ciment

RO

Definiie: Un liant anorganic folosit la prepararea mortarelor, tencuielilor, tencuielilor exterioare i a betonului.
Adnotare: n funcie de tip, este realizat n
principal din calcar (ca surs de oxid de calciu)
i argil (ca surs de siliciu) i alte materiale
(precum nisip, marl, tuf vulcanic, pozzolana,
praf de crmid, oxizi de fier, silicai, cret,
gips, etc.) nclzite la cca. 1500 C i mcinate
ntr-o pulbere.
Cimentul hidraulic face priz n condiii de umiditate. Cimentul non-hidraulic (amestecul antic
iniial) face priz atunci cnd este expus la dioxidul de carbon din aer. Exist o varietate de tipuri de ciment, cele mai cunoscute fiind cimentul pozzolanic, cimentul roman, cimentul alb i
cimentul Portland. Cimentul Portland n timpul
prizei formeaz sruri solubile ce pot cauza degradarea materialelor istorice de construcie.
liant, tencuial, tencuial exterioar, ar-

gil, sruri solubile

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Cemento

Es

imento

TR

BG

Definicin: Ligante inorgnico empleado para la preparacin de morteros, revoques, morteros de revestimiento y hormign.

Tanm: Harlar, kaba ve ince svalar ile betonun hazrlanmasnda kullanlan bir inorganik
balayc.

: , , , .

Comentario: Dependiendo del tipo, se obtiene

principalmente a partir de caliza (como un tipo
de xido de calcio) y arcilla (como un tipo de slice) y otros materiales (como arena, mrmol,
puzolanas, polvo de ladrillo, xidos frricos, silicatos, calizas, yeso, etc.) calentados hasta unos
1500 C y molidos en forma de polvo. El cemento hidrulico fragua en condiciones de humedad. El cemento no hidrulico (la antigua mezcla inicial) fragua cuando se expone al dixido
de carbono del aire. Existen multitud de cementos. Los ms comunes son el puzolnico,
el romano, el blanco y el cemento Portland. El
ltimo forma sales solubles durante el fraguado
que pueden causar la degradacin de los materiales de construccin histricos.

Yorum: Trne bal olarak, genellikle kiretandan (kalsiyum oksit kayna olarak) ve kil
(silis kayna olarak) ve dier malzemeler
(kum, kalkerli kil, tf, pozalan, tula tozu, demir oksitler, silikat, kalker, al vb.) 1500 C ye
kadar stlarak toza dnmesiyle oluturulur.
Hidrolik imento slak ortamlarda kurur. Hidrolik olmayan imento (ilk tarihi karm) havadaki karbondioksit ile tepkimeye girerek kurur. eitli imento trleri vardr; en yaygnlar
Pozalanik-, Roma-, beyaz- ve Portland imentosu. Portland imentosu, kuruma esnasnda
tarihi yaplarn malzemelerinin bozulmasna
sebep olan znr tuz aa karr.

: (
) (
) ( , , , , , , , ,
.), . 1500 C .
. -
( )
. ,
- ,
, .
, .

ligante, revoque, mortero de revestimien-

balayc, har, sva, cephe svas, kil,

znr tuzlar

to, arcilla, sales solubles

c, , -

Ceramic

EN

, ,

Cramique

FR

Definition: A hard and brittle, heat- and corrosion-resistant material, made by shaping
clay or similar earth materials and subsequently firing them at high temperatures.

Dfinition: Matriau dur et cassant, rsistant

la chaleur, la corrosion, produit par la cuisson
de matriaux argileux ou de matriaux similaires la terre temprature leve.

Comment: Because of the high temperatures

attained, the original material undergoes permanent changes at the molecular level (bonding of metal and non-metal elements) which
also changes the physical properties of the ceramic object. According to the type of clay and
manufacturing style, ceramics are variously
categorised as: baked earth products, bricks,
tiles, and porcelain. Ceramic floor, roof and
wall tiles can thus be made. Used glazed or
unglazed, decorated or painted, ceramic tiles
gave rise to rich architectural surfaces, such as
those from of the Alhambra complex and
from the Palau de la Musica Catalana concert
hall (Spain), or the Suleymaniye Mosque and
Topkap Palace in Istanbul (Turkey). Ceramic
bricks and pipes are also used as structural elements in masonry.

Commentaires: En raison des hautes tempratures atteintes, le matriau dorigine subit des
changements irrversibles au niveau molculaire (liaison entre lments mtalliques et non
mtalliques) qui changent galement les proprits physiques de lobjet en cramique.
Selon le type dargile et le mode de la fabrication, la cramique est diversement classe
comme suit: les produits en terre cuite, les
briques, les tuiles et la porcelaine. Les sols, toits
et murs peuvent tre ainsi faits de cramique.
Utiliss maills ou non, dcors ou peints, les
carreaux de cramique ont donn lieu de
riches surfaces architecturales, telles que celles
du complexe de lAlhambra et de la salle de
concert le Palau de la Msica Catalana (Espagne), de la mosque Sleymaniye et du Palais Topkapi Istanbul (Turquie). Des briques et
tuileaux en cramique sont galement utiliss
comme lments de structure en maonnerie.

corrosion, brick, clay

corrosion, brique, argile

Keramik

DE

Definition: Ein hartes, sprdes, hitze- und korrosionsbestndiges Material, das durch die
Formung von Tonerde oder hnlichen Erdmaterialien und spteren Brand bei hohen Temperaturen hergestellt wird.
Kommentar: Durch die hohen Temperaturen wird das Material auf molekularer Ebene
permanenten Vernderungen unterzogen
(Bindung von Metall- und Nichtmetallelementen), die auch die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Keramikobjektes verndern.
Je nach Art des Tons und der Herstellungsweise werden Keramiken unterschiedlichen
Kategorien zugeordnet: keramisches Irdengut, wie Baukeramik (nicht feuerfeste Ziegelsteine, Formsteine, Klinker, Rohre und Dachziegel), Terracotta, Steingut, Tonwaren etc.,
oder keramisches Sinterzeug, wie Steinzeug
(Fliesen) und Porzellan. Mit keramischen Fliesen glasiert oder unglasiert, verziert oder
bemalt kann man reiche Architekturoberflchen gestalten, wie z. B. die der Alhambra,
des Palau de la Musica Catalana (Spanien),
der Suleymaniye Moschee und des Topkapi
Palasts in Istanbul (Trkei). Keramische Ziegel

Sources: Erman 2012, 1833; Hasol 2002, 410/1; Harris 1984,95; ney 1992; Ching 1995, 3234

363

MATERIALs APPENDIx

und Rohre werden auch als Bauelemente fr

Mauerwerk verwendet.

A tglt s a kermia csveket falszerkezeti

elemknt hasznljk.

miczne i rury s te uywane w budownictwie jako elementy konstrukcyjne.

Korrosion, Ziegel, Ton

korrozi, tgla, agyag

korozja, cega, glina

Keramika

HR

Ceramica

IT

Definicija: vrsti i krhki materijal otporan na

toplinu i koroziju, izraen oblikovanjem gline
ili slinih zemljanih materijala i kasnije peen
na visokim temperaturama.

Definizione: Materiale duro e fragile, resistente

al calore e alla corrosione, realizzato modellando dellargilla o dei simili materiali terrosi con
una successiva cottura ad alte temperature.

Napomena: Zbog dosegnutih visokih temperatura izvorni materijal prolazi kroz trajne promjene na molekulnoj razini (vezivanjem metalnih i nemetalnih elemenata) koje prouzrouju promjenu fizikih svojstava keramikoga
predmeta. Keramika se kategorizira prema vrsti gline i tipu proizvodnje kao: proizvodi od
peene zemlje, opeke, ploice i porculan. Keramika je podobna za izradu keramikih podova, krovova i zidova. S obzirom na razliite
mogunosti dekorativne primjene; glazirane
ili neglazirane, dekorirane ili oslikane, uporaba
keramikih ploica iznjedrila je bogate arhitektonske povrine, primjerice one u kompleksu Alhambra i koncertnoj dvorani Palau de la
Musica Catalana (panjolska) ili Sulejmanovoj
damiji i Topkapi palai u Istanbulu (Turska).
Keramike cigle i cijevi takoer se upotrebljavaju kao strukturni elementi u zidanju.

Commento: Il materiale originale subisce delle

modifiche permanenti a livello molecolare (legame degli elementi metallici e non metallici) a
causa delle alte temperature raggiunte, che
cambiano anche le propriet fisiche delloggetto di ceramica. A seconda del tipo di argilla e
dello stile di fabbricazione, le ceramiche sono
categorizzate in vari modi come: prodotti in terracotta, mattoni, tegole e porcellana. Possono
quindi essere realizzate piastrelle in ceramica
per pavimenti, tetti e rivestimenti. Usate smaltate o non, decorate o pitturate, le piastrelle di
ceramica hanno dato origine a ricche superfici
architettoniche, come quelle del complesso
dellAlhambra e della sala concerti del Palau de
la Musica Catalana (Spagna), e la moschea di Solimano e il palazzo Topkap a Istanbul (Turchia).
Mattoni e tubi di ceramica sono anche usati come elementi strutturali in opere di muratura.

korozija, opeka, glina

corrosione, mattone, argilla

Kermia

HU

Ceramika

Ceramic

Definiie: Un material dur i friabil, rezistent

la cldur i coroziune, realizat prin modelarea
argilei sau a materialelor pmntoase similare
i prin arderea ulterioar la temperaturi ridicate.
Adnotare: Datorit temperaturilor ridicate
atinse, materialul original sufer modificri
permanente la nivel molecular (legarea elementelor metalice i nemetalice) ce schimb
de asemenea i proprietile fizice ale obiectului ceramic. n funcie de tipul de argil i
tehnica de fabricaie, ceramicile sunt de mai
multe tipuri: produse pmntoase arse, crmizi, igle i porelan. Astfel sunt realizate plci
ceramice pentru pardoseal, acoperi i perete. Folosite smluite sau nesmluite, decorate sau pictate, iglele ceramice au dat natere
la suprafee arhitecturale bogate, cum ar fi cele de la complexul Alhambra i de la sala de
concert Palau de la Musica Catalana (Spania),
i de la Moscheea Suleymaniye i Palatul Topkap din Istanbul (Turcia). Crmizile i evile
ceramice sunt de asemenea folosite ca elemente de structur n zidrie.
coroziune, crmid, argil

PL
Cermica

364

RO

Es

Meghatrozs: Egy kemny, trkeny, h- s

korrzill anyag, melyet agyag vagy hasonl fldszer anyagok alaktsval s az ezt kvet magas hfokon val getssel lltanak
el.

Definicja: Twardy i kruchy materia odporny

na gorco i korozj, wytwarzany przez formowanie gliny lub podobnych materiaw ziemnych i pniejsze ich wypalanie w wysokich
temperaturach.

Definicin: Material duro y brillante, resistente al calor y a la corrosin hecho a partir del
modelado de arcillas (o materiales similares)
posteriormente cocidos a altas temperaturas.

Megjegyzs: A magas getsi hmrsklet

elrse kzben, az eredeti anyagban lland
vltozsok trtnnek molekulris szinten (fmes s nem fmes elemek ktdnek egymshoz), melyek megvltoztatjk a kermiatrgy
fizikai tulajdonsgait is. Az agyag tpusa s a
gyrts mdja szerint, a kermia tbbflekppen osztlyozhat: lehet sz getett agyagrurl (cserpednyrl), tglrl, tetcserprl, csemprl vagy porcelnrl. Ezekbl kermia padl- s falburkolat, valamint tetfeds
alakthat ki. Mzas vagy mz nlkli, dsztett
vagy festett kermibl gazdag ptszeti felleteket hoztak ltre, mint pldul az Alhambra egyttes vagy a Palau de la Msica Catalana koncertterem (Spanyolorszg), s a Suleymaniye mecset vagy a Topkapi palota Isztambulban (Trkorszg).

Komentarz: W wysokiej temperaturze, materia podlega trwaym zmianom na poziomie czsteczkowym (wizania pierwiastkw
metalicznych i niemetalicznych), co zmienia
te fizyczne wasnoci obiektw ceramicznych. Ceramika jest rnie kategoryzowana
zalenie do rodzaju gliny i sposobw wyrabiania, jako: wypalane produkty ziemne, cegy, pytki, porcelana. Wykonywa mona w
ten sposb ceramiczne pytki okadzinowe,
posadzkowe i dachwki. Wykorzystanie ceramicznych pytek glazurowanych lub nieszkliwionych, dekorowanych lub malowanych, rozwino bogactwo powierzchni architektonicznych, jak te w zespole Alhambry
i Sali koncertowej Palau de la Musica Catalana, (Hiszpania), Bkitnym Meczecie i paacu
Topkapi w Istambule (Turcja). Cegy cera-

Comentario: Debido a las altas temperaturas

alcanzadas, se producen cambios permanentes en el nivel molecular (enlaces entre elementos metlicos y no metlicos) del material original, lo que genera cambios tambin
en las propiedades fsicas del objeto cermico. Dependiendo del tipo de arcilla y del proceso de fabricacin, las cermicas pueden
clasificarse en diferentes tipologas: productos de barro cocido, ladrillos, azulejos y porcelana. De este modo, pueden hacerse suelos, cubiertas y revestimientos arquitectnicos cermicos. Esmaltados o no, decorados o
pintados, los azulejos cermicos permiten
enriquecer las superficies arquitectnicas, tal
y como sucede en el conjunto de la Alhambra
o en el Palau de la Msica Catalana (Espaa)
y en la Mezquita de Suleymaniye y el Palacio

MATERIALs APPENDIx

de Topkapi en Estambul (Turqua). Los ladrillos y tubos cermicos son usados tambin
como elementos estructurales en la construccin.
corrosin, ladrillo, arcilla

seramik

TR

Tanm: Sert, krlgan, kil ya da benzer toprak

malzemeye ekil verilerek ve sonrasnda yksek sda piirilerek yaplan sya ve bozulmaya
direnli malzeme.
Yorum: Elde edilen yksek sdan dolay orijinal malzeme, ayn zamanda seramik nesnenin
fiziksel zelliini de deitiren molekler seviyede (metal ve metal olmayan elementlerin
birlemesi) kalc deiikliklere urar. malat
tarz ve kilin trne gre, frnlanm toprak
rnler, tulalar, kiremitler ve porselenler olarak farkl trde snflandrlr. Seramik; zemin,

at ve duvar kiremidi olarak kullanlabilir. Srl

ya da srsz kullanlan sslenmi ya da boyanm seramik kiremitler; spanyadaki Alhambra
Saray ile Katalonya Mzik konser salonunda
ve stanbuldaki Sleymaniye Camii ile Topkap
Saraynda olduu gibi zengin mimari yzeyler
oluturur. Seramik tulalar ve borular ayn zamanda duvarclkta yapsal eleman olarak kullanlrd.
korozyon, tula, kil

BG

: , ,
,
.

EN

Definition: It mainly consists of calcium carbonate and is a soft, porous, and fine-grained
natural limestone.
Comment: Chalk is mainly composed of coccolith lime mud, solidified to a porous limestone
with very fine-grained, scarce cement. Depending on the type of impurities, its colour can vary:
greyish white and yellowish white types exist:
but the purest chalk is white. Chalk is mainly
used as a pigment, ground, filler, extender and
putty, as well as a polishing or abrading powder.
As a pigment, it has average covering properties
in comparison with other white pigments, and
can also be used in glazes, depending on the
binding media. It is unstable in the presence of
acidic media or acidic pigments.
Synonyms: whiting, lime white and many regional names
Not to be confused with: Bologna chalk or
Bolognese chalk which is a type of gypsum,
not a chalk.
pigment, filler, ground, glaze

Craie

Commentaires: Elle est principalement

constitue de coccolites (micro foraminifres)
et de nanocristaux de calcite. Cest une roche
poreuse avec un ciment micritique. Sa couleur
dpend de la nature des impurets prsentes:
impure, elle peut tre gristre, jauntre; pure,
elle est blanche. La craie est principalement
utilise comme pigment, fond, charge, diluant, mastic et aussi comme poudre abrasive
ou de polissage. Comme pigment, elle a un
pouvoir couvrant moyen en comparaison
avec dautres pigments blancs. Elle peut tre
utilise dans les glacis, selon le liant utilis. Elle
est dissoute en milieu acide et est instable au
contact de pigments acides.

ner Grundmasse. Abhngig von der Art der

Unreinheiten kann die Farbe variieren: Gruliche und gelbliche Weitne sind mglich,
aber die reinste Kreide ist wei. Kreide wird
hauptschlich als Pigment, Grundierung, Fllstoff, Streckmittel und Kitt verwendet sowie als
Polier- oder Strahlmittel. Als Pigment hat es eine durchschnittliche Deckkraft im Vergleich
mit anderen Weipigmenten und kann auch,
abhngig vom Bindemittel, in Lasuren benutzt
werden. In Verbindung mit sauren Bindemitteln und sauren Pigmenten ist es instabil.
Synonyme: Schlmmkreide, Mineralwei,
Grundkreide, viele regionale Bezeichnungen
wie Rgener Kreide etc.
Bologneser Kreide ist eine bestimmte Art von
Gips, keine Kreide. Mal- und Tafelkreide besteht auch aus Gips

pigment, charge, crote de calcaire (en-

Pigment, Fllstoff, Grundierung, Lasur

ble indice de duret. Cest un calcaire grain

fin peu cohrent.

crotement), glacis

Kreda
Kreide

HR

DE

Definition: Ein weicher, feinkrniger, natrlicher Kalkstein, der hauptschlich aus Calciumcarbonat besteht.
FR

Dfinition: Elle est faite de carbonate de calcium (principalement de la calcite) et a un fai-

, ,

:
-

Chalk

( ),
.
: , , . .
, ,
, , (), , .
.

Kommentar: Hauptbestandteile von Kreide

sind Coccolithen und Kalkschlamm, verfestigt
zu einem porsen Kalkstein mit wenig, sehr fei-

Definicija: Meki, porozni i finozrnati prirodni

vapnenac koji uglavnom sadrava kalcijev karbonat.
Napomena: Kreda je uglavnom sastavljena
od kokolita i vapnenog blata, ovrsnuta u porozni vapnenac veoma finozrnate rijetke mase. Ovisno o tipu neistoa njezina boja moe

Sources: Mortars, 2011, 591; Gettens et al. 1993, 204ff.; Gettens, Stout 1966, 10; Schramm, Hering 1988, 33/4

365

MATERIALs APPENDIx

varirati: mogua je sivkastobijela i ukastobijela vrsta, ali najia je bijela. Kreda se uglavnom upotrebljava kao pigment, podloga, punilo, produiva i kit, te kao prah za latenje ili
bruenje. Kao pigment ima prosjena pokrivna svojstva u usporedbi s ostalim bijelim pigmentima, ovisno o vezivu moe se upotrebljavati i u lazurama. Nestabilna je u kiselome okoliu ili s kiselim pigmentima.
Bolonja ili Bolonjska kreda je vrsta gipsa, a
ne krede
pigment, punilo, podloga, lazura

Krta

Kreda

PL

HU

Megjegyzs: Fleg kokkolitokat s mszsarat

tartalmaz, melyek porzus, finom szemcszet, kevs cementl anyagot tartalmaz
mszkv szilrdulnak. Szennyezdseinek tpusa alapjn a krta szne vltozhat: lehetnek
szrks fehr s srgs fehr vltozatok, de a
legtisztbb krta fehr szn. Fleg pigmentknt, alapozknt, tltanyagknt s tmt
anyagknt, valamint polroz s csiszolporknt hasznljk. Pigmentknt fedkpessge
tlagos, a tbbi fehr pigmenthez viszonytva;
a ktanyag fggvnyben lazrfestshez is
hasznlhat. Savas kzegben vagy savas pigmentek jelenltben elbomolhat.
Szinonimk: mszfehr, kalcium-karbont fehr; tbb fldrajzi helyekhez kttt megnevezse van.
A bolognai krta tulajdonkppen gipsz, nem
krta
pigment, tltanyag, alapozs, lazr

IT

Definizione: una roccia costituita da carbonato di calcio ed un calcare naturale tenero

a grana fine.
Commento: Un calcare organogeno principalmente composto da coccoliti e fango di calce amorfo, solidificati in un calcare poroso con
una matrice limitata a grana molto fine. A seconda del tipo di impurit, il suo colore cambia:
esistono variet di bianchi grigiastri e giallastri,
ma il pi puro bianco. La roccia ridotta in polvere principalmente usata come pigmento,
preparazione, filler, extender e stucco, ma anche
come polvere per lucidare o abradere. Come
pigmento ha potere coprente medio in confronto con altri pigmenti bianchi, e pu essere

366

pigmento, filler, preparazione, velatura

Definicja: Mikki, porowaty i drobnoziarnisty

naturalny wapie, zoony gwnie z wglanu
wapnia.

Meghatrozs: Kalcium-karbontbl ll, puha, porzus, finom szemcszet, termszetes

mszk.

Calcare organogeno / Biancone

usato anche nelle velature, a seconda del legante. instabile con supporti o pigmenti acidi.
Sinonimi: Bianco di Meudon, Bianco di Spagna, Bianco di Champagne
Da non confondersi con: calcite (un minerale
composto da carbonato di calcio)

Komentarz: Kreda zoona jest gwnie z osadw wapiennych kokolitw, zestalonych w porowate, bardzo drobnoziarniste, sabo zwizane wapienie. Zalenie od rodzaju zanieczyszcze jej kolor rni si: moe by szarawobiaa,
tawobiaa, ale najczystsza kreda jest biaa.
Uywana jest gwnie jako pigment, grunt,
szpachla, wypeniacz i kit, jako proszek cierny
i polerski. Jako pigment w porwnaniu z innymi bielami ma rednie wasnoci kryjce, dlatego bywa stosowana do laserunkw zalenie
od spoiwa. Jest niestabilna w spoiwach o odczynie kwasowym i z kwanymi pigmentami.
Synonimy: biel wapienna, liczne nazwy regionalne
Termin kreda boloska to rodzaj gipsu, a nie
kredy.
pigment, wypeniacz, grunt, glazura

Cret

RO

Definiie: Este un calcar natural, moale, poros

i cu granulaie fin, compus n principal din
carbonat de calciu (calcit).
Adnotare: Creta este compus n principal din
cochiliile unor animale marine foarte mici i sedimente calcaroase consolidate sub forma unui
calcar poros, cu granulaie foarte fin i coninut
sczut de ciment. n funcie de tipul impuritilor, culoarea sa poate varia: sunt posibile alburi cenuii i alburi glbui, ns creta cea mai
pur este cea alb. Creta este utilizat n principal ca i pigment, grund, material de umplutur,
i chit, precum i ca o pulbere pentru lustruire
sau lefuire. Ca i pigment are proprieti medii
de acoperire n comparaie cu ali pigmeni albi,
i poate fi utilizat n funcie de liant i n glasiuri.
Este instabil n mediu acid i pigmeni acizi.
Creta de Bologna sau creta Bolognez este
un tip de gips, nu de cret.
pigment, material de umplutur, grund,

glasiu

Piedra caliza

Es

Definicin: Tipo de piedra blanda, de grano

fino, compuesta principalmente por carbonato de calcio.
Comentario: La piedra caliza est constituida
principalmente por restos fsiles y sedimentos
calcreos, solidificados en forma de piedra de
cal porosa, de grano muy fino y poco contenido cementado. En funcin del tipo de impurezas que contenga, su color puede variar de
blancos a grises o a amarillos, aunque la pura
es blanca. Se usa a menudo como pigmento,
carga fina, capa preparatoria, extendedor o para preparacin de masillas. Como pigmento,
tiene una buena capacidad para cubrir, si se
compara con otros pigmentos blancos;al mismo tiempo, puede ser usada en veladuras, dependiendo del aglutinante que se emplee. Es
inestable en medios o pigmentos cidos.
No confundir con: "blanco de Bolonia (creta)"
ya que es un tipo de yeso, no un tipo de piedra
caliza.
pigmento, carga fina, capa preparatoria,
veladura

Tebeir

TR

Tanm: ounlukla kalsiyum karbonattan oluan; yumuak, gzenekli ve ince taneli doal
kiretadr.
Yorum: Kalker; arlkl olarak kokolitten ve biimsiz kire hamurundan, katlatrlm gzenekli kireta ile ok ince taneli volkanik kaya
tabakasndan oluur. keltilere bal olarak rengi kirli beyaz ve sarmtrak beyaz gibi eitlilikler
gsterebilir, ama saf tebeir beyaz renktedir. Tebeir, genellikle renklendirici, zemin, dolgu, katk
ve macun ve ayn zamanda cilalama ve andrma (matlatrma) tozu olarak kullanlr. Renklendirici olarak, dier beyaz renklendiricilerle karlatrldnda ortalama kapatma zelliine sahiptir ve ayrca balayc zelliine bal olarak
srlamada da kullanlabilir. Asitli ortamlara veya
asitli renklendiricilere dayankszdr.
E anlaml: beyazlatma, beyaz kire ve birok
blgesel isim
Kartrmaynz: Bologna- veya Bologna tebeiri bir eit aldr, tebeir deildir.
pigment, dolgu maddesi, zemin, sr

BG

:
,
.

MATERIALs APPENDIx

: ,

. :

, - .

,
, ,
.
.

ladobe, les briques, la terre cuite, les cramiques et, en conservation, des compresses.

Definition: A fine-grained material made up

of particles that have a size of less than 4m
and are predominantly composed of hydrated
phyllosilicates; a clay is plastic when wet and
hardens when fired or dried.

brique de terre crue (adobe), brique, cra-

mique, enduit, terre cuite, charge

Ton
Comment: Clay minerals are made up of
sheets that contain successive layers of silicate
tetrahedra or aluminate octahedra; potassium, sodium, calcium are present as chargebalancing cations between the sheets. Other
elements can locally replace aluminium or silicon. Some clay minerals exhibit swelling
properties when water is present (smectite
group).
Clays are used to manufacture products such
as clay mortars, clay plasters, adobe (sun-dried
brick), fired bricks, terracotta tiles, and ceramics. They are also used to make poultices, used
in conservation. During the firing phase, clay
objects shrink, so in order to avoid cracking,
fillers are usually added.
adobe, brick, ceramic, plaster, terra-

cotta, filler

Argile

FR

Dfinition: Matriau fait de particules de

moins de 4m, essentiellement des phyllosilicates hydrats. Il est plastique avec une certaine quantit deau et durcit au schage ou
chauff.
Commentaires: Ces phyllosilicates sont
constitus alternativement dune couche de
silicates de forme ttradrique et dune
couche daluminate (ou brucitique) octadrique. Des lments peuvent remplacer localement laluminium, le silicium et conduire
un dficit de charge alors compens par des
cations (sodium, potassium, calcium). Certains de ces minraux peuvent gonfler en prsence deau (smectites, vermiculites). Largile
est utilise pour faire les mortiers de terre,

DE

Definition: Ein feinkrniges Material aus Partikeln mit weniger als 4m Gre, das hauptschlich aus hydratisierten Schichtsilikaten zusammengesetzt ist. Ton ist im feuchten Zustand plastisch und hrtet, wenn er getrocknet oder gebrannt wird.
Kommentar: Tonminerale setzen sich aus Lagen zusammen, die aus aufeinanderfolgenden
Schichten aus Silikat-Tetraedern oder Aluminium-Oktaedern bestehen. In den Zwischenschichten eingelagerte Kationen wie Kalium,
Natrium oder Calcium neutralisieren die Ladungsdefizite. Andere Elemente knnen lokal
im Mineralgitter Aluminium oder Silikat ersetzen. Zusammen mit Wasser sind manche Tonminerale quellfhig (Smektitgruppe). Ton wird
zur Herstellung von Lehmmrtel, Lehmputz,
luftgetrockneten Lehmziegeln (Adobe), gebrannten Ziegeln, Terracottafliesen und von Keramik benutzt. In der Restaurierung werden Tonminerale auch zur Herstellung von Kompressen
eingesetzt. Whrend des Brennens schrumpfen
Tonobjekte, so dass man zur Vermeidung von
Rissen normalerweise Fllstoffe zugibt.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Lehm (Ton ist Bestandteil von Lehm)
Lehmziegel-Mauerwerk/Adobe, Ziegel, Ke-

ramik, Putz, Terracotta, Fllstoff

Glina

, , , -

EN

Clay

.
:
gesso .

HR

Definicija: Finozrnati materijal sastavljen od

estica kojima je veliina manja od 4m i uglavnom se sastoje od hidratiziranih filosilikata. Glina je plastina kad je mokra, a stvrdnuta kad je
paljena ili osuena.

Napomena: Minerali gline sastavljeni su od listova koji sadravaju uzastopne slojeve silikata tetrahedra ili aluminatnih octahedra; kalij,
natrij, kalcij su prisutni kao kationi za balansiranje naboja izmeu listova. Drugi elementi
lokalno zamjenjuju aluminij ili silicij. Kad je prisutna voda, neki glineni minerali pokazuju
svojstva bubrenja (skupina smectite). Glina se
upotrebljava za izradu proizvoda kao to su
glineni mortovi, glinene buke, suene opeke,
peene opeke, ploice od terakote te keramikih proizvoda. Takoer se rabi za izradu toplih
obloga koji se upotrebljavaju u konzerviranju.
Tijekom faze peenja glineni predmeti se skupe, a da bi se izbjeglo pucanje obino se dodaju punila.
cerpi, opeka, keramika, buka, tera-

kota, punilo

Agyag

HU

Meghatrozs: Finom szemcszet anyag,

melyet nagyrszt 4 m alatti szemcsk alkotnak, s f sszetevi hidratlt filosziliktok; az
agyag nedvesen plasztikus, szrtskor vagy
getskor kemnyedik.
Megjegyzs: Az agyagsvnyok rteges szerkezetek, a rtegeket tetraderes szerkezet
sziliktok vagy oktaderes szerkezet alumintok alkotjk; a klium, ntrium vagy kalcium
kationok tltskiegyenslyozknt vannak jelen a rtegek kztt. Helyenknt az alumnium
s a szilcium helyett ms elemek is lehetnek.
Bizonyos agyag svnyok vz jelenltben
duzzadnak (szmektit csoport). Az agyagokat
agyaghabarcsok, agyagvakolatok, vlyogtgla, getett tgla, terrakotta csempk s kermia gyrtsra hasznljk. Hasznljk mg pakolsok ksztshez a restaurlsban. Az getsi fzisban, az agyagtrgyak zsugorodnak; a
repedsek megelzsre ltalban tltanyagokat adnak az agyaghoz.
vlyogfal, tgla, kermia, vakolat,
terrakotta, tltanyag

Sources: Hasol 2002, 265; Velde 1992, 198; Murray 2006,188; Ching 1995, 22

367

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Argilla

IT

Argil

Kil

TR

Definizione: Materiale a grana fine costituito

da particelle che hanno una dimensione minore di 4m e prevalentemente composto da
fillosilicati idrati; unargilla plastica quando
bagnata, e indurisce quando viene cotta o
fatta asciugare.

Definiie: Un material cu granulaie fin format din particule ce au o dimensiune mai mic de 4m i predominant compus din filosilicai hidratai; o argil este maleabil atunci
cnd este umed i se ntrete atunci cnd
este ars sau uscat.

Tanm: 4 mikrometreden daha az lye sahip paracklardan ve byk oranda su ile kartrlm levha silikatlarndan oluan ince
tlm malzeme. Kil slakken plastiktir, piirildiinde ya da kurutulduunda ise sertleir.

Commento: I minerali argillosi sono costituiti

da fogli che contengono strati consecutivi di
tetraedri di silicato o ottaedri di alluminato;
potassio, sodio e calcio sono presenti come
cationi di bilanciamento della carica tra i fogli.
Altri elementi possono sostituire localmente
lalluminio o il silicio. Alcuni minerali argillosi
presentano propriet di rigonfiamento quando lacqua presente (gruppo della smectite).
Le argille vengono usate per la fabbricazione
di prodotti come le malte di argilla, gli intonaci
di argilla, gli adobe (mattoni fatti asciugare al
sole), i mattoni refrattari, le piastrelle di terracotta e le ceramiche. Vengono anche utilizzate
per fare degli impacchi usati in conservazione.
Durante la fase di cottura, gli oggetti in argilla
si restringono, per cui, per evitare fessurazioni,
vengono generalmente aggiunti dei fillers.

Adnotare: Mineralele de argil sunt alctuite

din foi ce conin straturi succesive de tetraedri
de silicai sau octaedri de aluminiu; potasiul,
sodiul, calciul sunt prezeni ca i cationi schimbtori de ioni ntre foi. Alte elemente pot nlocui la nivel local aluminiul sau siliciul. n prezena apei unele minerale argiloase prezint
proprieti de gonflare (grupul smectitelor).
Argilele sunt folosite pentru fabricarea anumitor produse, precum mortarele argiloase, tencuielile argiloase, chirpiciul (crmid uscat
la soare), crmida ars, cahlele de teracot i
ceramic. Acestea sunt folosite i la realizarea
compreselor utilizate n conservare. n timpul
arderii, obiectele din argil se contract, astfel,
pentru a evita fisurarea, sunt adugate de obicei materiale de umplutur.

Yorum: Kil mineralleri, silikat tetrahedra ya da

alminat oktahedra ardk katmanlar ile katyonlar arasnda yk dengesi ilevi gren potasyum, sodyum, kalsiyum levhalardan olumutur. Dier elementler yer yer aliminyum ya
da silikonun yerini alabilirler. Suyla temas ettiinde (smektit grup) baz killer ime zellii
gsterebilir. Kil; kil harc, kil svas, kerpi (gnete kurutulmu tula), piirilmi tula, terakota ve seramik gibi rnleri imal etmek iin
kullanlr. Ayrca koruma malzemesi olarak lapa yapm iin kullanlr. Piirme aamasnda,
kil nesneler bzlebilir, bu yzden atlamay
nlemek iin genellikle dolgu malzemeleri eklenir.

adobe, mattone, ceramica, intonaco,

terracotta, filler

chirpici, crmid, ceramic, tencuial,

dolgu maddesi

Es

PL

Definicja: Drobnoziarnisty materia z czsteczek mniejszych ni 4 m (mikrony) jest w

przewaajcej czci zoona z uwodnionych
filo silikatw; glina jest plastyczna gdy jest wilgotna, po wyschniciu lub wypaleniu twardnieje.

Definicin: Material de fina granulometra

formado a partir de partculas con un tamao
menor de 4 m, compuesto, fundamentalmente, por filosilicatos hidratados. Adquiere
propiedades plsticas cuando se humedece y
se endurece cuando se seca o se calienta.

Komentarz: Mineray gliniaste skadaj si z

osadw zawierajcych kolejne warstwy tetraedrycznych krzemianw lub oktaedrycznych
glinianw; potas, sd, wap s obecne pomidzy warstwami jako rwnowace adunek
kationy. Glin lub krzem mog by miejscowo
zastpowane przez inne pierwiastki.
Niektre mineray gliniaste wykazuj wasnoci pcznienia w obecnoci wody (grupa
smektytw). Glina jest uywana do wyrobu
zapraw, tynkw, adobe (cegie suszonych na
socu), wypalanej cegy, pytek terakotowych
i ceramiki. Uyteczna jest te do okadw stosowanych w konserwacji. Podczas procesu
wypalania gliniane wyroby kurcz si, dlatego
by unikn pkania zwykle dodaje si wypeniaczy.

Comentario: Los minerales arcillosos estn

hechos de lminas sucesivas de silicato tetraedro o aluminato octaedro; potasio, sodio, calcio se encuentran como equilibrantes de carga entre las lminas. Otros elementos pueden
reemplazar localmente al aluminio o al silicato.
Algunos materiales arcillosos se hinchan en
presencia de agua (grupo esmectita, arcillas
expansivas). Las arcillas se emplean para manufacturar productos como morteros de arcilla, revoques de arcilla, adobe (ladrillos secados al sol), ladrillos cocidos, azulejos de terracota y cermicas. Tambin se usan en conservacin para hacer empacos. Durante la coccin, los objetos de arcilla se encogen, por lo
que, para evitar su rotura, se les aaden cargas
finas.

adobe, cega, ceramika, tynk, terrako-

adobe, ladrillo, cermica, revoque, te-

ta, wypeniacz

kerpi, tula, seramik, sva, terakota,

teracot, material de umplutur

Arcilla
Glina

368

RO

rracota, carga fina

BG

:
- 4m ;
.
: , ; ,
.
.

( ).
, ( ),
, . / . .
, , , -

, ,

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Consolidant

EN

Definition: A substance introduced into friable material to strengthen it and to stabilise

its structure.
Comment: Dissolved or dispersed in a liquid,
it permeates the pores of the object and reestablishes the structural integrity after hardening/curing. Materials used as consolidants
are very diverse. Synthetic resins like acrylic or
epoxy, inorganic materials and cellulose derivatives, gums, proteinaceous and natural
resins are used, depending on the requirements of the material to be consolidated.
Side-effects of the strengthening are that consolidants can change the physical and/or
chemical properties of a material, like the optical properties or hydrophobicity. Consolidants
and their ageing behaviour must be precisely
matched to the treated material, to prevent
damage in the long term. In general, consolidants in porous materials are irreversible.
Synonyms: strengthening agent, strengthening medium

Megjegyzs: Folyadkban oldva vagy diszperglva, behatol a trgy prusaiba s szilrduls/kts utn visszaadja ennek szerkezeti
stabilitst. Sokfle anyagot hasznlnak szilrdtknt. A szilrdtand anyag tulajdonsgai
fggvnyben, szilrdtshoz manyagokat,
mint pldul az akril vagy az epoxi, szervetlen
anyagokat, cellulz szrmazkokat, nvnyi
mzgkat, fehrjket vagy termszetes gyantkat hasznlnak.
A szilrdts mellkhatsknt a szilrdtk megvltozhatjk az anyag fizikai s/vagy kmiai tulajdonsgait, mint pldul az optikai jellemzit
vagy a hidrofobicitst. A szilrdt anyag tulajdonsgainak s regedsi magatartsnak szigor sszhangban kell lennik a kezelt anyag
tulajdonsgaival, a hossz tv krosodsok
megelzse vgett. ltalban a porzus anyagokba bevitt szilrdtk nem tvolthatk el.
Szinonimk: konszolidl anyag, megerst
anyag

Bindemittel, Acrylat, Festigung

ktanyag, akril, szilrdts

Uvriva

binder, acrylic, consolidation

Consolidant

Kommentar: In einer Flssigkeit gelst oder

dispergiert, dringt es in die Poren des Objektes ein und stellt nach seiner Aushrtung dessen strukturelle Integritt wieder her. Abhngig von den Anforderungen des zu festigenden Materials festigt man mit sehr unterschiedlichen Materialien: Kunstharze wie
Acrylate oder Epoxydharze, anorganische Materialien wie Silikate oder auch Zellulosederivate, Gummen, Proteine und natrliche Harze.
Aber diese Festiger knnen als Nebeneffekt
die physikalischen und/oder chemischen Eigenschaften eines Materials verndern, wie
die optischen Eigenschaften oder die Hydrophobizitt. Festigungsmittel und ihr Alterungsverhalten mssen deshalb przise auf
das zu behandelnde Material abgestimmt
werden, um Langzeitschden zu vermeiden.
Festigungsmittel sind in porsen Materialien
im Allgemeinen nicht reversibel.
Synonyme: Konsolidierungsmittel, Festiger

FR

Dfinition: Substance introduite dans un matriau friable pour le renforcer et stabiliser sa

structure.
Commentaires: Dissous ou dispers dans un
liquide, il imprgne les pores de lobjet et en
rtablit lintgrit structurelle aprs durcissement/polymrisation. Les matriaux de
consolidation sont divers: rsines synthtiques (ex. acrylique, poxydique), matriaux
inorganiques, drivs des celluloses,
gommes, matriaux protiques, rsines naturelles. Ils peuvent modifier les proprits physiques ou chimiques dun matriau, tel les
proprits optiques, lhydrophobie. Le consolidant choisi, son comportement face au vieillissement doivent tre adapts au matriau
trait, pour viter des dommages long
terme. La consolidation des matriaux poreux
est gnralement irrversible.
liant, rsine acrylique, consolidation

Consolidante

IT

Definicija: Tvar unesena u troan materijal kako bi ga ojaala i stabilizirala njegovu strukturu.

Definizione: Sostanza introdotta in un materiale friabile per rafforzare e stabilizzare la sua

struttura.

Napomena: Uvriva je otopljen ili raspren u tekuini, prodire u pore objekta i nakon
uvrivanja ponovno uspostavlja strukturnu
cjelovitost/stvrdnjavanje.
Materijali koji se upotrebljavaju kao uvrivai vrlo su razliiti. Ovisno o potrebama materijala koji treba uvrstiti rabe se sintetike
smole poput akrilika ili epoksidne smole,
anorganski materijali i derivati celuloze, gume, proteini i prirodne smole. Sporedni efekti
ojaavanja su takvi da se s uvrivaima
mogu promijeniti fiziko-kemijska svojstva
uvrivanoga materijala, poput optikih i hidrofobnih svojstava. Kako bi se na dulji rok
sprijeilo oteenje, uvrivai i njihovo starenje moraju biti precizno usklaeni s obraivanim materijalom. Uporaba uvrivaa u
poroznim materijalima najee je nepovratan zahvat.

Commento: Dissolto o disperso in un liquido,

permea i pori delloggetto e ristabilisce lintegrit strutturale dopo lindurimento/la presa.
I materiali usati come consolidanti sono diversi. Vengono usati materiali inorganici e derivati cellulosici, resine sintetiche come acriliche
o epossidiche, gomme, proteine e resine naturali, a seconda delle esigenze del materiale
da consolidare. Un effetto indesiderato di questo rafforzamento che i consolidanti possono cambiare le propriet fisiche/chimiche del
materiale, come le propriet ottiche o la sua
idrofobia. I consolidanti e il loro comportamento durante linvecchiamento deve essere
perfettamente compatibile con il materiale
trattato, per prevenire danni a lungo termine.
In genere, i consolidanti usati su materiali porosi sono irreversibili.
Sinonimo: rinforzante

vezivo, akrilik, konsolidacija

legante, acrilici, consolidamento

szilrdt anyag
Festigungsmittel

HR

HU

Impregnat konsolidujcy

PL

DE

Definition: Eine Substanz, die in ein brckeliges Material eingebracht wird, um es zu strken und sein Gefge zu stabilisieren.

Meghatrozs: Egy anyag, melyet azrt visznek egy meggyenglt szerkezet anyagba,
hogy megerstse s stabilizlja annak szerkezett.

Definicja: rodek wprowadzony do kruchego

materiau by wzmocni i ustabilizowa jego
struktur.

Sources: AAT: consolidant, (1.5.2014); Paolini, Faldi 2005, 121; Horie, 2010, 426; Calvo 1997, 64/5

369

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Komentarz: Rozpuszczony lub rozproszony w

cieczy penetruje pory obiektu i po stwardnieniu / zwizaniu wzmacnia jego struktur.
Jako impregnaty konsolidujce stosowane s
rne substancje. Zalenie od wymogw
wzmacnianego materiau stosuje si ywice
sztuczne, jak akrylowe czy epoksydowe, materiay nieorganiczne oraz pochodne celulozy,
gum, proteiny i ywice naturalne.
Ubocznym efektem wzmacniania moe by
zmiana wasnoci fizycznych i / lub chemicznych materiau, jak cechy optyczne czy hydrofobowe. Impregnat trzeba starannie dobra do
utrwalanego materiau, by zapobiec szkodom
w przyszoci. Konsolidacja materiaw porowatych to proces z reguy nieodwracalny.
Synonimy: rodek wzmacniajcy, substancja
konsolidujca
spoiwo, akryle, konsolidacja / impregnacja

Consolidant

RO

Definiie: O substan introdus ntr-un material friabil, pentru a-l ntri i pentru a-i stabiliza structura.
Adnotare: Dizolvat sau dispersat ntr-un lichid,
acesta ptrunde n porii obiectului i i restabilete integritatea structural dup solidificare.
Materialele utilizate ca i consolidani sunt foarte diverse. Sunt folosite rini sintetice, precum
cele acrilice sau epoxi, materiale anorganice
precum derivatele din celuloz, gumele, proteinele i rinile naturale, n funcie de cerinele materialului ce trebuie consolidat. Efectele
secundare ale consolidrii sunt acelea c aceste
materiale pot schimba proprietile fizice i/sau
chimice ale unui material, cum ar fi proprietile
optice sau hidrofobicitatea. Consolidanii trebuie s fie compatibili cu materialul tratat, pentru a preveni deteriorarea pe termen lung. n
general, consolidanii sunt ireversibili n materialele poroase.
liant, rin acrilic, consolidare

Consolidante

Definicin: Sustancia que se introduce en un

material descohesionado para reforzarlo y estabilizar su estructura.
Comentario: Disuelto o dispersado en un lquido, recubre los poros del objeto, restableciendo as su integridad estructural cuando se
endurece.
Los materiales usados como consolidantes son
muy diversos. En funcin de la necesidad y caractersticas del material que se desea consolidar, se emplean resinas sintticas, como acrlicas o epoxy, o aglutinantes inorgnicos, como silicatos, celulosas, gomas y resinas naturales. Los efectos colaterales del refuerzo son
que algunos de estos productos pueden modificar las propiedades fsico-qumicas del material original, como por ejemplo las propiedades pticas o la hidrofobicidad. Los consolidantes y su comportamiento ante el envejecimiento deben ser adecuadamente testados en
el material original para prevenir daos a largo
plazo. En trminos generales, los consolidantes
sobre materiales porosos no son reversibles.
ligante, acrlico, consolidacin

salamlatrc

EN

Definition: Recycled material which is generally obtained from unused bricks or pottery
by crushing them into different dimensions.
Comment: It is used in mortars and plasters.
Crushed bricks combined with lime act as a

Yorum: Sv iinde znerek nesne iindeki

boluklar doldurarak sertletikten sonra yapsal btnln kazandrr. Sklatrc olarak
kullanlan malzemeler ok eitlidir. Sklatrlacak malzemenin gereksinimlerine gre akrilik veya epoksi gibi sentetik reineler, silikat,
proteinler gibi inorganik malzemeler, selloz
trleri, sakz, proteinler ve doal reineler kullanlr. Glendirmenin yan sra yan etki olarak,
grn ve su geirmezlik gibi malzemenin fiziksel ya da kimyasal zelliklerini deitirebilir.

Salamlatrclar ve gelitirme zellii uzun

vadedeki hasar nlemek iin tedavi edilen
malzemeye tam olarak uymaldr. Genel salamlatrclar, gzenekli malzemelerde geri
dndrlemez.
E anlaml: glendirme maddesi, glendirme arac
balayc, akrilik, salamlatrma

BG

: ,
.
:
,
.

. ,
,
, ,
,
, , .

,
/ , .

,

. , , .
: , ,
, ,

pozzolanic material in plasters, giving them

strength, volume and enhanced visual effects
(colour or texture) and changing the way the
lime sets. Because of its ability to retain moisture, crushed brick was sometimes used in
the intonaco layer of wall paintings. Before
the invention of cement, cocciopesto/Khorasan mortar was commonly used as a struc-

Sources: Sickels 1981; Bke 2004; Akman et al. 1986; Hasol 2002, 212

370

TR

Tanm: Krlgan maddenin iine maddenin yapsn glendirmek ve denge kazandrmak

iin kartrlan madde.

Crushed brick

Es

tural and bonding material by Romans,

Byzantines (in Hagia Sophia, for example) and
Ottomans.
brick, lime, plaster, pozzolan, intona-

co, brick dust

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Brique concasse

FR

Dfinition: Matriau recycl gnralement

obtenu partir de briques inutilises ou de la
poterie en les crasant selon diffrentes dimensions.
Commentaires: Il est utilis dans les mortiers
et enduits. Les briques concasses, combines
avec de la chaux ragissent comme un matriau pouzzolanique dans les mortiers, leur
donnant la force, le volume et une amlioration des effets visuels (couleur ou texture)
et changeant la prise de la chaux. En raison de
sa capacit retenir lhumidit, la brique pile
tait galement utilise dans la couche dintonaco des peintures murales. Avant linvention
du ciment, le mortier Horasan a t couramment utilis comme matriau de construction
et liant par les romains, les Byzantins (dans Hagia Sofia par exemple), les Romans et les Ottomans.
brique, chaux, enduit, pouzzolane, in-

tonaco, poudre de brique

Ziegelsplitt

DE

Definition: Wiederverwendetes Material aus

ungenutzten Ziegeln oder Tonwaren, die in
verschiedene Gren zerkleinert werden.
Kommentar: Man benutzt es fr Mrtel und
Putze. In Verbindung mit Kalk reagiert Ziegelsplitt als puzzolanisches Material in Putzen. Es
verleiht ihnen Festigkeit, Volumen und eine
bessere optische Wirkung (Farbe oder Textur)
und verndert die Art, wie der Putz aushrtet.
Aufgrund seiner Fhigkeit, Feuchtigkeit zu
speichern, wird Ziegelsplitt auch oft in der Intonaco-/Feinputz-Schicht von Wandmalereien eingesetzt. Vor der Erfindung von Zement
war Cocciopesto-/Khorasan-Mrtel als Baumaterial und Bindemittel bei den Rmern,
den Byzantinern (z.B. in der Hagia Sophia) und
Ottomanen sehr verbreitet.
Ziegel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz, Puzzolan,
Intonaco/ Feinputz, Ziegelmehl

Drobljena opeka

HR

Definicija: Reciklirani materijal koji se obino

dobiva od neiskoritenih opeka ili keramike
drobljenjem u razliite dimenzije.
Napomena: Upotrebljava se u mortovima i
bukama. Drobljena opeka u kombinaciji s
vapnom moe djelovati kao pucolanski materijal u buci, dajui joj snagu, volumen i po-

boljani vizualni efekt (boja ili tekstura) te

mijenjajui nain na koji vapno prianja. Zbog
sposobnosti zadravanja vlage lomljena opeka ponekad se upotrebljavala i u zidnome slikarstvu u sloju vapnene buke (intonaca). Prije
izuma cementa, cocciopesto/Khorasan mort
su kao strukturni i vezivni materijal obino
upotrebljavali Rimljani, Bizantinci (npr. u Aja
Sofiji) i Osmanlije.
opeka, vapno, buka, pucolan, into-

naco, openi prah

Tglatrmelk

HU

Meghatrozs: jrahasznostott anyag, melyet ltalban fel nem hasznlt tglkbl vagy
cserpednyekbl nyernek, klnbz mretre zzva ket.
Megjegyzs: Habarcsokban s vakolatokban
hasznljk. Msszel keverve, a tglatrmelk
puccolnknt hat a vakolatban, megersti,
tmeget ad neki s javtja ltvnyt (szn, textra); a tglaadalk megvltoztatja a msz ktsnek mdjt. Vzvisszatart hatsa miatt, a
tglatrmelket a falkpek intonaco rtegeiben is hasznltk. A cement felfedezse eltt,
a biznciak (pldul a Hagia Sofiaban), a rmaiak s az oszmnok szles krben hasznltk a Khorasan habarcsot szerkezeti s ktanyagknt.
Szinonima: zzott tgla
tgla, msz, vakolat, puzzoln, into-

naco, tglapor

Mattone frantumato

IT

Definizione: Materiale riciclato generalmente

ottenuto frantumando in frammenti di diverse
dimensioni mattoni inutilizzati o ceramiche.
Commento: Viene usato in malte e intonaci. I
mattoni frantumati in combinazione con la
calce agiscono come un materiale pozzolanico negli intonaci, conferendo forza, volume ed
effetti visivi avanzati (colore e trama) e cambiando il modo in cui la calce asciuga. Grazie
alla capacit di trattenere lumidit, i mattoni
frantumati erano talvolta usati anche nello
strato di intonaco dei dipinti murali. Prima
dellinvenzione del cemento, il cocciopesto e
la malta Khorasan erano usati comunemente
come materiale strutturale e legante da Bizantini (ad es. in Santa Sofia), Romani e Ottomani.
mattone, calce, intonaco/intonachino,
pozzolana, polvere di mattone

Kruszona cega

PL

Definicja: Materia uywany wtrnie, otrzymywany gwnie z niewykorzystanych cegie

lub ceramiki poprzez skruszenie ich do rnej
frakcji.
Komentarz: Jest uywana do zapraw i tynkw. Kruszona cega w poczeniu z wapnem
dziaa w tynkach jak materia hydrauliczny,
daje im moc, objto i poprawia efekty wizualne (kolor i tekstur) oraz zmienia sposb
wizania wapna. Kruszona cega jest te uywana w malarstwie ciennym do wykonywania warstwy intonaco, poniewa ma zdolno
zatrzymywania wody. Przed wynalezieniem
cementu zaprawa cocciopesto / Khorasan bya powszechnie uywana jako materia konstrukcyjny i wicy przez Rzymian, w Bizancjum (np. w Hagia Sofia) oraz przez Otomanw.
cega, wapno, tynk, pucolana, intona-

co, py ceglany

Crmid zdrobit

RO

Definiie: Un material reciclat obinut n principal din crmizi sau ceramic nefolosit, prin
zdrobirea acestora n buci de diferite dimensiuni.
Adnotare: Este utilizat n mortare i tencuieli.
Crmizile zdrobite combinate cu varul acioneaz ca un material pozzalanic n tencuieli,
oferindu-le for, volum i efecte vizuale interesante (culoare sau textur), modificnd totodat priza varului. Datorit capacitii de
reinere a umiditii, crmida zdrobit a fost
utilizat uneori n stratul de intonaco al picturilor murale. Anterior inventrii cimentului,
mortarul cocciopesto/Khorasan a fost frecvent utilizat drept material structural i de legare de ctre romani, bizantini (de ex. n Hagia
Sofia) i otomani.
crmid, var, tencuial, pozzolana,
intonaco, praf de crmid

Triturados cermicos

Es

Definicin: Material reciclado obtenido a partir de ladrillos o cermica partida en fragmentos de diversos tamaos.
Comentario: Se usa en morteros y enlucidos.
Los triturados cermicos, en combinacin
con la cal, actan como un material puzolnico en los morteros, aportan resistencia mecnica, volumen e interesantes efectos visua-

371

MATERIALs APPENDIx

les (color o textura) y modifican el fraguado

de la cal.
Por su capacidad para retener la humedad,
los triturados cermicos tambin son usados
en la capa del intonaco de las pinturas murales.
Antes de la invencin del cemento, el mortero
khorasan fue usado habitualmente como material estructural y ligante por los bizantinos
(en Hagia Sofa, por ejemplo), por los romanos
y otomanos.
ladrillo, cal, revoque puzolana, intonaco, polvo de ladrillo

Tula kr

TR

: , ,
.

Yorum: Har ve svalarda kullanlr. Kire ile

birletirilen tula krklar svada puzolan
malzeme olarak ilev grr; g, hacim, gelimi grsel etkiler (renk veya doku) verir ve
svann katlama eklini deitirir. Nem tutucu zelliinden dolay tula kr, duvar
resimlerinin boya alt siva katmanlarnda kullanlrd.
imentonun icadndan nce, cocciopesto/Horasan harc Bizansllar (rnein Ayasofya), Romallar, ve Osmanllar tarafndan yap ve har
malzemesi olarak yaygn ekilde kullanlrd.

: .

, ,
(
), .
, . , cocciopesto
, (
), .

EN

Definition: Vegetable oils which form a solid,

elastic film after a period of exposure to the
air.
Comment: They are used as the binder component in oil paints and some varnishes. The
drying of these oils is not based on the evaporation of water or other solvents, but on a
curing process based on autoxidation. Fatty
acid chains crosslink by reaction with oxygen
from the air to form a polymer network. Because of its comparatively faster curing
process, linseed oil is suitable as a painting
medium. But other oils are used as well, such
as walnut oil, poppy-seed oil or sunflower oil.
Oil drying agents, so-called siccatives, are often added to oil-based paints to accelerate the
curing of the drying oils.
binder, varnish

Huile siccative

FR

Dfinition: Huile vgtale formant un film

lastique solide aprs une priode dexposition lair.
Commentaires: Utilise comme liant dans
des peintures lhuile et certains vernis.

liant, vernis

Trocknendes l

, , , ,

Le schage dune huile ne rsulte pas de

lvaporation de leau ou dun autre solvant,
mais est un processus de polymrisation bas
sur lauto-oxydation. Des chanes dacides
gras rticulent par raction avec loxygne de
lair pour former un rseau de polymre. En
raison de son processus de polymrisation
relativement rapide, lhuile de lin, mais aussi
de noix, de graines de pavot ou de tournesol,
est approprie comme support de peinture.
Des agents de schage (siccatifs) sont souvent
ajouts aux peintures lhuile afin den acclrer la polymrisation.

Aufgrund seines vergleichsweise schnellen Abbindeprozesses ist Leinl als Malmittel geeignet. Aber auch andere le, wie Walnussl,
Mohnl oder Sonnenblumenl, werden verwendet. Um die Aushrtung von lfarben zu
beschleunigen, werden ihnen oft Trocknungsbeschleuniger, sogenannte Sikkative, zugesetzt.
Synonym: Mall
Bindemittel, Firnis

suivo ulje

HR

Definicija: Biljna ulja koja tvore vrst, elastian film nakon izlaganja zraku.
DE

Definition: Pflanzliche le, die einen festen,

elastischen Film bilden, wenn sie eine Weile
der Luft ausgesetzt sind.
Kommentar: Sie werden als Bestandteil von
Bindemitteln in lfarben und einigen Firnissen verwendet. Die Trocknung dieser le basiert nicht auf der Verdunstung von Wasser
oder anderen Lsemitteln, sondern auf einem
Aushrtungsprozess, der auf Autoxidation basiert: Fettsureketten vernetzen sich durch die
Reaktion mit Sauerstoff aus der Luft und bilden ein Polymernetzwerk.

Sources: Mortars 2011, 600; Gettens, Stout 1966, 18; Schramm, Hering 1988, 92

372

BG

Tanm: Genellikle kullanlmayan tulalardan

veya anak mlekten farkl boyutlarda krlarak elde edilen geri dnm malzemesi.

tula, kire, sva, puzolan, son kat sva, tula tozu

Drying oil

Napomena: Upotrebljavaju se kao sastavni

dio veziva u uljnim bojama i u nekim lakovima.
Suenje tih ulja ne zasniva se na hlapljenju
vode ili drugih otapala, nego je to proces suenja temeljen na samooksidaciji. Lanci masnih kiselina kriaju se reakcijom kisika iz zraka
da bi oblikovali mreu polimera. Zbog njegova breg procesa suenja laneno ulje prikladno je kao slikarsko vezivo. No, upotrebljavaju
se i druga ulja, poput orahova, makova ili suncokretova. Uljne suive tvari, poznate kao sikativi esto se dodaju uljnim bojama kako bi
se ubrzao proces suenja ulja.
vezivo, lak

MATERIALs APPENDIx

szrad olaj

HU

Meghatrozs: Nvnyi olajok, melyek leveg hatsra, egy adott id utn szilrd, rugalmas filmet kpeznek.
Megjegyzs: Olajfestkek ktanyagaknt s
bizonyos felleti bevonatokban hasznljk
ket. Ezen olajok szradsa nem a vz vagy
egyb oldszer prolgsn alapszik, hanem az
autooxidcival ltrejtt ktsen. A zsrsav
lncok kztt keresztktsek jnnek ltre a leveg oxignje ltal, s egy polimerhl alakul
ki. Mivel az tlagosnl gyorsabban kt, a lenolaj a legmegfelelbb festkek ktanyagaknt. De egyb olajokat is hasznlnak, mint a
di-, mk- vagy napraforgolaj. Szrt anyagokat, gy nevezett szikkatvokat gyakran
adagolnak az olaj alap festkekhez, hogy felgyorstsk a szrad olajok ktst.
ktanyag, vdbevonat

Olio siccativo

IT

Definizione: Oli vegetali che formano una

pellicola solida ed elastica dopo un periodo di
esposizione allaria.
Commento: Vengono usati come componente legante nei colori a olio e in alcune vernici.
Lasciugatura di questi oli non consiste nellevaporazione dellacqua o di altri solventi, ma
in un processo di polimerizzazione basato
sullautossidazione. Le catene di acidi grassi
reticolano tramite reazione con lossigeno
nellaria formando un reticolo polimerico.
Grazie al fatto che il suo processo di polimerizzazione relativamente veloce, lolio di semi
di lino adatto come legante pittorico. Ma anche altri oli vengono usati, come lolio di noci,
lolio di semi di papavero e lolio di girasole.
Agenti essiccanti per lolio, anche chiamati siccativi, vengono spesso aggiunti a colori a base
di olio per accelerare lindurimento degli oli
siccativi.
legante, vernice

Olej schncy

PL

Definicja: Oleje rolinne, ktre tworz trwa,

elastyczn powok po okresie ekspozycji na
powietrzu.
Komentarz: Uywane s jako spoiwo farb
olejnych i niektrych werniksw. Schnicie

tych olejw nie polega na odparowywaniu

wody czy innych rozpuszczalnikw, ale na
utwardzaniu w procesie samoutleniania. acuchy kwasw tuszczowych na powietrzu
tworz sieciowe wizania z tlenem i formuj
sie polimerw. Poniewa olej lniany utwardza si wzgldnie szybko jest uywany jako
spoiwo farb. Uywa si te innych olejw jak
olej orzechowy, olej makowy, czy olej sonecznikowy. Czsto do farb olejnych dodawane s
substancje przyspieszajce sieciowanie olejw tzw. sykatywy.
spoiwo, werniks

Ulei sicativ

RO

Definiie: Uleiuri vegetale ce formeaz o pelicul solid i elastic dup un timp de expunere la aer.
Adnotare: Acestea sunt utilizate drept componente cu rol de liant n culorile de ulei i n
unele verniuri. Uscarea acestor uleiuri nu se
bazeaz pe evaporarea apei sau a altor solveni, ci pe un proces de reticulare bazat pe
autooxidare. Lanurile de acizi grai reticuleaz prin reacie cu oxigenul din aer, pentru a
forma o reea de polimeri. Datorit procesului
de reticulare relativ rapid, uleiul de in este preferat ca liant n pictur. De asemenea, sunt folosite i alte uleiuri, cum ar fi uleiul de nuc,
uleiul din semine de mac sau uleiul de floarea
soarelui. Agenii de uscare ai uleiului, aanumiii sicativi sunt adesea adugai n culorile pe baz de ulei pentru a accelera reticularea uleiurilor sicative.
liant, vernis

Aceite secante

Es

Definicin: Aceite vegetal que, tras un periodo de exposicin al aire, forma una pelcula
slida y elstica.
Comentario: Se utiliza como aglutinante en
pinturas al leo y en algunos barnices.
El secado de estos aceites no se basa en la evaporacin del agua u otros solventes, sino en
un proceso de curado basado en la auto oxidacin. Las cadenas de cidos grasos se enlazan por la reaccin con el oxgeno del aire para
formar un polmero. Debido a su proceso de
secado, comparativamente ms rpido, el
aceite de linaza es el ms adecuado como medio de pintura. Sin embargo, tambin se usan

otros, como el aceite de nueces, el de semilla

de amapola o el de girasol. Los agentes secantes, comnmente llamados secativos, se aaden habitualmente a las pinturas al leo para
acelerar el curado de los aceites secantes.
ligante, barniz

Kurutucu ya

TR

Tanm: Havaya bir sre maruz kaldktan sonra

kat elastik bir tabaka oluturan bitkisel yalar.
Yorum: Yal boyalarda ve baz verniklerde
balayc eleman olarak kullanlrlar. Bu yalarn kurumas suyun buharlamasna veya dier zclere (solventlere) deil, ancak otoksidasyona dayal krleme ilemine baldr.
Ya asidi zincirleri havadaki oksijen ile aprazlamasna tepkimeye girerek polimer a oluturur. Olduka hzl iyiletirme ileminden dolay, bezir ya boyama maddesi olarak uygundur. Ama ceviz ya, haha ya ve ayiei
ya gibi dier yalar da kullanlr. Kurutucu
olarak adlandrlan ya kurutucu elemanlar,
kurutucu yalarn iyiletirmesini hzlandrmak
iin genellikle ya temelli boyalara eklenir.
balayc, cila

BG

: , , .
:
.
, , .
. - . ,
, .

,
, ,
.
,

373

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Filler

EN

Definition: 1. An inert powdered material added

to a material (binder, pigment, adhesive, paint,
cement, etc.), to improve its working properties,
to enhance its properties or to reduce costs.
2. A mixture of substances used to fill pores, gaps,
cracks and holes in wall paintings, mosaics and
other architectural surfaces.
3. A very fine aggregate used for concrete, mortar and plaster with standard-defined dimensions (which passes a 0.063mm sieve).
Comment: Fillers are used to improve adherence
to surfaces, to extend a matrix, to increase
strength, to reduce shrinkage, to provide bulk,
to dilute a colour, etc. Examples of fillers are pulverised limestone, silica, colloidal substances,
gypsum, brick powder, pigments, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, clay, diatomaceous earth,
starch, talc, titanium dioxide, etc.
Filler is ambiguously used in a wider sense to
cover substances that can be added to a mixture
to improve its properties, such as sand in plasters,
or fibres, although regular sand or fibres, for example, cannot be classified as a powdered material.
aggregate, binder, brick dust, clay, gypsum, plaster, pigment, sand

Charge

FR

Dfinition: 1. Matire en poudre inerte ajoute

un matriau de base (liant, pigment, adhsif,
peinture, ciment, etc.), pour amliorer ses proprits de mise en oeuvre, ou pour rduire les
cots.
2. Mlange de substances utilises pour remplir
les pores, les lacunes, les fissures et les cavits
dans les peintures murales, les mosaques et autres surfaces architecturales.
3. Trs fin agrgat utilis pour le bton (fraction
fine), mortier avec des dimensions standard dfinies (qui passe un tamis de 0,063mm).

pour amliorer ses proprits, comme le sable

dans les mortiers ou des fibres. Le sable ordinaire
ou les fibres, par exemple, ne peuvent pas tre
classs comme matriaux en poudre.
granulat (agrgat), liant, poudre de brique,
argile, gypse, enduit, pigment, sable

Fllsto

Definition: 1. Ein inertes, unlsliches, pulveriges Material, das zu einem Grundmaterial (Bindemittel, Pigment, Klebemittel, Farbe, Zement
etc.) hinzugefgt wird, um dessen Handhabung und Eigenschaften zu verbessern oder
um Kosten zu reduzieren.
2. Der Englische Begriff filler bezeichnet auch
eine Mischung aus Stoffen, die zum Fllen von
Poren, Lcken, Rissen und Lchern in Wandmalereien, Mosaiken und anderen Architekturoberflchen verwendet wird. Dies entspricht
im Deutschen der Fllmasse/dem Kitt oder
der Ergnzungsmasse.
3. Ein sehr feiner Zuschlag fr Beton, Mrtel, Putz
mit einer standardisierten Korngre (passiert
ein 0,063mm Sieb).
Kommentar: Fllstoffe werden dazu verwendet, die Haftfhigkeit an Oberflchen zu verbessern, die Grundmasse (Matrix) zu verlngern, die Festigkeit zu erhhen, um als Magerungsmittel die Schrumpfung zu reduzieren,
das Volumen zu vergrern, Farben zu strecken
etc. Beispiele fr Fllstoffe sind Kalksteinmehl,
Siliciumdioxid, kolloidale Substanzen, Gips,
Ziegelmehl, Pigmente, Acrylat, Calciumcarbonat, Bariumsulfat, Ton, Diatomeenerde, Strke,
Talk, Titandioxid.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Zuschlag (Fllstoff ist
ein feiner Zuschlagstoff)
Zuschlag, Bindemittel, Ziegelmehl, Ton,
Gips, Putz, Pigment, Sand

Punilo
Commentaires: Les charges sont utilises pour
amliorer ladhrence des surfaces, tendre une
matrice, pour augmenter la rsistance, pour rduire le retrait, pour amliorer le remplissage,
pour diluer une couleur etc. Des exemples de
charges sont de la poudre de calcaire, de la silice,
des substances collodales, du gypse, de la poudre de brique, les pigments, les rsines acryliques, le sulfate de baryum, largile, la terre diatomes, lamidon, le talc, le dioxyde de titane, etc.
Le terme de charge est ambigu quand il est utilis dans un sens plus large pour couvrir les substances qui peuvent tre ajoutes un mlange

DE

HR

Definicija: 1. Inertni prah dodan u materijal

(vezivo, pigment, ljepilo, boju, cement itd.) kako bi mu poboljao ili pojaao radne znaajke
ili smanjio trokove proizvodnje.
2. Mjeavina tvari koje se upotrebljavaju za
ispunjavanje pora, praznina, pukotina i rupa u
zidnim slikama, mozaicima i ostalim arhitektonskim povrinama.
3. Vrlo fini agregat koji se upotrebljava za beton,
mort i buku sa standardnim dimenzijama (koji
prolazi sito od 0,063mm).

Napomena: Punila se upotrebljavaju za poboljanje prianjanja za povrinu, proirenje matrice,

poveanje snage, smanjivanje stezanja, volumena, razrjeivanje boje itd. Primjeri punila su pulverizirani vapnenac, silicij, koloidne tvari, gips,
prah od opeke, pigmenti, akrilik, kalcijev karbonat, barijev sulfat, glina, kremena zemlja, krob,
talk, titanijev dioksid itd. Punilo je nejasan naziv
koji u iremu smislu obuhvaa supstancije koje
se mogu dodati u smjesu za poboljanje njegovih svojstava, kao to je pijesak u bukama ili
vlakna, iako npr. obian pijesak ili vlakna ne mogu biti klasificirana kao prakasti materijal.
granulat (agrgat), vezivo, openi prah, gli-

na, gips, buka, pigment, pijesak

Tltanyag

Meghatrozs: 1. Egy inert, portott anyag, melyet egy alapanyaghoz adagolnak (ktanyag,
pigment, ragasztanyag, festk, cement stb.),
azrt, hogy az alapanyag megmunklhatsgt/
felhasznlhatsgt vagy a tulajdonsgait javtsk, illetve kltsgeket cskkentsenek.
2. Egy anyagkeverk, melyet a falkpen, mozaikon s egyb ptszeti felleten lev prusok,
rsek, repedsek s mlyedsek/regek kitltsre hasznlnak (tmt anyag).
3. Egy igen finom, szabvnyban meghatrozott
mret (mely tmegy a 0,063 mm-s szitn)
aggregtum, melyet betonhoz, habarcsokhoz s
vakolatokhoz hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: A tltanyagot annak rdekben
hasznljk, hogy javtsk a fellethez val ktdst, hgtsk az alapanyagot, szilrdsgot nveljenek, zsugorodst cskkentsenek, nveljk a
tmeget, hgtsanak egy sznt, stb. Tltanyag pldk: portott mszk, szilcium-dioxid, kolloidlis
anyagok, brium-szulft, agyag, kovafld, kemnyt, talkum, titn-dioxid, stb. A tltanyag kifejezst, helytelenl, tgabb rtelemben is hasznljk, olyan anyagokra, melyek egy keverkhez
adagolva feljavtjk ennek tulajdonsgait, mint
pldul a vakolatokban lev homok vagy szlas
anyagok, br sem a szablyos homokot, sem a
szlakat nem minsthetjk portott anyagoknak.
aggregtum, ktanyag, tglapor, agyag,
gipsz, vakolat, pigment, homok

Filler

IT

Definizione: 1. Materiale inerte in polvere aggiunto ad un materiale di base (legante, pigmento, adesivo, pittura, cemento, etc.) per migliorare
le sue propriet o ridurre i costi.

Sources: Baglioni, Chelazzi 2013, 53; Harris 1984, 197; Aggregates; Ching 1996, 192; Baglioni, Chelazzi 2012

374

HU

MATERIALs APPENDIx

2. Miscela di sostanze usate per riempire pori,

fessure, crepe e buchi nei dipinti murali, mosaici e altre superfici architettoniche.
3. Aggregato molto fine usato per calcestruzzo,
malta e intonaco con dimensioni standard definite (capace di passare un setaccio da
0,063mm).
Commento: I filler sono usati per migliorare
ladesione alle superfici, come riempitivi di una
matrice, per aumentare la forza, ridurre il restringimento, fornire massa, diluire un colore,
ecc. Esempi di filler sono calcari polverizzati, silice, sostanze colloidali, gesso, polvere di mattone, pigmenti, acrilici, carbonato di calcio, solfato di bario, argilla, terra con diatomee, amido,
talco, biossido di titanio, etc.
In italiano, il termine filler usato in modo ambiguo in senso pi ampio per intendere sostanze che possono essere aggiunte ad una miscela
per migliorare le sue propriet, come la sabbia
negli intonaci, o fibre, sebbene sabbia e fibre
di normali dimensioni non possano essere classificate come materiale in polvere.
inerte, legante, polvere di mattone, argilla, gesso, intonaco, pigmento, sabbia

Wypeniacz

PL

Definicja: 1. Obojtna sproszkowana substancja dodawana do materiau bazowego (spoiwa,

pigmentu, kleju, farby, cementu itd.), by
wzmocni jego wasnoci mechaniczne, polepszy waciwoci lub ograniczy koszty.
2. Mieszanina substancji uywana do wypeniania porw, przerw, pkni i dziur w malowidach, mozaikach i innych powierzchniach architektonicznych.
3. Bardzo drobnoziarniste kruszywo uywane
do betonu, zapraw i tynkw o standardowo definiowanym ziarnie (jako przechodzcy przez
sito 0,063mm).

kruszywo, spoiwo, py ceglany, glina,

gips, tynk, pigment, piasek

Material de umplutur

RO

Definiie: 1. Material sub form de pulbere

inert adugat ntr-un material de baz (liant,
pigment, adeziv, vopsea, ciment, etc.), pentru
a-i mbunti caracteristicile de lucru, a-i mbunti proprietile, sau pentru a-i reduce
costurile.
2. Un amestec de substane folosite pentru a
umple porii, lacunele, fisurile i orificiile din picturi murale, mozaicuri i alte suprafee arhitecturale.
3. Un agregat foarte fin folosit pentru beton,
mortar i tencuial definit prin dimensiuni
standard (care trece printr-o sit de
0,063mm).
Adnotare: Materialele de umplutur sunt folosite pentru a mbunti aderena la suprafee, pentru a crete rezistena, pentru a reduce
contracia, pentru a oferi mas, pentru a dilua
o culoare, etc. Exemple de materiale de umplutur sunt calcarul pulverizat, dioxidul de siliciu,
substanele coloidale, gipsul, praful de crmid, pigmenii, acrilicele, carbonatul de calciu,
sulfatul de bariu, argila, pmntul de diatomee,
amidonul, talcul, dioxidul de titan, etc. Termenul material de umplutur este folosit eronat
ntr-un sens mai larg, pentru a include substanele care pot fi adugate la un amestec cu scopul de a mbunti proprietile acestuia, cum
ar fi nisipul n tencuieli, sau fibrele, dei, de
exemplu nisipul obinuit sau fibrele nu pot fi
clasificate ca materiale sub form de pulbere.
agregat, liant, praf de crmid, argil,
gips, tencuial, pigment, nisip

Carga fina

verizados de piedra caliza, slice, sustancias coloidales, yeso, polvo de ladrillo, pigmentos,
acrlico, carbonato de calcio, sulfato de bario,
arcillas, tierras diatomeas, almidn, talco, dixido de titanio, etc.
carga, ligante, polvo de ladrillo, arcilla,
yeso, revoque, pigmento, arena

Dolgu maddesi

Tanm: 1. Ana malzemeye (balayc, pigment,

yaptrc, boya, imento vb.) alma zelliklerini gelitirmek, malzemenin zelliklerini artrmak veya maliyeti azaltmak iin eklenen ntr
malzemedir.
2. Duvar resimlerindeki, mozaiklerdeki ve dier
yzeylerdeki gzenekleri, boluklar, atlaklar
ve delikleri doldurmak iin kullanlan madde
karm.
3. Standart tanmlanm boyutlardaki beton,
har ve sva iin kullanlan ok ince agrega
(0,063mmlik elekten geen).
Yorum: Dolgular, yzeylere yapmay arttrmak, taban geniletmek, gc arttrmak, bzmeyi azaltmak, hacim vermek, renk seyreltmek vb. iin kullanlr. Dolgu rnekleri toz
haline getirilmi kireta, silis, koloidal madde, al, tula tozu, pigmentler, akrilik, kalsiyum karbonat, baryum slfat, kil, diyatomik
toprak, niasta, talk, titanyum dioksit vb.dir.
Dolgu malzemeleri yanllkla genel anlamda
karmlarn zelliklerini artrmak iin eklenen
rnleri de kapsar. rnein toz malzeme olarak snflandrlmamasna ramen svann iinde kullanlan svadaki kum ya da lif malzemeleri gibi.
agrega, yaptrc, balayc, tula tozu,

kil, al, har, sva, renklendirici, kum

Es
/

Komentarz: Wypeniacze s uywane dla poprawienia przyczepnoci do powierzchni, w

celu zwikszenia masy, eby podnie wytrzymao, by zredukowa skurcz, w celu zapewnienia objtoci, by rozcieczy kolor itd. Przykady wypeniaczy to sproszkowany wapie,
krzemionka, substancje koloidalne, gips, py
ceglany, pigmenty, wglan wapnia, siarczan
baru, glina, ziemia okrzemkowa, krochmal,
talk, dwutlenek tytanu itd. Termin wypeniacz
jest uywany niejednoznacznie, w szerszym
znaczeniu dla nazwania substancji, ktre mog by dodane do mieszanin by poprawi ich
wasnoci, jak piasek w tynku, czy wkna, jednak nie mona ich zaliczy do materiaw
sproszkowanych.

TR

Definicin: 1. Polvo inerte aadido a un material base (aglutinante, pigmento, adhesivo, pintura, cemento, etc.) para mejorar su maniobrabilidad, para potenciar sus propiedades o para
reducir costes.
2. Mezcla de sustancias para rellenar poros,
huecos y agujeros en pinturas murales, mosaicos y otras superficies arquitectnicas.
3. Carga muy fina que se aade al cemento,
mortero y revoque, con una dimensin estandarizada (que pasa un tamiz de 0,063mm).
Comentario: Las cargas finas se emplean para
mejorar la adherencia en superficies, para rellenar estructuras, aumentar la resistencia, reducir la retraccin, aportar volumen, diluir un
color, etc. Ejemplos de cargas finas son los pul-

BG

:
1. ,
, , ,
, .., .
2. , ( 0,063 ) .
3. , , ,
, .
.
:
-

375

MATERIALs APPENDIx

, ,
, , ,
..
, , , , , , -

, , , , , , ,
.. - , , ,
, ,

Glue

EN

Definition: A natural water-soluble polymer

made from animal connective tissue.
Comment: It is used as a binding medium, and
adhesive. Today other, mainly water based adhesives and binders made of vegetable or synthetic materials, are generally called glues as
well. Due to its strong shrinkage during its drying process, glue in combination with plasticisers is used as a facing adhesive for the detachment of wall paintings. Although glue is
water soluble, it is not easy to remove from an
object. It only swells in cold water and some
other solvents. Better results are achieved by
heated solvents.
Synonym: adhesive

Bindemittel, Abnahme

FR

Dfinition: Polymre hydrosoluble naturel fabriqu partir du tissu conjonctif animal.

Commentaires: Utilise aussi comme liant.
Aujourdhui, dautres matires, principalement
des adhsifs base deau et des liants faits de
matires vgtales ou synthtiques sont aussi
appels colles. Du fait de sa forte contraction
au cours de son processus de schage, la colle
est utilise, combine des plastifiants,
comme adhsif pour des peintures murales
dcolles. Malgr quelle soit soluble leau,
elle nest pas facile enlever dun objet. Elle
gonfle seulement dans leau froide et dautres
solvants. De meilleurs rsultats sont obtenus
en utilisant des solvants chauffs.
liant, dpose

alap, nvnyi vagy mestersges eredet kt- s ragasztanyagot is hvnak enyvnek. Szrads kzben ersen zsugorodik, ezrt ltalban lgytszerekkel keverik, amikor facingknt hasznljk falkpek levlasztsnl. Br
az enyv vzoldhat, nem lehet tl knnyen eltvoltani egy trgyrl. Hideg vz s pr ms
oldszer hatsra csupn duzzad. Melegtett
oldszerekkel jobb eredmnyek rhetek el.
Szinonimk: ragaszt; legtbbszr az is benne
van a megnevezsben, hogy milyen eredete
van a kollagnnek, pldul csontegyv, halenyv, nylenyv, brenyv, stb.
ktanyag, levlaszts

Colla

binder, detachment

Colle animale

, , , , , , ,

Kommentar: Er wird als Bindemittel und

Klebstoff benutzt. Heute werden andere,
hauptschlich wasserbasierte Klebe- und Bindemittel aus pflanzlichen oder synthetischen
Polymeren ebenfalls als Leim bezeichnet. In
Verbindung mit Weichmachern wird Leim als
Kaschierungsklebemittel zur Abnahme von
Wandmalereien benutzt, weil er beim Trocknungsprozess so stark schrumpft. Obwohl
Leim wasserlslich ist, ist es schwierig, ihn von
einem Objekt zu entfernen. Er quillt in kaltem
Wasser und anderen Lsemitteln nur an. Bessere Ergebnisse werden mit erwrmten Lsemitteln erzielt.
Synonyme: Kleber, Klebstoff, Kleister, Klebemittel

Tutkalo

HR

Definizione: Polimero naturale solubile in acqua ottenuto da tessuto connettivo animale.

Napomena: Rabi se kao vezivno sredstvo i ljepilo. Danas se druga ljepila najee nazivaju
tutkala. Uglavnom su to ljepila i veziva na vodenoj bazi napravljena od biljnih ili sintetikih
materijala. S obzirom na njegovo jako stezanje
pri suenju, tutkalo se u kombinaciji s plastifikatorima upotrebljava kao ljepilo za facing pri
skidanju zidnih slika. Iako je tutkalo vodotopljiv, nije ga lako ukloniti s predmeta. Bubri samo u hladnoj vodi i u nekim drugim otapalima.
Bolji se rezultati postiu grijanim otapalima.
Sinonim: ljepilo

Commento: Viene usato come legante e adesivo. Al giorno doggi anche altre sostanze
vengono chiamate colle, principalmente adesivi a base dacqua e leganti costituiti di materiali vegetali o sintetici. A causa del forte restringimento che subisce durante il processo
di essiccamento, la colla viene usata in combinazione con plastificanti come adesivo di rivestimento per il distacco di dipinti murali.
Sebbene sia solubile in acqua, non facile rimuovere la colla da un oggetto. In acqua fredda e in altri solventi si gonfia soltanto. Risultati
migliori possono essere ottenuti con solventi
riscaldati.
Sinonimo: adesivo

vezivo, skidanje

legante, stacco/strappo

Definicija: Prirodan vodotopljiv polimer izraen od ivotinjskoga vezivnog tkiva.

Enyv

HU

Klej

PL

DE

Meghatrozs: Egy termszetes vzoldhat

polimer, melyet llati ktszvetbl nyernek.

Definicja: Naturalny polimer rozpuszczalny w

wodzie uzyskiwany ze zwierzcej tkanki cznej.

Definition: Ein natrliches, wasserlsliches

Polymer aus tierischem Bindegewebe.

Megjegyzs: Hasznljk kt- s ragasztanyagknt. Manapsg egyb, nagyrszt vizes

Komentarz: Uywany jako spoiwo i substancja klejca. Obecnie nazywa si klejami take

Leim

Sources: Wehlte 1981, 447; Cameo: Glue (17.6.2014); Horie 2010, 228ff; Wikipedia.de: Leim (17.6.2014); Paolini, Faldi 2005, 110

376

IT

MATERIALs APPENDIx

wikszo wodnych substancji klejcych i

spoiw pochodzenia rolinnego oraz tworzyw
syntetycznych. Ze wzgldu na znaczny skurcz
w procesie schnicia kleje do zabezpieczania
powierzchni przenoszonych malowide miesza si z plastyfikatorami. Chocia kleje s rozpuszczalne w wodzie to usunicie ich z obiektu nie jest atwe. Pczniej jedynie w zimnej
wodzie i niektrych rozpuszczalnikach. Lepsze
rezultaty mona osign stosujc podgrzane
rozpuszczalniki.
Synonim: substancja klejca
spoiwo, zdejmowanie malowide

Clei

RO

Definiie: Un polimer natural solubil n ap

obinut din esut conjunctiv animal.
Adnotare: Este utilizat ca liant i ca adeziv. n
prezent i ali adezivi i liani pe baz de ap,
compui din materiale sintetice sau vegetale
sunt denumii de asemenea, cleiuri. Datorit
contraciei sale puternice n timpul procesului
de uscare, cleiul este folosit n combinaie cu
plastifiani ca i adeziv pentru aplicarea facing-ului pentru extragerea picturilor murale.
Dei cleiul este solubil n ap, nu este uor de
ndeprtat de pe un obiect. Acesta doar se
umfl n ap rece i n ali solveni. Se obin rezultate mai bune cu solveni nclzii.
Sinonim: adeziv
liant, extragere

Cola

Es

Definicin: Polmero natural soluble en agua

hecho a partir de tejido conectivo animal.
Comentario: Se emplea como medio ligante
y como adhesivo. Actualmente, la mayora de
los adhesivos y ligantes con base acuosa hechos a partir de materiales vegetales o sintticos son denominados igualmente cola. Debido a su fuerte retraccin durante el proceso
de secado, la cola, en combinacin con otros
plastificantes, se emplea como adhesivo para
el arranque de pinturas murales. A pesar de
que la cola es soluble en agua, no es fcil de
eliminar de un objeto. Solo se hincha con agua
fra y algunos otros disolventes. Se obtienen
mejores resultados calentando los disolventes.
Sinnimo: adhesivo
ligante, arranque

Tutkal

TR

Tanm: Hayvan ba dokusundan yaplan doal, suda znebilir polimer.

Yorum: Balayc madde ve yaptc olarak
kullanlr.
Gnmzde dier, zellikle bitkisel veya sentetik polimerlerden yaplm su bazl yaptrclar ve balayclar da genellikle tutkal terimine karlk gelir. Kuruma srecindeki kuvvetli
bzme sebebiyle plastikletiricilerle kombi-

Grout (injection)

EN

Definition: A thin, fluid, and diluted mortar

(or paste) which can be poured or injected into small confined spaces such as cracks, joints,
and cavities (also between a wall painting or
a mosaic and the support).

balayc, duvar resimlerinin ayrmas.

BG

: ,
:
. , ,
, . , .
, .
. -
.
: ,
,

were later produced for wall paintings and architectural surfaces.

Not to be confused with: injection of grout
additive, joint, support, wall painting

Coulis (dinjection)
Comment: Grouts are usually lime or cementbased materials (cement is used for new constructions). Additives or other materials can
be introduced depending on necessity and
circumstance. Following the development of
a hydraulic lime-based grout by ICCROM in
the 1980s, many variations of injection grouts

ne edilmi tutkal duvar resimlerinin ayrlan

paralar iin yzey yaptrc olarak kullanlr.
Tutkal suda zlmesine ramen, maddeden
ayrmak kolay deildir. Sadece souk suda ve
baz dier zcler ile ier. Istlm zclerden daha iyi sonular alnr.
E anlam: yaptrc

FR

Dfinition: Mortier dilu, fin et fluide, qui

peut tre vers ou inject dans de petits espaces confins tels que des fissures, des joints,
des cavits (galement entre une peinture
murale ou une mosaque et le support).

Commentaires: Fait gnralement de chaux

ou de matriaux base de ciment (le ciment
est utilis pour les nouvelles constructions).
Des additifs ou dautres matriaux peuvent
tre introduits en fonction des ncessits et
des circonstances. Suite llaboration dun
coulis base de chaux hydraulique par
lICCROM dans les annes 1980, de nombreuses variantes de coulis dinjection ont ensuite t produites pour des peintures murales et des surfaces architecturales.
additif, joint, support, peinture murale

Sources: Harris 1984, 237; Ching 1995, 157; Peroni et al. 1982, 6399; Bier-imir et al. 2009, 2; CAMEO: Grout (27.12.2014)

377

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Injektionsmrtel

DE

Definition: Ein dnner, flssiger und verdnnter Mrtel, der in enge Bereiche wie Risse, Fugen und Lcher (auch zwischen einer
Wandmalerei oder einem Mosaik und dem
Trger) gegossen oder eingespritzt (injiziert)
werden kann.
Kommentar: Injektionsmrtel basieren meistens auf Kalk oder Zement (Zement wird fr
moderne Bauten verwendet). Zusatzmittel
oder andere Materialien knnen je nach Umstnden und Bedarf hinzugefgt werden. Als
Folge der Entwicklung eines hydraulischen,
auf Kalk basierten Injektionsmrtels durch
ICCROM in den 1980er Jahren sind viele Variationen von Injektionsmrteln fr Wandmalereien und Architekturoberflchen hergestellt
worden.
Synonyme: Verpressmrtel, Einspritzmrtel,
Vergussmrtel
Zusatzmittel, Fuge, Trger, Wandmalerei

buka za injektiranje

HR

Definicija: Rijetka, tekua i razrijeena buka

(ili tijesto) koja se moe izliti ili ubrizgati u male
zatvorene prostore poput pukotina, spojeva i
upljina te izmeu zidne slike ili mozaika i podloge.
Napomena: Injektirana buka obino se temelji na vapnenim ili cementnim materijalima
(cement se upotrebljava za novogradnju). Aditivi ili drugi materijali mogu se unijeti ovisno
o potrebi i okolnostima. Nakon to je ICCROM
80-ih godina 20. stoljea razvio vapnene hidrauline smjese za injektiranje, proizvedene
su mnoge varijacije injekcijskih smjesa za zidne slike i arhitektonske povrine.
aditiv, spojnica, nosa, zidno slikarstvo

Injektl vakolat

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy hg, folykony, felvizezett

habarcs (vagy paszta), mely benthet vagy
injektlhat szk terekbe, mint pldul repedsekbe, fugkba vagy regekbe (akr egy
falkp vagy mozaik s a hordoz kz).

veten, az injektl vakolatok tbb vltozatt

lltottk el falkpek s ptszeti felletek
szmra.
adalk anyag, fuga, hordoz, falkp

Boiacca

Definizione: Malta (o pasta) fine, fluida e diluita che pu essere versata o iniettata in un
piccolo spazio limitato, come fratture, giunti e
cavit (anche tra un dipinto murale o un mosaico e il suo supporto).
Commento: Le boiacche sono di solito materiali a base di calce o di cemento (il cemento
viene usato per nuove costruzioni). Additivi e
altri materiali possono essere introdotti a seconda della necessit e delle circostanze. In
seguito allo sviluppo negli anni 80 di una boiacca a base di calce idraulica da parte dellICCROM, molte varianti di boiacche da iniezione
furono poi prodotte per dipinti murali e superfici architettoniche.
Sinonimo: malta liquida da iniezione
additivo, giunto, supporto, pittura mu-

rale

Cieka zaprawa (do podklejania)

378

PL

Definicja: Cieka, rozcieczona zaprawa (lub

pasta), ktr mona wla lub wstrzykn w
niewielkie puste przestrzenie jak pknicia,
spoiny lub pustki (take pomidzy malowido
cienne czy mozaik i podoe).
Komentarz: Cieke zaprawy zwykle oparte s
na bazie wapna lub cementu (cement stosowany jest do nowych konstrukcji). Zalenie od
potrzeb i okolicznoci mona wprowadzi dodatki lub inne materiay. Idc ladem bada
nad zaprawami hydraulicznymi, opartymi na
bazie wapna, prowadzonych przez ICCROM w
latach 80., wyprodukowano pniej szereg rodzajw zapraw do podklejania malowide
ciennych i powierzchni architektonicznych.
dodatek, spoina, podoe, malowido

cienne

Mortar de injectare
Megjegyzs: Az injektl vakolatok ltalban
msz vagy cement alap anyagok (a cementet
j pletek esetn hasznljk). A krlmnyek
s szksgletek szerint adalkanyagok vagy
egyb anyagok is keverhetek hozzjuk. Az
ICCROM ltal az 1980-as vekben kidolgozott
hidraulikus msz alap injektl vakolatot k-

IT

RO

Definiie: Un mortar (sau o past) fin, fluid i

diluat, ce poate fi turnat sau injectat n spaii
nchise de mici dimensiuni, cum ar fi fisuri, rosturi, i caviti (de asemenea, poate fi injectat
ntre o pictur mural sau un mozaic i suport).

Adnotare: Mortarele de injectare sunt n general materiale pa baz de ciment sau var (cimentul este folosit pentru construciile noi).
n mortarele de injectare pot fi introdui aditivi sau alte materiale, n funcie de necesitate
i circumstan. Ca urmare a dezvoltrii unui
material de injectare pa baz de var hidraulic
de ctre ICCROM n anii 1980, au fost produse
ulterior multe tipuri de mortare de injectare
pentru picturi murale i suprafee arhitecturale.
injectare de mortar, rost, suport, pictur

mural

Mortero de inyeccin

Es

Definicin: Mortero fino, fluido y diluido que

puede ser introducido a travs de los poros o
por inyeccin en pequeos espacios como
grietas, juntas y cavidades (tambin entre una
pintura mural o mosaico y su soporte)
Comentario: Formados generalmente por
cal o cemento (este ltimo se usa en las nuevas construcciones). Puede aadrsele aditivos u otros materiales en funcin de las circunstancias y de las necesidades que le proporciona las propiedades de ser autonivelante y expansivo contrarrestando la retraccin.
Tras el desarrollo del mortero de cal hidrulica realizado por el ICCROM en 1980, se han
desarrollado diversos tipos de mortero de inyeccin para pinturas murales y superficies
arquitectnicas.
No confundir con: inyeccin de mortero
aditivo, junta, soporte, pintura mural

erbetli har

TR

Tanm: atlaklar, derzler ve oyuklar gibi kk

snrl alanlara (duvar resmi veya mozaik ile
destek arasna da) enjekte edilebilen veya dklebilen ince, akkan, sulandrlm har (veya macun).
Yorum: erbetli harlar kire veya imento temelli malzemelerdir (imento yeni yaplar iin
kullanlr). Katk maddeleri ve dier malzemeler ihtiyaca ve duruma gre eklenebilir.
1980lerde ICCROM tarafndan hidrolik kire
temelli harcn gelitirilmesinin ardndan, duvar resimleri ve mimari yzeyler iin birok erbetli har eitleri retildi.
E anlam: atlak har
katk, derz, zemin, duvar resmi

MATERIALs APPENDIx

BG

: , ( ),
,
(
).

: ( ).
.
ICCROM 1980.

Gypsum

EN

Definition: A soft mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate.

Comment: Used for making Plaster of Paris, it
is also used as a retarder in Portland cement
and as a paint pigment (terra alba) in painting.
When heated (from 60C to 200C), it loses
water and becomes calcium sulfate hemihydrate, also known as Plaster of Paris. This is
then powdered and, along with water and additives makes a product called gypsum plaster. In turn, when the gypsum is heated at
more than 290C, it loses all of its water content and is then called dead burnt plaster,
which is made up of the mineral anhydrite.
Sedimentary, smooth, fine-grained gypsum
rock is known as alabaster, and is used in many
decorative works. The translucency of alabaster determined its use as a transparent
material for windows in many historical buildings.
Not to be confused with: Plaster of Paris, alabaster
additive, plaster, Plaster of Paris, gypsum

Gypse

FR

Dfinition: Minral de faible duret, compos

de sulfate de calcium dihydrat.
Commentaires: Il est utilis pour faire le pltre,
le pltre de Paris. Il est aussi utilis comme
retardateur de prise dans le ciment Portland et
comme pigment (terra alba) en peinture. Il
perd une partie de son eau quand il est chauff
entre 60 et 200C et devient un hmihydrate,
aussi connu comme pltre de Paris. Ce dernier
est alors broy en poudre et ajout de leau
et des additifs, devient du pltre. Lorsque la
temprature dpasse 290C, le minral perd
toute son eau et devient un pltre surcuit ou

.
:
, , ,

pltre mort. Il est alors constitu danhydrite.

La roche sdimentaire, peu dure, qui est faite
de grains fins de gypse est appele albtre et
est utilis en dcoration. Le ct translucide de
lalbtre a conduit son utilisation comme matriau transparent pour les fentres de beaucoup de monuments historiques.
Ne pas confondre avec: albtre, pltre de Paris
additif, enduit, pltre de Paris, pigment

Gips

DE

Definition: Ein weiches Mineral aus Calciumsulfat-Dihydrat.

Kommentar: Wird zur Herstellung von Modellgips verwendet, als Verzgerer in Portlandzement sowie als Pigment in der Malerei
(Alabasterwei, terra alba, Bologneser Kreide). Beim Erhitzen (auf 60 200C) verliert
er Wasser und wird zum Calciumsulfat-Halbhydrat (gebrannter Gips), auch bekannt als
Modell-, Bau-, Stuckgips und Plaster of Paris.
Dieser Gips wird gemahlen und mit Wasser
und Hilfsmitteln vermischt als Gipsputz oder
Gipsmrtel verarbeitet. Wird Gips ber
290C erhitzt und verliert alles Kristallwasser, wird er zu knstlichem Anhydrit, das
auch totgebrannter Gips genannt wird. Sedimentres, weiches, feinkrniges Gipsgestein wird Alabaster genannt und fr viele
dekorative Arbeiten verwendet. Die Lichtdurchlssigkeit von Alabaster fhrte zu seiner Verwendung als transparentes Material
fr Fenster (Marienglas) in vielen historischen Gebuden.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kreide, Anhydrit
(wasserfreie Form von Calciumsulfat), Gesso
(Grundierung, blicherweise aus Hautleim
und Kreide, und nicht aus Gips)
Zusatzmittel, Putz, Modellgips, Pigment

Gips

HR

Definicija: Mekani mineral sastavljen od kalcijeva sulfata dihidrata.

Napomena: Rabi se za izradu parikoga gipsa,
kao usporiva u portland cementu te kao pigment za slikanje (terra alba). Kad se zagrijava
(na 60 C do 200 C), gubi vodu i postaje kalcijev sulfat hemihidrat, poznat i kao pariki
gips (Plaster of Paris). Gips u prahu pomijean
s vodom i aditivima ini proizvod koji nazivamo gipsana buka. Kada se gips zagrije na vie od 290 C gubi svu vodu i tada se naziva
mrtva buka, koja se sastoji od minerala anhidrita.
Sedimentna, glatka, finozrnata gipsana stijena
poznata je kao alabaster, a upotrebljava se u
mnogim dekorativnim radovima. Alabaster je
zbog prozirnosti esto rabljen kao materijal za
prozore u povijesnim graevinama.
Sinonim: sadra
aditiv, buka, pariki gips, pigment

Gipsz

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy kis kemnysg, a kalcium-szulft dihidrtjt tartalmaz svnyi

anyag.
Megjegyzs: Az ptsi gipsz gyrtshoz
hasznljk; a Portland cementben ktsksleltet; pigmentknt is hasznlhat (terra alba). Melegtsre (60 s 200 C kztt) vizet veszt s kalcium szulft flhidrtt alakul, amit
ptsi gipsznek neveznek. Ezt portva s vzzel, valamint egyb adalkanyagokkal keverve gipszvakolat keletkezik. A 290 C fl melegtett gipsz teljesen elveszti a kristlyvztartalmt s agyongetett gipsz keletkezik, mely
anhidritot tartalmaz. Az ledkes, finom
szemcszet gipsz alabstromknt ismert,
dsztrgyak ksztsre hasznljk. Az alabst-

Sources: Hasol 2002, 35/6; Harris 1984, 239; Ching 1995,188; CAMEO: Gypsum (27.12.2014)

379

MATERIALs APPENDIx

rom ttetszsge arra is lehetsget adott,

hogy szmos trtneti pletben ablakok
anyagaknt hasznljk.
Tves megnevezs: alabstrom, szelenit, getett gipsz, flhidrt gipsz, ptsi gipsz

Nie naley myli z: gips sztukatorski / modelarski, alabaster

Al

dodatek, tynk, gips sztukatorski / modelar-

Tanm: Kalsiyum slfat dihidrattan oluan yumuak mineral.

ski, pigment

adalk anyag, vakolat, ptsi gipsz, pig-

Gips

ment

Gesso

IT

Definizione: Minerale tenero composto di

solfato di calcio biidrato.
Commento: Usato per fare il gesso di Parigi,
anche usato come ritardante nel cemento Portland e come pigmento (terra alba) in pittura.
Quando viene riscaldato (tra 60 e 200C),
perde acqua e diventa solfato di calcio semiidrato, anche conosciuto come gesso di Parigi.
Questo viene successivamente ridotto in polvere e, insieme con acqua e additivi, forma un
prodotto chiamato intonaco a gesso. Quando invece il gesso viene riscaldato a pi di
290C, esso perde tutto il suo contenuto in acqua ed allora chiamato gesso anidro che
composto dal minerale anidrite. La roccia sedimentaria, liscia a grana fine nota come alabastro, ed utilizzata in molte opere decorative. La traslucenza dellalabastro ha permesso
che fosse utilizzato come materiale trasparente per finestre in molti edifici storici.
Da non confondersi con: gesso di Parigi, alabastro
additivo, intonaco, gesso di Parigi, pig-

RO

Definiie: Un mineral moale compus din sulfat de calciu dihidrat.

Adnotare: Folosit la realizarea ipsosului, este
de asemenea folosit i ca ncetinitor n cimentul Portland i ca pigment n pictur (terra alba). Atunci cnd este nclzit (de la 60C la
200C), pierde din ap i devine sulfat de calciu semihidrat, cunoscut de asemenea i sub
numele de ipsos.
Acesta este ulterior transformat sub form de
pulbere i, mpreun cu ap i aditivi se obine
un produs numit tencuial de gips. n
schimb, atunci cnd gipsul este nclzit la mai
mult de 290C, i pierde tot coninutul de ap
fiind denumit ipsos mort, alctuit din anhidrit mineral. Roca de gips sedimentar, neted
i fin granulat este cunoscut sub numele de
alabastru i este utilizat n multe lucrri decorative. Transluciditatea alabastrului a determinat utilizarea acestuia drept material transparent pentru ferestre n multe cldiri istorice.
A nu se confunda cu: ipsos, alabastru
aditiv, tencuial, ipsos, pigment

Yeso

Es

mento

Definicin: Mineral blando compuesto por

sulfato de calcio dihidrato.
Gips

PL

Definicja: Mikki minera zoony z dwuwodnego siarczanu wapnia.

Komentarz: Uywany do wyrobu tynkw gipsowych i gipsu sztukatorskiego, jako opniacz cementu portlandzkiego i jako pigment
malarski (terra alba). Podgrzany (od 60C do
200C), traci wod, staje si pwodny, znany
jako gips sztukatorski / modelarski.
W postaci proszku zmieszany z wod i dodatkami tworzy tynk gipsowy. Podgrzany do
temperatury powyej 290C, traci ca wod
i jest zwany gipsem wypalonym na martwo,
zoonym z minerau anhydrytu.
Osadowa, gadka, drobnoziarnista skaa gipsowa, znana jako alabaster, jest uywana do
wyrobw dekoracyjnych. Przejrzysto alabastru zdecydowaa o jego uyciu jako materiau do wyrobu okien w wielu historycznych
budynkach.

380

Comentario: Se emplea para hacer yeso de Pars, como retardador de fraguado en el cemento
Portland y como pigmento (terra alba) en la pintura. Cuando se calienta (entre 60C y 200C),
pierde agua y pasa a ser sulfato de calcio hemihidrato, conocido tambin como Yeso de Pars.
Entonces, se pulveriza y junto con agua y aditivos forma un material denominado enlucido
de yeso. Por el contrario, cuando el yeso se calienta a ms de 290C, pierde todo su contenido en agua y se denomina yeso muerto,
compuesto del mineral anhidrita. La roca sedimentaria de yeso, suave y fina, se conoce como alabastro y se emplea mucho en trabajos
decorativos. La translucidez del alabastro ha
determinado su uso como material transparente para ventanas en numerosos edificios
histricos.
No confundir con: yeso de Pars, alabastro
aditivo, revoque, yeso de Paris, pigmento

TR

Yorum: Kalp als yapmnda, Portland imentosunda geciktirici ve resimde boya pigmenti (terra alba) olarak kullanlr. Al ta,
60Cden 200Cye stldnda, su kaybederek kalsiyum slfat hemihidrat olur, kalp als,
Paris als olarak da bilinir. Bu daha sonra toz
haline getirilerek su ve katk maddeleri ilavesi
ile al sva elde edilir. Srayla, alta 290C
daha fazla stldnda, ieriindeki tm suyu
kaybeder ve mineral anhidritten oluan tam
pimi al meydana gelir. Tortul zelliinde
olan, dzgn, ince taneli alta kayas kaymakta olarak bilinir ve birok dekoratif ite
kullanlr. Kaymaktann yar effafln zellii
nedeniyle birok tarihi binadaki pencerelerde
saydam malzeme olarak kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: kalp als, paris als, kaymakta
katk, sva, kalp als

BG

: ,
.
: (plaster of Paris), (terra alba) . ( 60C 200C)
.

,
. 290C
.
. , ,
.

.
: ,
, , -

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Hydraulic binder

EN

Definition: A finely ground active material

used as a binder which, when mixed with water, forms a paste that sets and hardens, both
in air or water.
Comment: It hardens through a series of
exothermic reactions, forming calcium silicates and aluminates. Once hardened, it retains its strength and stability even when exposed to water. It is used for mortars, plasters
and concrete. Many materials such as calcium
silicate (Portland cement), Roman cement,
water cement, lime, volcanic ash (pozzolana),
silicate-aluminate components and barium
silicate/barium aluminate, have the properties
of a hydraulic binder.
The term hydraulic cement is commonly used
instead of hydraulic binder.
binder, plaster, pozzolana

Liant hydraulique

FR

Dfinition: Matriau finement broy utilis

comme un liant et qui, lorsquil est mlang
avec de leau, forme une pte qui prend et durcit, la fois dans lair ou leau.
Commentaires: Il durcit par une srie de ractions exothermiques, formant des silicates et
des aluminates de calcium. Une fois durci, il
conserve sa rsistance et sa stabilit, mme
lorsquil est expos leau. Il est utilis comme
mortier, bton. De nombreux matriaux tels
que le ciment Portland, le ciment romain, le
ciment blanc, la chaux, les cendres volcaniques (pouzzolanes), qui contiennent des silicates de calcium, des composs base silicate-aluminate, des silicate/aluminate de baryum, prsentent les caractristiques dun
liant hydraulique.
Le terme ciment hydraulique est gnralement utilis la place du liant hydraulique.
liant, enduit, pouzzolane

Hydraulisches Bindemittel

DE

Definition: Ein fein gemahlenes, aktives Material, das als Bindemittel benutzt wird und
mit Wasser eine Paste bildet, die sowohl unter
Wasser als auch in der Luft abbindet und aushrtet.
Kommentar: Es hrtet durch eine Reihe von
exothermischen Reaktionen aus und bildet

dabei Calciumsilicate und Aluminate. Sobald

es ausgehrtet ist, behlt es seine Festigkeit
und Stabilitt, selbst wenn es Wasser ausgesetzt ist. Es wird fr Mrtel, Putze und Beton
verwendet. Viele Materialien besitzen Eigenschaften die sie als hydraulisches Bindemittel
wirken lassen, z.B. Calciumsilicate (Portlandzement), Romanzement, Wasserzement, Kalk,
Vulkanaschen (Puzzolane), Silikat-Aluminat
Bestandteile und Bariumsilikate/Bariumaluminate.
Bindemittel, Putz, Puzzolan

Hidraulino vezivo

HR

Definicija: Finosmrvljeni aktivni materijal

upotrebljen kao vezivo, pomijean s vodom u
tijesto koje se stvrdnjava i na zraku i u vodi.
Napomena: Stvrdnjava se kroz niz egzotermnih reakcija, formirajui kalcijev silikat i
aluminate. Kad se stvrdne, vrstou i postojanost zadrava ak i u vodi. Upotrebljava se
za mortove, buke i beton. Mnogi materijali
poput kalcijeva silikata (portland cement),
rimskoga cementa, vodenoga cementa, vapna, vulkanskog pepela (pucolane), komponenata silikata-aluminatna, barijeva silikata/barijeva aluminata, imaju svojstva hidraulikoga veziva.
Naziv hidrauliki cement obino se upotrebljava umjesto hidraulikoga veziva.
vezivo, buka, pucolan

Hidraulikus ktanyag

HU

Meghatrozs: Finomra rlt, ktanyagknt hasznlt reaktv anyag, mely vzzel keverve egy masszt kpez, mely megkt s megkemnyedik vzben s levegn egyarnt.
Megjegyzs: A megkts exoterm reakcik
sorozatnak eredmnye, melyek sorn kalcium-sziliktok s alumintok keletkeznek. Kts utn megtartja szilrdsgt s stabilitst,
vzzel rintkezve is. Hasznljk habarcsokban,
vakolatokban s betonban. Tbbfle anyag lehet hidraulikus ktanyag, mint pldul a kalcium-szilikt (Portland cement), a romn cement, a vzcement, a msz, a vulkni hamu
(puccoln), az alumnium-szilikt, brium-szilikt, brium-alumint. A hidraulikus ktanyagokat gyakran hidraulikus cementeknek
nevezik.
ktanyag, vakolat, puccoln

Legante idraulico

IT

Definizione: Materiale finemente macinato

usato come legante che, quando viene miscelato con acqua, forma una pasta che solidifica
e si indurisce, sia allaria che in acqua.
Commento: Esso si indurisce attraverso una
serie di reazioni esotermiche, formando silicati
e alluminati di calcio. Una volta indurito, mantiene la sua resistenza e stabilit anche quando esposto allacqua. Viene usato per malte,
intonaci e calcestruzzo. Molti materiali come
il silicato di calcio (cemento Portland), il cemento romano, la boiacca, la calce, ceneri vulcaniche (pozzolana), componenti silicati-alluminati, silicato di bario/alluminato di bario,
hanno la caratteristica di agire come un legante idraulico.
Il termine cemento idraulico viene comunemente usato al posto di legante idraulico
legante, intonaco, pozzolana

spoiwo hydrauliczne

PL

Definicja: Drobno zmielony aktywny materia

uywany jako wicy, poniewa zmieszany z
wod tworzy past, wie i twardnieje zarwno na powietrzu jak i w wodzie.
Komentarz: Twardnieje w wyniku szeregu
reakcji egzotermicznych, tworzc krzemiany i
gliniany wapnia. Gdy stwardnieje, zachowuje
swoj wytrzymao i stabilno nawet przy
wystawieniu na dziaanie wody. Jest uywany
do wyrobu zapraw, tynkw i betonu. Wiele materiaw jak krzemian wapnia (cement portlandzki), cement rzymski, cement wodny, wapno,
popioy wulkaniczne (pucolana), zwizki glinokrzemianowe, krzemian baru / glinian baru,
maj cechy spoiw hydraulicznych.
Termin cement hydrauliczny jest powszechnie
uywany zamiast okrelania spoiwo hydrauliczne.
spoiwo, tynk, pucolana

Liant hidraulic

RO

Definiie: Un material activ, fin mcinat, folosit ca liant, care, atunci cnd este amestecat
cu ap, formeaz o past care face priz i se
ntrete att n aer ct i n ap.
Adnotare: Se ntrete printr-o serie de reacii
exotermice, formnd silicai i aluminai de
calciu. Dup ntrire, acesta i pstreaz rezis-

Sources: Zacharopolou 2009, 3748; Cazalla et al. 2000; Haso 2002, 67/8; CAMEO: Hydraulic cement (27.12.2014)

381

MATERIALs APPENDIx

tena i stabilitatea chiar i atunci cnd este

expus la ap. Este folosit pentru mortare, tencuieli i beton. Multe materiale au proprietile unui liant hidraulic: silicatul de calciu (ciment Portland), cimentul Roman, varul, cenua vulcanic (pozzolana), componentele silicate-aluminate, silicatul de bariu / aluminatul
de bariu.
Termenul ciment hidraulic este frecvent utilizat n loc de liant hidraulic.

ligante, revoque, puzolana

Hidrolik balayc

Es

Definicin: Material fino y activo que se usa

como ligante que, al mezclarse con agua, forma una pasta que da cohesin y dureza, tanto
en contacto con el aire como con el agua.
Comentario: Se endurece a travs de una serie de reacciones exotrmicas que forman calcio, silicatos y aluminatos. Una vez endurecido, mantiene su dureza y su estabilidad incluso cuando se expone al agua. Se usa para morteros, revoques y hormign. Muchos materiales como el silicato de calcio (cemento de Portland), cemento Romano, cal, puzolana, componentes silicato-alumninatos, aluminato de

Yorum: Kalsiyum silikatlar ve aluminatlar oluturarak bir sra ekzotermik reaksiyon ile sertleir. Sertletiinde, kuvvetini ve dayanklln suya maruz kalsa da korur. Harlar, svalar
ve beton iin kullanlr. Kalsiyum silikat (Portland imentosu), Roma imentosu, su imentosu, kire, volkanik kller (puzolan), silikataluminat bileenler, baryum silikat/baryum
aluminat gibi birok malzeme hidrolik balayc olarak yap zelliklerine sahiptir.
Hidrolik imento terimi hidrolik balayc yerine sklkla kullanlmaktadr.

EN

Definition: A binding material resulting from

the calcination (burning) of limestone, marble, shells or other materials containing calcium carbonate. Powdered lime or lime putty
is mixed with water and aggregate to make
lime mortar, lime plaster, and lime wash (no
aggregate).
Comment: Calcination at high temperatures
(900C) leads to the formation of calcium oxide, also called quicklime, through the release of carbon dioxide. When water is added
it leads to the formation of calcium hydroxide,
which is called hydrated lime or slaked
lime. Lime formed from the burning of
dolomitic stone (calcium magnesium carbonate) is called dolomitic lime. Limes formed
from the burning of carbonates with varying
quantities of magnesium are called magnesian limes.
Non-hydraulic limes set and harden by drying
out and absorbing carbon dioxide from the at-

: , ,
,
,
.
: , . ,

. ,
,
. M ( ), -,
, , (), - , / ,
.
( ) .
, , -

mosphere, while hydraulic limes undergo only

a chemical set and can also set under water.
Not to be confused with: quick lime
aggregate, lime putty, lime mortar

Chaux

FR

Dfinition: Cest un liant qui rsulte de la calcination de calcaire, marbre, coquillage, os ou

tout autre matriau contenant du carbonate
de calcium. La chaux est broye ou est pulvrulente. Elle est mlange de leau pour faire
le lait de chaux et, lorsque quun sable est
ajout, pour faire un mortier de chaux.
Commentaires: La calcination haute temprature (900C) conduit la formation de monoxyde de calcium, aussi appel chaux vive,
par perte du dioxyde de carbone. Quand de
leau est ajoute, il se forme de lhydroxyde de
calcium (la portlandite), aussi dnomme
chaux hydrate ou chaux teinte. De la chaux

peut aussi tre produite en calcinant du calcaire

dolomitique (carbonate calcomagnsien), des
tempratures infrieures (entre 750 et 900C,
dpendant de la teneur en magnsium). Cette
chaux est dnomme chaux dolomitique. Les
chaux contenant des quantits variables de magnsium sont appeles chaux magnsiennes.
Les chaux ariennes non hydrauliques schent et se carbonatent par incorporation du
dioxyde de carbone atmosphrique tandis
que les chaux hydrauliques cristallisent en milieu humide et en prsence de phases silicoalumineuses pour former, outre de la calcite,
des silicates de calcium hydrats.
Ne pas confondre avec: chaux vive
granulat (agrgat), chaux arienne en pte,
mortier de chaux

Kalk / Branntkalk

DE

Definition: Ein Bindemittel, das beim Brand

von Kalkstein, Marmor, Muscheln oder ande-

Sources: Hasol 2002, 267/8; Harris 1984, 293; Ching 1995, 157; Zacharopolou 2009, 3748; Bke et al. 2006

382

BG

balayc, sva, puzolan

Lime

TR

Tanm: Su ile kartrldnda macun haline

gelen ve hem havada hem de suda sertleen,
tutkal olarak kullanlan ince tlm aktif
malzeme.

liant, tencuial, pozzolana

Conglomerante hidrulico

bario / silicato de bario, actan como el conglomerante hidrulico.

El trmino cemento hidrulico se usa comnmente en vez de conglomerante hidrulico.

MATERIALs APPENDIx

ren Materialien, die Calciumcarbonat enthalten, entsteht. Gemahlener Kalk oder Sumpfkalk wird mit Wasser und Zuschlag vermengt,
um daraus Kalkmrtel, Kalkputz und Kalktnche (ohne Zuschlag) herzustellen.
Kommentar: Das Brennen von Kalk bei hohen
Temperaturen (um 900 C) fhrt durch das
Entweichen von Kohlendioxid zur Bildung von
Calciumoxid, auch als Branntkalk, gebrannter Kalk oder tzkalk bekannt. Versetzt man
diesen mit Wasser, Kalk lschen genannt,
entsteht Calciumhydroxid, das als Lschkalk,
gelschter Kalk oder Kalkhydrat bezeichnet
wird. Der aus dem Brennen von dolomitischem Kalkstein (Calciummagnesiumcarbonat, Dolomit) gewonnene Kalk wird Dolomitischer Kalk genannt. Die aus dem Brennen
von Carbonaten mit verschieden hohen Anteilen von Magnesium gewonnenen Kalke
werden Magnesiumkalk genannt.
Nichthydraulische Kalke binden und erhrten
durch Trocknung und Karbonatisierung in Folge der Absorption von Kohlendioxid aus der
Atmosphre, whrend hydraulische Kalke einen chemischen Abbindeprozess durchlaufen
und auch unter Wasser abbinden knnen.
Zuschlag, Sumpfkalk, Kalkmrtel

Vapno

Calcium Carbonate
(Limestone)
CaCO3
Recarbonation
Ca(OH)2+ CO2 = CaCO3 + H2O

+ CO2

Calcination or burning
CaCO3 + Heat = CaO + CO2

LIME LIFE CYCLE

Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH) 2

+ Heat 900

Calcium Oxide
CaO
Hydration or Slaking
CaO + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + Heat

+ Water (H2O)

Lime Life Cycle. Illustration: 2015, Raimar Herber

HR

Msz

HU

Definicija: Vezivni materijal koji nastaje kalcinacijom (arenjem) vapnenca, mramora, koljki ili drugih materijala koji sadravaju kalcijev
karbonat. Mijeanjem vapna u prahu ili vapnenoga tijesta s vodom i agregatom dobivaju
se vapneni mort i vapnena buka te vapneni
premaz (ali bez agregata).

Meghatrozs: A mszk, mrvny, kagylhj vagy egyb kalcium-karbont tartalm

anyag getsbl (kalcinls) szrmaz ktanyag. A portott meszet vagy a mszppet
vzzel s aggregtummal keverik, hogy mszhabarcsot, mszvakolatot vagy mszlevet
(nincs tltanyag) nyerjenek belle.

Napomena: Kalcinacija na visokim temperaturama (900C) oslobaanjem ugljikova dioksida dovodi do stvaranja kalcijeva oksida, koji
se naziva i ivo vapno. Dodavanjem vode dolazi do stvaranja kalcijeva hidroksida, koji se
naziva hidraulino vapno ili gaeno vapno.
Vapno formirano arenjem dolomitskoga kamena (kalcij-magnezijev karbonat) naziva se
dolomitno vapno. Vapno formirano od arenja karbonata s razliitim koliinama magnezija naziva se magnezijskim vapnom. Nehidraulino vapno priprema se i otvrdnjava suenjem i upijanjem ugljikova dioksida iz atmosfere, dok hidraulino vapno prolazi jedino
kroz kemijske pripreme i moe se upotrebljavati i pod vodom.
Ne smije se mijeati s: ivo vapno

Megjegyzs: A magas hfokon (900 C) val

gets sorn kalcium-oxid vagy getett msz
keletkezik, mikzben szndioxid szabadul fel.
Ha vizet adnak hozz, kalcium-hidroxid keletkezik, amit mszhidrtnak vagy oltott msznek neveznek. A dolomitos kvek (kalciummagnzium-karbont) getskor keletkez
meszet dolomitos msznek nevezik. A vltoz
magnzium tartalm karbontok getse sorn keletkez msz neve magnziumos msz.
A nem hidraulikus meszek szrads s a leveg szndioxid tartalmnak megktse ltal
ktnk s kemnyednek, mg a hidraulikus
meszek kmiailag ktnek s vz alatt is kpesek megktni.

agregat, vapneno tijesto, vapneni mort

aggregtum, mszpp, mszhabarcs

Calce

IT

Definizione: Materiale legante derivante dalla calcinazione (riscaldamento ad alte temperature) di calcare, marmo, conchiglie o altri
materiali contenenti carbonato di calcio. La
calce in polvere o il grassello di calce viene
mescolato con acqua e aggregati per fare la
malta di calce, lintonaco a calce e la pittura a
base di calce (senza aggregati).
Commento: La calcinazione ad alte temperature (900C) porta alla formazione di ossido di calcio, anche chiamato calce viva, attraverso il rilascio di anidride carbonica. Quando viene aggiunta dellacqua, questo conduce alla formazione di idrossido di calcio, che viene chiamato
calce idratata o calce spenta. La calce che si
forma dal riscaldamento di roccia dolomitica
(carbonato di calcio e magnesio) viene chiamata
calce dolomitica. Le calci formate dal riscaldamento di carbonati con quantit variabili di magnesio vengono chiamate calci magnesiache.
Calci non idrauliche fanno presa e induriscono
con lessiccazione e lassorbimento di anidride
carbonica dallatmosfera, mentre le calci
idrauliche subiscono un processo di presa chimico e possono anche fare presa sottacqua.
inerte, grassello di calce, malta di calce/in-

tonaco a calce

383

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Wapno

PL

Definicja: Materia wicy, powstajcy w wyniku kalcynacji (wypalania) wapieni, marmurw, muszli i innych materiaw zawierajcych
wglan wapnia. Sproszkowane wapno lub
ciasto wapienne jest mieszane z wod i wypeniaczem aby uzyska zapraw wapienn,
tynk wapienny lub pobia wapienn (bez wypeniacza).
Komentarz: W procesie kalcynacji (wypraania) w wysokich temperaturach (900 C) poprzez uwolnienie dwutlenku wgla, powstaje
tlenek wapnia, zwany wapnem palonym. Po
dodaniu wody powstaje wodorotlenek wapna, okrelany jako wapno hydratyzowane lub
wapno gaszone. Wapno powstae z wypalania kamienia dolomitowego (wglan wapniowo-magnezowy) jest nazywany wapnem dolomitowym. Wapno otrzymane z wypalania
wglanw z rn zawartoci magnezu jest
nazywane wapnem magnezowym.
Wapno nie hydrauliczne, teje i twardnieje
poprzez wysychanie i absorbowanie dwutlenku wapnia z atmosfery, podczas gdy wapno
hydrauliczne przechodzi utwardzanie chemiczne i moe stwardnie take pod wod.
Nie naley myli z: wapno palone
kruszywo, ciasto wapienne, zaprawa wapienna

Var

RO

Definiie: Un material liant care rezult din calcinarea (arderea) calcarului, marmurei, scoicilor
sau a altor materiale care conin carbonat de calciu. Praful de var sau pasta de var este amestecat cu ap i agregate pentru a obine mortar
i tencuial de var i vruial (fr agregate).
Adnotare: Calcinarea la temperaturi ridicate
(900C) conduce la formarea oxidului de calciu, numit i var nestins, prin eliberarea dioxidului de carbon. Atunci cnd este adugat
ap, aceasta duce la formarea hidroxidului de
calciu, care se numete var hidratat sau var
stins. Varul obinut din arderea pietrei dolomitice (carbonat de calciu i magneziu) este

numit var dolomitic. Varurile obinute prin

arderea carbonailor cu cantiti variabile de
magneziu sunt numite varuri magnezice.
Varurile aeriene fac priz i se ntresc prin uscare i absorbie a dioxidului de carbon din atmosfer, n timp ce varurile hidraulice sufer
doar procese chimice i pot face priz i sub ap.
A nu se confunda cu: var nestins
agregat, var past, mortar de var

Cal

Es

Definicin: Material aglutinante resultante de

la calcinacin de piedra de cal, mrmol, conchas u otros materiales que contienen carbonato clcico.
Comentario: La cal en polvo o la cal en pasta
se mezcla con agua y cargas para hacer el
mortero de cal, el revoque de cal y agua de cal
(sin cargas). El calentamiento a altas temperaturas (900C) conduce a la formacin de xido
de calcio, tambin llamada cal viva, por la liberacin de dixido de carbono. Cuando se
aade agua se produce el hidrxido clcico,
tambin denominado cal hidratada o cal apagada. La cal obtenida del calentamiento de
piedra dolomtica (carbonato de calcio y magnesio) se conoce como cal dolomtica. Las cales obtenidas a partir del calentamiento de
carbonatos con diferentes cantidades de
magnesio se denominan cales magnsicas.
Las cales no hidrulicas fraguan por secado y
absorcin del dixido de carbono de la atmsfera, mientras que las cales hidrulicas lo hacen a travs de una reaccin qumica y pueden tambin fraguar bajo el agua.
carga, pasta de cal mortero/revoque de cal

Kire

TR

Tanm: Kireta, mermer, deniz kabuu ya da

kalsiyum karbonat ve dier malzemelerin kalsinasyonu (yanmas) sonucunda meydana gelen
balayc malzeme. Toz halindeki kire veya kire
hamuru; kire harc, kire svas ve badana (agregasz) yapmak iin su ve agrega ile kartrlr.

Lime milk

EN

Definition: A suspension of calcium hydroxide

in water. It can be used as a binder for paint and
for wetting surfaces as a preparatory measure.

agrega, kire kayma, kire harc

BG

: , () , , ,
.
, / ( )
( ).
: (900C)
, .
, . ,
(- ) .
, ,
.
, .
:
, -

Comment: This term is often confused with

lime water. But lime water is a supersaturated solution of calcium hydroxide and a
clear liquid. Lime milk, on the other hand, is a
milky liquid (a suspension) (See fig. p. 383).

Source: Kollmann, 2013, 46; Maier 2007, 39; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 200

384

Yorum: Yksek sdaki (900C) kalsinasyon, karbondioksit aa kararak ayn zamanda snmemi kire olarak da adlandrlan kalsiyum
oksit oluumuna neden olur. Su eklendiinde
bu oluum snm kire ya da kire kayma
da denilen kalsiyum hidroksiti meydana getirir.
Dolomitik tan (kalsiyum magnezyum karbonat) yanmas dolomitli kire olarak adlandrlr.
Magnezyumun deiik miktarlarda karbonatla
yanmasndan oluan kirece de magnezyum kireci denir. Hidrolik olmayan kire, kuruyarak veya atmosferden karbon dioksit emerek oluur
ve sertleirken; hidrolik kire, sadece kimyasal
olarak veya su altnda meydana gelir.
Kartrmaynz: snmemi kire

Synonyms: milk of lime, slaked lime

Not to be confused with: lime water
binder, lime

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Lait de chaux

FR

Dfinition: Suspension dhydroxyde de calcium dans de leau qui peut tre utilise
comme liant pour la peinture ou pour mouiller
les surfaces en tant que mesure prparatoire.
Commentaires: Ce terme est souvent
confondu avec leau de chaux, liquide clair qui
est une solution sursature dhydroxyde de
calcium. Le lait de chaux est plutt un liquide
laiteux.
Synonymes: badigeon, blanc de chaux
Ne pas confondre avec: eau de chaux
Liant, chaux

Kalkmilch

DE

Definition: Eine Suspension von Calciumhydroxid in Wasser. Sie kann als Bindemittel fr
Farben und zum Vornssen von Oberflchen
verwendet werden.
Kommentar: Kalkmilch wird oft mit Kalkwasser verwechselt. Kalkwasser ist jedoch eine
bersttigte Lsung von Calciumhydroxid und
eine klare Flssigkeit. Dagegen ist Kalkmilch
eine milchige Flssigkeit, eine Suspension.
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Kalktnche, Kalkwasser, Kalksinterwasser
Bindemittel, Kalk, Tnche

Vapneno mlijeko

HR

Definicija: Suspenzija kalcijeva hidroksida u

vodi. Moe se upotrijebiti kao vezivo za boju i
kao preparat za moenje povrina.
Napomena: esto se taj naziv mijea s vapnenom vodom. Meutim, vapnena voda posve
je zasiena otopina kalcijeva hidroksida i bistra
tekuina, za razliku od vapnenoga mlijeka koje je zamueno (suspenzija).

ktanyag, msz

Latte di calce

IT

Definizione: Sospensione di idrossido di calcio in acqua. Pu essere usato come legante

per colori e per bagnare delle superfici come
procedura di preparazione.
Commento: Questo termine spesso confuso
con lacqua di calce, ma questa una soluzione supersatura di idrossido di calcio ed un
liquido limpido. Il latte di calce, invece, un liquido lattiginoso (sospensione).
Sinonimi: calce spenta, calce idratata
Da non confondersi con: acqua di calce
legante, calce

Mleko wapienne

PL

Lechada de cal

Comentario: Este trmino se confunde a menudo con el agua de cal, que es en realidad
una solucin supersaturada de hidrxido de
calcio, que da como resultado un lquido
transparente. La lechada de cal, sin embargo,
es un lquido lechoso (una suspensin).
No confundir con: agua de cal
ligante, cal

Kire st

Yorum: Bu terim genellikle badana ile kartlr. Fakat badana, kalsiyum hidroksit ve bir berrak svnn ar doymu karmdr. Badana aslnda stl bir svdr (karm).
E anlaml: snm kire
Kartrmaynz: badana

Komentarz: Termin czsto mylony z wod

wapienn. Woda wapienna jest przesyconym roztworem wodorotlenku wapnia i jest
pynem przejrzystym. Mleko wapienne jest
pynem mlecznym (zawiesin).
Synonim: wapno gaszone
Nie naley myli z: woda wapienna

Lapte de var

RO

TR

Tanm: Kalsiyum hidroksitin sudaki karmdr. Boya iin tutkal olarak ve yzeyleri slatmakta hazrlk katman olarak kullanlr.

balayc, kire

spoiwo, wapno

Es

Definicin: Suspensin de hidrxido clcico

en agua. Puede usarse como ligante para pintura y para impregnar superficies como medida preparatoria.

Definicja: Zawiesina wodorotlenku wapnia w

wodzie. Moe by uywane jako spoiwo farb
lub do wstpnego zwilania powierzchni.

Definiie: O suspensie de hidroxid de calciu

n ap. Acesta poate fi folosit ca liant pentru
culori ct i pentru umectarea suprafeelor
drept msur premergtoare.

vezivo, vapno

Msztej

Megjegyzs: Gyakran tvesztik a mszvzzel.

De a mszvz egy tlteltett kalcium-hidroxid
oldat, egy tltsz folyadk. A msztej ezzel
szemben tejszer (szuszpenzi).
Szinonimk: oltott msz
Tves megnevezs: mszl, mszvz

BG

: .
.
:
,
. , .
:
:
,

HU

Meghatrozs: Vzben szuszpendlt kalciumhidroxid. Hasznlhat festkek ktanyagaknt s felletek nedvestsre, mint elkszt intzkeds.

Adnotare: Termenul lapte de var este adesea

confundat cu apa de var, ns apa de var este
o soluie suprasaturat de hidroxid de calciu
cu un lichid limpede. Laptele de var n schimb
este un lichid lptos (o suspensie).
A nu se confunda cu: ap de var
liant, var

385

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Lime mortar

EN

Definition: Powdered lime (which can be hydrated or hydraulic lime) or lime putty
(rich/fat/lean lime), to which water, aggregates and fillers such as sand, marble, stone
powder and sometimes fibres are added. Additives are sometimes also included.
Comment: Traditionally, lime mortar was
used both for binding masonry blocks like
stone and brick, and also for the finishing of
architectural surfaces and wall paintings, as a
plaster. Before the invention of Portland cement, lime mortar was the primary mortar
type used in masonry. If the lime mortar is left
to dry too rapidly, carbonation of the mortar
is reduced, resulting in poor adhesion and
durability. Being slightly water soluble, lime
mortar allows for the resealing of hairline
cracks. It is also soft, porous and has a stable
volume at variable temperatures, so it can be
used for repointing works. Non-hydraulic lime
can be made to undergo hydraulic set by the
addition of pozzolanic materials.
carbonation, hydraulic binder, lime putty,
repointing, additive, aggregate, brick,

filler, masonry, plaster, render, levelling

coat, sand, pozzolan

Mortier de chaux

FR

Dfinition: Chaux en poudre (qui peut tre

une chaux arienne ou une chaux hydraulique) ou chaux en pte (riche/grasse/chaux
maigre), auxquels sajoutent leau, des agrgats et des charges telles que du sable, du
marbre, de la poudre de pierre et parfois des
fibres. Des additifs sont parfois galement inclus.
Commentaires: Traditionnellement, le mortier de chaux a t utilis la fois pour les blocs
de maonnerie comme la pierre et la brique
de liaison et aussi pour la finition des surfaces
architecturales et peintures murales, comme
les enduits. Avant linvention du ciment Portland, le mortier de chaux tait le type de mortier primaire utilis dans la maonnerie.
Si le mortier de chaux sche trop rapidement,
la carbonatation du mortier est rduite, ce qui
entrane une mauvaise adhrence et une
durabilit rduite. Le mortier de chaux tant
lgrement soluble dans leau, il permet de refermer les petites fissures. Il est galement
tendre, poreux et prsente un volume stable
des tempratures variables, de sorte quil

peut tre utilis pour le rejointoiement des

uvres. La chaux arienne peut tre rendue
hydraulique par lajot de matriaux pouzzolaniques.
carbonatation (raction de), liant hydrau-

lique, chaux arienne en pte, rejointoiement,

additif, granulat (agrgat), brique,

charge, maonnerie, enduit, gobetis,

sable, pouzzolane

portland cementa vapneni mort bio je primarni tip morta koji se upotrebljavao u zidanju.
Ako se vapneni mort prebrzo osui, njegova
se karbonatacija smanjuje, to rezultira slabim
prianjanjem i trajnou. Vapneni mort neznatno je topljiv u vodi i omoguuje ponovno zatvaranje siunih pukotina.
Mekan je, porozan, ima stabilan volumen pri
promjenjivim temperaturama i moe se upotrebljavati za ponovno fugiranje.
karbonatacija, hidarulino vezivo, vapneno

Kalkmrtel

DE

Definition: Gemahlener Branntkalk (Weikalkhydrat oder hydraulischer Kalk) oder

Sumpfkalk, der mit Wasser, Zuschlag und Fllstoffen, wie Sand, Marmormehl, Steinmehl,
und manchmal mit Fasern versetzt wird. Teilweise werden auch Zusatzmittel beigemischt.
Kommentar:Traditionell findet man Kalkmrtel als Mauermrtel z.B. bei Naturstein- oder
Ziegelmauerwerk, sowie als Verputz von Architekturoberflchen und als Trger fr Wandmalereien. Vor der Erfindung des Portlandzements war Kalkmrtel der gebruchlichste
Mrtel fr Mauerwerk. Wenn der Mrtel zu
schnell austrocknet, ist die Karbonatisierung
gering, was zu schlechter Haftung und geringer Haltbarkeit fhrt. Kalkmrtel ist in geringem Mae wasserlslich, sodass ein Wiederverschlieen von Haarrissen mglich ist. Er ist
weich, pors und hat ein stabiles Volumen bei
wechselnden Temperaturen, so dass er zum
Neuverfugen verwendet werden kann. Nichthydraulischer Kalk kann hydraulisch abbinden,
wenn er mit Puzzolanen vermischt wird.
Karbonatisierung, hydraulisches Bindemittel,

Sumpfkalk, Neuverfugung, Zusatzmittel,

Zuschlag, Ziegel, Fllstoff, Mauerwerk,

Putz, Auenputz, Ausgleichsputz, Sand,
Puzzolan

tijesto, ponovno fugiranje, aditiv, agregat,

opeka, punilo, zidanje, buka, vanjska

buka, izravnavajui premaz, pijesak, pucolan

Mszhabarcs

HU

Meghatrozs: Mszpor (ami lehet hidratlt

vagy hidraulikus) vagy mszpp (fehr/ zsros/
sovny msz), melyez vizet s tltanyagokat
adagolnak, pldul homokot, mrvny- vagy
kport, nha szlas anyagot is. Tartalmazhat
adalkanyagokat is.
Megjegyzs: Hagyomnyosan mszhabarcsot
hasznltak a k- s a tglafalak ptshez is, valamint az ptszeti felletek burkolshoz s a
falkpek alapozshoz, vakolat formjban.
A Portland cement felfedezse eltt a mszhabarcsok voltak a leghasznltabbak a falazshoz. Ha a mszhabarcs tl gyorsan szrad, a habarcs karbontosodsi folyamata visszafogott,
ami csekly ktkpessget s tartssgot
eredmnyez. Mivel a mszhabarcs enyhn vzoldhat, lehetsgess teszi a hajszlrepedsek
jratmtst. Ugyanakkor puha, porzus s
hmrsklettel nem vltoz trfogata van,
ezrt jrafugzsokhoz jl hasznlhat.
A nem hidraulikus msz kthet hidraulikusan,
ha puccoln anyagokat adagolnak hozz.
Szinonima: malter
karbontosods, hidraulikus ktanyag,
mszpp, fugajavts, adalk anyag,

Vapneni mort / Vapnena buka

HR

Definicija: Vapneni prah (moe biti hidratizirano ili hidraulino vapno) ili vapneno tijesto
(bogato/masno/nemasno vapno) kojemu se
dodaju voda, agregati, punila kao to su pijesak, mramor, kameni prah i ponekad vlakna.
Katkad su takoer ukljueni aditivi.
Napomena: Vapnena buka tradicionalno je
koritena kao vezivo za zidanje blokovima od
kamena i opeke, ali i kao buka za doradu arhitektonskih povrina i zidnih slika. Prije izuma

aggregtum, tgla, tltanyag, fal,

vakolat, kltri vakolat, kiegyenlt vakolat,
homok, puccoln

Malta di calce / Intonaco a calce

Definizione: Calce in polvere (che pu essere

idratata o calce idraulica) o grassello di calce
(calce ricca/grassa/magra) a cui vengono aggiunti acqua, aggregati e fillers come sabbia,
marmo, polvere di pietra e talvolta fibre. A volte anche degli additivi vengono inclusi.

Sources: US Governments Official Guidelines 2004, 20/1; Hasol 2002, 202, 415; Harris 1984, 294; CAMEO: Lime, Mortar (27.12.2014); Ching 1995, 157,188

386

IT

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Commento: Tradizionalmente, la malta di calce veniva usata sia per tenere uniti blocchi per
muratura come pietra e mattoni, sia come intonaco per la rifinitura di superfici architettoniche e dipinti murali. Prima dellinvenzione
del cemento Portland, la malta di calce veniva
usata come tipologia primaria di malta usata
in muratura. Se la malta di calce viene lasciata
asciugare in modo troppo rapido, la carbonatazione della malta si riduce, con una conseguente scarsa adesione e tenuta. La malta di
calce leggermente solubile in acqua e pu
dunque essere usata per risigillare delle microfratture. inoltre morbida, porosa e ha un
volume stabile a temperature variabili, cosicch pu essere usata per nuove rifiniture di
unopera.
La calce non idraulica pu essere sottoposta
ad una presa idraulica tramite laggiunta di
materiali pozzolanici.
carbonatazione, grassello di calce, ricigliare,
additivo, mattone, filler, muratura, in-

tonaco, intonaco per esterni, sabbia, pozzolana, legante idraulico, inerte, rinzaffo

Zaprawa wapienna

PL

Definicja: Sproszkowane wapno (moe by

uwodnione lub hydrauliczne) lub ciasto wapienne (tuste / chude), do ktrego dodano
wod, kruszywo i wypeniacze takie jak piasek,
marmur, py kamienny i czasami wkna. Niekiedy stosowane s take dodatki.
Komentarz: Tradycyjnie zaprawa wapienna
bya uywana do wizania blokw budowlanych, jak kamienie czy cegy oraz do wykaczania powierzchni architektonicznych i jako
tynk pod malowida cienne. Przed wynalezieniem cementu portlandzkiego zaprawa wapienna bya podstawow zapraw stosowan
w budownictwie. Gdy zaprawa wapienna wysycha zbyt szybko, jej karbonizacja jest ograniczona, wykazuje sab przyczepno i jest
nietrwaa. Zaprawa wapienna jest w pewnym
stopniu rozpuszczalna w wodzie, co umoliwia zamknicie spka wosowatych. Jest te
mikka, porowata i ma sta objto w
zmiennych temperaturach, moe wic by
uywana do spoinowania.
Wapno nie hydrauliczne moe przej w ukad
hydrauliczny poprzez dodanie materiaw typu pucolana.
karbonizacja, ciasto wapienne, spoina,
dodatek, kruszywo, cega, wypeniacz,

budownictwo, tynk, warstwa wyrwnuj-

ca, piasek, pucolana

Mortar de var

RO

Definiie: Var sub form de praf (poate fi hidratat sau hidraulic) sau var past (var bogat,
gras, slab), la care se adaug ap, agregate i
materiale de umplutur cum ar fi nisipul, marmura, praful de piatr i uneori fibre. Uneori
sunt adugai i aditivi.
Adnotare: Tradiional, mortarul de var a fost
folosit att pentru legarea blocurilor de zidrie, cum ar fi piatra i crmida, dar i ca tencuial pentru suprafeele arhitecturale sau
pentru picturile murale. nainte de inventarea
cimentului Portland, mortarul de var a fost
principalul tip de mortar utilizat n zidrie. n
cazul n care mortarul de var este lsat s se
usuce prea rapid, carbonatarea mortarului este redus, rezultnd aderen i durabilitate
sczute. Mortarul de var fiind uor solubil n
ap, permite reetanarea microfisurilor. De
asemenea, este moale, poros i are un volum
stabil la temperaturi variabile, astfel nct poate fi utilizat pentru rostuirea lucrrilor. Varului
aerian i se pot conferi proprieti hidraulice
prin adugarea materialelor pozzolanice.
carbonatare, liant hidraulic, var past, ten-

cuial, rostuire, aditiv, agregat, crmid,

material de umplutur, zidrie, tencuial ex-

terioar, strat egalizator, nisip, pozzolana

ladrillo, carga fina, fbrica revoque,

mortero de revestimiento, capa de nivelacin,
arena, puzolana

Kire harc

TR

Tanm: Toz haline getirilmi kirecin (sulandrlabilen ya da hidrolik kire) ya da kire kaymann (yal/zayf kire) kum, mermer, ta tozu
ve bazen de lifler gibi agrega ve dolgu maddeleri eklenerek su ile kartrlmas ile elde
edilir. Bazen katk maddeleri de eklenebilir.
Yorum: Geleneksel olarak kire harc, tula ve
ta gibi duvar bloklarn balamak ve ayrca sva olarak mimari yzeyleri ve duvar resimlerini
bitirmek iin kullanlr. Portland imentosunun
icadndan nce, kire harc duvarclkta kullanlan ana har tryd. Kire harc abucak kurumaya braklrsa, harcn karbonlamas azalr
ve bunun sonucunda da zayf yapma ve dayankszlk meydana gelir. Yavaa suda znen kire harc, klcal atlaklarn kapatlmas
iin kullanlr. Ayn zamanda yumuak, gzenekli ve deiik slarda sabit hacimlidir, bu
yzden dolgu ilemlerinde de kullanlabilir.
Hidrolik olmayan kireler, puzolanik malzeme
eklenmesiyle hidrolik hale getirilebilir.
E anlam: kire svas
karbonlama, hidrolik balayc, kire kay-

ma, doldurma, katk, agrega, tula,

Mortero / Revoque de cal

Es

Definicin: Cal en polvo (que puede ser area

o hidrulica) o pasta de cal, a la que se ha aadido agua, cargas y materiales de relleno como arena, mrmol, pulverizado ptreo y, en
algunas ocasiones, fibras y aditivos.
Comentario: Tradicionalmente, el mortero de
cal ha sido empleado tanto para unir bloques
de albailera de piedra o ladrillo, como para enlucir superficies arquitectnicas y como mortero de preparacin de las pinturas murales. Antes
de la invencin del cemento Portland, el mortero de cal era el principal tipo de mortero usado en la albailera. Si el mortero de cal se deja
secar muy rpido, la carbonatacin se reduce, y
da como resultado una deficiente adhesin y
durabilidad. El mortero de cal se mantiene ligeramente soluble al agua, lo que permite el resellado de las microfisuras. Tambin es suave y poroso y mantiene la estabilidad dimensional ante
los cambios de temperatura, por lo que puede
ser usado en trabajos de reparacin. La cal area
puede adquirir propiedades hidrulicas por la
adicin de materiales puzolnicos.
carbonatacin, conglomerante hidrulico,

pasta de cal, rejuntar, aditivo, carga,

dolgu maddesi, duvar, sva, cephe svas,

dzeltme tabakas, kum, pozalan

BG

: ( ) (/
), ,
,
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: ,
,

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.
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.

387

MATERIALs APPENDIx

-

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Lime putty

EN

Definition: A paste made from a saturated

form of lime which is obtained by slaking
quicklime in water. It is used as a binder in lime
mortar, Khorasan mortar, lime plaster and lime
render, when mixed with suitable sand in correct ratios. It can also be watered down to
make lime wash (See fig. p. 383).
Comment: Lime putty, which is plastic, is
made from non-hydraulic lime. The physical
characteristics of non-hydraulic or air-hardening
lime putties can be improved by a maturation
process which can vary from 24 hours to
decades. Maturation improves the rheological
properties of the putty, which can be monitored
over time. Typically, this makes lime putty the
first choice for conservation-restoration work,
due to its plasticity and better vapour exchange,
when compared to powdered lime.
Before the invention of Portland cement, lime
putty was used in ornamental plaster works
related to stucco.
Not to be confused with: plaster putty, fat
lime, rich lime, lime milk, stucco
binder, lime, lime mortar, plaster, sand

Chaux arienne en pte

FR

Dfinition: Pte faite partir dune forme sature de chaux, qui est obtenue par extinction
de chaux vive dans de leau. Elle est utilise
comme liant dans les mortiers de chaux, mortier Khorasan, les enduits la chaux, lorsquelle
est mlange avec du sable appropri dans
des proportions correctes. Elle peut galement tre dilue pour faire du lait de chaux.
Commentaires: La chaux en pte, plastique,
est fabrique partir dune chaux non hydraulique. Les caractristiques physiques des
chaux en pte non hydrauliques ou durcissant
lair peuvent tre amliores par un processus de maturation qui peut varier de 24 heures
des dcennies. La maturation permet damliorer les proprits rhologiques de la pte,
telles que la viscosit et llasticit; plus important encore, ce processus peut tre contrl
dans le temps. La chaux en pte est ainsi

gnralement un matriau de premier choix

pour les travaux de conservation-restauration,
en raison de sa plasticit et dune meilleure
permabilit lair, par rapport la chaux en
poudre. Avant linvention du ciment Portland,
la chaux en pte tait utilise dans les travaux
ornementaux lis au stuc.
Ne pas confondre avec: chaux grasse, lait de
chaux, stuc
liant, chaux, mortier de chaux, enduit,

sable

sumpfkalk

DE

Definition: Ein Brei aus einer wassergesttigten Form von Kalk, die durch Einsumpfen von
Lschkalk in Wasser hergestellt wird. Er wird
als Bindemittel fr Kalkmrtel und KhorasanMrtel verwendet. Stark verdnnt wird daraus
eine Kalktnche. Wenn Sumpfkalk mit passenden Sanden ins richtige Verhltnis gesetzt
wird, entstehen daraus Kalkputz und Auenputze auf Kalkmrtelbasis.
Kommentar: Sumpfkalk wird aus nichthydraulischem Kalk hergestellt oder gelscht,
der unter Wasser plastisch bleibt. Hydraulischer Kalk bindet indessen unter Wasser innerhalb von Stunden oder Tagen ab, sodass sich
daraus kein Kalkbrei gewinnen liee. Die physikalischen Eigenschaften von Sumpfkalk aus
nichthydraulischem Kalk oder Luftkalk knnen
durch den Reifeprozess verbessert werden, der
24 Stunden bis hin zu Jahrzehnten in Anspruch
nehmen kann. Die Reifung verbessert die
rheologischen Eigenschaften des Sumpfkalks,
wie die Viskositt und die Fliespannung. Dieser Prozess kann ber lange Zeit beobachtet
werden. Aufgrund seiner Plastizitt und besseren Feuchte- und Gasdurchlssigkeit im Vergleich zu gemahlenem Kalk ist Sumpfkalk ein
beliebtes Produkt fr Restaurierungsarbeiten.
Vor der Erfindung von Portlandzement wurde
Sumpfkalk fr ornamentelle Putzarbeiten wie
Stuck verwendet.
Synonyme: Fettkalk, Kalkbrei
Bindemittel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Kalkmrtel
Putz, Sand

Sources: Zacharopoulou 2009; Bke et al. 2006; Cazalla et al. 2000; Hasol 2002, 267; Ching 1995, 188

388

Vapneno tijesto

HR

Definicija: Tijesto napravljeno iz zasienoga

oblika vapna koje se dobije gaenjem ivoga
vapna u vodi. Kada je u pravilnome omjeru
pomijeano s odgovarajuim pijeskom upotrebljava se kao vezivo u vapnenome mortu,
Khorasan mortu te vapnenoj unutarnjoj i vanjskoj buci. Moe se i razvodniti kako bi se dobio vapneni premaz.
Napomena: Vapneno tijesto moe se dobiti
od nehidraulinoga vapna.
Fizike znaajke nehidraulinih ili vapnenih
tijesta koja se stvrdnjavaju na zraku mogu se
poboljati procesom sazrijevanja koji moe
varirati od 24 sata do vie desetljea. Sazrijevanje poboljava reoloka svojstva tijesta, koja
se mogu pratiti tijekom vremena. Zbog njegove plastinosti i bolje razmjene pare vapneno
tijesto, u odnosu na vapneni prah, prvi je odabir u konzervatorsko-restauratorskome radu.
Prije izuma portland cementa, vapneno tijesto
upotrebljavalo se u ornamentiranim ukrasnim
bukama srodnim tuku.
Ne smije se mijeati s: tijesto za bukanje, masno
vapno, bogato vapno, vapneno mlijeko, tuko
vezivo, vapno, vapneni mort, buka,
pijesak

Mszpp

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy krmszer anyag, mely

oltott mszbl kszl, az getett msz vzben
val oltsval nyerik. Hasznljk mszhabarcsok, Khorasan habarcsok, beltri s kltri
mszvakolatok ktanyagaknt, homokkal
megfelel arnyban keverve. Vzzel hgtva
msztejj alakthat.
Megjegyzs: A plasztikus mszppet nem
hidraulikus mszbl nyerik.
A nem hidraulikus vagy levegn kt mszpp fizikai tulajdonsgai pihentetssel, rlelssel javthatak, az rlels idtartama 24 rtl vtizedekig tarthat. Az rlels javtja a
mszpp reolgiai tulajdonsgait, a folyamatot az rlelsi id befolysolja.
A mszppet sokkal szvesebben hasznljk
restaurlsi munkkhoz, mint a pormeszet,

MATERIALs APPENDIx

plaszticitsa s jobb prahztartsa miatt. A

Portland cement felfedezse eltt a mszppet a stukkszer dsztvakolatokhoz is hasznltk.
Szinonimk: vermelt msz, vajas msz, mszkrm
ktanyag, msz, mszhabarcs, vakolat,
homok

Grassello di calce

IT

Definizione: Pasta a base di una forma satura

di calce che si ottiene spegnendo la calce viva
in acqua. Viene usato come legante nella malta a calce, nella malta Khorasan, nellintonaco
a calce e nel rinzaffo, quando mischiato con la
sabbia adatta nelle corrette proporzioni. Pu
anche essere annacquato per ottenere della
pittura a base di calce.
Commento: Il grassello di calce, che un materiale plastico, costituito da calce non idraulica. Le caratteristiche fisiche del grassello di
calce non idraulica o che indurisce allaria possono essere migliorate mediante un processo
di maturazione che pu durare da 24 ore a decenni. La maturazione migliora le propriet
reologiche del grassello, che possono essere
monitorate nel corso del tempo. Questo fa s
che il grassello di calce sia in genere la prima
scelta per interventi di conservazione e restauro, grazie alla sua plasticit e ad un migliore
scambio di vapore dacqua rispetto alla calce
in polvere. Prima dellinvenzione del cemento
Portland, il grassello di calce veniva usato in
opere in gesso ornamentali tipo stucco.
Da non confondersi con: latte di calce, stucco,
calce idrata in pasta
legante, calce, malta di calce/intonaco a

calce , intonaco, sabbia

Ciasto wapienne

PL

Definicja: Pasta przygotowana z uwodnionego wapna, otrzymywanego w procesie gaszenia wapna palonego w wodzie. Jest uywane
jako materia wicy w zaprawie wapiennej,
zaprawach typu Horasan, wapiennym tynku,
gdy jest zmieszane z odpowiednim piaskiem
we waciwych proporcjach. Moe te by rozrobione z wod dla uzyskania pobiay wapiennej.
Komentarz: Elastyczne ciasto wapienne skada si z wapna niehydraulicznego.
Waciwoci fizyczne wapna niehydraulicznego, czyli wicego na powietrzu mona
polepszy poprzez proces dojrzewania (do-

owania), trwajcy od 24 godzin do dziesicioleci. Dojrzewanie polepsza wasnoci reologiczne ciasta, co mona obserwowa w
czasie.
To sprawia, e ciasto wapienne jest pierwszorzdnym materiaem do prac konserwatorsko-restauratorskich, z powodu jego plastycznoci i dobrej wymiany pary wodnej w porwnaniu z wapnem proszkowym.
Przed wynalezieniem cementu portlandzkiego ciasto wapienne byo uywane do wykonywania sztukaterii podobnych do stiukw.
Nie naley myli z: ciasto tynkarskie, mleko
wapienne, stiuk
spoiwo, wapno, zaprawa wapienna,
tynk, piasek

Var past

RO

Definiie: O past realizat dintr-o form saturat de var ce se obine prin stingerea oxidului de calciu (var nestins, var ars) n ap. Este
utilizat ca liant n mortarul de var, n mortarul
Khorasan, n tencuiala de var i n tencuiala exterioar, atunci cnd este amestecat cu nisip
corespunztor n proporii corecte. Prin adugarea de ap se obine apa de var.

Comentario: La pasta de cal se puede hacer

a partir de diferentes tipos de cal: hidrulica y
area. La pasta de cal hidrulica puede fraguar
bajo el agua en horas o das, y queda impracticable, mientras que la pasta de cal area se
mantiene en estado plstico. Las caractersticas fsicas de la pasta de cal area pueden mejorar en un proceso de maduracin, que puede ir desde las 24 horas a dcadas, y que mejora progresivamente caractersticas reolgicas de la pasta, como la viscosidad y la elasticidad, y permite controlar las caractersticas
del producto final. Esto hace que la cal en pasta sea la primera eleccin en los trabajos de
conservacin y restauracin, debido a su plasticidad y su mejor transpirabilidad frente a la
cal en polvo.
Antes de la invencin del cemento Portland,
la cal en pasta se empleaba en trabajos ornamentales realizados con mortero, denominados estucos.
En espaol a veces tambin se adopta el trmino italiano grassello cuando se refiere a cal
en pasta apagada por mucho tiempo.
ligante, cal, mortero de cal, revoque,
arena

Kire kayma
Adnotare: Varul past, care este plastic, este
obinut din var aerian. Proprietile fizice ale
pastei de var pot fi optimizate printr-un proces de maturare ce poate varia de la 24 de ore
la zeci de ani. Maturarea mbuntete proprietile reologice ale pastei de var, care poate fi monitorizat n timp. Varul past devine
categoric prima opiune n cazul lucrrilor de
conservare i restaurare, datorit plasticitii
i schimbului de vapori mult mai bun, n comparaie cu praful de var. nainte de inventarea
cimentului Portland, varul past a fost folosit
la lucrri de tencuial ornamentale de tip
stucco.
A nu se confunda cu: tencuial past, var gras,
lapte de var
liant, var, mortar de var, tencuial, nisip

Pasta de cal

Es

Definicin: Pasta hecha a partir de cal hidratada, que se obtiene tras el apagado de la cal
viva en agua. Se usa como aglutinante en
morteros de cal, en el mortero khorasan, en el
enlucido de cal y en el revestimiento de cal,
cuando se mezcla con la arena adecuada en
la proporcin correcta. Tambin se le puede
aadir agua para conseguir lechada de cal.

TR

Tanm: Snmemi kirecin suda sndrlmesiyle elde edilen doymu kireten oluan macun. Doru oranlarda uygun kumla kartrldnda kire harc, horasan harc, kire svasnda balayc olarak da kullanlr. Ayrca badana yapmak iin sulandrlabilir.
Yorum: Plastik olan, ilenebilen kire kayma,
hidrolik olmayan kireten yaplr.
Hidrolik kire kayma, su altnda birka saatte ya da gnde kuruyabilirken, hidrolik olmayan kire kayma plastik kalr. Hidrolik olmayan ya da havada sertleen kire kaymann fiziksel zellikleri, 24 saatten on yla kadar farkllk gsterebilen olgunlama ilemi
ile gelitirilebilir. Olgunlama, kayman zamanla kontrol edilebilen reolojik, akkanlk
zelliklerini gelitirir. Toz kire ile karlatrldnda bu durum, kire kayman esneklii
ve daha iyi buhar alverii zelliklerine sahip
olmas sebebiyle koruma ve restorasyon ileri
iin ilk seenek haline getirir. Portland imentosunun bulunmasndan nce, kire kayma, stkko ierikli ss amal svalarda kullanld.
E anlaml: kire kayma
Kartrmaynz: sva kayma, yal kire, kire
st, stkko
balayc, kire, kire harc, sva, kum

389

MATERIALs APPENDIx

BG

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, 24 .
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Marble dust

EN

Definition: Fine powder made from crushed

and ground marble chips, of calcitic or
dolomitic origin.
Comment: Marble dust mixed with fine sand
and a large amount of slaked lime has been
occasionally used for the plaster layers of wall
paintings to create fine and smooth surfaces.
It was also used for the setting bed mortar layer of mosaic, and for the final coat of stucco.
Sometimes marble dust was added as a filler
to some paints, the practice of which continues today in the conservation of wall paintings. In conservation of mortars, marble dust
is used as a filler.
sand, wall painting, mosaic, stucco,
filler, lime putty

Poudre de marbre

FR

Dfinition: Poudre fine fabrique partir de

morceaux de marbre dorigine calcitique ou
dolomitique concasss et broys.
Commentaires: La poudre de marbre, mlange du sable fin et une grande quantit
de chaux teinte a t parfois utilise en peinture murale pour obtenir une surface des
couches denduits fine et lisse. Elle est galement utilise pour la couche de mortier de
pose des mosaques et pour la dernire
couche de stuc. Parfois, la poussire de marbre tait ajoute en tant que charge certaines peintures, pratique qui se poursuit aujourdhui dans la conservation des peintures
murales. La poudre de marbre est utilise
comme charge dans la conservation des mortiers.

-
- .
,

.
: ,
, ,
, , -

, ,

sable, peinture murale, mosaque, stuc,

pijesak, zidno slikarstvo, mozaik, tuko,

Marmormehl

Mrvnypor

pigment, charge, chaux arienne en pte

DE

pigment, punilo, vapneno tijesto

HU

Definition: Feines Pulver aus zerkleinerten

und gemahlenen Marmorstcken, calcitischen oder dolomitischen Ursprungs.

Meghatrozs: Trtt s rlt mrvnydarabokbl nyert finom por, eredete lehet kalcitos
vagy dolomitos.

Kommentar: Um eine feine, glatte Oberflche

zu gestalten, wird Marmormehl mit Sand und
einem hohen Anteil an gelschtem Kalk vermischt und als Putzschicht fr Wandmalereien
verwendet. Auerdem wurde es als Bettungsmrtel fr Mosaiken und fr die oberste
Stuckschicht verwendet. Manchmal setzte
man einigen Farben Marmormehl als Fllstoff
zu, eine Praxis, die bis heute in der Restaurierung von Wandmalereien blich ist. Bei der
Restaurierung von Mrteln wird Marmormehl
als Fllstoff verwendet.

Megjegyzs: Nha a falkpek vakolatrtegeihez finom homokkal s nagy mennyisg oltott msszel elkevert mrvnyport hasznltak,
annak rdekben, hogy finom, sima felleteket hozzanak ltre. Hasznltk a mrvnyport
a mozaikok begyazshoz ksztett habarcsban vagy stukkk felleti rtegben is. Bizonyos esetekben mrvnyport adagoltak tltanyagknt festkekhez, ez a gyakorlat a falkpek restaurlsban ma is tovbbl. A habarcsok konzervlsban a mrvnyport tltanyagknt hasznljk.

Sand, Sumpfkalk, Wandmalerei, Mosaik,

homok, falkp, mozaik, stukk, pigment, tltanyag, mszpp

Mramorni prah

Polvere di marmo

Stuck, Pigment, Fllstoff

HR

IT

Definicija: Fini praak napravljen od drobljenih i smrvljenih mramornih komadia kalcitnoga ili dolomitnoga podrijetla.

Definizione: Polvere fine ottenuta da frammenti di marmo frantumati e tritati, di origine

calcitica o dolomitica.

Napomena: Mramorni prah pomijean s finim

pijeskom i velikom koliinom gaenoga vapna
povremeno se upotrebljavao u zidnome slikarstvu za bukane slojeve fine i glatke povrine. Takoer se rabio za mort kod polaganja
mozaika i kao zavrni sloj za tuko. Katkad se
mramorni prah dodavao kao punilo nekim
bojama, a ta se praksa nastavila i danas u restauriranju zidnih slika. U restauriranju buka
mramorni prah upotrebljavan je kao punilo.

Commento: La polvere di marmo, mischiata

con sabbia fine e una grande quantit di calce
spenta, stata talvolta utilizzata per gli strati
di intonaco dei dipinti murali per creare una
superficie sottile e liscia. Veniva anche usata
per lo strato di posa in malta dei mosaici, e per
lultima mano di stucco. Talvolta la polvere di
marmo veniva aggiunta come filler ad alcuni
colori; questa pratica continua tuttora nella
conservazione dei dipinti murali. Nella conser-

Sources: Thompson 1956, p. 40, 119, 139140; Mora et al. 1984, p. 54, 88, 148; Botticelli 1992, 14/5, Vitruvius 1999, VII:6; Cowper 2005, p. 4/ 5, 44, 78; CAMEO:
Marble dust (22.10.2014)

390

MATERIALs APPENDIx

vazione delle malte, la polvere di marmo viene

usata come filler.
sabbia, grassello di calce, pittura murale,
mosaico, stucco, pigmento, filler

Mczka marmurowa

PL

Definicja: Drobny py z kruszonych i mielonych odamkw marmurowych, pochodzenia

wapiennego lub dolomitowego.
Komentarz: Mczka marmurowa mieszana z
piaskiem i du iloci wapna gaszonego bya
czasami uywana do tynkw pod malowida
cienne dla uzyskania szlachetnych i gadkich
powierzchni. Bya te uywana do zapraw pod
ukadanie mozaiki i jako kocowa powoka
stiukw. Czasem mczka marmurowa bya dodawana jako wypeniacz farb, praktyka ta jest
nadal stosowana w konserwacji malarstwa
ciennego. W konserwacji zapraw mczka
marmurowa uywana jest jako wypeniacz.
piasek, malowido cienne, mozaika, stiuk,
wypeniacz, ciasto wapienne

Praf de marmur

RO

Definiie: Pulbere fin obinut din buci de

marmur zdrobite i mcinate, de origine calcitic sau dolomitic.
Adnotare: Amestecul de praf de marmur, nisip fin i o cantitate mare de var stins a fost folosit uneori pentru realizarea straturilor de
tencuial ale picturilor murale, cu scopul de a
crea suprafee fine i netede. De asemenea, a

fost folosit i pentru stratul de mortar din tehnica mozaicului, i pentru stratul final al stucaturilor. Uneori, praful de marmur a fost
adugat ca material de umplutur n unele culori, aceast practic continund i astzi n
conservarea picturilor murale. n conservarea
mortarelor, praful de marmur este folosit ca
material de umplutur.
var past, nisip, pictur mural, mozaic,

stucatur, pigment, material de umplutur

kum, duvar resmi, mozaik, stkko, dol-

Polvo de mrmol

EN

Es

Definicin: Polvo fino hecho de mrmol machacado y molido, de origen clcico o dolomtico.
Comentario: El polvo de mrmol, mezclado
con arena fina y gran cantidad de cal apagada,
se usa ocasionalmente para las capas de revoque de pintura mural para crear superficies finas y lisas. Se utiliza para la capa de mortero
de colocacin de mosaicos y para la capa final
del estuco. A veces el polvo de mrmol se aade como carga fina a algunas pinturas. Actualmente, todava se aade en las pinturas murales. El polvo de mrmol se usa como carga
fina para la conservacin de morteros.
arena, pintura mural, mosaico, estuco,
pigmento, carga fina, adhesivo

Mermer tozu

TR

gu maddesi, kire kayma

BG

:

.
: ,
,
,
.

.
, , . .
, , , ,
, ,

Tanm: Kalsitli veya dolomitik kkenli ezilmi

ve tlm mermer krntlarndan oluan
ince toz.

Pigment

Yorum: nce kum ve yksek miktarda snm

kire ile kartrlan mermer tozu, dzgn ve
przsz yzeyler oluturmak iin duvar resimleri ve sva katmanlar iin sklkla kullanlmaktadr. Ayn zamanda mozaiin dolgu harc
ve stkkonun son katmann oluturmak iin
de kullanlrd. Bazen mermer tozu hala gnmzde duvar resimleri korumasnda kullanlan
baz boyalara dolgu malzemesi olarak eklenmektedir. Harlarn korunmasnda, mermer
tozu dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanlr.

Pigment

FR

Definition: Any relatively insoluble organic or

inorganic, coloured or uncoloured powder,
used as a colourant by the addition of a fluid
material or binder.

Dfinition: Poudre relativement insoluble, organique ou inorganique, colore ou incolore,

utilise pour colorer une peinture en mlange
avec un matriau fluide ou liant.

Comment: Distinguished from a dye, which is

soluble in the fluid material added, a pigment
is insoluble in the vehicle, but instead is held
in suspension. Pigments may be classified according to colour, chemical composition or
source (natural or synthetic).

Commentaires: Se distingue dune encre, soluble dans un matriau fluide, par son ct insoluble et sa tenue en suspension. Les pigments peuvent tre classs selon leur couleur,
leur composition chimique ou leur origine
(naturelle ou synthtique).

binder

liant

Pigment

DE

Definition: Jedes unlsliche, organische oder

anorganische, farbige oder farblose Pulver,
das als Farbmittel verwendet wird, indem
flssiges Material oder Bindemittel zugefgt
wird.
Kommentar: Im Unterschied zum Farbstoff, der
im zugefgten flssigen Material lslich ist,
bleibt das Pigment in der Trgerflssigkeit unlslich und wird stattdessen in einer Suspension
gehalten. Pigmente knnen nach Farbe, chemischer Zusammensetzung oder Herkunft (natrlich oder synthetisch) klassifiziert werden.

Sources: Trench 2000, 367/8; Paolini, Faldi 2005, 266/7; Gettens, Stout 1966, 137/8; Khn 1984, 11, 15

391

MATERIALs APPENDIx

cui veicolato, ma si tiene bens in sospensione. I pigmenti possono essere classificati a seconda del colore, della composizione chimica
o della loro origine (naturale o sintetica).

Synonym: Farbkrper
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Farbstoff
Bindemittel

legante

Pigment

HR

Definicija: Relativno netopljivi organski ili

anorganski, obojen ili neobojen prah, koji se
dodavanjem tekuega materijala ili veziva
upotrebljava kao bojilo.
Napomena: Za razliku od boje, koja je topljiva
u tekuemu materijalu, pigment je netopljiv u
tekuini, ali je zadran u suspenziji. Pigmenti
se mogu razvrstati prema boji, kemijskome sastavu ili podrijetlu (prirodni i sintetiki).
vezivo

Pigment

HU

Meghatrozs: Brmely nagyjbl oldhatalan

szerves vagy szervetlen, sznes vagy szntelen
por, melyet egy folyadk vagy egy ktanyag
hozzadsval sznezanyagknt hasznlnak.

Pigment

PL

ktanyag

Pigmento

IT

Definizione: Qualunque polvere organica o

inorganica relativamente insolubile, colorata
o incolore, usata per conferire colore aggiungendovi del materiale fluido o un legante.

ligante

Komentarz: W odrnieniu od barwnikw

ktre s rozpuszczalne po dodaniu cieczy, pigmenty s nierozpuszczalne w noniku, w ktrym tworz zawiesin.
Pigmenty dzieli si zalenie od kolorw, budowy chemicznej lub pochodzenia (naturalne
lub syntetyczne).
Nie naley myli z: barwnik

Tanm: Sv malzeme ya da balayc ekleyerek

renklendirici olarak kullanlan nispeten znmez organik veya inorganik, renkli veya renksiz toz.

spoiwo

RO

Definiie: Orice pulbere relativ insolubil organic sau anorganic, colorat sau necolorat, utilizat pentru colorare prin adugarea
unui material fluid sau liant.
Adnotare: Spre deosebire de colorant, care
este solubil n materialul fluid adugat, pigmentul este insolubil, fiind mai degrab inut
ntr-o suspensie. Pigmenii pot fi clasificai n
funcie de culoare, compoziie chimic sau origine (natural sau sintetic).
Termen folosit eronat: colorant
liant

Pigmento
Commento: Deve essere distinto dai coloranti,
che sono solubili nel materiale fluido aggiunto;
infatti un pigmento insolubile nel mezzo in

Es

Definicin: Cualquier polvo orgnico o inorgnico, relativamente insoluble, coloreado o

Plaster of Paris

EN

Definition: A white, fne, inorganic and quicksetting powder that is made by heating gyp-

Comentario: A diferencia de un tinte o colorante, que es soluble en el material fluido aadido, el pigmento es insoluble en el medio y
se mantiene en suspensin. Los pigmentos
pueden ser clasificados segn su color, composicin qumica u origen (natural o sinttico).

Definicja: Jest to barwny lub niezabarwiony

proszek wzgldnie nierozpuszczalny, organiczny lub nieorganiczny, uywany jako substancja barwica poprzez dodanie cieczy lub
spoiwa.

Pigment
Megjegyzs: A sznezkekkel ellenttben,
melyek olddnak a hozzadott folyadkban,
a pigment oldhatatlan a hordoz kzegben,
lebeg benne, szuszpenziban van. A pigmenteket sznk, vegyi sszettelk s eredetk
(termszetes vagy mestersges) szerint osztlyozzk.

no, que se utiliza para aportar color al aadirse

a un material fluido o ligante.

Renklendirici

Yorum: Boyadan ayrt edilen, akkan malzeme eklendiinde zlebilen, pigment ortamda znmez, ama bunun yerine karmda tutulur. Pigmentler (Renklendiriciler) renge, kimyasal ierie veya kaynana (doal ya da sentetik) gre snflandrlabilir.
E anlam: pigment
balayc

BG

:
,
,

.
: ,
,
. ,
( ).

sum to 120180C in dry conditions (calcinated gypsum). It is composed of hemihydrate as

well as impurities originating from the natural
source, such as anhydrite.

Comment: When mixed with water, it produces a plastic mixture that hardens quickly
through the formation of gypsum, which
again produces a white, porous and soft ma-

Sources: Harris 1984, 367; Ching 1995, 188; Hasol 2002, 35; Uluengin 2001, 261; Britannica: plaster of paris (7.1.2015); CAMEO: Plaster of Paris (7.1.2015)

392

TR

MATERIALs APPENDIx

terial. It hardens without the need of any additives. It might, however, also include other
additives, both organic and inorganic, that
modify its drying time as well as its properties,
such as hardness, water permeability, etc. Inorganic additives such as aluminium sulfate
or potassium sulfate may hasten the setting.
Organic additives, such as blood or casein,
were used for retarding the setting. A naturally
occurring powder similar to Plaster of Paris,
that becomes water resistant upon curing, is
called sweet lime; it hardens faster than lime
but slower than Plaster of Paris. Plaster of Paris
is used as a base for gypsum plaster or as an
additive in lime plaster, and also as a material
for making ornamental casts, moulds and
sculpture.
Not to be confused with: gypsum, stucco,
hemihydrated plaster, gauging plaster
additive, casein, lime, plaster

Pltre de Paris

FR

Dfinition: Pltre enduire, blanc, fin, inorganique et prise rapide sous forme de poudre
qui est fabrique en chauffant le gypse 120
180 C dans des conditions sches (gypse calcin). Il est compos dhmihydrate (sulfate
de calcium hmihydrat), de lanhydrite (sulfate de calcium), ainsi que dimpurets du fait
de son origine naturelle.
Commentaires: Mlang de leau, il produit
un mlange plastique qui durcit rapidement
pour former du gypse et qui produit nouveau
une matire blanche, poreuse et peu dure. Le
pltre de Paris durcit sans avoir besoin daucun
additif. Il peut toutefois en inclure galement,
de nature organique ou inorganique, qui modifient son temps de schage ainsi que ses proprits, telles que la duret, la permabilit
leau etc. Des additifs inorganiques tels que le
sulfate daluminium ou le sulfate de potassium
peuvent acclrer la prise. Des additifs organiques, tels que le sang ou la casine, ont t
utiliss pour retarder la prise.
Une poudre naturelle semblable du pltre
de Paris, qui devient rsistante leau lors de
la cuisson, est appele sweet lime; elle durcit
plus rapidement que la chaux, mais plus lentement que du pltre de Paris. Le pltre de
Paris est utilis en tant que base pour du pltre
ou en tant quadditif dans un enduit la
chaux, et aussi en tant que matriau pour la
fabrication de moulages de parement, des
moules et des sculptures.
Ne pas confondre avec: gypse, stuc, pltre
hmihydrat, enduit de gchage
additif, casine, chaux, enduit

Modellgips

DE

Definition: Ein weies, feines, anorganisches

und schnell abbindendes Pulver, das beim Erhitzen von Gips bei 120180C, unter trockenen Bedingungen, entsteht (kalzinierter Gips).
Es besteht aus Halbhydrat und natrlichen
Verunreinigungen, wie z.B. Anhydrit.
Kommentar: Beim Vermischen mit Wasser
entsteht eine plastische Masse, die durch die
Bildung von Dihydrat schnell aushrtet und
ein weiches und porses Material ergibt. Modellgips bentigt keine Zusatzmittel zum Aushrten. Es knnen aber sowohl organische als
auch anorganische Zusatzmittel beigemengt
werden, um z.B. Eigenschaften wie Hrte, Wasserdurchlssigkeit und das Abbindeverhalten
zu beeinflussen. Anorganische Zusatzmittel
wie Aluminiumsulfat oder Kaliumsulfat beschleunigen das Abbinden. Organische Zusatzmittel wie Blut oder Kasein verzgern das
Abbinden.
Ein in vielen zentralasiatischen Lndern als
sweet lime oder sweet plaster bezeichnetes, natrlich vorkommendes Pulver aus Gipsstein ist dem Modellgips hnlich; Es wird nach
dem Aushrten wasserfest, es hrtet schneller
aus als Kalk, aber langsamer als Modellgips.
Modellgips wird fr Gipsputz oder als Zusatzmittel in Kalkputz verwendet und auch fr Abgsse von Zierrat, Modelformen und Skulpturen.
Synonyme: Formgips, Plaster of Paris
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Gips, gebrannter
Gips, Stuckgips
Zusatzmittel, Kasein, Kalk/Branntkalk, Putz

Pariki gips

HR

Definicija: Bijeli, fini, anorganski i brzoveui

prah koji se dobiva zagrijavanjem gipsa 120
180C u suhim uvjetima (kalcinirani gips). Sastoji se od hemihidrata i neistoa koje potjeu iz prirodnih izvora.
Napomena: Kad se mijea s vodom, daje plastinu smjesu koja se brzo stvrdnjava kroz formiranje gipsa, to ponovno stvara bijeli, porozni i mekani materijal.
Stvrdnjava se bez potrebe za bilo kojim aditivima. Meutim, moe takoer ukljuiti aditive,
kako organske, tako i anorganske. Njima se
mijenja vrijeme suenja i druga svojstva, kao
to su tvrdoa, vodopropusnost i sl. Anorganski aditivi poput aluminijeva ili kalijeva sulfata
mogu ubrzati suenje. Organski aditivi kao to
su krv ili kazein upotrebljavaju se za usporavanje suenja. Prirodni prah slian parikome gipsu, koji postaje vodootporan nakon stvrdnja-

vanja, zove se svjee vapno; stvrdnjava se bre od vapna, ali sporije od parikoga gipsa. Pariki gips upotrebljava se kao osnova za gips ili
kao dodatak u vapnenoj buci, te kao materijal
za izradu ukrasnih odljeva, kalupa i skulptura.
Ne smije se mijeati s: gips, tuko, hemihidratna buka, industrijska buka
aditiv, kazein, vapno, buka

ptsi gipsz

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy fehr, finom, szervetlen

s gyorsan kt por, melyet a gipsz szraz krlmnyek kztt trtn, 120180 C-ra val
hevtsvel nyernek. sszetevi a flhidrt
gipsz (fl molekula kristlyvizet tartalmaz
kalcium-szulft), valamit a termszetes alapanyagbl szrmaz szennyezdsek, mint
pldul az anhidrit.
Megjegyzs: Vzzel keverve egy kplkeny
keverket eredmnyez, mely gipszkpzds
kzben gyorsan szilrdul, fehr, porzus, puha
anyagot hozva ltre. Az ptsi gipsz szilrdulsa nem ignyel egyb adalkanyagot. De a
keverk tartalmazhat egyb szerves s szervetlen anyagokat, melyek mdostjk a gipsz
szilrdulsi idejt s a keletkezett anyag tulajdonsgait, mint pldul a kemnysgt, vztereszt kpessgt stb. A szervetlen adalkok, mint pldul az alumnium-szulft vagy
a klium-szulft, gyorstjk a ktst. A szerves
adalkanyagokat, mint pldul a vrt vagy a
kazeint, a kts ksleltetsre hasznltk.
A ptsi gipszhez hasonl termszetes port,
mely kts sorn vzllv vlik, des msznek nevezik, gyorsabban szilrdul, mint a
msz, de lassabban, mint az ptsi gipsz. Az
ptsi gipsz a gipszvakolatok alapanyaga, de
lehet mszvakolatok adalkanyaga is; hasznljk mg dszt ntvnyek s szobrok ksztsre.
Szinonima: flhidrt gipsz
Tves megnevezs: gipsz, stukk
adalkanyag, kazein, msz, vakolat

Gesso di Parigi

IT

Definizione: Polvere bianca, fine, inorganica

e a presa rapida che viene ottenuta riscaldando il gesso a 120180 C in un ambiente secco
(gesso calcinato). composto da gesso semiidrato, oltre a impurit provenienti dalla fonte
naturale come lanidrite.
Commento: Quando viene mischiato allacqua, produce una miscela plastica che indurisce rapidamente con formazione di gesso, che

393

MATERIALs APPENDIx

di nuovo produce un materiale bianco, poroso

e tenero. Il gesso di Parigi indurisce senza il bisogno di alcun additivo. Potrebbe tuttavia
contenere degli additivi, sia organici che inorganici, che modificano il suo tempo di asciugatura come pure le sue propriet, come durezza, permeabilit allacqua, etc. Additivi inorganici come solfato di alluminio o solfato di
potassio accelerano la presa. Additivi organici,
come sangue e caseina, venivano aggiunti per
ritardare la presa.
Una polvere che si trova in natura simile al
gesso di Parigi, e che diventa resistente allacqua in seguito allindurimento, viene chiamata gesso dolce; indurisce pi rapidamente
della calce ma pi lentamente del gesso di
Parigi. Il gesso di Parigi viene usato come base per lintonaco a gesso o come additivo nellintonaco a calce, e anche come materiale
per produrre calchi ornamentali, stampi e
sculture.
Da non confondersi con: gesso, stucco, intonaco semiidrato.
additivo, caseina, calce, intonaco

Gips sztukatorski / Modelarski

PL

Definicja: Biay, drobny, nieorganiczny, szybko wicy proszek, powstaje wskutek ogrzewania gipsu do 120C 180 C w suchych warunkach (wypraany gips). Zoony z gipsu
pwodnego i naturalnych zanieczyszcze, jak
anhydryt.

Ipsos

Definiie: Pulbere alb, fin, anorganic i cu

priz rapid, obinut prin nclzirea gipsului
pn la 120180 C n condiii uscate (gips calcinat). Este compus din hemihidrat, dar i din
impuriti provenite din surse naturale precum anhidrit.
Adnotare: Atunci cnd este amestecat cu ap,
se obine un amestec plastic, maleabil care se
ntrete rapid prin formarea gipsului, obinndu-se din nou un material alb, poros i moale.
Ipsosul se ntrete fr necesitatea adugrii
aditivilor. Nu este exculs s includ aditivi, att
organici ct i anorganici, care s-i modifice
timpul de usare precum i proprietile, cum
ar fi duritatea, permeabilitatea, etc. Aditivii
anorganici, cum ar fi sulfatul de aluminiu sau
sulfatul de potasiu pot accelera priza. Aditivii
organici, cum ar fi sngele sau cazeina au fost
folosii pentru ncetinirea prizei.
O pulbere natural similar cu ipsosul ce devine rezistent la ap dup ntrire, se numete var dulce; se ntrete mai repede dect varul, ns mai lent dect ipsosul. Ipsosul este folosit ca baz pentru tencuiala de gips sau ca
aditiv n tencuiala de var, precum i ca material
pentru realizarea mulajelor, matrielor i sculpturilor ornamentale.
A nu se confunda cu: gips, stucatur, var dulce
aditiv, cazein, var, tencuial

Yeso de Pars
Komentarz: Zmieszany z wod tworzy plastyczn mas, ktra szybko teje jako gips,
biay porowaty, mikki materia.
Twardnieje bez adnych dodatkw. Jednak
stosuje si dodatki, zarwno organiczne, jak
i nieorganiczne, co wpywa na czas wysychania i waciwoci, jak twardo, przepuszczalno wody, itd. Dodatki nieorganiczne, jak
siarczany glinu lub potasu mog przyspiesza
wizanie. Dodatki organiczne, jak krew czy
kazeina byy uywane do opniania wizania. Naturalnie wystpujcy proszek podobny
do gipsu sztukatorskiego, zwany sweet lime,
po wysuszeniu jest wodoodporny; twardnieje
szybciej ni wapno, ale wolniej ni gips sztukatorski.
Gips sztukatorski jest uywany jako baza tynkw gipsowych lub dodatek do tynkw wapiennych, i wykonywania odleww ornamentw, sztukaterii i rzeb.
Synonim: gips szybko wicy
dodatek, kazeina, wapno, tynk

394

RO

Es

Definicin: Polvo inorgnico blanco y fino de

fraguado rpido, obtenido del calentamiento
del yeso entre 120 y 180 C (yeso calcinado).
Est compuesto de hemihidrato, anhidrita, as
como impurezas contenidas en el material original.
Comentario: Cuando se aade agua produce
una mezcla que endurece rpidamente formando yeso, nuevamente un material blanco,
suave y poroso. El yeso de Pars endurece sin
la ayuda de ningn aditivo. Puede incluir, de
todos modos, aditivos, tanto orgnicos como
inorgnicos, que modifican su tiempo de secado, as como sus propiedades, como la dureza, la permeabilidad al agua, etc. Ciertos aditivos inorgnicos, como el sulfato de aluminio
o el sulfato de potasio, pueden acelerar el fraguado. Los aditivos orgnicos, como la sangre
o la casena, eran usados como retardadores
del fraguado.
El yeso de Pars se usa como base para los
morteros de yeso o como aditivo en los morteros de cal, adems de para realizar elementos ornamentales, moldes y esculturas.

No confundir con: yeso, estuco

aditivo, casena, cal, revoque

Kalp als

TR

Tanm: 120180 C de kuru koullarda alta

stlarak oluturulan beyaz, ince, inorganik ve
hzl kuruyan toz (snm kire ta). Doal
kaynakl tortulardan olduu gibi hemihidrat
ve anhidritten de oluur.
Yorum: Suyla kartrldnda, alnn o anki
haliyle hzlca sertleerek tekrar beyaz gzenekli ve przsz bir rn haline gelen plastik
bir karmdr. Kalp als, hibir katk maddesine gerek duymadan sertleir. Fakat ayn zamanda sertlik, su geirgenlii, kuruma zaman
gibi zelliklere etki eden organik ve inorganik
katk maddelerini de ierebilir. Alminyum
slfat, potasyum slfat gibi inorganik katk
maddeleri sertlemeyi hzlandrabilir. Kan ve
kazein gibi organik katk maddeleri sertlemeyi geciktirmek iin kullanlrd. yiletirme ile su
geirimsiz kalp alsna benzer doal oluumlu toz ise, tatl kire olarak adlandrlr; kireten
daha hzl kalp alsndan daha yava sertleir.
Kalp als, al svada ana madde olarak ya da
kire svasnda katk maddesi olarak kullanlr.
Ayrca, al ssleme, kalp ve heykel yapmnda
da kullanlr.
Kartrmaynz: al, stkko, dkm als, kemer svas
katk, kazein, kire, sva

BG

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120180 C (
). , ,

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MATERIALs APPENDIx

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,
, .

Pozzolan / Pozzolana

EN

Definition: A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which, if finely ground and in
the presence of water, reacts with lime (nonhydraulic) and forms insoluble stable compounds with cementing properties, such as
calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate hydrate. This gives a hydraulic set.
Comment: A pozzolan can be either natural
or man-made. Natural pozzolana, a vitreous
pyroclastic material produced through volcanic activity at Pozzuoli near Naples, Italy,
was frequently used by ancient Romans to
strengthen masonry structures. Used in ingenious ways with aggregates like volcanic
tuff, brick, travertine or marble, pozzolana allowed the evolution of new architectural
forms in ancient times, such as the cupola of
the Pantheon. Pozzolan is also used to designate a type of hydraulic cement discovered by
Romans, but the prevalent use of the term
pozzolan or pozzolana refers to the materials
described in the definition.
Not to be confused with: hydraulic binder,
lime, mortars and plasters
aggregate, brick, lime, masonry

Pouzzolane

FR

Dfinition: Matriau siliceux ou silicoalumineux qui, sil est finement broy et en prsence deau, ragit avec la chaux (non hydraulique) et forme des composs insolubles stables ayant des proprits cimentaires, tels que
le silicate de calcium hydrat et laluminate de
calcium hydrat.
Commentaires: Une pouzzolane peut tre soit
naturelle ou artificielle. La pouzzolane naturelle
est un matriau pyroclastique vitreux produit
par lactivit volcanique Pozzuoli, prs de
Naples (Italie). Elle a t frquemment utilise
par les Romains pour renforcer les structures de
maonnerie. Utilise de faon ingnieuse avec

granulat (agrgat), brique, chaux, ma-

onnerie

DE

Definition: Ein silikatisches oder silikatischund tonerdehaltiges Material, das fein gemahlen und in Gegenwart von Wasser mit (nicht
hydraulischem) Kalk reagiert und unlsliche,
stabile Verbindungen, wie Calciumsilicathydrat und Calciumaluminathydrat, mit Zementeigenschaften bildet. Es findet ein hydraulischer Abbindeprozess statt.
Kommentar: Es kann sowohl natrlich als auch
synthetisch sein. Natrliches Puzzolan, ein glasartiges, pyroklastisches Material, das durch die
vulkanische Aktivitt in Pozzuoli bei Neapel in
Italien entstand, wurde hufig von den Rmern
zur Verstrkung von Mauerwerk eingesetzt. Mit
Zuschlgen wie vulkanischem Tuff, Ziegel, Travertin oder Marmor ermglichte Puzzolan in
der Vergangenheit die Entwicklung neuer architektonischer Formen, wie den Bau der Kuppel des Pantheons. Der Begriff floss auch in die
Bezeichnung einer hydraulischen Zementsorte
ein, die von den Rmern entdeckt wurde (Puzzolanzement). Die berwiegende Verwendung
des Begriffs Puzzolan bezieht sich jedoch auf
die oben genannten Materialien.
Zuschlag, Ziegel, Kalk/Branntkalk, Mau-

erwerk

, , ,

des agrgats comme le tuf volcanique, la

brique, le travertin ou le marbre, la pouzzolane
a permis lvolution des nouvelles formes architecturales dans les temps anciens, comme la
coupole du Panthon. La pouzzolane est galement utilise pour dsigner un type de ciment
hydraulique dcouvert par les Romains, mais
lutilisation rpandue du terme pouzzolane se
rfre aux matriaux dcrits dans la dfinition.
Ne pas confondre avec: liant hydraulique,
chaux, enduit

Puzzolan

: , , ,

Pucolan

HR

Definicija: Silikatni ili silikatni i aluminatni materijal koji, ako je fino mljeven i u prisutnosti
vode, reagira s vapnom (nehidraulinim) i
stvara netoplijve stabilne spojeve cementnih
svojstava kao to su hidrat kalcijeva silikata i
hidrat kalcijeva aluminata. To daje hidraulina
svojstva.
Napomena: Pucolan moe biti prirodni ili
umjetni. Prirodni pucolan, staklast piroklastini materijal koji nastaje vulkanskom aktivnou u Pozzuoliju pokraj Napulja esto su upotrebljavali stari Rimljani za ojaanje zidanih
struktura. Domiljato rabljen s agregatima poput vulkanskoga tufa, opeke, travertina ili
mramora, pucolan je dopustio evoluciju novih
arhitektonskih formi u antiko doba, poput
kupole Panteona. Naziv pucolan takoer se
upotrebljava za vrstu hidraulinoga cementa
koji su otkrili Rimljani. No pucolan ili pocolana
najee se rabi za oznaavanje materijala koji
su opisani u definiciji.
agregat, opeka, vapno, zidanje

Puccoln

HU

Meghatrozs: Egy szilikt vagy alumniumszilikt tartalm anyag, mely, ha finomra rlik
s vzzel keverik, reakciba lp a (nem hidraulikus) msszel s oldhatatlan, stabil, cementl tulajdonsgokkal rendelkez vegyleteket kpez, mint pldul a hidratlt kalciumszilikt vagy hidratlt kalcium-alumint. Ez
hidraulikus ktst eredmnyez.
Megjegyzs: A puccoln lehet termszetes
vagy mestersges. A termszetes puccolnt,
egy vegszer piroklasztikus anyagot, mely a
vulkni tevkenysg sorn keletkezett Pozzuoliban, Npoly krnykn, Olaszorszgban, a
rmaiak gyakran hasznltk a falszerkezetek
megerstsre. Lelemnyes hasznlata ltal,
vulkni tufkbl, tglbl, travertinbl vagy
mrvnybl nyert aggregtumknt, a pucco-

Sources: Harris 1984, 376; Ching 1995, 42; Lea, Desch 1935,16, 244; CAMEO: Pozzolana (11.2.2014); Art Conservation Terms: pozzolana (clay) (11.2.2014)

395

MATERIALs APPENDIx

ln j ptszeti formk ltrehozst tette lehetv egykoron, mint pldul a Pantheon

kupoljnak megptst.
A puccolnt a rmaiak ltal felfedezett hidraulikus cement megnevezsre is hasznljk,
de puccoln sz eldleges hasznlata a fenti
meghatrozsnak felel meg.
Tves megnevezs: hidraulikus ktanyag
aggregtum, tgla, msz, fal

wertyn lub marmur, pucolana umoliwia rozwj nowych form architektonicznych w czasach antyku, takich jak kopua Panteonu.
Termin pucolana jest te uywany dla opisania
typu cementu hydraulicznego wynalezionego
przez Rzymian, ale przewaajce uycie terminu pucolana odnosi si do materiau opisanego w definicji.
Nie naley myli z: spoiwo hydrauliczne; wapno; zaprawy i tynki
kruszywo, cega, wapno, budownictwo

Pozzolana

IT

Definizione: Materiale siliceo o siliceo e alluminoso che, se finemente macinato e in presenza di acqua, reagisce con la calce (non idraulica) e forma dei composti stabili e insolubili con
propriet di cementazione, come il silicato di
calcio idrato e lalluminato di calcio idrato. Questo gli conferisce una presa idraulica.
Commento: Una pozzolana pu essere sia naturale che artificiale. La pozzolana naturale
(materiale vetroso piroclastico prodotto per
attivit vulcanica presso Pozzuoli, vicino a Napoli, Italia) venne frequentemente usato dagli
antichi Romani per rafforzare le strutture in
muratura. Utilizzato in modi ingegnosi in diversi aggregati con tufo vulcanico, mattoni,
travertino o marmo, la pozzolana ha consentito levoluzione delle nuove forme architettoniche nellantichit, come ad esempio nella
cupola del Pantheon.
Il termine pozzolana viene anche usato per indicare una tipologia di cemento idraulico scoperto dai Romani, ma luso prevalente del termine pozzolana si riferisce ai materiali descritti
nella definizione.
inerte, mattone, calce, muratura

Pucolana

PL

Definicja: Materia krzemianowy lub glinokrzemianowy, ktry po zmieleniu w obecnoci

wody reaguje z wapnem (niehydraulicznym)
tworzc nierozpuszczalne, trwae zwizki o
wasnociach cementujcych, jak uwodniony
krzemian wapnia i uwodniony glinian wapnia.
Nastpuje proces wizania hydraulicznego.
Komentarz: Pucolana moe by albo naturalna, albo uzyskana sztucznie.
Naturalna pucolana to kwarcowy piroklastyczny materia, powstay wskutek aktywnoci
wulkanu w Pozzuoli koo Neapolu we Woszech, bya czsto stosowana przez staroytnych Rzymian do wzmocnienia konstrukcji
budowlanych. Uywana na rozmaite sposoby
z kruszywem, jak tuf wulkaniczny, cegy, tra-

396

Pozzolana

RO

Definiie: Un material silicios sau silicios i aluminos, care, dac este fin mcinat i se afl n
prezena apei, reacioneaz cu varul (aerian)
i formeaz compui insolubili stabili cu proprieti de cimentare, cum ar fi silicatul de calciu hidratat i aluminatul de calciu hidratat.
Acesta confer ansamblului proprieti hidraulice.
Adnotare: Pozzolana poate fi natural sau
realizat de om. Pozzolana natural, un material piroclastic vitros produs prin activitatea
vulcanic de la Pozzuoli lng Napoli, Italia, a
fost frecvent folosit de ctre romani pentru
consolidarea structurilor de zidrie. Utilizat
n moduri ingenioase mpreun cu agregate,
precum tuf vulcanic, crmid, travertin sau
marmur, pozzolana a permis evoluia noilor
forme arhitecturale din cele mai vechi timpuri,
cum ar fi cupola Panteonului.
Termenul pozzolana este de asemenea folosit
pentru a desemna tipul de ciment hidraulic
descoperit de romani, ns utilizarea predominant a termenilor pozzolan sau pozzolana se
refer la materialele descrise n definiie.
A nu se confunda cu: liant hidraulic, var, mortare i tencuieli
agregat, crmid, var, zidrie

tiempos romanos era muy utilizada para fortalecer las estructuras de mampostera. Se usa
de forma muy variada con agregados como
toba volcnica, ladrillos, travertino o mrmol.
La puzolana permiti la evolucin de nuevas
formas arquitectnicas en tiempos antiguos,
como la cpula del Panten.
Este trmino se usa tambin para designar un
tipo de cemento hidrulico descubierto por
los romanos, pero el uso actual del trmino
puzolana se refiere a los materiales descritos
en la definicin.
No confundir con: conglomerante hidrulico
carga, ladrillo, cal, fbrica

Puzolan

TR

Tanm: nce taneli ve sulu ortamda kirele

(hidrolik olmayan) tepkimeye girerek, kalsiyum silika hidrat ve kalsiyum alminat hidrat
gibi imentolama zellikli zlmez sabit bileim eklini alan silika ya da silika-alminyumlu malzeme. Bu durum hidrolik sertlemeye sebep olur.
Yorum: Puzolan, doal ya da insan yapm
olabilir. Doal puzolan zelliindeki cama
benzer piroklastik malzeme, talyann Napoli
ehri yaknlarndaki Pozzuolideki volkanik hareketler srasnda oluan antik Romallar tarafndan duvar yapmnda sklkla kullanlrd.
Yaratc ekilde volkanik tf, tula, traverten
ya da mermer gibi agregalarla kullanlan puzolan, Pantheonun kubbesi gibi antik zamanlarda yeni mimari ekillerin geliimine katk
salad.
Puzolan ayrca Romallar tarafndan kefedilen
bir tr hidrolik imento tanm iin de kullanlr
fakat puzola ya da lav terimi tanmda aklanan malzemeyi ifade eder.
E anlam: lav kl
Kartrmaynz: hidrolik balayc, kire, har
ve sva
agrega, tula, kire, duvar

Puzolana

Es

Definicin: Materiales silceos o alumino-silceos finamente molidos que, en presencia de

agua, reaccionan con la cal (no-hidrulica) y
forman componentes insolubles estables que
poseen las propiedades del cemento, como
silicato de calcio hidratado y aluminato de calcio hidratado. Dan un grupo hidrulico.
Comentario: Puede ser natural o artificial. La
puzolana natural es un material vtreo piroclstico producido por la actividad volcnica,
obtenido originalmente en la ciudad de Puzzuoli cerca de Npoles, Italia, donde ya en

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MATERIALs APPENDIx

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sand

EN

sand

: , ,
, , , -

DE

Homok

HU

Definition: Natural fine granular material primarily composed of silica (silicon dioxide),
usually in the form of quartz.

Definition: Natrliches, feinkrniges Material,

hauptschlich aus Silikaten und Siliziumdioxid, in der Regel in Form von Quarz.

Meghatrozs: Termszetes, finom szemcszet anyag, f alkoteleme a szilcium-dioxid,

ltalban kvarc formjban.

Comment: Sand is the most important aggregate (filler) in mortars, renders and plasters. Creating various nuances with its grain and colour,
sand may considerably influence the texture of
architectural surfaces, and also the texture of
plaster surfaces, during conservation work.
Sands may have a large clay component. For the
execution of wall paintings and for their conservation, sieving and rinsing are usually recommended, to reduce impurities and the presence
of clay minerals. Sea sands are contaminated
with sea salts (mostly sodium chloride) and thus
not usable without prior treatment.

Kommentar: Sand ist der wichtigste Zuschlag

(Fllstoff) fr Mrtel und Putze. Durch die verschiedenen Nuancen, die er durch seine Krnung und Farbe bildet, kann er die Textur von
Architektur- und Putzoberflchen in der Restaurierung mageblich beeinflussen. Sande
knnen einen hohen Tonanteil haben. Fr die
Ausfhrung von Wandmalereien und deren
Restaurierung wird empfohlen, die Sande zu
sieben und zu waschen, um Verunreinigungen und den Anteil von Tonmineralen zu reduzieren. Meeressand enthlt lsliche Salze,
hauptschlich Natriumchlorid, und ist somit
nicht ohne Vorbehandlung anwendbar.

Megjegyzs: A homok a habarcsok s kltri

vagy beltri vakolatok legfontosabb tltanyaga. Vltozatos sznnek s szemcszetnek ksznheten, a homok jelentsen befolysolhatja egy ptszeti fellet textrjt, valamint a helyrelltsok sorn hasznlt vakolatok felletnek textrjt.
A homok agyagot is tartalmazhat, akr nagyobb mennyisgben is. A falkpek kivitelezshez s restaurlshoz javasolt a homok
tszitlsa s tmossa, hogy ezltal cskkenjen a szennyezds s agyagsvny tartalma.
A tengeri homok tengeri skkal szennyezett,
leginkbb ntrium-kloriddal, ezrt nem lehet
elzetes tisztts nlkl hasznlni.

aggregate, render, plaster, clay, wall

painting

sable

Zuschlag, Auenputz, Putz, Ton,

Wandmalerei

falkp

FR
Pijesak

HR

Dfinition: Matriau naturel grains fins

compos principalement de silice (dioxyde de
silicium), gnralement sous la forme de
quartz.

Definicija: Prirodno granulirani fini materijal

u prvome redu sastavljen od silicijeva dioksida, obino u formi kvarca.

Commentaires: Il constitue le squelette des

mortiers et enduits. Il peut crer diffrentes
nuances avec son grain et sa couleur et considrablement influencer la texture des surfaces
architecturales, mais aussi des surfaces des
enduits, lors de travaux de conservation. Pour
lexcution des peintures murales et leur
conservation, il est gnralement tamis et
rinc, pour liminer les impurets et en particulier les minraux argileux qui peuvent tre
prsents en grande quantit. Le sable de mer
est contamin par des sels de mer, principalement du chlorure de sodium et nest pas utilisable sans traitement pralable.

Napomena: Pijesak je najvaniji agregat (punilo) u mortovima, vanjskim i unutarnjim bukama. Stvarajui razliite nijanse svojim zrnom
i bojom pijesak moe bitno utjecati na teksturu arhitektonske povrine, a tijekom konzervatorskih radova takoer i na povrinsku teksturu buke. Pijesak moe sadravati znatnu
koliinu gline. Za izvoenje zidnih slika i njihovo restauriranje preporuuje se prosijavanje i ispiranje da bi se smanjile koliina neistoe i minerala gline. Morski pijesak je oneien morskim solima, uglavnom natrijevim
kloridom, te se ne moe upotrebljavati bez
prethodne obrade.

granulat (agrgat), enduit, argile, pein-

agregat, vanjska buka, buka, glina,

ture murale

tltanyag, habarcs, vakolat, agyag,

sabbia

zidno slikarstvo

IT

Definizione: Materiale naturale granulare e

fine principalmente composto da silice (biossido di silicio), di solito sotto forma di quarzo.
Commento: La sabbia il filler pi importante
nelle malte, nei rinzaffi e negli intonaci. A causa delle diverse sfumature che definisce a seconda della sua grana e del suo colore, la sabbia pu influenzare sensibilmente la trama
delle superfici architettoniche, e anche quella
delle superfici di intonaco durante un intervento di conservazione.
La sabbia pu avere una forte componente di
argilla. Per la realizzazione di dipinti murali e
per la loro conservazione, si raccomanda di solito la setacciatura e il lavaggio, per ridurre le
impurit e la presenza di minerali argillosi. Le
sabbie marine sono contaminate con sali marini, principalmente cloruro di sodio, e quindi

Sources: Vitruvius 1999, II:4; Thompson 1956, 3940; Botticelli 1992, 168; Cowper 2005, 23, 29, 35, 40/41, 43/4, 46, 53/4, 75; Cenninni 2007, LXVI; Mortars 2011,
56; Spiro et al. 2013, 283; Glossary of terms in soil science: sand (27.10.2014); CAMEO: Sand (22.10.2014)

397

MATERIALs APPENDIx

non possono essere usate senza un trattamento preliminare.

inerte, intonaco per esterni, intonaco, argilla, pittura murale

Piasek

PL

Definicja: Naturalny drobnoziarnisty materia

zoony gwnie z krzemu (dwutlenek krzemu), zwykle w postaci kwarcu.
Komentarz: Piasek to najwaniejsze kruszywo (wypeniacz) zapraw i tynkw. Ze wzgldu
na wielko ziarna i kolor piasek moe wpywa na tekstur powierzchni architektonicznych, jak rwnie faktur powierzchni tynku
w pracach konserwatorskich.
Piasek moe zawiera znaczne iloci gliny. Do
wykonania malowida ciennego i do jego
konserwacji zaleca si przesiewanie i pukanie,
by zredukowa ilo zanieczyszcze i mineraw gliniastych. Piasek morski zanieczyszczony jest sol morsk, gwnie chlorkiem sodu,
a wic nie mona go uywa bez wczeniejszego przygotowania.
kruszywo, tynk, glina, malowido cienne

Nisip

RO

Definiie: Material natural fin granulat compus n principal din dioxid de siliciu, de obicei
sub form de cuar.
Adnotare: Nisipul este cel mai important
agregat (umplutur) n mortare, tencuieli i
tencuieli exterioare. Crend diferite nuane cu
granulaia i culoarea sa, nisipul poate influena considerabil textura suprafeelor arhitecturale, i, de asemenea, textura suprafeelor
de tencuial, n timpul lucrrilor de conservare. Nisipurile pot avea n compoziie o canti-

tate mare de argil. Pentru executarea picturilor murale i pentru conservarea lor, de obicei, este recomandat cernerea i cltirea nisipului, pentru a reduce impuritile i a elimina mineralele argiloase. Nisipurile de mare
sunt contaminate cu sruri de mare, mai ales
cu clorur de sodiu, i, prin urmare, nu sunt
utilizabile fr tratare anterior.
agregat, tencuial exterioar, tencuial,
argil, pictur mural

Arena

Es

Definicin: Material natural de grano fino

compuesto principalmente por slice (dixido
de silicio), normalmente, en forma de cuarzo.
Comentario: La arena es la carga (carga fina)
ms importante en morteros, morteros de revestimiento y revoques. Debido a su color y
granulometra, la arena tiene una influencia
considerable en la textura de la superficie arquitectnica, as como en la textura de la superficie de los revoques durante los trabajos
de restauracin. Puede estar tambin compuesta en gran medida por arcilla. Tanto para
la realizacin como para la restauracin de
pinturas murales se recomienda tamizarla y
limpiarla para reducir la presencia de impurezas y de minerales de arcilla. Las arenas marinas estn contaminadas con sales, principalmente cloruro de sodio; por ello, no se pueden
utilizar sin un tratamiento previo.
carga, mortero de revestimiento, revoque,
arcilla, pintura mural

Kum

TR

Tanm: Temel olarak silisden oluan (silisyum

dioksit) genellikle kuvars eklinde olan doal
ince taneli malzeme.

Terracotta

EN

Definition: 1. A glazed or unglazed product

made with clay and mixed with fillers (grog
calcinated clay, chamotte, brick dust or pot
clay) and natural binders which are then
baked at a high temperature (above 600C).
2. Any kind of baked or semi-fired clay used to
create utilitarian or decorative objects, or

Yorum: Kum, har, sva ve allarda en nemli

agrega (dolgu)dr. Kum, tanecik yaps ve rengi
ile eitli farkllklar oluturduundan, koruma
ilemlerinde sva ve mimari yzeylerin dokusunu olduka etkileyebilir. Kumlar, byk kil
bileenine sahip olabilir. Duvar resimlerinin
uygulanmasnda ve korunmasnda, kil minerallerinin orann ve przlln azaltmak
iin genellikle elenmi ve durulanm kum tercih edilir. Deniz kumlar, deniz tuzlar ile kirlenmitir, ounlukla sodyum klorid, ve bunlar
gerekli iyiletirme yaplmadan kullanlamaz.
agrega, cephe svas, har, sva, al, kil,
duvar resmi

BG

:
, , .
: - ,
.
, , . .

,
.
, -
.
, , , ,

structural forms such as: floor tiles, roof tiles

or decorative architectural elements.
Comment: Individual terracotta pieces are
modelled by hand. For repetitive patterns, the
clay is pressed into moulds to form a cast.
Both types are then baked at high temperatures. As an architectural material it can be
used in its natural colour, painted or glazed.

It has been used all over the world since the

earliest periods of history. However, terracotta use first flourished in the Renaissance,
when moulded terracotta details, such as cornices, string courses, window frames and other exterior polychrome enamelled reliefs
were widely used.
Closer to our time, terracotta started being
used as a lightweight, non-load bearing ma-

Sources: Hasol 2002, 455; Harris 2002, 498; Juracek 2002, 327, 333; Ching 1995, 34; CAMEO: Terracotta (11.2.2014); Art Conservation Terms: Terracotta (11.2.2014)

398

MATERIALs APPENDIx

terial for the exterior covering of skeletal steel

structures.
clay, filler, binder

Terre cuite

FR

Dfinition: 1. Produit maill ou non fait, avec

de largile et mlang avec des additifs (chamotte, argile calcine, poudre de brique ou
pots dargiles) et des liants naturels qui sont
ensuite cuits une temprature leve (suprieure 600C).
2. Tout type dargile cuite ou semi-cuite utilise pour crer des objets utilitaires ou dcoratifs, ou des formes structurelles telles que:
des carrelages, des tuiles ou des lments architecturaux dcoratifs.
Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre en terre
cuite, modeles la main. Pour des motifs rptitifs, largile est presse dans des moules
pour obtenir une forme. Les deux types de
terre cuite sont ensuite cuits des tempratures leves. La terre cuite peut tre utilise
en tant que matriau de construction avec sa
couleur naturelle, peinte ou glace.
Elle est utilise partout dans le monde depuis
les premires priodes de lhistoire. Mais lutilisation de la terre cuite a dabord prospr
dans la Renaissance, lorsque les dtails en
terre cuite mouls, comme des corniches, des
bandeaux, les cadres de fentres et autres reliefs maills polychromes extrieurs ont t
largement utiliss. Plus prs de nous, la terre
cuite a commenc tre utilise comme un
matriau non porteur lger pour le revtement extrieur des structures en acier.
Ne pas confondre avec: architecture en terre
cuite
argile, charge, liant

Terracotta

DE

Definition: 1. Ein glasiertes oder unglasiertes

Produkt aus Ton, das vermischt mit Zusatzmitteln (Schamotte kalzinierter Ton, Ziegelmehl
oder Attapulgit) und natrlichen Bindemitteln
bei hohen Temperaturen (ber 600 C) gebrannt wird.
2. Jede Art von gebranntem oder niedrig gebranntem Ton zur Herstellung von Gebrauchsoder Dekorationsobjekten und Bauelementen, wie Bodenfliesen, Dachziegeln oder dekorativen architektonischen Elementen.
Kommentar: Einzelstcke aus Terracotta werden per Hand modelliert. Fr sich wiederholende Motive wird der Ton in Formen gepresst,

um Abdrcke zu erhalten. Beide Arten werden

dann bei hohen Temperaturen gebrannt.
Als Architekturelement kann Terracotta in ihrer
natrlichen Farbe, bemalt oder glasiert verwendet werden. Sie wird weltweit seit langem
verwendet. Ihre Bltezeit erreichte sie in der
Renaissance, als modellierte Terracotta-Details,
wie Kranzgesimse, Gurtgesimse, Fensterrahmen und andere polychrom glasierte Reliefs
an Fassaden, gebruchlich wurden. Seit jngerer Zeit wird Terracotta auch als leichtes, nichttragendes Material fr die uere Ummantelung von Stahlskelettbauten verwendet.
Synonyme: Terrakotta, terra cotta
Ton, Fllstoff, Bindemittel

Megjegyzs: Az egyedi terrakotta darabokat

kzzel mintzzk. Az ismtld elemek ellltshoz az agyagot formkba prselik s lenyomatokat ksztenek. Mindkt esetben a
mintzst magas hfokon vgrehajtott gets
kveti. Az ptszetben felhasznlhat termszetes sznben, de sznezve, festve vagy mzzal bortva is. A terrakottt vilgszerte hasznltk a legrgibb idk ta. De hasznlata a renesznszban virgzott fel elszr, mikor a formzott terrakotta rszletek, ereszprknyok,
vprknyok, ablakkeretek s egyb sokszn,
mzas kls dombormvek szles krben elterjedtek. jabban, a terrakottt egyre inkbb
knny, nem tartszerkezeti kls bortanyagknt hasznljk acl vzszerkezeteken.
agyag, tltanyag, ktanyag

Terakota

HR

Definicija: 1. Glazirani ili neglazirani proizvod

od mjeavine gline, punila (grog-kalcinirana
glina, amot, prah od opeke ili lonarska glina)
i prirodnih veziva koji se zatim pee na visokim
temperaturama (iznad 600C).
2. Peena ili polupeena glina koja se rabi za izradu uporabnih i ukrasnih predmeta ili strukturnih formi poput: podnih ploica, krovnih ploica
ili dekorativnih arhitektonskih elemenata.
Napomena: Pojedini dijelovi terakote modeliraju se runo. Kada je potrebno da se obrazac
ponavlja, glina se utiskuje u kalup. Obje se vrste zatim peku na visokim temperaturama.
Kao arhitektonski materijal moe se upotrebljavati u prirodnoj boji, oslikana ili glazirana.
Terakota je upotrebljavana u cijelome svijetu
jo od najranijih razdoblja povijesti. Njezina je
uporaba procvjetala u renesansi, kad su odliveni detalji od terakote, poput vijenaca, meukatnih vijenaca, prozorskih okvira i ostalih
vanjskih viebojnih emajliranih reljefa bili esti. Blie naemu dobu, terakota se poela rabiti kao lagani nenosivi materijal za vanjske
obloge skeletnih elinih konstrukcija.
glina, punilo, vezivo

Terrakotta

HU

Meghatrozs: 1. Egy mzas vagy mztalan

termk, melyet agyagbl lltanak el, melyhez adalkanyagokat (kalcinlt agyag, samott,
tglapor vagy cserpagyag), valamint termszetes ktanyagokat kevernek, s formzs
utn magas hfokon getnek ki (600 C fltt).
2. Brmely getett vagy flig kigetett agyag,
melybl hasznlati vagy dsztrgyakat ksztenek, vagy szerkezeti elemeket lltanak el,
mint pldul padlcsempt, tetcserepet
vagy egyb ptszeti dsztelemet.

Terracotta

IT

Definizione: 1. Prodotto smaltato o non smaltato a base di argilla e mescolato con additivi
(argilla calcinata, chamotte, polvere di mattone o argilla per vasellame) e leganti naturali
successivamente cotti ad alta temperatura
(sopra i 600C).
2. Qualsiasi tipo di argilla cotta o semi-cotta
usata per creare utensili e oggetti decorativi,
o moduli strutturali come piastrelle, tegole o
elementi architettonici decorativi.
Commento: I pezzi unici in terracotta vengono modellati a mano. Per modelli ripetitivi, largilla viene pressata dentro degli stampi per
creare una forma. Entrambi i tipi vengono poi
cotti ad alte temperature. Come materiale architettonico, pu essere usata con il suo colore
naturale, pitturata o smaltata.
stata usata in tutto il mondo sin dagli albori
della storia, ma luso della terracotta prosper
nel Rinascimento, quando modanature in terracotta come cornici, marcapiani, infissi e altri
rilievi policromi smaltati da esterno erano largamente usati. Avvicinandosi alla nostra epoca, si vede come la terracotta abbia iniziato ad
essere usata come un materiale leggero e non
portante per il rivestimento esterno di scheletri di strutture in acciaio.
argilla, filler, legante

Terakota

PL

Definicja: 1. Glazurowane lub nieszkliwione

wyroby wykonane z samej gliny lub czonej
z domieszkami (kalcynowana glina, szamot,
py ceglany lub glina garncarska) i naturalnymi materiaami wicymi, nastpnie wypalane w wysokich temperaturach (okoo 600 C).

399

MATERIALs APPENDIx

2. Kady rodzaj gliny wypalonej w wysokiej

lub niszej temperaturze, uytej do wyrobu
przedmiotw uytkowych lub dekoracyjnych
lub form konstrukcyjnych jak: pytki podogowe, dachwki, dekoracyjne elementy architektoniczne.
Komentarz: Niepowtarzalne wyroby terakotowe s modelowane rcznie. Dla wzorw powtarzalnych glina jest wciskana w formy, by
uformowa odcisk / odlew. Oba rodzaje s nastpnie wypalane w wysokich temperaturach.
Jako tworzywo architektoniczne moe by
uyta w kolorze naturalnym, malowana lub
glazurowana.
Bya uywana na caym wiecie od najstarszych okresw historii. Uycie terakoty rozkwito w czasach Renesansu, gdy szeroko stosowano modelowane detale terakotowe, takie jak gzymsy, fryzy, obramienia okien i inne
reliefy zewntrzne, polichromowane lub szkliwione.
Bliej naszych czasw terakot zaczto stosowa jako lekki, nie obciajcy materia do pokrywania elewacji budowli stalowo szkieletowych.
glina, wypeniacz, spoiwo

Teracot

RO

Definiie: 1. Un produs smluit sau nesmluit creat cu argil i amestecat cu aditivi (argil calcinat, amot, praf de crmid sau
lut) i liani naturali, care sunt apoi arse la o
temperatur ridicat (peste 600C).
2. Orice fel de argil ars sau semi-ars folosit pentru a crea obiecte utilitare sau decorative, sau forme structurale, cum ar fi: gresie, igle sau elemente arhitecturale decorative.
Adnotare: Piesele de teracot individuale
sunt modelate manual. Pentru modele repetitive, argila este presat n matrie, pentru a
crea o form de turnare. Ambele tipuri sunt
apoi arse la temperaturi ridicate. Ca un material arhitectural poate fi folosit cu culoarea sa
natural, pictat sau smluit.
A fost folosit peste tot n lume nc din primele perioade istorice. Utilizarea teracotei a
nflorit n primul rnd n perioada Renaterii,
cnd au fost utilizate pe scar larg detalii de
teracot turnate, cum ar fi cornie, frize, rame
de ferestre i alte reliefuri policrome exterioare

emailate policrom. n ultima perioad, teracota a nceput s fie folosit ca un material de categorie uoar, material neportant (fr capacitatea de suportare a ncrcturii), pentru
acoperirea exterioar a structurilor metalice
scheletice.
argil, material de umplutur, liant

Terracota

Es

Definicin: 1. Producto, vidriado o no, hecho

con arcilla mezclada con aditivos diversos (arcilla cocida, triturados cermicos o polvo de
ladrillo) y ligantes naturales, que son cocidos
a alta temperatura (sobre los 600C).
2. Cualquier tipo de arcilla cocida o semicocida
usada para crear objetos decorativos o utilitarios, o bien formas estructurales como: baldosas, tejas o elementos arquitectnicos decorativos.

Yorum: Kendine zg terakota paralar elle

biimlendirilir. Tekrar eden ekiller iin, kil, kalplara baslarak dkm oluturulur. Her iki tr
de yksek sda frnlanr. Mimari malzeme olarak doal rengiyle, boyal ya da srl ekilde kullanlabilir. Tarihin en erken dnemlerinden beri tm dnyada kullanlmaktadr. Fakat terakota kullanm ilk olarak Rnesans dneminde
kalplanm terakota detaylar korni, kordon,
pencere kenarl ve dier d polikrom srl
rlyefler kullanlarak yaygnlat. Yakn zamanda, terakota hafif, portatif malzeme olarak elik iskeletli yaplarn d kaplamalarnda kullanlmaya baland.
E anlam: pimi tula seramik
kil, dolgu maddesi, balayc

Comentario: Las piezas individuales de terracota se modelan a mano. Para modelos repetitivos, la arcilla se introduce a presin en moldes para formar piezas. Ambos tipos se cuecen a alta temperatura. Como material arquitectnico, puede ser usado con su color natural, pintado o esmaltado.
Ha sido empleado en todo el mundo desde
los inicios de la historia, con una gran incidencia durante el Renacimiento, poca en la
que los detalles de terracota moldeada se
emplearon profusamente en cornisas, marcos de ventana y otros relieves decorativos
exteriores policromados y esmaltados. En fechas ms cercanas, la terracota empez a utilizarse como material ligero, no portante, para el revestimiento exterior de estructuras de
acero.
arcilla, carga fina, ligante

Terakota

TR

Tanm: 1. Kilden meydana gelen doal balayclar ve katk maddeleri (mlek paralar,
kalsine edilmi kil, seramik paralar, tula tozu, ya da amot) ile kartrldktan sonra yksek sda (600C zerinde) frnlanan srl ya da
srsz rn.
2. Kullanl ya da dekoratif nesneler veya zemin seramii, at kaplamas, dekoratif mimari elemanlar gibi yapsal eler yaratmak iin

400

kullanlan frnlanm ya da yar frnlanm kil

tr.

BG

: 1.
, (- , , , ) ,
( 600C).
2.
,
: , .
:
. .
. , .
- . , ,
, ,
, .
-

.
, ,

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Tessera

EN

Definition: Cubic, polygonal or round pieces

of a hard material used to create the decorative surface layer of mosaics.
Comment: Tesserae can be made of glass, marble, stone, terracotta, brick, gypsum, ceramic,
enamel, bone, metal or similar hard materials.
The size may vary according to local or historical traditions from about 2mm2 up to 2cm2.
mosaic, terracotta, brick, gypsum, ce-

ramic

Tesselle

Napomena: Tesere mogu biti od stakla, mramora, kamena, terakote, cigle, gipsa, keramike, emajla, kosti, metala ili slinih tvrdih materijala. Veliina, sukladno lokalnim ili povijesnim tradicijama, moe varirati od 2 mm2 do
2 cm2.
mozaik, terakota, cigla, gips, keramika

Mozaikkocka (tessera)

HU

Meghatrozs: Kemny anyagbl kszlt

ngyzetes, sokszg vagy kerektett darabkk, melyeket a mozaikkal dsztett felletek
kialaktsra hasznlnak.
Megjegyzs: Kszlhet vegbl, mrvnybl,
kbl, terrakottbl, tglbl, gipszbl, kermibl, zomncbl, csontbl, fmbl vagy hasonl kemny anyagokbl. Mretei, a helyi
vagy trtneti hagyomnyok szerint, 2 mm2
s 2 cm2 kztt vltozhatnak.

Commentaires: Elles peuvent tre faites en

verre, marbre, pierre, terre cuite, brique, pltre,
cramique, mail, os, mtal ou tout autre matriau dur. Leur taille peut varier, selon les traditions locales ou historiques, denviron 2 mm2
jusqu 2 cm2.

mozaik, terrakotta, tgla, gipsz, kermia

mosaque, terre cuite, brique, pltre de

Definizione: Pezzo cubico, poligonale o arrotondato di materiale duro usato per comporre
lo strato decorativo superficiale dei mosaici.

Paris, cramique

DE

Definition: Kubische, mehreckige oder runde

Stcke aus einem harten Material, mit dem
dekorative Oberflchen von Mosaiken hergestellt werden.
Kommentar: Tesserae knnen aus Glas, Marmor, Stein, Terracotta, Ziegel, Gips, Keramik,
Emaille, Knochen, Metall oder hnlich harten
Materialien hergestellt werden. Abhngig von
lokalen oder historischen Traditionen kann die
Gre von 2mm2 bis zu 2cm2 variieren.
Synonyme: Tesserae (Plural), Mosaikstein, Mosaiksteinchen
Mosaik, Terracotta, Ziegel, Gips, Kera-

mik

Tesera

RO

Definiie: Piese cubice, poligonale sau rotunde dintr-un material dur, utilizate pentru realizarea stratului decorativ de suprafa al mozaicului.
Adnotare: Pot fi realizate din sticl, marmur,
piatr, teracot, crmid, gips, ceramic,
email (smal), os, metal sau din alte materiale
similare dure. Dimensiunile pot varia n funcie
de tradiiile locale sau istorice de la aproximativ 2mm2 pn la 2cm2.
mozaic, teracot, crmid, gips, ce-

ramic

FR

Dfinition: Pices dcoupes dans un matriau dur selon des formes cubiques, polygonales ou rondes et utilises pour faire la
couche de surface dcorative de mosaques.

Tessera

Tesere

HR

Definicija: Kubini, poligonalni ili okrugli komadi tvrdoga materijala koji se upotrebljavaju
za izradu dekorativnoga povrinskog sloja
mozaika.

Tessera

IT

Commento: Le tessere possono essere fatte

di vetro, marmo, pietra, terracotta, mattone,
gesso, ceramica, smalto, ossa, metallo o altri
materiali duri simili a questi. Le dimensioni variano a seconda delle tradizioni locali o storiche tra i 2mm2 e i 2cm2.
mosaico, terracotta, mattone, gesso,

Tesela

Es

Definicin: Pieza cbica, poligonal o redondeada, de material duro, utilizada para realizar
la capa de superficie decorativa de los mosaicos.
Comentario: Pueden estar hechas de vidrio,
mrmol, piedra, terracota, ladrillo, yeso, cermica, esmalte, hueso, metal o materiales duros similares. Su tamao puede variar de aproximadamente 2mm2 hasta 2cm2, en funcin
de las tradiciones locales o histricas.
mosaico, terracota, ladrillo, yeso, ce-

rmica

Tessera

TR

Tanm: Mozaiklerin dekoratif yzeylerini kaplamak iin kullanlan kp eklinde, okgen veya yuvarlak paral sert malzeme.

ceramica

Kostki mozaiki

PL

Definicja: Szecienne, wieloboczne lub

okrge kawaki twardego materiau uywane
do wykonania dekoracyjnej warstwy powierzchniowej mozaiki.

Yorum: Tessera, cam, mermer, ta, terakota,

tula, alta, seramik, emaye, kemik, metal
veya benzer sert malzemelerden oluabilir.
Ebat, yerel veya tarihi geleneklere gre 2mm2
ile 2cm2 aras deiiklik gsterebilir.
E anlam: mozaik
mozaik, terakota, tula, alta, sera-

mik

Komentarz: Kostki mog by wykonane ze

szka, marmuru, kamienia, terakoty, cegy, gipsu, ceramiki, emalii, koci, metalu lub podobnych twardych materiaw. Wymiary mog
rni si w zalenoci od lokalnych i historycznych tradycji od 2mm2 a do 2cm2.
mozaika, terakota, cega, gips, ceramika

BG

: ,
, .

Sources: Farneti 2001, 204/5; Clarke 2010, 244 ; CAMEO: Tessera (22.10.2014); Art History Archive: Tessera (22.10.2014)

401

MATERIALs APPENDIx

:
, , , , , , , ,

.

. 22 22.

Waterglass

EN

Definition: Water-soluble sodium , potassium , or lithium silicate, or their aqueous solutions, used as a binding medium for wall
paintings and mortars, or as a consolidant.
Comment: The drying of these media is initiated by the evaporation of water followed by
the formation of water-insoluble silicic acid in
conjunction with carbonic acid from the air
(silicification). After this silification, waterglass
is irreversible.
Due to its low penetration depth and the
possible formation of salts (alkali carbonates) it is not used as a consolidant for stone
any more. Only potassium silicate is used as
a binding medium for heavily tinted, weather-resistant paintings and coatings.
Synonyms: water-glass, silicate of potassium,
soluble glass, soluble silicate
Not to be confused with: liquid glass
binder, consolidant, mineral paints/silicate

colours

silicates alcalins

Wasserglas

HU

Meghatrozs: Vzoldhat ntrium-, kliumvagy ltium-szilikt, vagy ezek vizes oldata,

melyet ktanyagknt hasznlnak falkpeknl s habarcsoknl, vagy szilrdtknt s ragasztknt.

Kommentar: Die Trocknung dieses Bindemittels beginnt mit der Verdunstung von Wasser
und wird gefolgt von der Ausbildung wasserunlslicher Kieselsure (Verkieselung). Nach
dieser Verkieselung ist Wasserglas irreversibel.
Aufgrund seiner geringen Eindringtiefe und
der mglichen Bildung von Salzen (Alkalicarbonate in Verbindung mit Kohlendioxid aus
der Luft) wird es nicht mehr zur Festigung von
Stein verwendet. Einzig Kaliumsilikat wird als
Bindemittel fr stark farbige, wasserfeste Farben und Beschichtungen (Mineralfarben) benutzt.
Synonym: Alkalisilikat
Nicht zu verwechseln mit: Mineralfarbe, Silikatfarbe, Mineralbindemittel

Megjegyzs: Az anyag ktse a vz prolgsval

kezddik, majd vzoldhatatlan kovasav keletkezik (kovsods). A kovsods folyamata utn a
vzveg nem tvolthat el, visszaoldhatatlan.
Csekly behatol kpessge s a lehetsges skpzdsek (alkli-karbontok) miatt, manapsg mr nem hasznljk kszilrdtknt. Csupn a klium-szilikt van mg hasznlatban ktanyagknt a tlsznezett, idjrsll festmnyek s vdbevonatok ltrehozshoz.
Szinonimk: oldott veg, klium-szilikt oldat
Tves megnevezs: folykony veg

HR

Definicija: Vodotopljiv natrijev, kalijev ili litijev silikat ili njihove vodene otopine koje se
rabe kao vezivo za zidne slike i mortove ili kao
uvriva i ljepilo.
Napomena: Suenje tog veziva potaknuto je
hlapljenjem vode, nakon ega slijedi formiranje u vodi netopljive silikatne kiseline u spoju
s karbonskom kiselinom iz zraka (silicifikacija).
Nakon silifikacije vodeno staklo je nepovratno.
Zbog njegove niske dubine prodiranja i moguih formiranja soli (lunati karbonati) vie se
ne upotrebljava kao uvriva za kamen.
Jedino se kalijev silikat rabi kao vezivno sredstvo za tee i na vremenske uvjete otporne boje, slike i premaze.
Ne smije se mijeati s: tekue staklo
vezivo, uvriva, mineralne boje

Sources: Mortars 2011 320; Schramm, Hering 1988, 128; Weber 1985, 59; Ettl et al. 2005

402

Vzveg

Definition: Wasserlsliches Natrium-, Kaliumoder Lithiumsilikat oder deren wssrige Lsungen, die als Bindemittel fr Wandmalereien und Mrtel oder als Festigungsmittel verwendet werden.

Vodeno staklo

liant, consolidant, peinture minrale

DE

FR

Commentaires: Son schage est caus par

lvaporation de leau. De lacide silicique insoluble se forme alors dans leau en combinaison avec de lacide carbonique de lair par une
raction irrversible de silicification. Du fait de
sa faible profondeur de pntration et de la
formation ventuelle de sels (carbonates alcalins), il nest plus utilis comme agent de
consolidation pour la pierre. Seul, le silicate de
potassium est utilis comme liant pour des
peintures et revtements fortement teints et
rsistant aux intempries.
Synonyme: traitement par silicatisation
Ne pas confondre avec: verre de silice

Bindemittel, Festigungsmittel, Mineralfarben

Dfinition: Solution aqueuse de silicate de

sodium, potassium ou lithium, utilise comme
liant pour des peintures murales et des mortiers, consolidant ou adhsif.

, , , ,

ktanyag, szilrdt, svnyi festk

Vetro solubile

IT

Definizione: Silicati di sodio, potassio o litio

solubili in acqua, o loro soluzioni acquose, usati come leganti per dipinti murali e malte, o
come consolidanti e adesivi.
Commento: Lessiccazione di queste soluzioni
avviata dallevaporazione dellacqua, seguita
dalla formazione di acido silicico insolubile in
combinazione con lacido carbonico nellaria
(silicizzazione). Dopo questa silicizzazione, il
vetro solubile irreversibile.
A causa del suo basso potere di penetrazione
e della possibile formazione di sali (carbonati
alcalini) non viene pi usato come consolidante per la pietra. Solo il silicato di potassio viene
usato come legante per colori e tinteggiature
(pittura ai silicati) dai colori intensi e resistenti
alle intemperie.
Sinonimo: vetro liquido
legante, consolidante, pittura minerale ai

silicati

MATERIALs APPENDIx

szko wodne

PL

Definicja: Rozpuszczalne w wodzie krzemiany sodu, potasu lub litu, albo ich wodne roztwory, uywane jako spoiwa w malarstwie
ciennym i do zapraw, a take jako impregnat
wzmacniajcy.

puternic colorate i rezistente la intemperii.

Sinonim: silicat de potasiu
A nu se confunda cu: sticl lichid
liant, consolidant, pictur mineral

Vidrio soluble
Komentarz: Wysychanie tych spoiw inicjowane jest odparowywaniem wody, po ktrym
nastpuje tworzenie nierozpuszczalnego w
wodzie kwasu krzemowego w poczeniu z
kwasem wglowym z powietrza. Po tym procesie szko wodne jest nieodwracalne. Z powodu sabej penetracji w gb i moliwej formacji soli (zasadowych wglanw) nie jest ju
uywane jako impregnat wzmacniajcy do kamienia. Krzemian potasu jest stosowany jedynie jako spoiwo malowide i mocno zabarwionych powok, odpornych na czynniki atmosferyczne.
Nie naley myli z: pynne szko
spoiwo, farby mineralne / farby silikatowe

Ap de sticl

RO

Definiie: Silicat de sodiu -, potasiu -, sau litiu

solubil n ap, sau soluiile lor apoase, folosit
ca liant pentru picturile murale i pentru mortare, sau ca un consolidant.
Adnotare: Uscarea acestuia este iniiat prin
evaporarea apei, urmat de formarea acidului
silicic insolubil n ap n conexiune cu acidul
carbonic din aer (silicifiere). Dup aceast silicifiere, procesul este ireversibil. Din cauza
adncimii sale sczute de penetrare i din cauza posibilitii de formare a srurilor (carbonai alcalini) nu mai este folosit ca i consolidant pentru piatr. Doar silicatul de potasiu
este folosit ca liant pentru picturile i straturile

Definicin: Silicato de sodio, potasio o litio

soluble en agua, o su solucin acuosa, que se
utiliza como medio ligante para pinturas murales y morteros, o bien como consolidante y
adhesivo.
Comentario: El proceso de secado de estos
medios se inicia con la evaporacin del agua
y contina con la formacin de cido silcico
insoluble en agua y cido carbnico procedente del aire (silificacin). Tras la silificacin,
el vidrio soluble es irreversible. Debido a su escaso poder de penetracin y a la posible formacin de sales (carbonatos alcalinos), ya no
se emplea como consolidante de piedra. Solo
el silicato potsico se usa como un medio ligante para pinturas y recubrimientos con alto
poder de tincin y resistente al medio ambiente.
Sinnimos: silicato alcalino, silicato potsico
ligante, consolidante, pinturas minerales

su Cam

TR

Tanm: Duvar resimleri ve harlar iin balayc madde, salamlatrc veya yaptrc olarak kullanlan suda znebilir, sodyum, potasyum, lityum silikat veya onlarn sulu zeltileri.
Yorum: Bu maddelerin kurumas, ilk olarak suyun buharlamasna baldr ve suda zn-

Wax

EN

Definition: A solid or semi-solid, slightly

greasy, water-insoluble, organic substance,
principally containing compounds of high molecular weight. They are derived from animals,
plants, petroleum or are synthetic in origin.
Comment: In the past, the most commonly used
wax was beeswax (which was used as a binder
in encaustic painting and as a protective coat for

Es

balayc, salamlatrc, mineral boyalar

BG

: ,
,
, .
:

, , ().
.
( )
.
.
:
, ,

wall paintings). It was also used for polishing in

techniques such as scagliola and stucco. During
the 19th and 20th centuries, beeswax and paraffin wax were used for the consolidation of wall
paintings. This resulted in dust accumulation
and adhesion, the alteration of the tonality of
colour and darkening, as well as the transformation of the surface into a glossy one (lustro).
binder, wall painting, scagliola, stucco,
darkening

meyen silisit asit oluumu ile birlikte havadan

karbonik asit (silikatlama) ile devam eder. Silikatlamadan sonra su cam geri dnmszdr. Dk geirgenlik derinlii ve muhtemel tuz (alkali karbonat) oluturmasndan dolay, ta iin artk sklatrc olarak kullanlmamaktadr. Sadece potasyum silikat, youn tonlu ve hava koullarna dayankl resimler ve
kaplamalar iin balayc malzeme olarak kullanlr.
E anlaml: potasyum silicat, znr cam, znebilir silikat
Kartrmaynz: sv cam

Cire

FR

Dfinition: Substance organique insoluble

dans leau, solide ou semi-solide, lgrement
grasse, issue danimaux, de plantes, du ptrole
ou dorigine synthtique et contenant principalement des composs poids molculaire
lev.
Commentaires: La cire dabeille a t la plus
utilise dans le pass, comme liant de la pein-

Sources: Constable 1979, 3940, 65; Thompson 1956, 4950; Laurie 1967, 18, 171/2; Mora et al. 1984, 96, 100, 225, 295; Grli 1992, 193; Horie 1997, 6, 51, 88,
118/9, 150, 187, 218; Thomson 2005, 521; Clarke 2010, 263; Plinius the Elder (26.10.2014); Art History Archive: Wax (22.10.2014); CAMEO: Wax (22.10.2014)

403

MATERIALs APPENDIx

ture lencaustique ou couche protectrice des

peintures murales ou pour le polissage mis en
oeuvre pour des techniques telles que la scagliola ou le stuc. Les cires dabeille et de paraffine ont t utilises aux 19e et 20e sicles
pour la consolidation des peintures murales,
avec pour consquences laccumulation et
ladhsion de poussires qui modifient la tonalit des couleurs par assombrissement et
laspect brillant donn la surface (lustro).
liant, peinture murale, scagliola, stuc,
assombrissement

Wachs

DE

Definition: Eine feste oder halbfeste, leicht

fettige, wasserunlsliche, organische Substanz, die hauptschlich aus Verbindungen
mit hohem Molekulargewicht besteht. Diese
werden aus Tieren und deren Absonderungen, Pflanzen und Erdl gewonnen oder synthetisch hergestellt.

Viasz

Meghatrozs: Szilrd vagy flszilrd, enyhn

zsros, vzben oldhatatlan szerves anyagok, f
sszetevik nagy molekulatmegek. Eredetk lehet llati, nvnyi, szrmazhatnak kolajbl vagy mestersges lltjk ket el.
Megjegyzs: A mltban a mhviaszt hasznltk leggyakrabban, ktanyagknt az enkausztika festshez vagy vdbevonatknt a falkpeken. Fnyezsi technikkban is hasznltk, mint a scagliola vagy a stukk. A 19. s 20.
szzadban mhviaszt s paraffinviaszt hasznltak a falkpek szilrdtsra, melyek a por
felhalmozdst s megktst eredmnyeztk a felleten, mdostva a sznek tnust, sttlst s a fellet fnyesedst okozva (lustro).
ktanyag, falkp, scagliola, stukk,
(el)sttls

Cera
Kommentar: In der Vergangenheit war Bienenwachs das am hufigsten verwendete
Wachs, das als Bindemittel in Enkaustikmalerei
und als Schutzschicht auf Wandmalereien aufgebracht wurde. Es wurde auch zum Polieren
von Scagliola und Stuck verwendet. Im 19.
und 20. Jahrhundert wurde Bienenwachs und
Paraffinwachs zur Festigung von Wandmalereien benutzt, woraufhin die Oberflche glnzend erschien, sich aber auch Staub darauf ansammelte, anhaftete und damit die Farbtne
vernderte und zur Verdunkelung fhrte.
Bindemittel, Wandmalerei, Scagliola,
Stuck, Verdunkelung

Vosak

HR

Definicija: vrste ili poluvrste, blago masne,

u vodi netopljive organske tvari koje u prvome
redu sadravaju spojeve visoke molekulne
mase. Dobivene su od ivotinja, biljaka, nafte
ili su sintetikoga podrijetla.

vezivo, zidno slikarstvo, scagliola, tuko,

tamnjenje

404

IT

Definizione: Sostanza organica solida o semisolida, leggermente untuosa, insolubile in acqua, contenente principalmente composti ad
alto peso molecolare. Deriva da animali, piante, petrolio o ha origine sintetica.
Commento: In passato, la cera pi comunemente usata era la cera dapi, che veniva impiegata anche come legante per la pittura a
encausto e come rivestimento protettivo per
i dipinti murali. Era anche usata per la lucidatura in tecniche quali la scagliola e gli stucchi.
Durante il XIX e il XX secolo, la cera dapi e la
paraffina venivano usate per il consolidamento dei dipinti murali: questo ha provocato
ladesione e laccumulo di polvere, scurendo
e alterando la tonalit dei colori, e facendo apparire la superficie lucida (lustro).
legante, pittura murale, scagliola, stucco,
scurimento

Wosk
Napomena: U prolosti je najee upotrebljavan pelinji vosak kao vezivo u enkaustici i kao
zatitni premaz za zidne slike. Takoer se rabio
za poliranje u tehnikama poput scagliole i tuko.
Tijekom 19. i 20. stoljea pelinji vosak i parafin
upotrebljavani su za konsolidaciju zidnih slika,
to je dovelo do nakupljanja i prianjanja praine,
pri emu se mijenjao tonalitet boja i dolazilo je
do tamnjenja i sjaja na povrina (lustro).

HU

PL

Definicja: Staa lub pstaa, lekko tusta, nierozpuszczalna w wodzie organiczna substancja zawierajca gwnie zwizki o wysokiej
masie czsteczkowej. Moe by pochodzenia
zwierzcego, rolinnego, pozyskiwany z ropy
naftowej oraz pochodzenia syntetycznego.
Komentarz: W przeszoci najczciej uywany by wosk pszczeli, stosowany jako spoiwo
w technice enkaustyki i jako powoka ochronna malowide ciennych. Uywany te do po-

lerowania w technice scagliola i stiuku. W wieku XIX i XX wosk i parafina byy stosowane do
konsolidacji malowide ciennych, co skutkowao gromadzeniem kurzu, zmianami tonu
kolorw i pociemnieniem, a take wybyszczeniem powierzchni (lustro).
spoiwo, malowido cienne, scagliola,
stiuk, pociemnienie

Cear

RO

Definiie: O substan organic solid sau

semi-solid, uor gras, insolubil n ap, care
conine n principal compui cu greutate molecular mare. Acetia sunt derivai din produse animale, plante, petrol sau au o origine sintetic.
Adnotare: n trecut ceara cel mai frecvent folosit a fost ceara de albine, care a fost utilizat
ca liant n pictura encaustic i ca strat protector pentru picturile murale. Aceasta a fost, de
asemenea, folosit pentru lustruire n tehnicile
de stuco-marmur i stuc. n secolele XIX i XX
ceara de albine i parafina au fost utilizate
pentru consolidarea picturile murale: care au
dus la acumularea i adeziunea prafului , la
modificarea tonalitii culorilor i nnegrirea
acestora, i cauznd suprafaa s apar lucioas (lustro).
liant, pictur mural, scagliola, stucatu-

r, ntunecare

Cera

Es

Definicin: Sustancia orgnica slida o semislida, ligeramente grasa e insoluble en agua

formada principalmente por componentes de
alto peso molecular. Deriva de animales, de
plantas, del petrleo o puede ser tambin de
origen sinttico.
Comentario: En el pasado, la cera usada era
normalmente de abeja, que se utilizaba como
ligante en pintura encustica y como capa
protectora en pinturas murales. Tambin se
usaba para pulidos en las tcnicas como la escayola y el estuco. Durante los siglos XIX y XX
la cera de abeja y la parafina se usaban como
consolidantes de pinturas murales. Dichos
usos han provocado posteriores acumulaciones y adhesiones de polvo, que alteran y oscurecen la tonalidad y el color de la pintura, y
que hacen que la superficie aparezca brillante
(lustro).
ligante, pintura mural, escayola, estuco,

oscurecimiento

MATERIALs APPENDIx

Balmumu

TR

Tanm: Temelde yksek molekler bileen ieren, kat veya yar kat, hafif yal, suda znmeyen organik madde. Bal mumu hayvanlardan, bitkilerden ve petrolden elde edilebilecei gibi madde yapay kkenli de olabilir.
Yorum: Eskiden en yaygn kullanlan mum tr ini resimlerinde balayc olarak ve duvar
resimlerinde koruyucu katman olarak kullanlan balmumuydu. Taklit mermer ve stko gibi
tekniklerde parlatc olarak da kullanlmtr.
19. ve 20. yzyl boyunca balmumu ve parafin,
duvar resimlerinin salamlatrlmasnda kullanlrd. Bunun sonucunda da toz birikimi ve

yapma, renklerin tonunun deiimine ve koyulamasna ve ayrca yzeyin parlak grnmesine de sebep oldu.
balayc, duvar resmi, taklit mermer,
stko, koyulama

BG

: ,

, . , , .

: -

.
. 19 20
, ,
, ().
, , , -

405

INDICES

Bulgarian Index
medium 131
gesso 367
selezione dellargento ( ) 343
selezione delloro ( ) 343
stacco () 345
stacco a massello ( ) 345
strappo () 345
terra alba 380
terra di sinope 125
367
105, 187, 229,
149
313, 315, 325, 349, 353, 354, 377
165, 167, 169,
354
107, 349, 370
107, 101
380, 117
257,
277, 281, 283, 287, 289

293
277, 279, 287
277, 281, 287, 289
35
125, 55, 73, 77, 319, 345
29
331
29, 35, 53, 55, 87
235
392
87, 109, 139, 177, 384
259
65
27, 35, 47, 121, 353, 363, 375, 382
155, 217
277, 283
41
213, 221, 223
363
173, 301, 339
354, 360, 361, 372, 376, 379, 382, 384, 385,
387, 388, 390, 391, 395, 396, 397
87, 139, 384, 390
71, 85, 385
71
71, 85, 103, 385, 390
354, 384, 387, 388, 390, 391
384, 387, 390
67, 83, 93, 105, 115, 323, 358
183, 193, 360, 363, 366, 367, 376
67, 85, 361
67, 71, 85, 101, 361,
63, 83, 337, 367
61
61
267, 269
257, 267, 269, 281, 283, 285
47

406

231

233, 235, 239, 243,
255, 297
73, 107, 145, 149, 153, 161, 165, 185, 193,
199, 217, 219, 356, 357, 372
149, 151, 153, 155, 161, 163, 167,
185, 191, 197, 217, 225, 227
325
111, 213, 403
394
67, 69, 97, 113, 117, 405
313
347
135, 137
351
169
143, 145,
187, 189, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 213, 217, 225,
227, 229
143,
197, 203, 205
163, 187, 229
87, 113, 360, 384, 385
59, 87, 93, 115, 117, 165, 354, 363, 367,
376, 380, 394, 395, 402
119
65, 85
37, 45, 87, 99, 354, 356, 363, 365, 368,
376, 398, 400
37
59

33

31, 33
/ 27, 29, 37, 39, 55, 185, 388
27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51,
113, 317, 321, 347, 354, 384, 390, 391
233
( ) 137
135, 137
57
55, 73
49, 59, 61, 69, 87, 99, 367
62, 89, 370
67, 95
41
25, 247
199, 211, 295
75, 79
( ) 35
135, 137
89, 105
51, 53, 55, 57, 101, 153, 349, 351, 379,
380, 387, 394
245, 255
384
35
291, 297, 299, 301
313

45
43
35, 165
27, 29, 31, 33
51, 53, 55, 57, 81,
41
97
370
183, 187
167, 227, 307
307, 309
49, 63, 177, 209, 219
49
61, 63, 83
89, 117
351
181, 195
185, 197
143, 145, 147, 217
143, 145, 165, 169
387
315
205
/ 27
27, 29, 31, 33
29, 33, 41
33
/ 29
221, 223
221, 223
183, 187, 189, 197
307, 309, 311
93, 103
201
201
(
) 25
41
165, 215, 225
59, 356
55, 73, 125, 139
185, 197

295
329, 339
101, 107
61
257, 259
135, 137
51, 353, 376, 384, 388, 397
47, 357, 398
27, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53,
55, 57, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79
71, 73, 77, 79, 103, 131, 357, 398
145, 149, 151, 155, 157, 161
131
231, 233, 241
87, 89, 105, 361, 394, 395
47, 356

 33
403
71, 77, 213, 356, 360, 366, 384
211
145, 149, 157, 167, 227
358
71, 83, 358, 360, 388
243, 251, 253, 255
103, 137, 141
35, 121, 365, 368, 372, 402
63
27, 35, 37, 368
145, 165
165
165
263, 319, 321, 323, 335, 354, 367
155, 171
29
307, 309
149, 151, 153
-
251, 255, 265, 295, 297
217, 349, 370, 403
301, 311, 313
203, 207
356, 365
241, 243
400
189, 365
261
263
47
81
77
205, 207, 209,
59, 87, 105, 363, 366, 367,
193, 195
325
29
267
25, 181, 183
123
65, 69, 95, 99, 209, 215, 349, 373
273
361, 375, 377
181, 183
403
193, 195
384
27, 39, 43, 45, 309, 317, 319, 351, 353,
354, 358, 375 384, 387, 390, 395, 397
/ 53
55, 201
373
61, 99, 101, 107
67, 97, 99, 105, 117,
137
243
67, 71, 83, 85
57
283
215
205, 207
111, 403
/ 403

275, 277, 285

41,93
113, 379, 391, 401, 402
291, 293, 295, 297, 303
61
169
113, 391
115
387, 391
115, 117
129
177, 327
245, 271, 273, 275
123
139, 173
146, 219
403
372
261, 265
239, 251, 253, 287, 289
257, 259
175
331, 341
167
191
31
121
356
165
189, 211
99, 373
27, 49, 59, 61, 63, 67, 73, 89, 113, 129,
139, 241, 269, 319, 345, 347
155
390
51
193, 195
115
149, 163, 295
127
235, 241, 291,
293, 297
109
- 115
211
45
91, 177
133
155, 25
63, 69, 71, 77, 83, 85, 87, 89, 95, 97, 99,
101, 105, 111, 117, 133, 354, 367, 375, 376, 380,
391, 392
291
297
351, 377
45
119, 365, 368, 400
221
187
125, 131
267, 271, 273, 275, 281,
303
313, 315, 317
( ) 33

49
201
147, 215
307, 309, 311
367
380, 394
395
75
363, 380, 382, 390
365
217, 147
113, 357, 363, 382, 388, 396, 397
157
289, 305, 311, 327
303
301
31
321
315
351
289

245, 247, 249
235,
237, 241, 265
237, 239, 243, 245, 249,
255, 265, 269
237
235, 237
205, 209
33, 35
/ 375
47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 353, 354, 356, 357,
367, 368, 375, 376, 387, 388, 391, 398, 400
37, 51, 119, 353, 356, 357, 363, 376, 387,
388, 390, 391, 398
148
205
111,
155, 163, 171, 361
129
185, 197
327
177
197
151, 163, 167, 171, 185

145, 162
143, 145, 149, 151, 153, 155,
157, 161, 163, 167, 169, 183, 185, 227, 269, 363
65, 89
31
289, 319, 329, 331, 335, 337,
339, 341, 343
93, 219
341, 343
63, 329, 333
333
- 382
345, 347
29, 113
51, 57, 59, 63, 65, 69, 85, 87, 89, 95,
99, 101, 105, 111, 349, 353, 354, 357, 361, 363,
370, 373, 375, 376, 377, 385, 388, 390, 392, 400,
403, 405

407

 45
245
67, 103
67, 71, 85, 105, 107
99
69, 73, 79, 125
115, 117
57
351
373
315, 317, 379

97, 99, 349, 354, 370

297, 301, 303
205
103
351
27, 43, 49, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77, 89,
93, 95, 97, 101, 109, 131, 139, 159, 161, 163, 181,
189, 205, 213, 223, 227, 231, 235, 237, 241, 243,
253, 255, 259, 261, 256, 267, 269, 277, 283, 285,
291, 2293, 295, 297, 303, 327, 337, 345, 347, 351,
361, 372, 375, 377, 379, 387, 391, 398, 403, 405

69
245, 247, 249
113, 353, 357, 372, 376
372
179
155
166, 200
167
27
39
39
291, 301, 327, 339
65, 99, 117, 373
123

408

89, 361
65
331
333, 341
119, 368, 400, 402
357
113, 401, 402
41
35
/ 337
329, 333, 335
() 227, 287
345, 347
329, 333, 335, 343
97, 345
87, 89, 93, 105, 117, 354, 377
27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 45, 113, 119, 353, 356,
365, 368, 372, 376, 388, 397, 402
35
271, 275, 281, 285

157, 159, 163, 167
, 173
313
297, 299,
301, 303
351
225
205
353
45
231, 235
387
37
35
341
233, 261, 263, 265

67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 85, 125

71, 83, 85
31, 39, 43, 45, 321, 325, 379
55
153, 269
/ p 153
382, 388
382
167
325
- , ,
51
329, 341
341, 343
43
213, 215, 223
370
145,
159, 163
167
143, 161
33
47, 175, 227, 351, 354, 363, 372, 375,
379, 396
57, 353
147, 165
129, 135, 141
400
205
356
115, 117
115
115
115
- 115

Croatian Index
abrazija 187, 229, 336
aditiv 51, 348, 350, 378, 379, 386, 393
aeroestice 169
aerosoli 164, 167, 169
agregat 46, 51, 53, 55, 57, 309, 351, 352, 357,
374, 383, 386, 395, 397
akrilik 107, 348, 350, 353, 369, 374
akrilne emulzije 107
akrilno slikarstvo 101, 107
alabaster 117, 379
analiza 157, 253, 255, 257, 259, 267, 269, 271,
273, 275, 277, 280, 287, 289, 307
analiza materijala i ispitivanja 257, 259, 267,
269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 281, 382
analiza veziva 277, 280, 287, 289
analize pigmenta 277, 278, 287, 289
anorgansko vezivo 51, 111, 362
apsolutna vlanost 149
arhitektonska povrina 28, 34, 42, 39, 46, 48, 51,
53, 55, 64, 66, 71, 81, 86, 114, 121, 181, 183, 185,
187, 189, 191, 193, 197, 205, 207, 213, 223, 226,
229, 277, 282, 290, 296, 336, 351, 364, 374, 378,
386, 397
arhitektonsko istraivanje boje 244, 246, 249,
251,
arriccio 55, 73, 76, 125, 344,
astrazione cromatica 328, 341, 343
atmosferske estice 147
bakterije 171, 282
beskontaktno istraivanje 259
bijela koprena 213, 221, 223
bijeli premaz 86, 177
bioienje 305
bioloka ispitivanja 277, 282
bioloka kolonizacija 171
bioloki rast 107, 111, 151,155, 163, 171, 282,
360
bioloko pogoranje 171
blijeenje 213, 221, 223
bojeni sloj 48, 61, 62, 249, 344, 348
cement 46, 115, 175, 227, 350, 353, 362, 371,
374, 378, 379, 381, 386, 388, 395
ciklusi smrzavanja-otapanja 143, 145, 159, 163
crte 25, 69, 73, 79, 103, 125, 129, 131, 137, 233,
244
cvjetanje soli 226, 160, 167, 201, 225, 307
ienje 187, 289, 305, 307, 310, 327
erpi 27, 34, 37, 367
datalogger 292
dekoracija 25, 103, 112, 119, 246
distemper 105
dnevno svjetlo 262, 264, 273
dokumentacija 131, 233, 244, 246
drenaa 291, 296, 299, 301
drobljena opeka 357, 371
drvena struktura 42
ekstrakcija 271, 307
enkaustika 97
epoksidna smola 369
erozija 163, 183, 187, 229
erozija vjetrom 163, 187, 229

facing 301, 376

fenomenoloki pristup 230, 233, 235, 239
fina buka 76
finozrnato 76, 317, 365, 367, 379
fiziko-kemijska analiza 277, 287
fotodokumentacija 230, 233, 259, 261, 262,
264
fotografija 261, 264, 295
fresco 66, 70, 73, 75, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 101,
125, 213, 318, 360
fresco secco 71, 82, 83, 84
fuga 155
gaeno vapno 86, 112, 359, 360, 383, 390
giornata 75, 79, 262
gips 58, 93, 115, 117, 164, 353, 362, 366, 374,
379, 393, 401
gipsana buka 379
gipsani mort 115
glazirana opeka 119
glazirane dekoracije 119
glina 37, 45, 86, 99, 202, 310, 353, 355, 357, 362,
364, 367, 374, 397, 399
grafiki simbol 251
grafiko prikazivanje 251
granulacija 46, 357
gruba buka 57, 76
guma 64, 89, 369
hidarulino vezivo 281, 381, 386
hidraulini cement 362, 381
hidraulino vapno 383, 386
higroskopne soli 153, 219, 268
higroskopnost / rastapanje 153, 161, 167
hitne intervencije 296, 301, 303
hrapavljenje 139, 173
iluzionistika reintegracija 339
impasto 101, 107
infiltracija 145, 149, 155, 227, 323
infracrvena reflektografija 131, 264,
inkrustacija 226
intervencije 42, 176, 179, 202, 251, 301, 303, 332
intonaco 70, 71, 73, 76, 79, 103, 131, 135, 336,
344, 371
injektiranje 179, 312, 315, 317, 378
isklesana arhitektura 25
isoljavanje 307, 309, 310
isparavanje 226, 271
ispitivanje 235, 253, 273, 282
ispitivanje strukture 235, 236, 241, 243
ispuna 32, 34, 44, 321, 335, 262
ispunjavanje 41, 181, 315, 318, 374
ispupenost 201
istraivanje 230, 235, 239, 241, 244, 246, 253,
254, 257, 259, 261, 273, 275, 277, 284, 296,
istraivanje graevine 244, 246
istraivanje mjesta 241, 243, 253, 254, 264
istraivanje objekta 239, 234, 244, 249, 254,
262, 264, 269
izbjeljivanje 213, 221, 223
izoblienje 199, 295
izravnavajui premaz 55, 73,125, 139, 386
izravno urezivanje 135
izvjetaj 253, 254, 295
izvornik 176, 264, 318, 328, 331, 338, 341, 343

jajana tempera 89
jednostavni test 277, 287
kalcij karbonat 70, 76, 164, 213, 355, 358, 359,
365, 374, 383
kalcinacija 383
kalcitna kora 358
kalijev silikat 402
kalup 46, 93, 393, 399
kamen 27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 41, 44, 57, 66, 112,
117, 155, 159, 160, 162, 189, 193, 195, 219, 321,
325, 351, 360, 383, 386, 401, 402
kanatna konstrukcija / bondruk 44, 45
karbonatacija 70, 71, 82, 83, 358, 359, 386
kazein 86, 89, 105, 215, 360, 393
kemijski postupci 271
kemijski sastav 164, 278, 280
kemijsko ienje 327
keramika 121, 364, 371, 401,
kisele kie 145, 164
kit 353, 366
kokolit 365
kompozitno zidanje 28
kondenzacija 149, 151, 153
konsolidacija 301, 310, 312, 317, 369, 404
konzervatorsko restauratorski izvjetaj 249,
251, 254, 264
korozija 189, 275, 264
kositar 95
koso svjetlo 261, 262
krakelire 205, 207, 209
kreda 58, 86, 105, 127, 197, 362, 365, 366
kristalizacija soli 191, 193, 195, 213
lak 64, 69, 95, 99, 209, 215, 217, 219, 348, 372
lakuna 181, 318, 323, 325, 328, 331, 332, 335,
338, 341, 343
lazura 62, 63, 82, 83, 337, 366
lazuriranje 336
listanje 191, 193, 195
lomljeni kamen 31, 41, 351
lustro 66, 97, 115, 117, 404
luina 360
ljepilo 105, 117, 315, 348, 351, 360, 374, 376, 402
ljuskanje 191, 193, 195, 262
ljutenje 191, 193, 195
mapiranje 233, 242, 243, 251, 253, 254
mehaniko ienje 305
mehaniko hrapavljenje 139
metalni pigmenti 189
mezzo fresco 66, 67, 70, 71, 82, 83, 84
mikrobioloko pogoranje 171
mikroklima 292
mikroskop 271, 273, 275, 279, 284, 287
mimetska reintegracija 328, 338
mineralne boje 111, 402
mineraloka ispitivanje 275, 277, 284
mjerenje 235, 242, 292, 295
mokro-suhi ciklusi 160, 227
mordent 95
morski pijesak 397
mozaik 112, 346, 378, 390, 401
mramor 28, 117, 164, 383, 386, 395, 401
mramorni prah 112, 390
mrea 129, 242
mrvljenje 185, 197

409

nadziranje 291, 293, 295, 296, 303

nanoenje ukrasa 66, 95
neizravno urezivanje 135, 137
nenasilna istraivanja 230, 257, 259, 262
neprimjereni povijesni zahvati 175
neutralna reintegracija 328, 331
nosa 27, 48, 49, 58, 66, 73, 139, 185, 202, 268,
269, 344, 346, 378
oblaganje pulpom 307, 309, 310
obrub 323
odravanje i skrb 296, 299, 301, 303
okoli 42, 64, 143, 145, 153, 155, 157, 163, 189,
207, 210, 225, 235, 241, 254, 282, 290, 295, 296,
366
omjer 57, 353, 388
oneienje 143, 145, 164, 189, 241, 295, 296,
307
oneienje zraka 143, 145, 164, 169, 189,
openi prah 112, 352, 357, 371, 374
opeka 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 45, 119, 355,
357, 364, 367, 371, 386, 395
opus musivum 112
opus tesselatum 112
organsko vezivo 84, 89, 105, 217, 280, 360
oteenja 139, 155, 160, 161, 171, 173, 175, 181,
187, 189, 251, 305, 328, 331, 335, 336, 338, 343,
369
otkrivanje 177, 327
otkriveni beton 46
palimpsest 109
pariki gips 379, 393
pastiglia 93
patina 210, 211
pelinji vosak 404
pentimento 91, 177
perforirani karton 103
petrografska mikroskopija 284,
pietra rasa 41
pigment 62, 63, 69, 70, 76, 82, 84, 89, 95, 97, 99,
101, 105, 111, 117, 125, 164, 189, 217, 223, 225,
278, 353, 366, 374, 379, 392
pijesak 37, 119, 352, 355, 374, 386, 390, 397
podcrte 79, 125, 131
podloga 48, 49, 58, 61, 86, 129, 209, 336, 344,
346, 366, 378
podloni sloj 58, 61
podslika 61, 63, 83
poentilizam 328, 332, 335
pogoranje 143, 145, 151, 157, 159, 162, 171,
175, 253, 277, 278, 280, 282, 284, 290, 301
pogoranje potaknuto ljudskim djelovanjem
173
pogoranje prouzroeno okoliem 143, 145,
157, 159, 161, 162, 167
polimer 348, 372, 376
poliranje 66, 97, 187, 404
ponovno fugiranje 321, 386
pontata 75, 262
popravak obruba 323
popreni presjek 271, 273, 275, 281
pore 317, 369
porozni materijal 149, 159, 160, 348, 369
povijesno istraivanje 230, 233, 241
praak 133, 390
praina 147, 213, 216, 229, 267, 268, 404

410

prakanje 133
prakasto osipanje 197
pregled graevine i mjesta 291, 296, 230, 233,
235, 237, 239, 243, 253, 254, 291, 296
premaz 51, 55, 57, 58, 66, 69, 86, 99, 105, 109,
175, 191, 209, 215, 353, 383, 388, 402, 404
presjek 271, 273, 275, 281, 284
preslik 176, 327
prijenos 344, 346
pripremanje uzorka 267, 271, 273, 275, 281,
282
pripremni crte 69, 125, 131
procjena okolia 235, 241, 290, 293, 295, 296,
301
promjena pigmenta 164, 189, 215, 225
propadanje 162, 164, 167, 176, 185, 189, 235,
305, 362
prouavanje klime u unutranjosti 291, 292,
295
prskana crta 127
pucolan 112, 357, 362, 371, 381, 386, 387, 395
pukotina 155, 202, 205, 207, 209, 237, 262, 295,
317, 374, 378, 386
pulpa 307, 309, 310
punilo 51, 58, 69, 81, 86, 101, 111, 318, 352, 353,
355, 366, 367, 374, 386, 390, 397, 399
raslojavanje 262
rastapanje 153, 271
reintegracija 63, 289, 318, 328, 331, 332, 335,
337, 338, 339, 341, 343
rekonstrukcija 246, 332, 335, 338
relativna vlanost 149, 292, 295
reljef 93, 262, 399
retu 69, 328, 332, 339
reverzibilnost 332, 336, 348
rosite 151, 295
rupa za skelu 123
scagliola 115, 117, 404
secco 66, 82, 83, 84, 105, 209, 350, 360
selezione cromatica 341, 343
sgraffito 66, 103
siuna pukotina 205, 207, 386
sikativ 99, 372
silicifikacija 402
silikatne boje 111
sinopija 69, 73, 79, 125, 131
skalpel 267
skela 75, 123
skica 129, 137
skidanje 344, 346, 376
slana kora 226
slikani sloj 55, 62, 69, 76, 109, 176, 209, 219, 315,
318, 327, 344
slikarstvo 61, 70, 84, 101, 107, 125, 360, 371, 390
sloj 30, 48, 53, 55, 58, 61, 62, 64, 69, 70, 73, 76,
81, 99, 103, 109, 111, 112, 125, 139, 176, 191,
193, 195, 201, 202, 205, 209, 211, 219, 246, 249,
262, 273, 275, 280, 312, 315, 317, 318, 327, 336,
344, 346, 348, 367, 371, 390, 401
smola 64, 97, 99, 215, 273, 346, 348, 353, 369
spojnica 30, 39, 41, 42, 44, 321, 325, 378
srebro 95
stacco 344
stacco a massello 344
statika pukotina 202, 205, 207, 209

stilus 137
strappo 344
stratigrafija slike 69
stratigrafsko istraivanje 244, 246, 249, 255,
269
struktura 42, 48, 185, 217, 278, 341, 343, 395
strukturne intervencije 179
strukturni zahvati 155, 179, 323
stucco lustro 115
subflorescencija 201
suhozid 27, 39
sulfatizacija 219
suivo ulje 64, 99, 117, 372
svjea buka 79, 133, 135, 137
svrdlo 267, 268, 269
ablona 135, 141
indra 121
pilja 25
tuko 114, 115, 388, 390, 393, 404
tuko mramor 117
upljina 181, 183, 315, 378
tamnjenje 147, 211, 216, 404
tanki presjek 271, 275, 281, 284, 287
taela 325
tekstura 34, 86, 101, 318, 335, 337, 371, 397
temeljni sloj 58, 61, 99, 112
tempera 64, 89, 360
terakota 119, 367, 399, 401
terakotne ploice 119
tesera 112, 401
test 277, 278, 280, 287, 289
testni postupci 289
tonsko podeavanje / lazuriranje 336
topljive soli 143, 145, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157,
161, 163, 167, 169, 183, 185, 226, 227, 269, 362
tragovi alata 262
tratteggio 328, 332, 335, 343
tutkalo 86, 89, 93, 105, 15, 117, 353, 376
uvriva 312, 348, 369, 402
uvrivanje 216, 289, 315
ulje 69, 89, 97, 99, 105, 117, 215, 217, 372, 353
ulje na kamenu 66
uljno slikarstvo 61, 66, 99, 101, 107,
unutarnji uzroci pogoranja 143, 197, 203, 205
upravljanje okoliem 291, 296, 299, 303
urezivanje 93, 135, 137, 139, 262
uzlazna (kapilarna) vlaga 145, 149, 157, 167, 227
uzorak 141, 251, 269, 271, 273, 275, 278, 284
uzorkovanje 230, 257, 267, 268, 269, 281, 282,
284
uzorkovanje jezgre buenjem 268
vanjska buka 27, 51, 53, 55, 57, 81, 362, 386,
388, 397
vanjski uzroci pogoranja 143, 145, 163, 187,
189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 23,
217, 225, 227, 229
vapnena voda 70, 84, 385, 358
vapnena buka 66, 70, 82, 93 105, 115, 164, 213,
358, 371, 383, 393
vapnenac 28, 164, 183, 193, 359, 362, 365, 374,
383, 386
vapneni fresco 66, 101, 360
vapneni mort 115, 323, 383, 386, 388
vapneni mort / vapnena buka 386

vapneni prah 383, 386, 388

vapneni premaz 86, 139, 383, 388
vapneni secco 66, 84
vapneno blato 365
vapneno mlijeko 70, 71, 84, 85, 103, 385, 388
vapneno tijesto 353, 383, 386, 388, 390
vapno 58, 82, 84, 85, 86, 103, 381, 105, 109, 309,
318, 327, 353, 355, 359, 371, 383, 385, 388, 393,
395
vezivo 28, 51, 53, 55, 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 69, 84,
86, 89, 95, 99, 101, 105, 111, 112, 185, 217, 275,
277, 280, 281, 318, 336, 348, 351, 353, 357, 360,
362, 366, 372, 374, 376, 381, 385, 386, 388, 392,
399, 402, 404
vlaga 73, 107, 145, 149, 153, 157, 159, 160, 162,
164, 167, 185, 193, 216, 219, 237, 296, 355, 357,
371
vlakna 374, 386
vlana buka 66, 7
vlanost 149, 151, 153, 155, 167, 185, 191, 197,
199, 219, 225, 227, 282, 292, 295

vodena boja 105, 336

vodeno staklo 111, 213, 402
vosak 66, 69, 97, 112, 117, 353, 404
zaglaeni sloj 55
zaglaivanje 187, 358
zakrpa 325
zaprljanje 147, 217,
zasienost boje 147, 219, 223
zatita zidnih slika 230, 261, 292, 296
zavrna vanjska buka 81
zid od neobraenoga kamena 27, 28, 31, 32,
41
zid od priklesanoga kamena 27, 28, 30, 31, 32,
33
zid od prirodnoga kamena 28
zidanje 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 39, 55
zidanje opekom 34
zidna slika 48,49, 62, 64, 66, 69, 76, 153, 159,
160, 161, 162, 181, 189, 195, 197, 205, 213, 223,
226, 229, 230, 235, 237, 239, 241, 242, 251, 253,

254, 259, 261, 262, 267, 268, 277, 282, 284, 290,
292, 295, 296, 301, 303, 321, 327, 344, 346, 348,
350, 360, 374, 376, 378, 386, 390, 397, 402, 404
zidno slikarstvo 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 84, 85, 93,
95, 97, 99, 101, 107, 360, 371, 378, 390, 397
zlato 95
znanstveni prikazi 261, 264
znanstveno istraivanje 230, 239, 249, 251,
253, 254, 273, 275, 287, 289
zrak 164, 169, 189, 296, 358, 359, 362, 372, 381,
388, 402
buka 27, 37, 42, 45, 47, 48, 51, 53, 55, 57, 66,
69, 73, 76, 79, 84, 99, 103, 105, 109, 111, 185,
219, 352, 362, 367, 371, 374, 379, 381, 286, 388,
393, 397
buka za injektiranje 315, 317, 378
bukani sloj 53, 76, 103, 201, 246
ivo vapno 359, 383
rtvena buka 307, 309
uenje 147, 211, 215
umanjak 89, 350

411

English Index
abrading powder 365
abrasion 104, 186, 228, 336
absolute humidity 148
absorption and desorption of moisture 160
accelerator 349
acid deposition 164
acid precipitation 164
acid rain 144, 164
acrylic 100, 106, 348, 349, 353, 369
additive 50, 52, 56, 114, 348, 349, 377, 379, 386,
393
adherence 138, 374
adhesion 48, 54, 58, 84, 112, 180, 194, 308, 316,
346, 386, 403
adhesive 312, 314, 324, 348, 351, 353, 360, 374,
376
admixture 5054, 349
adobe 26, 34, 36, 367
aerosols 164168
afterthought 90
ageing 208, 210, 216, 369
aggregate 46, 5056, 308, 351, 356, 374, 382,
386, 395, 397
air humidity 148
air pollution 142, 144, 164, 168, 188, 216
air temperature 292
alabaster 116, 379
algae 170, 282
analysis 156, 230, 248, 254258, 266288
analysis of binding media 230, 276, 280, 286,
288
analytical techniques 258
ancient Roman running bond 34
anthropically induced deterioration 173
anthropogenic 144, 186
application stucco 114
arch 28
archaeology 230, 244, 246, 330
architectural investigation 234
architectural paint research 230, 244, 246250
architectural surfaces 28, 34, 42, 4854, 62, 64,
70, 80, 86, 114, 182, 184, 188, 192, 196, 204, 206,
222, 226, 228, 250, 276, 282, 296, 363, 374, 377,
386, 397
arriccio 54, 72, 76, 124, 344
ashlar 26, 28, 30, 32
ashlar facing 30
ashlar stone masonry 26, 28, 30, 32
astrazione cromatica 328, 340, 342
atmospheric particles 146
authenticity 330
backfilling of voids 314
bacteria 170, 282
beams 32, 44, 178
beton brut 46
binder 5058, 6264, 68, 8488, 94, 98, 100,
104, 110, 112, 184, 216, 280, 292, 318, 353, 356,
360/1, 369, 372376, 381, 384388, 391, 395,
398/9, 402/3
binding medium 62, 64, 353, 376, 402
bioconservation 304
biodeterioration 170
biogrowth 170
biological cleaning 304

412

biological colonisation 154, 170, 216, 276, 282

biological examination 230, 276, 282
biological growth 106, 110, 150, 154, 162, 170,
282, 360
bioremediation 306
bioremoval 304
biorestoration 304
bird droppings 146, 170
black crusts 146, 164
blasting 46
bleaching 212, 220, 222
board shuttering 46
boards 120, 122
boulders 32
brick 2636, 44, 112, 118, 122, 320, 351, 354,
356, 361, 363, 367, 370, 374, 386, 395, 398, 401
brick dust 112, 351, 356, 361, 370, 374, 398
brick masonry 34, 320
brick powder 374
broken range work 30
brut concrete 46
building and site survey 230, 232, 234, 236,
238, 242, 252, 254, 290, 296
building archaeology 230, 244, 246
bulge 200
bulk 351, 374
calcite crust 358
calcitic layer 212
calcium carbonate 70, 76, 164, 212, 354, 358/9,
365, 374, 382, 383
calcium oxalate 210
capillary rise 156
carbonation 70, 82, 358, 359, 383, 386
cartoon 102, 136
casein 86, 88, 104, 214, 360, 393
cast stucco 114
casting 50
cave 24, 154, 286
cavity 24, 180, 182
cellulose derivatives 369
cement 46, 114, 174, 226, 274, 349, 353, 361,
365, 370, 374, 377, 379, 381, 386, 388, 395
ceramic 34, 62, 120, 208, 363, 367, 401
ceramic glaze 62
chalk 58, 86, 104, 126, 196, 361, 365
chalking 196
chamotte 398
chemical cleaning 304, 326
chemical composition 142, 216, 224, 278, 280, 391
chlorides 166
chromatic alteration 212, 214, 222
chronology of interventions 42
cladding 120
clapboard / shingle 120
clay 36, 44, 88, 98, 114, 160, 202, 310, 353, 354,
356, 361, 363, 367, 374, 397, 398, 399
clay minerals 160, 356, 367, 397
cleaning 288, 304, 306, 310, 326
climate 86, 290, 292, 294, 296
climatic factors 162
coatings 52, 54, 174, 214, 262, 402
cocciopesto 113, 349, 356, 370
cold surface 150
colloidal system 168
colonisation 154, 170, 216, 276, 282
colour saturation 146, 156, 218

complete retouching 338

composite masonry 28
compresses 266, 300
compressive stress 351
concrete 26, 34, 46, 120, 351, 361, 374, 381
condensation 148, 150, 152
conservation materials 198, 214, 218, 224
conservation methodology 340, 342
conservation report 248, 250, 254, 264, 294, 296
conservation/restoration theory 332
consolidant 312, 348, 369, 402
consolidation 216, 300, 310, 312, 316, 369, 403
construction 24141, 198, 218, 224, 234, 244248,
351, 377
contactless investigation 230, 258
cornices 398
correction 90
corrosion 188, 274, 363
course disposition 30
course rendering 54
coursed ashlar 30
crack 106, 154, 158, 194, 202, 204, 206, 208,
236, 262, 294, 316, 367, 374, 377, 386
crackle 208
craquelure 204, 206, 208
cross section 68, 230, 242, 244, 270, 272, 274,
280, 286
crossbars 122
crumbling 184, 196
crushed brick 356, 370
crystallisation cycles 166
curing 369, 372, 393
darkening 146, 210, 216, 336, 403
daub 44
decoration 24, 94, 102, 110, 112, 116, 118, 246
decorative application 66, 94
defects in a building 154
deformation 198, 236, 294,
degradation 188, 234, 348
delamination 262
deliquescence 152, 160, 166
deliquescent salt 152
deposits 212, 214, 266, 294, 304
desalination or salt reduction 306, 308, 310
design technique 82, 132
detachment 190, 192, 194, 344, 346, 376
deterioration 130, 142229, 250, 252, 276284,
290, 300, 304
dew point 150, 294
diagonal bond 34
direct incision 134, 136
discolouration 146, 214, 222, 294
disintegration 184, 196
displacement 294
dissolution 152, 184, 270
distemper 88, 104
dogtooth bond 34
dolomitic stone 382
dome 28, 66
drainage 290, 296, 298, 300
drawn stucco 114
drill core sampling 230, 268
dry masonry joint 38
dry stone masonry 38
dry wall 26
drying oil 64, 98, 116, 372

dust 112, 146, 212, 216, 228, 266, 351, 356, 361,
370, 374, 390, 398, 403
dutchman repair 324
dye 391
edging repair 322
efflorescence 160, 166, 200, 224, 226, 306
egg white 64
emergency measure 296, 300, 302
emergency plan 296
encaustic 96, 403
english bond 34
enlargement 128
environment 42, 64, 142, 144, 152, 154, 156,
159, 160, 162, 166, 188, 198, 204, 206, 210, 224,
234, 240, 254, 280, 292, 294, 296, 298, 300, 302,
354, 360
environmental assessment 234, 240, 290296
environmental conditions 156, 162, 224
environmental deterioration 142, 144, 156,
159, 160, 162, 166
environmental factors 198, 354
environmental fluctuations 142, 144
environmental management 290, 296, 298,
300, 302
epoxy 369
equilibrium relative humidity 148
erosion 162, 182, 186, 228
exposed aggregate 46
exposed concrete 46
extender 365
extraneous material 146
extrinsic cause of deterioration 144, 162,
186204, 212, 216, 224228
facing 30, 300, 344, 376
fading 212, 220, 222
fair faced concrete 46
fake halftimbering 44
fat lime 388
fibres 374, 386
fibrous material 36
fill 38, 80, 218, 320, 322, 353
filler 50, 58, 68, 80, 86, 100, 110, 318, 351, 353,
354, 365, 367, 374, 386, 390, 397, 398
final render 80
final rending 76
finish coat 80
fissure 204
fixing 314
flakes 192, 194
flaking 58, 190194, 262
flemish bond 34
float 54
floating coat 54, 124
fluctuations 142, 144, 162
fluidiser 349
fogs 168
fossil fuels 164
framework or pattern 128
freezethaw cycles 144, 158, 159
freezing point 159
fresco 66, 7078, 82, 100, 124, 212, 256, 318, 360
fresco secco 70, 82, 84
fresco technique 7276
frost damage 159
fungi 170, 282

gauging plaster 393

gesso 116
giornata 74, 78
glaze 62, 82, 118, 208, 218, 336, 363, 365, 398
glazed decorations 118
gloss 64
glue 86, 88, 92, 104, 114, 116, 353, 376
grid (from Quadratura) 128
grog 398
ground 48, 58, 60, 68, 86, 104, 196, 365
ground preparation 58
groundwater 156
grout (injection) 26, 178, 312, 314, 316, 377
grouting 178
guide to layout 304
gum 64, 88, 369
gypsum 58, 86, 92, 114, 116, 164, 353, 361, 374,
379, 392, 393, 401
hairline crack 204, 206, 386
halftimber 44
hemihydrated plaster 393
historical investigation 230, 232, 240
human acts 173
humid environment 152
humidity 106, 148, 150, 154, 160, 162, 184, 190,
192, 196, 198, 216, 218, 224, 226, 236, 282, 290
296
hydraulic 280, 356, 361/2, 371, 381, 382, 386,
388, 395
hydraulic binder 280, 381, 386, 395
hydraulic cement 361, 262, 381, 395
hydraulic lime 377, 382, 386, 388
hydrophobicity 369
hygrometer 148
hygroscopic 152, 156, 160, 166, 218, 268
hygroscopic expansion 160
hygroscopic moisture 156
hygroscopic salt 152, 218, 268
hygroscopicity / deliquescence 152, 160, 166
ice crystals 159
illusionism reintegration 338
image carrier 48, 58
impasto 100, 106
imprimatura 60
inappropriate historic interventions 174
incident/oblique 262
incised drawing 134, 136
incision 92, 134, 136, 140, 262
incompatible materials 174
indentations 138
indirect incision 134, 136
indoor climate study 290, 292, 294
infill 32, 44, 180, 262, 318, 320, 330334, 338, 340
infiltration 144, 148, 150, 154, 156, 160, 226,
234, 322
infrared reflectography 130
ingress of water 154
injection of grout 178, 312, 314, 316, 377
inpainting 328
interior and/or exterior paint 86
interstitial 150
intonaco 70, 72, 7680, 102, 130, 134, 336, 344,
370
intrinsic cause of deterioration 142, 196, 202,
204

invasive 230, 246, 256, 258, 262, 266, 278

iron dowels 174
joint 30, 3844, 262, 320, 324, 377
keying 138, 173
lacuna 180, 318, 322, 324, 328332, 334, 338,
340, 342
layers 50, 52, 54, 60, 68, 80, 108, 112, 138, 190196,
200, 204, 208, 210, 218, 246, 248, 272, 274, 280,
312318, 326, 348, 367, 390
levelling coat 54, 72, 124, 138, 386
lichens 170, 282
lime 58, 66, 70, 8286, 92, 100104, 108, 112,
212, 308, 326, 353, 358/9, 365, 370, 377, 381
390, 393, 395
lime fresco 66, 100, 360
lime milk 70, 84, 102, 384, 388
lime mortar 114, 322, 382, 386, 388
lime putty 353, 382, 386, 388, 390
lime secco 66, 84
lime water 70, 84, 358, 384
lime white 365
limestone 28, 142, 152, 160, 162, 164, 182, 192,
274, 359, 361, 365, 374, 382/3
limewash 86, 138
linseed oil 104, 372
liquid glass 402
lithium silicate 402
load bearing 354, 398
long term consolidation 312
loss of adhesion 180
loss of cohesion 184, 196
magnesian limes 382
maintenance and care 296300
mapping 230, 232, 242, 244, 250254
marble cement 114
marble dust 112, 390
marine salts 168
masonry 2640, 46, 48, 54, 184, 202, 226, 320,
354, 363, 386, 395
material analysis and examination 254, 256,
266, 270, 274, 276, 280288
matrix 374
maturation 388
measurement 234, 242, 244, 256, 292296
mechanical cleaning 304
mechanical roughening 138
medium 62, 64, 88, 130, 218, 258, 270, 282, 353,
369, 372, 376, 402
metric survey 230, 242
mezzo fresco 66, 70, 82, 84
microbiological colonisation 282
microbiological deterioration 170
microorganisms 214, 224
microporous mortar 308
milk of lime 384
mimetic reintegration 328, 338
mineral paints 110, 402
mineralogical examination 230, 274, 276, 284
mists 168
moisture 72, 148, 152, 156, 159, 160, 164, 184,
234, 354, 356, 370
monitoring 290294, 296, 302
morrelone 60

413

mortar 2634, 38, 40, 44, 80, 112, 114, 134, 154,
159, 308, 316322, 346353, 356, 361, 367, 370,
374, 377, 381/2, 386390, 397, 402
mosaic 112, 346, 374, 377, 390, 401
moulding 50, 114
mural paintings 188, 194, 196, 226, 228, 349
natural stone masonry 28, 38
neglect 173
neutral reintegration 328, 330, 340
nitrates 166
non-invasive investigation 230, 256, 258, 262
object investigation 230, 236, 238, 242, 244,
248, 254, 262, 264, 268
oblique 262
observation 230, 234, 238, 252, 262, 266, 270
278, 282, 290, 294, 296
oil 36, 60, 6468, 88, 94100, 104, 106, 116, 216,
353, 372
oil painting 60, 66, 98, 100, 106
organic 50, 84, 88, 104, 174, 214, 216, 218, 280,
304, 348/9, 360/1, 391, 393, 403
original 152, 168, 174, 176, 198, 238, 284, 312,
316320, 324, 328, 330, 336342, 346, 363
outline 74, 132, 134, 262
overpaint 176, 326
oxidation 188, 210, 372
ozone 164
painting 24, 26, 42, 48, 5878, 82100, 106110,
124130, 138, 144, 152, 159162, 172, 176182,
186, 188, 194, 196, 200, 204, 208, 212, 216, 222
230, 234242, 250254, 258264, 268, 276,
282288, 292296, 300306, 310316, 326332,
340349, 360, 370379, 386, 390, 397, 402/3
painting composition 126
painting layer 108, 176, 314
painting stratigraphy 68
palimpsest 108
paper mch 114
parallel crack 204
particulate matter 164
patina 210
pebbledash 56
pebbles 56
peeling 190194
pentimento 90, 176
permeability 120, 393
phenomenological approach 230234, 238
phenomenological diagnosis 292
phenomenological study 239
photodocumentation 230, 258, 260264
photographs 264, 294
physical factors 182
physical properties 142, 351, 363
physico-chemical cleaning 304
pietra rasa 40
pietra rasa e testa scoperta 41
pigment 62, 68, 70, 76, 8288, 94100, 104/5,
110, 116, 124, 164, 188, 214, 216, 222, 224, 276,
278, 286, 288, 353, 365, 374, 379, 390, 391
pigment alteration 164, 188, 214, 224
pigment analysis 230, 276, 278, 286, 288
plants 170, 403
plaster 26, 3656, 6684, 92, 98, 102, 104, 108,
110, 114, 126, 132138, 159, 164, 174, 180, 184,

414

192, 196200, 204, 212, 218, 246, 248, 308, 314

318, 322, 336, 349, 351, 358, 361, 367, 370, 374,
379, 381/2, 386397
plaster finish 76
Plaster of Paris 114, 379, 392, 393
plaster putty 388
plasticity 388
plasticizer 349, 376
pointillism 328, 332, 334
pointing 40, 154, 160, 320, 386
polishing 66, 96, 365, 403
pollutants 168, 214, 294, 296
pollution 142, 144, 164, 168, 188, 216, 240
polychromy 342
pontata 74
poppy-seed oil 372
porcelain 363
porous material 148, 150, 159, 160, 348, 369
Portland cement 174, 361, 379, 381, 386, 388
potassium 110, 166, 367, 393, 402
poulticing 306310
pouncing 132
pozzolan / pozzolona 112/3, 356/7, 361, 370,
381, 386, 395
preliminary drawing 130
preparatory drawing 68, 124, 130, 134
preventive conservation study 302
primer 58
propping 178
proturberance 200
putlog holes 122
putty 353, 365, 382, 386390
quick lime 382
radial crack 204
raking light 230, 260, 262, 264
random ashlar 30
reattachment 314, 346
refractory fillers 354
reinforcement 26, 48
reintegration 62, 288, 318, 328342
relative humidity 148, 162, 290296
relief 90, 92, 114, 242, 262, 298
render 26, 34, 44, 5056, 80, 138, 210, 248, 268,
306, 308, 314, 316, 361, 386, 388, 397
rendering 40, 54
repointing 160, 320, 386
resealing 386
residual moisture 159
resin 64, 96, 98, 214, 272, 346, 348, 353, 369
resistance to stress and wear 351
restoration 64, 72, 210, 214, 220, 254, 268, 290,
292, 302, 326347, 388
retarder 349, 379
retouching 62, 68, 328, 332, 338
rheological properties 388
rigatino 332
rising damp 144, 148, 156, 160, 166, 226
rock fragment 56
rock-cut architecture 24
Roman cement 381
rough cast (roughcast) 56
rough plaster 56, 76
rubble 2632, 40
rubble masonry 2632, 40
rubble stone 40

sacrificial render 306, 308

salt 142, 144, 148, 150156, 160, 162, 166, 168,
182, 184, 190194, 200, 212, 218, 224, 226, 268,
286, 306310, 361, 397
salt crystallization 190194
salt efflorescence 166, 200, 224, 226, 306
salt reduction 306310
sample 230, 256, 266286
sample preparation 230, 266, 270274, 280,
282
sampling 230, 256, 266270, 280284
sand 28, 36, 118, 182, 192, 202, 228, 318, 320,
351, 354. 361, 374, 386, 388, 390, 397
saturated form 388
scaffold boards 122
scaffolding 74, 122
scagliola 114, 116, 403
scales 192, 194
scaling 190, 192, 194, 300
scientific images 260, 264
scientific investigation 230, 238, 248252, 254,
272, 274, 286, 288
scoring 134, 136, 138
secco 66, 84, 104, 200, 208, 349
selezione cromatica 328, 340, 342
selezione dellargento 342
selezione delloro 342
sequence of minute dots 132
set 76, 112, 351, 361, 370, 381/2, 386, 390,
392/3, 395
sgraffito 66, 102, 114
shale 354
shells 56, 382
shingle 120
shrinkage 351, 374, 376
shuttering 46
siccatives 98, 372
siding 120
silicate mineral paint 110
silicate of potassium 402
silicic acid 402
silification 402
silt 36
sinopia 68, 72, 78, 124, 130, 254, 288
sintered skin 358
site investigation 230, 234, 236, 240, 242, 252,
264
site survey 230, 232, 234238, 242, 252, 254,
290, 296
sketch 128
skim 80
slaked lime 86, 112, 359, 360, 382, 384, 390
slurry 58, 86
smog 164, 165
smooth formwork 46
snapped cord 126
snapped line 126
soiling / dirt 146, 214, 216, 266
soluble glass 402
soluble salts 142, 144, 148156, 160, 162, 166,
168, 182, 184, 226, 268, 308, 361
soluble silicate 402
spiral crack 204
spolvero 102, 132
spot test 230, 276, 286
squaring up 128
stabilizer 349

stacco 344, 345, 347, 376

stacco a massello 344
star crack 204
static crack 202208
stencil 134, 140
stencilling 140
stone 2634, 3840, 44, 46, 66, 94, 112116,
122, 142, 152, 154, 159, 160164, 182, 188, 192,
194, 214, 218, 252, 274, 320324, 351, 359361,
365, 382/3, 386, 401/2
stone dressing 30
straight lines 126
strappo 344
stratigraphic 230, 244248, 254, 268
stratigraphic investigation 230, 244, 246, 248,
254, 268
stratigraphy 68, 268, 272
straw 36, 349
strenghtening medium 369
strengthening agent 369
string courses 398
structural defects 154
structural elements 363
structural examination 230, 234, 236, 240,
242, 264
structural interventions 154, 178
structural stability 178, 236
stucco 388, 390/1, 393, 403/4, 113, 114, 116
stucco lustro 114
stucco marble 114, 116
stucco offset 114
stylus 136
subflorescence 160, 166, 200, 226
sulfates 166
sulfation 146, 218
sunflower oil 372
superficial loss 186
superficial staining 146
support 26, 28, 32, 48, 58, 66, 72, 128, 138, 184,
196, 202, 232, 240, 252, 268, 292, 318, 336, 344,
346, 377

surfaces 26, 28, 32, 34, 3842, 4654, 62, 64, 70,
80, 86, 96, 112116, 166, 174, 182, 184, 188,
192196, 204, 206, 222, 226, 228, 230, 240, 244,
250, 252, 262, 276, 278, 282, 286, 288, 296, 310,
363, 374, 377, 384, 386, 390, 397
surrounding 148, 188, 230, 236, 240, 242, 302,
318, 324
sweet lime 393
swelling 200, 367
swelling properties 367
tallow 86
technique 32, 34, 40, 46, 48, 56, 62, 66, 7076,
82, 84, 92, 96102, 114, 116, 132140, 174, 180,
192, 246, 250, 256, 258, 264268, 272, 278, 280,
284, 286, 304310, 328, 344, 403
tempera 64, 88
tempera binders 64
temperature 106, 150, 159, 162, 166, 290, 294,
296, 356/7, 359, 363, 382, 386, 398
template 140
temporary consolidation 312
terra alba 379
terra di sinope 124
terracotta 118, 367, 398, 401
terrazzo 356
tesserae 112, 401
test 230, 252, 254280, 286, 288
texture 34, 86, 88, 100, 318, 334, 336, 370/1, 397
theory of perception 330
thin section 230, 270, 274, 280, 284
tie-beams 178
tiles 118, 363, 367, 398
timber 3236, 44
tonal adjustment 336
transfer 128, 136, 140, 344, 346
tratteggio 328, 332, 334, 342
treatment trials 230, 288
treatments 64, 96, 250, 254, 270, 282
trowel 40, 92
true encaustic 96

uncovering 176, 248, 326

underdrawing 72, 78, 124, 130
underpaint 60, 62, 82
underpainting 60, 82
vandalism 146, 173, 300, 338
vapour diffusion 174
varnish 64, 68, 94, 98, 208, 214, 216, 348, 372
vault 28, 104, 112
veneda 60
veneer walls 354
verdaccio 60
vernacular architecture 120
wall painting 66, 84, 92, 96, 100, 292, 314, 360,
377, 390, 397, 403
walnut oil 98, 372
wash 46, 86, 108, 138, 176, 246, 382, 388
washed concrete 46
water vapour 148
waterglass 402
wattle 44
wax 66, 68, 96, 112, 116, 140, 353, 403
weathering 142, 182, 186, 188, 196
wet-dry cycles 142, 160, 226
white cement 361
white veil 212, 220, 222
whitening 220
whitewash 86, 108, 176, 246
whiting 104, 365
wind erosion 162, 186, 228
wood frame 44
wooden structure 42
yellowing 146, 210, 214

415

French Index
abrasion 186, 228
abri sous roche 24
abstraction chromatique 328, 340, 342
acqua sporca 336
acrylate 348
additif 50, 52, 56, 348, 349, 377, 379, 386, 393
adhsif 312, 314, 324, 348, 351, 360, 374, 376, 402
arosols 164, 166, 168
agent de liaison 353
albtre 379
altration chromatique 212, 214, 222
altration des pigments 164, 188, 214, 224
analyse de pigment 276, 278, 286, 288
analyse des liants 276, 280, 286, 288
analyse non invasive 23, 256, 258, 262
apprt 58
archologie du bti 244, 246
architecture en terre cuite 399
architecture troglodyte 24
argile 36, 44, 98, 310, 353, 355, 362, 363, 367,
374, 397, 399
arricio 59, 72, 76, 124
assombrissement 146, 210, 216, 404
badigeon 86, 108, 246, 385
barbotine 58
bardeau (clin) 120
base 86
bton apparent 46
bton granulat 46
bton brut 46
bton de parement 46
biodtrioration 171
blanc de chaux 86, 385
bombement 300
bouchardage 134, 138
boursouflure 200
brique 26, 28, 32, 44, 118, 354, 363, 367, 371,
386, 395, 401
brique concasse 371
brique de terre crue / Adobe 26, 34, 36, 367
carbonatation (raction de) 70, 82, 358, 359,
386
carbonate de calcium 70, 164, 212, 354, 358,
365, 382
carottage 268
casine 86, 88, 204, 214, 360, 393
causes intrinsques de dgradation 142, 202,
204
cavit 180, 182, 374, 377
cramique 34, 120, 208, 363, 367, 401
charge 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 68, 80, 110, 318,
351, 353, 355, 365, 367, 374, 386, 390, 399
chaux 58, 84, 102, 308, 326, 359, 371, 382, 385,
388, 393, 395
chaux arienne en pte 382, 386, 388, 390
chaux teinte 86, 112, 359, 382
chaux grasse 388
chaux hydrate 382
chaux hydraulique 377, 382, 386
chaux vive 359, 382, 388
ciment 226, 353, 362, 377
ciment hydraulique 362, 381
cire 66, 68, 96, 112, 116, 404

416

colle animale 86, 88, 92, 104, 116, 353, 376

colombage 44
colonisation biologique 171, 216
comblement 180, 218, 318, 320
compresse 306, 308, 310, 367
condensation 18, 150, 152
conservation prventive 302
consolidation 310, 312, 316, 369
consolidant 216, 312, 348, 369, 402
constat dtat 236, 238, 242, 244, 248, 254, 262,
264, 268
contrles priodiques 290, 292, 294, 296
cordeau 126
corrosion 188, 363
couche denduit 72, 102, 138, 200, 248, 314, 390
couche de peinture 48, 60, 62, 108, 174, 176,
248, 314, 326, 336
coulis (dinjection) 188, 363
coulis dinjection 314, 377
coupe stratigraphique 178, 312, 314, 316
craie 58, 104, 365
craquelure 90, 204, 206, 208
crneler 324
crpi 56
crote de calcaire (encrotement) 358, 365
crote noire 114, 164, 216
cycles gel-dgel 142, 144, 159, 162
cycle dhumectation-schage 142, 160, 226
dcoloration 212, 220, 222
dcoration vernisse 118
dcors en relief 92
dformation 198, 294
dgagement 176, 326
dgradation dorigine humaine 173
dgradation lie lenvironnement 142, 144,
156, 159, 160, 162, 166
dgradation microbiologique 171
dpose 344, 346, 376
desquamation 190, 192, 194
dessalement 306, 308
dessin prparatoire 68, 78, 82, 124, 130
dessin sous-jacent 124
destructive 256, 258, 278, 280
dtrempe 88, 104
dveloppement biologique 106, 110, 150,
154, 162, 170, 282, 360
documentation photographique 230, 232,
254, 260, 262, 264
drainage 290, 296, 298, 300
eau de chaux 70, 385
caillage 190, 192, 194
chantillonnage 230, 256, 266, 268, 280, 282,
284
efflorescence saline 166, 200, 224, 226, 306, 308
miettement 184, 196
emptements 100, 106
encaustique 96
encrassement 146, 216
enduit 26, 36, 42, 44, 46, 50, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68,
72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 98, 104, 108, 110, 184, 246,
314, 316, 349, 351, 353, 362, 367, 371, 372, 374,
379, 381, 386, 388, 390, 393, 397
enduit de dressage 54, 72
enduit de finition 76, 80
enduit de gchage 393

enduit frais 70, 72, 78, 82, 126, 132, 134, 136
enduit grossier 56
enduit sacrificiel 306, 308
rosion olienne 186, 228
tude (micro)biologique 276, 282
tude climatique 290, 292, 294
tude de site 236, 240, 242, 252, 264
tude diagnostic des btiments et sites (tat
sanitaire du bti) 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 242,
252, 254, 290, 296
tude historique 230, 232, 238, 240
etude minralogique 274, 276, 284
etude phnomnologique 230, 232, 234, 238,
292
etude sans contact 258
etude scientifique 248, 250, 252, 286, 288
valuation des conditions environnementales 23, 240, 242, 290, 292, 294, 296
examen structurel 234, 236, 240, 242, 264
facing 300, 344
facteurs externes de dgradation 142, 144,
162, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202,
204, 212, 216, 224, 226, 228
fadissement 212, 220, 222
faire un lancis (lancer) 324
farinage 196
flure 204
fil battu 126
film 64, 88, 372
fissuration due des problmes de statique
202, 204, 206, 208
fissuration en toile 204
fissuration en spirale 204
fissure 194, 202, 204, 206, 208, 236, 294, 316,
374, 377, 386
fissure large 204
fissure parallle 204
fissure radiale 204
fresco-secco 70, 82, 84
fresque 70, 82, 84, 360
gestion de lenvironnement 209, 296, 298,
300, 302
giornata 74, 78
glacis 62, 68, 82, 336, 365
glaure 62
gobetis 54, 72, 124, 138, 386
granulat (agrgat) 46, 50, 52, 351, 374, 382,
386, 395, 397
gypse 58, 92, 116, 374, 379, 393
huile siccative 64, 96, 98, 116, 216, 372
humidit 72, 106, 148, 150, 152, 154, 160, 184,
196, 198, 216, 218, 224, 226, 236, 292, 294, 296
hygroscopicit / dliquescence 152, 160, 166
imagerie scientifique 260, 264
impression 60
incision 140
incision directe 134, 136
incision indirecte 136
incrustation 173
incrustement 324
infiltration 144, 148, 154, 226
interventions historiques inadaptes 174
intervention sur la structure 154, 178

intonachino 76
intonaco 70, 72, 76, 78, 80, 102, 371
irrversible 171, 188, 363, 369, 402
jaunissement 146, 210, 214
joint 30, 38, 42, 320, 324, 377
joint-vif 26, 30, 38
lacune 180, 318, 374
lait de chaux 70, 84, 86, 102, 176, 385, 388
lame mince 270, 274, 280, 284
liant 28, 50, 52, 54, 53, 56, 62, 64, 68, 88, 94, 98,
100, 104, 110, 112, 184, 196, 216, 280, 348, 353,
360, 362, 369, 374, 376, 381, 385, 388, 392, 399,
402, 404
liant hydraulique 208, 381, 386
lumire incidente 22
lumire oblique 262
lumire rasante 206, 262
lustro 66, 96
maonnerie 26, 30, 36, 38, 54, 184, 355, 386, 395
maonnerie composite 28
maonnerie de blocage 32
maonnerie de blocailles 28, 40
maonnerie de blocs de roche 32
maonnerie de brique 34
maonnerie de mollons 26, 28, 30, 32, 40
maonnerie de pierre de taille 26, 28, 30, 32
maonnerie de pierre sche 26, 28, 38
maonnerie de pierres naturelles 28
maintenance et suivi de conservation 296,
298, 300, 302
mastic 353, 365
mesures durgence 300, 302
microfissure 204, 206
mise au carreau 128
mixtion 94
morrelone 60
mortier 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 38, 40, 44, 50, 52, 54,
80, 112, 114, 134, 154, 159, 308, 316, 318, 320,
322, 348, 349, 351, 353, 356, 362, 367, 371, 374,
377, 381, 382, 386, 388, 390, 397, 402
mortier de chaux 70, 82, 322, 382, 386, 388
mortier microporeux 308
mosaque 112, 346, 374, 377, 390, 401
nettoyage 304, 306, 310, 326
observation et analyses des matriaux 254,
256, 258, 266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 276, 280, 282,
284, 286, 288
ornements rapports 66, 94
ossature en bois 42
palimpseste mural 108
parement 120
partie manquante 180

pastiglia 92
patine 210
peinture acrylique 106
peinture lhuile 66, 98, 106
peinture a secco 66, 82, 84, 208, 349, 360
peinture a tempera 88, 360
peinture minrale 110, 402
peinture murale 66, 84, 92, 96, 100, 292, 314,
360, 377, 390, 397, 404
peinture silicate 110
pelage 190, 192, 194
perte de cohsion 196
pierre apparente 40
pierre de remplacement 324
pigment 62, 68, 70, 82, 84, 86, 88, 96, 98, 100,
104, 110, 116, 216, 222, 278, 353, 365, 374, 379,
390, 392
piquetage 134, 136, 138
pltre 44, 114, 349, 351, 353, 379, 393, 401
pltre de paris 353, 379, 393, 401
pltre hmihydrat 393
pochoir 134, 140
pointillisme 328, 332, 334
polissage 66, 96, 116, 186, 365, 404
pollution de lair 142, 144, 164, 168, 216, 294,
296
polymre 106, 348, 372, 376
poncif 102, 132
pontata 74
poudre de brique 112, 351, 356, 371, 374
poudre de marbre 112, 390
poudroiement 196
pouzzolane 112, 356, 371, 381, 386, 395
pouzzolanique 356, 362, 371, 386
prparation 48, 58, 86
prparation de lchantillon 266, 270, 272,
274, 280, 282
protubrance 200
pulvrulence 196
rapport de conservation-restauration 248,
250, 254, 264, 296
recherche et tude de dcors peints 244, 246,
248, 250
refixage 314
rintgration 62, 318, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336,
338, 340, 342
rintgration chromatique 328, 340, 342
rintgration illusionniste 328, 338
rintgration neutre 328, 330
rintgration pousse 338
rejointoiement 320, 386
relev cartographique 242, 250, 252, 254
relev mtrique 242
remonte capillaire 144, 148, 156, 166, 226
remplacement de pierre 324
repeint 62, 176, 326
repentir 90, 176

repose 344, 346

rsine acrylique 106, 348, 353, 369, 374
rversible 328, 336, 338
revtement extrieur 120
rigatino 332
rinzaffo 54
sable 36, 351, 355, 374, 386, 388, 390, 397
saturation de la couleur 146, 218
scagliola 104, 114, 116, 404
schage 76, 88, 98, 106, 351, 360, 367, 373, 376,
393, 402
selezione delloro 342
selezione dellargento 342
sels solubles 142, 144, 148, 150, 152, 154, 156,
160, 162, 166, 168, 182, 184, 226, 362
sgraffite (sgraffito) 66, 102
silicates alcalins 110, 212, 402
sinopia 68, 72, 78, 124, 130
solin 322
sondage stratigraphique 244, 246, 248, 254,
268, 272
sous-couche 60, 68
stacco 344
stacco a massello 344
stratigraphie de la peinture 68
strappo 344
stuc 104, 116, 388, 390, 393, 404
stuc cir 104
stucco lustro 104
stuc estampill 104
stuc patin 104
stuc-pierre 104
support 48, 50, 58, 66, 72, 184, 318, 371
surpeint 176
technique de bois- lac 32
technique mixte / mezzo-fresco 70, 82, 84
terre cuite 118, 367, 399, 401
testa scoperta 40
tesselle 112, 401
tests micro chimiques 276, 286
traitement par silicatisation 402
transposition 346
tratteggio 328, 332, 334, 342
trous de boulin 122
tuileau 356, 363
veneda 60
verdaccio 60
vernis 64, 68, 98, 208, 216, 348, 372
verre de silice 402
voile blanc 212, 220, 222
vraie encaustique 96
zones dessais ou de rfrence 288

417

German Index
Abbrckeln 184
Ablsung 190, 192, 194
Abmehlen 196
Abnahme 344
Abnutzung 228
Abrasion 186
Abrieb 186, 228
Absanden 184
Abschalen 192
Abschlen 190
Abschuppen 194
Acrylat 348
Acrylmalerei 106
Additiv 350
Adobe 36
Aerosole 164, 168
Algen 171, 282
Alterung 210
Alveolenbildung 182
Analyse, Bindemittel- 276, 280
Analyse, chemische 284
Analyse, Pigment- 278, 276
Analyse, Salz- 306
Analyse, Tpfel- 286
Anbschung 322
Anhydrit 379
Ansicht 242
Anstrich 86
Applikationen, dekorative 94
Aquarell-Lasur 336
Arbeitsmuster 288
Arriccio / Grobputz 72
Arriccio-Vorzeichnung 124
Astrazione cromatica 340
Aufhacken 138
Aufma 242
Aufriss 242
Aufspitzen 138
Aufwlbung 200
Ausblhungen 166
Backstein 355
Bakterien 171, 282
Balkenlcher 122
Bauaufma 242
Bauaufnahme 234
Bauforschung 244
Baugrunderkundung 240
Bauphasen 244, 246
Bauschmuck, glasierter 118
Befall, biologischer 154
Befeuchtung 296
Befundsicherung 238
Beleuchtung 296
Bemusterung 288
Berapp 56
Besiedelung 171
Besiedelung, biologische 171, 276
Bestandteile, anorganische 286
Bestandteile, organische 286
Beton 46, 362, 381
Beule 200
Bewehrung 48
Bewuchs, biologischer 171
Bilder, fotogrammetrische 264

418

Bildtrger 48
Bindemittel 353, 381, 402
Bindemittel, anorganisches 110, 280, 353, 362
Bindemittel, hydraulisches 381, 395
Bindemittel, organisches 84, 88, 104, 214, 216,
280, 353, 360
Bindemittel, Tempera- 360
Blase 200
Blattmetall 94
Bleichung 220
Bohrkern 266
Bohrkernentnahme 268
Bohrmehl 268
Brandschaden 198, 204, 224
Branntkalk 386
Brckelzerfall 184
Craquele 208
Datenlogger 292
Datierung 276
Dokumentation 254, 260
Drainage 290
Dnnschliff 270, 274
Durchdrckverfahren 136
Durchstich 132
Einkerbung 134, 136
Ei-Tempera 88
Enkaustik 96, 404
Entfrbung 220, 222
Entfeuchtung 296
Entsalzung 306
Entwsserung 298
Entwurfszeichnung 130
Enzyme 304
Ergnzung 180, 318, 322, 324, 328, 374
Ergnzung, neutrale 330
Ergnzung, lasierende 336
Ergnzung, mimetische 338
Erosion 182
Fachwerk 34, 42, 44
Facing 300
Fadennetz 128
Farbabstraktion 340
Farbkrper 391
Farbmittel 391
Farbsttigung 218, 222
Farbselektion 342
Farbstoff 391
Farbvernderung 214, 220, 222
Fassadenelement 120
Fassungsaufbau 68
Fehlstelle 180, 328
Felsen 24
Festigung 310, 312, 369, 404
Festigungsmittel 348, 369, 402
Feuchte 148, 152, 162, 216, 218, 292, 371
Feuchte, aufsteigende 156, 160
Feuchte, Boden- 156
Feuchte, Deliqueszenz- 152
Feuchte, Grund- 156
Filmbildner 348
Filter 296
Firnis 64, 208, 214, 372
Fixieren 314
Fliesen 363, 399

Formgips 393
Fotodokumentation 260, 264
Fotografie, wissenschaftliche 264
Freilegung 326
Fresko 66, 70, 76, 78, 212
Freskomalerei 70
Fresko-Secco-Technik 82
Frost 204
Frostschden 159
Frost-Tau-Wechsel 159
Fuge 38, 320
Fllsto 350, 365, 374, 390, 397
Gerstgrenze 74
Gerstlcher 122
Gesso 379
Giornata 78
Gips 116, 379, 393
Glas 94
Glasur 62, 118, 208, 399
Graffiti 173
Grundierung 48, 58
Haarriss 206
Hackspuren 138
Harz 214
Heizung 290, 296
Hinterfllen 316
Hhle 24
Hohlraumverfllung 316, 378
Hydrophobizitt 369
Hygrische Dehnung 160
Hygroskopizitt 152, 156
Impasto 100, 106
Imprimatur 60, 62
Infiltration 150, 154, 156, 298
Infrarot / Ultraviolett-Falschfarbenbilder 264
Infrarot-Reflektografie 264
Infrarot-Thermografie 258, 264
Injektion 178, 312, 314, 316
Inlay 324
Intarsienimitation 116
Integration 318, 328
Intervention, unsachgeme historische 174
Interventionen, bauliche 178
Intonaco / Feinputz 76, 78, 80
Kaliumsilikat 402
Kaliwasserglas 110
Kalk 84, 381
Kalk / Branntkalk 382
Kalkmalerei 66, 70
Kalkmilch 84, 385
Kalkmrtel 386, 388
Kalkseccomalerei 84
Kalksinterhaut 358
Kalksinterwasser 385
Kalktnche 86, 385, 388
Kalkwasser 84, 358
Karbonatisierung 82, 359, 382, 386
Kartierung 250, 254, 266
Kaschierung 314, 376
Kasein 214, 360
Kaverne 24
Keramik 363
Kernbohrung 268

Kieselsure 402
Kitt 374
Kittung 180, 318, 312
Klebemittel 360, 376, 348
Klebstoff 348
Klimaschwankungen 292
Klinker 355, 363
Kompresse 266, 308, 310, 367
Kompressenanwendung 310
Kondensation 150, 152
Konservierung, prventive 290302
Konservierungsmaterialien 216
Konsolidierung 312, 369
Konsolidierungsmittel 369
Konstruktion 25
Kontamination 146
Koordinatennetz 128
Korrekturen 90
Korrosion 188
Kratzkunst 102
Kratzputztechnik 102
Kreide 365, 379
Kreide, Bologneser 365, 379
Kreiden 196
kristalline Struktur 278
Kristallisation 160, 166, 192, 200, 212, 226
Kruste 146
Kruste, Calcit- 358
Kruste, Salz- 226
Kruste, schwarze 164, 216
Kruste, Sinter- 358
Lasur 62
Lehm 367
Lehmziegel 34, 36, 355
Leim 376
Leimfarbe 104
Leinl 372
Loch 182
Lochpause 132
Luftfeuchte 148
Luftkalk 388
Luftschadstoffe 168
Lftung 296
Luftverschmutzung 144, 164, 188, 240, 294
Lustro-Technik 66, 96
Maltechnik 250
Marble Cement 114
Markierung durch Schlagschnur 126
Marmormehl 390
Materialeigenschaften, innere 142
Materialien, inkompatible 174
Mauerfeuchte 156
Mauerwerk 26
Mauerwerk, Bossen- 30
Mauerwerk, Bruchstein- 28, 32, 40
Mauerwerk, Feldstein- 28, 32, 40
Mauerwerk, Lehmziegel- / Adobe 36
Mauerwerk, Naturstein- 28
Mauerwerk, Polsterquader- 30
Mauerwerk, Polygonal- 30
Mauerwerk, Quader- 28, 30
Mauerwerk, Rustika- 30
Mauerwerk, Verblend- 30
Mauerwerk, Ziegel- 34
Meeressalze 168

Mezzo-Fresko 70, 82
Mikroklima 292
Mineralfarben 110, 402
Mischtechnik (Fresko-Secco) 82
Modellgips 379, 393
Monitoring 294, 302
Mrtel 378, 386
Mrtel, Cocciopesto- 356, 371
Mrtel, Injektions- 378
Mrtel, Khorasan- 371, 388
Mrtel, Putz- 50
Mrtel, Reparatur- 308
Mosaik 112
Mosaiksteine 401
Murus Gallicus 32
Musterflche 288
Nass-Trocken-Wechsel 160
Nebel 168
Neuverfugung 38, 320
Notfallmanahmen 300
Notfallplan 296
Notsicherung 300
l 214, 372
lemulsion 88
lmalerei 98, 372
Opus musivum 112
Opus tesselatum 112
Oxidation 188
Palimpsest 108
Pappmach 114
Pastiglia 92
Patina 210
Pause 132
Pentimento 90, 176
Perforationspause 132
Pflege 302
Pietra Rasa 40
Pigment 391
Pigmentumwandlung 216
Pigmentvernderung 224
Pilze 171, 282
Plaster of Paris 393
Pointillismus 332, 334
Polieren 404
Poliermittel 365
Pontata 74
Porositt 308
Prgung 92
Primer 58
Probe 272
Probeaufbereitung 270
Probenahme 256, 266
Prfung, bautechnische 236
Prfung, Gelnde- 240
Pudern 196
Putz 50, 52, 54, 76, 386, 390
Putz, Ausgleichs- 54
Putz, Auen- 52, 56
Putz, Farb- 102
Putz, Fassaden- 52
Putz, Fein- 54, 76, 80
Putz, Gips- 393
Putz, Gltt- 54, 80
Putz, Grob- 56, 72

Putz, Kalk- 386

Putz, Mikroporen- 308
Putz, Ober- 76, 80
Putz, Opfer- 308
Putz, Rau- 56, 72
Putz, Sanier- 308
Putz, Struktur- 56
Putz, Unter- 54, 72
Putz, Zwischen- 54
Putzgrenze 74
Puzzolan 371, 395
Quadratnetz 128
Quadratur 128
Quellenrecherche 232
Querschliff 270, 272, 274, 286
Querschnitt 286
Rahmenkonstruktion 44
Randsicherung 322
Raster 128
Rauputzzeichnung 124
Reinigung 186, 304, 310
Reinigung, biologische 304
Reinigung, mechanische 304
Reinigung, physikalisch-chemische 304
Reintegration 328
Reintegration, farbliche 328
Relief 92
Reproduktionstechnik 140
Restaurierungsdokumentation 254
Rettungsmanahme 300
Retusche 62, 328, 330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340,
342
Retusche, Neutral- 330
Retusche, Normal- 338
Retusche, Punkt- 334
Retusche, Strich- 332
Reuestriche 90
Rigatino 332
Riss 202, 204, 316, 378
Riss, statischer 202
Rissverschiebung 294
Ritzkunst 102
Ritzung 134
Rntgenfluoreszenzspektroskopie 258
Rckbertragung 346
Ru 216
Salzausblhung 200, 226
Salze 166, 402
Salze, bauschdliche 166
Salze, lsliche 166
Salzminderung 306, 308, 310
Sand 397
Saurer Regen 144, 164
Scagliola 114, 116
Schabkunst 102
Schablone 134, 140
Schablonenmalerei 140
Schden, strukturelle 154
Schadensbilder 250
Schadensursache, uere 144
Schadensursache, materialimmanente 142
Schdigung, umweltbedingte 162
Schdigung, vom Menschen verursachte 173
Schalenbildung 192

419

Schalhaut 46
Schichtenabfolge 246
Schiefer 120
Schindel 120
Schlagschnur 126
Schlmme 58, 86
Schluff 36
Schnurschlag 126
Schrglicht 262
Schuppen 194
Schutz 64
Schutzschicht 210
Secco 66, 84
Selezione cromatica 342
Setzung 236
Sgraffito 66, 102
Sicherung 314, 322
Sichtbeton 46
Sikkativ 98, 372
Silikatfarbe 110, 402
Sinopie 72, 124
Sinterhaut 358
Skelettbau 42
Skelettbau, hlzerner 42
Spalt 204
Spolvero-Methode 132
Stacco 344
Stnderbauweise 42
Standorterkundung 240
Statik 178
Staub 212, 216, 266
Steinergnzung 324
Steinimitation 116
Steinmehl 390
Stoffsammlung 230
Strappo 344
Stratigrafie 68, 268, 272
Streiflicht 262, 264
Stucco Lustro 114
Stuck 114, 388, 390
Stuckgips 379, 393
Stuckmarmor 114
Stuckmarmorintarsie 116
Subfloreszenz 160, 166, 200, 226
Sumpfkalk 86, 386, 388
Tageslicht 264
Tagwerk 78
Taupunkt 150
Tempera 88
Terracotta 363, 399
Terrazzo 356
Tessera 112, 401

420

Tiefenprofil 268
Ton 367, 397, 399
Tonziegel 355
Trger 48, 58, 346
Trnkung 312
Transfer / bertragung 346
Translozierung 346
Tratteggio 332
Trocknendes l 98, 372
Trbung 212
Tnche 86, 108
bermalung 176
berwachung 294
berzug 174, 214
Ultraviolettes-Licht 264
Umweltbewertung 290
Umweltgutachten 290
Umweltmanagement 296
Umweltmonitoring 290
Umweltparameter 296
Umweltprfung 290
Umweltstrategie 296
Untermalung 60
Untersuchung, Befund- 238
Untersuchung, berhrungsfreie 258
Untersuchung, Bestand- 234
Untersuchung, biologische 282
Untersuchung, Fassungs- 246
Untersuchung, Gefge- 236
Untersuchung, Innenklima- 292
Untersuchung, Kontext- 240
Untersuchung, Material- 252, 276
Untersuchung, mikrobiologische 282
Untersuchung, mikrochemische 286
Untersuchung, mineralogische 284
Untersuchung, naturwissenschaftliche 252
Untersuchung, nicht-invasive 256
Untersuchung, petrografische 274, 284
Untersuchung, phnomenologische 230
Untersuchung, Polychromie- 246, 272
Untersuchung, Raumklima- 292
Untersuchung, statische 236
Untersuchung, stratigrafische 248
Untersuchung, Umwelt- 296
untersuchung, Vor- 238
Untersuchung, zerstrungsfreie 256
Unterton-Lasur 336
Unterzeichnung 72, 130, 124
Vandalismus 300, 173
Veneda 60
Verblassen 222

Verdaccio 60
Verdunklung 216
Verformung 198
Verfugung 320
Vergilbung 214
Vergipsung 164, 218, 146, 216
Vermessung 242, 258
Verpressen 178, 316, 378
Verputz 50, 52
Verschmutzung 146, 304, 214
Verschwrzung 216
Verwitterung 188
Vibrationen 204
Vierung 324
Vorfestigung 300
Vorritzung 136
Vorstudie 290
Vorzeichnung 124, 130
Wachs 96, 404
Wachs, Bienen- 404
Wachs, Paraffin- 404
Wandmalerei 66
Wandmalereiabnahme 344
Wandmalereibertragung 346
Wandschalung 120
Wartung und Pflege 302
Waschbeton 46
Wasseraufnahmefhigkeit 152
Wassereintritt 154
Wasserglas 201, 402
Wasserglasfarbe 110
weien 86
Weischleier 212
Winderosion 228
Windverwehung 186
Wlbung 200
Zement 362, 395
Zement, hydraulischer 362
Zement, Portland- 174, 362
Zement, puzzolanischer 362
Zement, Roman- 362
Zement, Wei- 362
Zerfall, mikrobiologischer 171
Ziegel 36, 355
Ziegelmehl 371
Ziegelsplitt 371, 356
Zirkel 134
Zusatzmittel 350
Zusatzstoff 50
Zuschlag 350, 356, 374, 386, 397
Zuschlagstoff 350

Hungarian Index
abszolt pratartalom 149
abszorpci 161
acqua sporca 337
adalkanyag 51, 350
adatgyjts 295
additv 350
aeroszolok 169
aggregtum 51, 352, 374
agyag 367, 355
akril 348
akrilt gyanta 348
akrilfests 101, 107
aktv krosods 301
alabstrom 117
alfests 61, 83
alapozs 59, 49
alapoz krta 366, 99
alapvakolat 73, 77
alrajzols 79, 125, 131
altmaszts 179
ldozati vakolat 307, 309
llati enyv 105, 89
llvnylyukak 123
llvnyzat 75
anhidrit 379
antropogn 145
anyagvesztesg 181, 191
anyagvizsglat s analitika 277
applikci 67
aranyfst 95
aranyozs 93, 95
arriccio 73, 345
astrazione cromatica 341
svnyi fests 111
svnytani vizsglat 285
tfests 177, 327
tls kts 35
tmsols 129, 141
tmeneti szilrdts 313
tnyomott karton 137
tltets 347, 345
barlang 25
Bauforschung 245
beavatkozs 251
bezs 151, 155, 157
bekels 325
beilleszked retus 339
bels krosodsi tnyezk 143
bltri klma tanulmny 293
bepikkels 139
beszivrgs 155
beszivrg nedvessg 151
bettezs 325
beton 362
betonfellet 47
bevonat 348, 353
bevonatrteg finom vakolat 81
biolgiai krosods 171, 360
biolgiai kolonizci 171, 217, 283
biolgiai tisztts 305
biolgiai vizsglat 282, 277
boltv 113
bomlstermk 305
burkolanyag 51, 53

cement 362, 227

cemethabarcs 87
ciklopfal 33
cocciopesto 350, 357
csempe 121, 364
cseppelemzs 277, 287
cserp 121
csiszols 187
data logger 293, 295
datls 277
deformci 237
dekorci 113
dekorcis technika 103
dekoratv applikci 95
dekoratv rtt 67, 95
diagnzis 231
direkt elkarc 135
distemper 105, 89
dsztminta 141
dsztvakolat 57
diszperzi akril 348
dolomitos msz 383
domborm 93
dcols 179
durva vakolat 55, 57, 73
getetlen agyagtgla 37
getett msz 359, 383, 388
elektrokmiai eljrs 307
elfolysods 153
elenyvezs 59
elkarc 135
elkszt rajz 59, 69 125, 131
elrajz 125, 131
elsttls 217
elszennyezds 147, 217
elsznezds 147
eltakars 327
eltvolts 345
elvltozs 211, 199
ember ltal okozott krosodsok 173
emulzi 89
enkausztika 97, 404
enyv 87, 93, 376
enyves fests 105
enzimek 305
ptsi gipsz 379, 393
ptsmd 27
ptszeti dsztelem 399
ptszeti fellet 115
ptszeti kutats 235
plet s helysznfelmrs 235
pletgpszet 297
pletrgszet 245
pletsznezs kutats 247
plettanulmny 235
rdes vakolat 57
rints nlkli vizsglatok 259
rlels 388
erzi 187
ezst 95
Fachwerk 45
facing 301, 376
fagyciklus 145, 159
fakuls 213, 223

fal 27
falazat 27
falazblokk 27
falburkolat 355, 364
falkp 67, 109, 327, 345, 347
falkptechnika 71
faragott kfal 31
farkasfog kts 35
faszerkezet 43
favzas plet 45
favzas tglafal 35
fedrteg 69, 327
fehr agyag 87
fehr ftyol 213, 221
fehr msz 386
fehreds 213, 221
fekete kreg 165, 217
fekete krgeseds 147
feketeds 147
felfeds 327
flhidrt gipsz 379, 393
felhlyagosods 201
felismerhetsg 328, 335
felmrs 243
flsrl fny 263
felszll nedvessg 157
felszvd nedvessg 157
feltrs 177, 327
feltsksods 201
felleti egyenetlensg 263
felvls 191
felvtel 261
fmflia 95
fmhl 49
fenomemolgiai megkzelts 231
fnyezs 97
fnykp 261
festkrteg 59, 77, 109, 247, 249
feststechnika 67
festmny rtegszerkezet 69
festalap 49
finom vakolat 77, 81
fizikai-kmiai tisztts 305
fizikai-kmiai vizsglat 277
fldfestk 125
fldrengs 203
foltozs 325
folykony veg 402
folyst 350
formai kiegszts 333
fotbeton 47
fotdokumentci 233, 259, 261
fotgrammetria 243, 265
fresk 67, 71, 79, 83, 125
fresk-szekk 83, 85
fuga 39, 378
fugajavts 321
furatpor 269
frmag 267
frmagos mintavtel 269
fst 217
fts 297
futsoros kts 35
giornata 79
gipsz 59, 87, 93, 115, 117, 379, 393
gipszmrvny 115, 117

421

glett 81, 109, 177

glria 93, 95
gtkts 35
graffiti 147
grafikus brzols 251
gyanta 65, 97
gygyvakolat 309
habarcs 113, 115, 159, 357, 378
hajszlrepeds 205, 207, 386
hlzat 129
halpikkely 193
hamis UV/IR 265
hmls 191, 193, 195
harmatpont 151
hasznlat 187
helyszn vizsglat 241
hzag 39
hzagok injektlsa 179
hzagols 41
hiny 181, 319, 337
hinyz rsz 328
hidratlt msz 386
hidraulikus kts 395
hidraulikus ktanyag 381
hidraulikus msz 386
higromter 149
higroszkpossg/elfolysods 153
holland(i) kts 35
hmrsklet 293, 295
homlokzatvakolat 53
homok 352, 397
hordoz 49
ideiglenes szilrdts 313
idomtgla 34
impaszt 101
impregnls 99
imprimatura 61
inert 352, 374
infravrs reflektogrfia 131
injektls 313, 315
injektl vakolat 317, 378
integrlt retus 339
intonaco 71, 73, 77, 79, 81, 345
javtvakolat 309
jelensg kutats 231
kagyl 57
kalcium karbont 358, 359, 366
kapark 267
kapillris felszvds 157
karbantarts s gondozs 303
karbont kpzds 359
karbontosods 71, 83, 358, 359
karboxi-metil-cellulz 105
karcols 135, 137, 141
karcolt rajz 135, 137
krosods 143, 177, 328, 362
krtrkp 233, 243, 251
katasztrfa 301
kavicsvakolat 57
kazein 87, 89, 105, 360
kemny distemper 105
kmiai krosods 189
kermia 364

422

kermia dszburkolat 119

keresztgerenda 123
keresztmetszet csiszolat 271, 273
ksleltet 350
ksztstechnikai tanulmny 277
kezelsi eljrs 255, 289
kidudorods 201
kiegszts 328, 319, 333, 337, 343
kiegsztsi teszt 289
kiegyenlt vakolat 55
kifakuls 221, 223
kikristlyosodott sk 213
kitlts 319
klma 297
kjavts 325
kollagn 376
kltztets 345
kondenzci 151
konszolidl anyag 369
kontr 103
konzervlsi anyagok 225
kops 187, 229
kptls 325
kormeghatrozs 277
krnyezet felmrs 241
krnyezet menedzsment 297
krnyezet vizsglat 291
krnyezeti hatsok 143
krnyezeti krosods 163
korom 217
korrekci 91
korrzi 189
ktsmd 27
ktanyag 51, 59, 63, 65, 348, 353, 360, 362,
373, 376
ktanyag vizsglat 277, 281
kvezs
kzeg 353
krakl 209
krta 59, 87, 105, 366
krtsods 197
kklpikus fal 33
kls krosodsi tnyezk 145
kls vakolat 57
kltri vakolat 53
kutatsi beszmol 255
kutatablak 249
kvderburkolat 31
kvderfal 31
kvderk fal 29
lakkrteg 65
ltszbeton 47
lazr 63, 83
lazrfests 366
lazrozs 337
lecsapds 151
lgnedvessg 149
lgszennyez anyag 169
lgszennyezds 145, 165
lemezes levls 191, 193, 195
lengyel kts 35
lenolaj 99, 105, 117, 373
lepattogzs 195
leragaszts 301
lerakds 213, 305
levlaszts 345, 347

lustro 67, 97, 117, 404

lyuggatott papr 133
lyuk 183
magnziumos msz 383
majolika 119
mllkonysg 197
mrvny cement 115
mrvnypor 390
mz 399
mechanikus tisztts 305
mdium 353
megersts 313
megerst anyag 369
megkts 315
megktsi teszt 289
megklnbztet kiegszts 333, 335
megtartsi llapot 263
mlyeds 183
mertfrd 307
msz 359, 383
msz szekk 85
mszciklus 359
meszels 87
meszels 103, 109
mszfresk 67, 101
mszhabarcs 386, 388
mszhidrt 383
mszk 366
mszkrm 388
mszl 383, 385
mszpncl 358
mszpp 383, 386, 388
mszpor 386
mszszekk 67
msztej 71, 385, 388
mszvakolat 71, 358
mszvz 71, 87, 358, 385
mezzo-fresk 83, 85
mikrobiolgiai krosods 171
mikrobiolgiai kolonizci 282
mikrokmiai teszt 279
mikrokmiai vizsglat 287
mikroklma 293
mikroprusos habarcs 309
mintaelkszts 271
mintavtel 267
mixtion 95
monitorozs 291, 293, 295
mordent 95
morrelone 61
morzsolds 185
mosott beton fellet 47
mozaik 113, 347
mozaikkocka 401
memlki pletkutats 245
multispektrlis sugrzs 261
mmrvny 115, 117
Murus Gallicus 33
nd 49
nagyts 129
napi varrat 75, 79
nedves foltok 153
nedveseds 155
nedvessg 149, 185
nedvessgmegkt kpessg 153

nedves-szraz ciklusok 161, 227

ngyzethl 129
nem invazv vizsglatok 257
nem megfelel rgebbi beavatkozsok 175
neutrlis retus 331
nvnyi mzga 89
nyersbeton 47
objektum vizsglat 239
olajfests 99, 101, 373
oldszeres festk 107
oldott veg 402
oltott msz 87, 359, 383, 385
nflia 95
opus musivum 113
opus tesselatum 113
regeds 211, 217
sszefrhetetlen anyagok 175
padlburkolat 364
padlcsempe 399
pakols 301, 307, 309, 311, 367
palimpszeszt 109
paprmas 115
pratereszts 175
pralecsapds 153
prsts 297
pratartalom 149
prtlants 297
pastiglia 93
pasztzus fests 101
patina 211
patronozs 139
pattintott vonal 127
pauzls 137
pentimento 91, 177
perforlt karton 103, 133
pergs 191, 193, 195
Pietra rasa 41
pigment 63, 71, 77, 392
pigment elvltozs 225
pigment vizsglat 277, 279, 287
pihentets 388
pikkels 139
piszok 147
plasztikus forma 115
polimer 348
pontata 75
pontozsos retus 335
por 147, 404
ports 271
porls 197
porlkonysg 197
pormsz 388
porzus anyag 149
Portland cement 175, 381
prbk 289
puccoln 357, 362, 371, 381, 386, 395
ragaszt 348, 353, 360, 376
rajztechnika 137
relatv pratartalom 149, 293, 295
relief 93
repeds 203, 205, 207, 237, 317, 378
repedshl 205, 207, 209
rs 205
rtegszerkezet 273
rtegszerkezet vizsglat 249

retus 63, 328

rigatino 333
rgzts 311, 315, 317
romn cement 381
rusztika 31
sablonozs 139
srguls 215
srtgla 355
savas es 145, 165
scagliola 115, 117, 404
segdanyag 350
selezione cromatica 343
selezione delloro 343
semleges retus 331, 341
sgraffito 67, 103
simt vakolat 55, 81
simtvas 55
seltvolts 307, 309, 311
skreg 227
skivirgzs 161, 167, 201, 225, 227
skivons 307
skristlyosods 191, 193, 195
startalom 307
stt foltok 153
stt vakolat 103
sttls 217
sovny msz 386
svizsglat 157
spolvero 103, 133
stacco 345
stacco a massello 345
strappo 345
strata 345
stucco lustro 115
stukk 115, 393, 404
srgssgi beavatkozs 301
srgssgi megkts 301
srl fny 263
srl fny 261
srlds 187
szrad olaj 65, 99, 373
szrazfalazat 27
szekk 67, 83, 85, 360
szlerzi 163, 229
szlezs 323
szellztets 297
szemcsemret szerinti sztvlaszts 271
szemcseprepartum 271, 275, 285
szennyezds 305
sznpor 133
szerkezeti beavatkozsok 179
szerkezeti hibk 155
szerkezeti repeds 203
szerkezeti vizsglat 237
szerves ktanyag 85, 89, 105, 281
sztmlls 185
sztmorzsolds 185, 197
sztvlls 205
szigetel rteg 59
szikkatv s 99, 373
sziklaptszet 25
szilrdts 311, 313, 348
szilrdt anyag 369
szilikt fests 111
sznabsztrakci 341
sznek teltdse 219

sznelvltozs 215, 221, 223

sznezanyag 392
szinpia 73, 125
szmog 165
szobrszati technika 93
szondz kutats 249
szulftosods 147
szuszpenzi 392
tjols 241
talajvz 299
trgyfelmrs 239
tgla 45, 355
tglafal 35
tglarlemny 357
tglapor 357
tglatrmelk 371
tglazzalk 357
teljes kiegszts 339
tempera 89
terhels 237
termklers 255
termsk fal 29, 33
termszetes kfal 29
termszettudomnyos vizsglat 253
terrakotta 399
terrakotta csempe 119
terrazzo 357
tessera 401
testa scoperta 41
teszt 289
tetcserp 364, 399
tetfed elem 121
tisztts 187, 305, 307
tiszttsi teszt 289
tojs 89, 105
tltanyag 51, 81, 366, 374, 390
tmts 181, 319, 335
tmt anyag 353, 366
trs 205
trtneti kutats 233
trtneti technika 41
torzuls 199
tratteggio s 333
tudomnyos felvtelek 261, 265
tudomnyos vizsglat 253
jraktds 315
jrakristlyosods 167
jratlts 321
reg 25, 95, 113, 181, 183, 378
vajas msz 388
vakolsi md 41
vakolat 51, 159
vakolatinjektls 179, 317
vakolatrteg 77
vakolt fellet 75
vlyogfal 37
vlyogtgla 355
vandalizmus 147, 173, 301, 339
varrat 75
vzkitlt 33
vzszerkezet 43
vdbevonat 65, 69, 404
vegyes falazat 29
vegyestechnika 67, 83

423

vegyi sszettel 279

vkonycsiszolat 271, 275, 285
veneda 61
verdaccio 61
vermelt msz 388
viasz 97, 117, 404
viaszfests 97
vilgts 297
visszaoldhatsg 348
visszaltets 347
vzll habarcs 357
vzelvezets 297, 299

424

vizes emulzi 107

vizeseds 155
vzoldhat sk 167, 185, 227, 309, 362
vizsglati jelents 253
vztartalom 149
vzveg 213, 402
vzveg fests 111
vonalkzs 333
vonalkz retus 333, 343
vulkni hamu 381
vulkni tufa 395

zrrteg 65
zrvakolat 77, 81
zomcos tgla 119
zomnc 63
zsaluzat 47
zsindely 121
zsinr 127
zzott tgla 371

Italian Index
abbassamento ottico 337
abrasione 105, 187, 229, 337
acceleratore 350
acido silicico 402
acqua di calce 85, 385
acqua sporca 337
acquarello 337
acrilici 348, 350
additivo 51, 53, 57, 350, 380, 386, 393, 399
adesivo 325, 348, 360, 374, 376, 402
adobe 35, 37, 368
aerosol 165, 169
affresco 67, 71, 77, 79, 83, 319
aggregato 47, 51, 374, 386
alabastro 380
alterazione cromatica 213, 215, 217, 221, 223
alterazione dei pigmenti 217, 225
altorilievo 93
analisi dei leganti 281
analisi dei pigmenti 279
analisi della struttura architettonica 237
analisi ed esame dei materiali 277
analisi non invasiva 257, 259
analisi puntuali 287
analisi scientifica 277
anidrite 380
applicazione di un impacco 311
approccio fenomenologico 231
arenaria 29
argilla 27, 37, 45, 115, 311, 355, 362, 364, 368,
397, 399
arriccio 55, 73, 77, 79, 125, 127, 245
astrazione cromatica 241
autenticit 329, 331
bassorilievo 93
battitura dei fili 127
Bauforschung 245
bton brut 47
Bianco di Champagne 366
Bianco di Meudon 366
Bianco di Spagna 366
biancone 366
biodeterioramento 171
boiacca 317, 378
boiaccatura 179, 315, 317, 378
bordatura 323
buche pontaie 123
bugnato 31
calcare organogeno 366
calce 59, 71, 309, 319, 353, 366, 383, 386, 389
calce idratata 383, 385, 389
calce spenta 87, 359, 383, 385
calce viva 359, 383, 389
calcestruzzo 27, 35, 47, 374, 381
calcestruzzo a vista 47
calcite 358, 366
calco 393
campionamento 267
campionatura 267
campione 271, 273, 275, 279, 281, 283, 287
campione di intervento 289
campitura preparatoria 61, 69
caolino 357

capillare 311
carbonatazione 71, 77, 358, 359, 386
carbonato di calcio 165, 213, 358, 359, 366, 383
carbone 133
carica 81, 87, 319
carico 237
carotaggio 267, 269
cartone 137
casa a graticcio 45
casa a traliccio 45
caseina 89, 215, 360
causa estrinseca di deterioramento 145
causa intrinseca di deterioramento 143
caverna 25
cavit 183, 313, 315
cellulosa 311
cementazione 396
cemento 47, 115, 175, 352, 362, 371, 374, 381
cemento Portland 175, 362, 380, 381, 386
cera 97, 353, 404
ceramica 35, 364, 368
ciclo della calce 359, 383
ciclo di gelo-disgelo 159
ciclo di umido-secco 161
clima 149, 151, 297
cloruro 167
cocciopesto 113, 357, 371
coesione 313
colla 89, 105, 117, 376
colonizzazione biologica 155, 171, 217, 277, 283
colorante 392
colore 392
colore puro 241, 243
coltivazione 283
commessura 39
composizione 127, 129, 135, 137, 277, 279, 281
concio di pietra 27, 29, 31, 41, 325
condensazione 151, 153
consolidamento 289, 301, 311, 313, 404
consolidante 348, 369, 402
corrosione 189
costruzione a graticcio 43, 45
costruzione a traliccio 45
crescita biologica 171
crettatura 209
cristallizzazione 167, 193, 195, 227
cristallo 285
crosta di sali 227
crosta nera 147, 165, 217
decorazione a rilievo 93
decorazione a stampino 141
decorazione a stucco 115
decorazione applicata 67, 95
deformazione 199, 245, 295
degradazione meteorica 183, 189, 197
degrado 43, 291, 301, 305
delaminazione 263
deliquescenza 153
deposito 295, 305
descialbo 87, 327
deterioramento ambientale 163
deterioramento antropicamente indotto 173
deterioramento biologico 171
dipinto murale 43, 65, 67, 360, 397
disegno 129, 133, 135
disegno preparatorio 69, 73, 79, 125, 131

disintegrazione 185
dissalazione 307
distacco 191, 193, 195, 245, 376
distruttivo 279, 281
documentazione 245, 247
documentazione del restauro 255
documentazione fotografica 259, 261, 265
drenaggio 291, 297, 299
efflorescenza di sali 161, 167, 225, 227
emulsione 89, 107
encausto 97
enzimi 305
erosione 183, 187
erosione di vento 229
esame biologico 283
esame mineralogico 285
esame scientifico 253
esame stratigrafico 249
esfoliazione 191
espansione igroscopica 161
fango 355
fase costruttiva 245
fase storica 247
fenomeno 231
fermatura 315
fessura 205, 263
filler 352, 353, 366, 374, 386, 390, 397
fillosilicato 368
finto marmo 115, 117
fissaggio 315
fluidificante 350
foglia doro 95
foschia 169
fotografia scientifica 265
fratassatura 55
fratazzo 55
frattura 195, 203, 205, 207, 209, 295, 317
frattura statica 203
fresco secco 71
friabilit 197
fuliggine 217
gesso 59, 115, 117, 165, 362, 380, 393
gesso di Parigi 380, 393
gesso dolce 393
gestione dellambiente 297
giornata 75, 79, 127, 263
giunto 39, 43, 45, 321, 325
gomma vegetale 89
graffito 103
granulo 275
granulometria 77, 81
grassello di calce 87, 113, 383, 386, 389
grotta 25
idrossido di calcio 385
igroscopia 153, 157, 167
imbiancatura 87, 327
imbrattamento 147
imitazione 339
immagine 261, 265, 333
impacco 267, 301, 307, 309, 311, 368
impasto 101, 107
imprimitura 59, 61, 69, 99
in situ 245

425

incisione diretta 135, 263

incisione indiretta 137, 263
incrostazione di calcite 358
indagine approfondita delledificio 235
indagine approfondita delledificio e delle
sue superfici architettoniche 239
indagine archeologica dei monumenti architettonici 245
indagine non invasiva 257, 259
indagine stratigrafica 245, 247, 249
inerte 51, 53, 57, 59, 81, 309, 352, 357, 374
infiltrazione 151, 155, 157
ingiallimento 215
iniezione di boiacca 313, 315, 317, 378
inquinamento 189, 241, 295, 297
inquinamento atmosferico 165
integrazione 331
integrazione pittorica mimetica 339
intelaiatura lignea 43
interventi strutturali 179
intervento 289, 301, 305
intervento storico inappropriato 175
intonachino 69, 73, 77, 81
intonaco 41, 43, 45, 51, 53, 55, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75,
77, 79, 81, 83, 93, 103, 109, 125, 127, 135, 137,
213, 247, 245, 309, 315, 317, 323, 352, 362, 368,
371, 374, 381, 383, 389, 390, 393, 397
intonaco a calce 358, 386
intonaco di rifinitura 81
intonaco di sacrificio 307, 309
intonaco per esterni 51, 53, 55, 57
intonaco per esterni (grezzo) 57
invasivo 257, 259, 267
invetriatura 119
lacuna 181, 243, 315, 319, 325, 329, 331, 335, 339
lamina doro 95
lamina in argento 95
lamina metallica 95
latte di calce 85, 385, 389
legante 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 63, 65, 71, 101, 111,
281, 319, 352, 353, 360, 362, 374, 376, 383, 385,
389, 402, 404
legante idraulico 381
legno 35, 43, 45, 49
ligneo 43
luce radente 263
luce ultravioletta 261, 265
lucidatura 97, 117
maiolica decorativa 119
malta 27, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 51, 113, 115, 317,
319, 321, 323, 348, 352, 353, 357, 362, 368, 371,
374, 378, 381, 383, 389, 397
malta di calce 386
malta Khorasan 389
malta liquida da iniezione 378
manutenzione 297, 303
mappatura 251, 267
marmo 29, 390
martellinatura 139
mascherina 141
mattone 27, 29, 35, 37, 45, 321, 355, 357, 364, 368
mattone frantumato 371
meccanismi capillari 227
mezzo fresco 67, 71, 83
microclima 293

426

micro-distruttivo 257, 259

microfrattura 205, 207
microorganismo 225, 283
microscopia 273, 275
migrazione 227, 311
minerale 275, 285
misure di emergenza 301
monitoraggio 293, 295, 303, 307
mordente 95
Morellone 61
mosaico 113, 390, 401
muratura 27, 39, 41, 47, 55, 81, 321, 386
muratura a croce 31
muratura a fascia 31
muratura a sacco 33
muratura a taglio 29, 31
muratura con mattoni in terra cruda 37
muratura di mattoni 35
muratura di pietra greggia 33
muratura in pietra naturale 29
muro 49, 51, 125
Murus Gallicus 33
nebbia 169
nitrati 167
non invasivo 257, 259, 267, 279, 281
olio siccativo 99, 117, 215, 217, 373
ossidazione 211
ossolato di calcio 211
ozono 165
palinsesto 109
pastiglia 93
patina 211
pellicola pittorica 245, 247, 319, 337
pentimento 91, 177
pianta 243
piastrella 35, 364, 399
picchiettatura 139
pietra 27, 29, 35, 45, 321, 325
pietra rasa 41
pietrame 27, 33
pigmento 63, 71, 85, 89, 99, 101, 111, 117, 189,
217, 225, 279, 353, 366, 374, 392
pioggia acida 165
pittura (o tinta) a colla animale o vegetale 105
pittura a calce 67, 85
pittura a cera 67, 97
pittura a colla animale 105
pittura a colla vegetale 105
pittura a encausto 97, 404
pittura a fresco 71, 125, 127, 213
pittura a olio 99
pittura a secco 67, 85
pittura a tempera 89
pittura acrilica 107
pittura ad olio 67
pittura minerale ai silicati 111
pittura murale 49, 63, 67, 109, 245
plastificante 350
pointilismo 333, 335
policromia 243, 247
polvere di marmo 113, 390
polvere di mattone 352, 357, 362
polverizzazione 197
pontata 75, 263

ponteggio 75, 123

porcellana 364
pozzolana 113, 362, 396
prelievo di campioni 267
preparazione 59, 67, 87, 366, 385
preparazione del campione 271
primer 59
proliferazione biologica 171, 360
protuberanza 201
pulitura 289, 305, 311, 327
punteggiato 335
puntellamento 179
puntinismo 335
punto di rugiada 151
quadrettatura 129
radiazione IR 265
rapporto 255
reintegrazione 181, 289, 319, 329
reintegrazione a neutro 331
reintegrazione a velatura 337
relazione 295
resina 65, 99, 215, 353, 369
resina acrilica 348
restauro pittorico 329
restauro pittorico imitativo 339
reversibile 333, 337
ricerche sul sito 241
ricigliare 321
ridipintura 177
riduzione dei sali 307, 309, 311
riempitivo 374
rifinitura 69, 91, 245
rigatino 333
rigonfiamento 201, 368
rilevamento metrico 243
rilievo 245, 263
rilievo architettonico 243, 259
rinforzante 369
rinzaffo 53, 55, 315, 317, 389, 397
ritardante 350, 380
ritoccare 63, 329
ri-trasferimento 247
rivestimento 31, 51, 353
roccia naturale 49
sabbia 37, 229, 319, 352, 355, 397
sali solubili 153, 155, 157, 161, 167, 169, 183,
185, 219, 227, 307, 309, 362
saturazione del colore 219, 223
sbiadimento 223
sbiancamento 221
scagliatura 193, 195, 263, 267
scagliola 115, 117, 404
scandola 121
schizzo 129
scialbo 59, 87, 109, 327
scisto 355
scolorimento 147, 223, 295
scurimento 217
segni di strumenti 263
selciato decorativo 33
selezione cromatica 243
selezione dellargento 243
selezione delloro 243
sezione 243

sezione sottile 271, 273, 275, 285

sezione trasversale 271
sezione trasversale 271, 273, 275, 287
sfarinamento 197
sgraffito 67, 103
sgretolamento 185
siccativo 373
silicato 111, 368, 396, 402
sinopia 73, 79, 125
smalto 119, 364
smog 165
solfatazione 147, 219
solfato 167
solfato di calcio 380
sondaggi sulledificio e sul sito 235
sottotono 337
spettrofotometria XRF 259
spettroscopia a tetrahertz 265
spicchettatura 139
spolvero 103, 133
sporco 147
squamatura 193
squame 193, 195
stabilizzante 350
stacco 245
stacco a massello 245
stagno 95
stampino 115, 141
stampo 93, 393, 399
statica 237
strappo 245
stratigrafia della pittura 69
strato 61, 191, 275

strato di livellamento 55
strato di tinteggiatura 249
strato dintonaco 249
strato pittorico 49, 69, 315
strato preparatorio 59, 319
strato protettivo 69, 119
struttura lignea 43
stuccatura 41, 263, 319
stucco 115, 366, 389, 390, 393, 404
stucco lustro 115
studio del clima interno 293
studio di un edificio 235
studio storico 233
sub-efflorescenza 161, 167, 201
superficie architettonica 29, 35, 39, 43, 47, 49,
51, 53, 63, 65, 67, 337
supporto 49, 59, 67, 113, 245, 247, 319
tassellatura 325
tavole da ponteggio 123
tecnica mista 83
tegola 121, 364, 399
tempera 89
temperatura 163, 293
termografia allinfrarosso 259, 265
terracotta 364, 368, 399
terrazzo 357
tessera 113, 401
test microchimico 287
tetto 121
tinteggiatura 247
tiranti 179
trasferimento 247

trasformazione chimica 215

trasformazione mineralogica 215, 217
trasporto 247
tratteggio 243, 333, 335
traversa 123
travertino 29
tufo vulcanico 396
tuorlo duovo 350
umidit 149, 151, 163, 185, 193, 199, 217, 219,
225, 293, 295
umidit assoluta 149
umidit di risalita 157
umidit relativa 149
unit di metodologia 241, 243
valutazione ambientale 291
vandalismo 173, 301, 339
vapore acqueo 149
velatura 63, 337
velinatura 301
velo bianco 213
Veneda 61
vento 163, 229
Verdaccio 61
vernice 65, 209, 215, 217
vetrina 119
vetro liquido 402
vetro solubile 111
vetro solubile 213, 402
vibrazione 205

427

Polish Index
abstrakcja chromatyczna 341
adobe 27, 37
aerozole 169
akryle 348
akty wandalizmu 173, 301
analiza pigmentw 279
analiza spoiw 281
aqua sporca 337
archeologia 239, 331, 245
architektura wernakularna 121
architektura wycita w skale 25
arriccio 71, 77, 73, 125
autentyzm 335
badania architektoniczne 235, 245
badania bezdotykowe 259
badania biologiczne 283
badania historyczne 233, 239, 247
badania i analiza materiaw 277
badania kolorystyki budynku 247
badania konstrukcyjne 237
badania laboratoryjne 253
badania mikro-destrukcyjne 257, 259
badania mineralogiczne 285
badania nieinwazyjne 257
badania obiektu 231, 239
badania otoczenia 241
badania powok architektury 247
badania punktowe 287
badania stratygraficzne 249
bakterie 171, 283
barwniki 392
beton brutalny 47
beton eksponowany 47, 362
bezporednio wygniatany rysunek 135
biay woal 213
biel wapienna 383
blaknicie 221
brud / zanieczyszczenia 147, 217, 305
bruk 33
budownictwo 27
cega 27, 29, 31, 45, 119, 321, 355, 371, 397
cega profilowana 355
cement 115, 275, 350, 354, 362, 375, 396
cement biay 362
cement portlandzki 175, 362, 387, 389
cement pucolana 362
cement rzymski 362
ceramika 121, 209, 364, 399, 401
ceramika szkliwiona 209
charakterystyka materiaw 281
chronologia interwencji 43
chropowata powierzchnia 57
ciasto wapienne 389
cieki wodne 241
cieka zaprawa (do podklejania) 378
cocciopesto 350, 357, 371
cykle krystalizacji 167
cykle dobowe 163
cykliczne przemarzanie 143, 159
cykliczne zamakanie/schnicie 143, 161
czarne zogi 165
czarny nalot 147, 217

428

dachwka / gont 35, 121, 364, 400

datowanie 277
deformacja 199, 295
dekoracja 25, 247
dekoracja glazurowana 119, 209, 400
dekoracje szablonowe 141
deski rusztowa 123
dezintegracja 185
dniwka 79
dodatek 51, 350, 394
dokumentacja bada konserwatorskich 255
dokumentacja fotograficzna 261
dokumentacja rysunkowa 251, 255, 259
domieszka 51, 55
drena 299
drobnoustroje 171, 283
drobnoziarniste kruszywo 375
dziaanie rodowiska 211
dziury 183
ekstremalne temperatury 163
enkaustyka 97, 404
erozja 183
erozja wiatrowa 163, 229
fachwerk 45
farba klejowa 105
farby mineralne 111
farby mineralne / silikatowe 402
farba zewntrzna / wewntrzna 87
flekowanie 325
formowanie 47
fotobeton 47
fotografie specjalistyczne 259, 265
fresco 67
fresco-secco 71, 83
fresk 67, 71, 77,79, 85, 319
fresk wapienny 101, 361
gesso 366
giornata / dniwka 71, 75, 79, 125, 263
gips 59, 93, 115, 117, 165, 354, 362, 375, 380,
401
gips sztukatorski 394
gips modelarski 393
glina 37, 45, 115, 203, 354, 355, 364, 368, 375,
398, 399
glony 161, 171, 283
gniazda ptakw 171
gniazdo rusztowa 123
gont 121
granit 29
gromadzenie brudu 147
grunt 59, 69, 99
grzyby 171, 283
guma 65
gumy 369
higroskopijno 167
higroskopijno / rozpywanie 153
hydrofobowo 369
identyfikacja skadnikw 277
i 355
imitacja kamienia 29
Impast 101
impasto 101

impasty 107, 348

impregnat konsolidujcy 313, 348, 369
impregnat 217, 402
imprimatura 61
infiltracja / przesikanie 155
interpretacja bada 347
interwencje strukturalne 179
intonaco 71, 73, 77, 371
jaskinia 25 kamie naturalny 29,31,33
karbonizacja 71, 83, 213, 358, 359, 387
kawaki ska 57
kazeina 87, 89, 105, 171, 361, 394
kit 354, 366
kitowanie 319
klej 87, 89, 93, 105, 115, 117, 315, 348, 352, 354,
361, 375, 376
klimat 297, 293, 295
kolektory 299
kolonizacja 171
kompresy 301, 307, 311
kondensacja powierzchniowa/szczelinowa
151
konsolidacja 301, 311, 313. 404
konstrukcja drewniana 43
konstrukcja ryglowa 45
konstrukcja szachulcowa 45
konstrukcja szkieletowa 45
kocowy tynk 77, 81
korozja / rozkad 189, 275
kostki mozaiki 401
krakelura 209
kreda 59, 105, 362, 366
kredowanie 197
kropkowanie 335
kruszona cega 371
kruszywo 51, 352, 375, 387, 398
krystalizacja na powierzchni 191, 193, 195, 227
kurz 147, 213, 217, 229, 267, 404
kwane deszcze 165
kwane mawki 165
kwanie deszcze 145
kwanie zogi 165
laserunek 63, 83, 392
lawowanie tonalne 337
linia prosta 127
uski 195
maculec 124
maculnica 123
malarstwo akrylowe 101, 107
malarstwo olejne 99. 101, 107
malarstwo cienne 49, 101, 361
malowido cienne 63, 65, 67, 109, 139, 231
mapowanie / dokumentacja rysunkowa 243,
251 267
mczka marmurowa 391
metodologia konserwacji 341
mezzo-fresco 67, 83
mgy 169
mikroorganizmy / drobnoustroje 213
mleko wapienne 85, 385
monitoring 291, 295, 303
morrelone 61
mozaika 113, 347, 375, 378, 401

mur ceglany 35
mur cyklopowy 33
mur pruski 45
mur z blokw kamiennych 27
mur z naturalnych kamieni 27, 29
mur z surowego kamienia 33
nanoszenie zarysu 133
naprenia mechaniczne 237
naprenia ciskajce 352
narzut wyrwnujcy 55
nasiekanie 139
nawierzchnia 33
nieobrobiony kamie 33
niewaciwe dawne zabiegi 175
niszczce warunki rodowiska 143, 163, 199,
205, 207
nonik obrazu 49
obmiar 243
obserwacje 277
ocena warunkw rodowiska 291
ocena zagroe 301
oczyszczanie 311, 305
odbarwienie 223
odbijana linia 127
odciskany sznurek 127
oddzielanie si warstw 193
odksztacenie 199, 237
odpadanie usek 195
odpywy 299
odprowadzenie wody 291, 293, 297, 299
odsanianie 327
odwadnianie 299
ogldziny budynku i otoczenia 235
okadzina ciosowa 32
olej 67, 89, 97, 215
olej lniany 105, 117, 373
olej makowy 373
olej orzechowy 117, 373
olej schncy 65, 99, 117, 373
olej sonecznikowy 373
oleje 69, 215, 354
opary 169, 373
opaski z zaprawy 323
opieka i pielgnacja 303
opracowanie prbek 271
osadzanie si soli 167
otarcia 187, 229
otwr maculcowy 123
ozdobne aplikacje 67, 95
palimpsest 109
para wodna 149
patron 141
patyna 211
penetracja 369
pentimento 91, 177
pcherz 201
pcznienie pod wpywem wody 161, 175
pknicia 237, 263, 295, 317, 375, 378
pknicie statyczne 203
pknicie gwiadziste 205
pknicie promieniowe 205
pknicie rwnolege 205
pknicie spiralne 205
pknicie wosowate 207

piasek 119, 203, 229, 319, 355, 362, 387, 391, 398
pietra rasa 41
pietra rasa e testa scoperta 41
pigment 63, 69, 71, 77, 83, 85, 89, 97, 99, 101,
105, 165, 279, 366, 375, 392
plan bada 239
plan na wypadek zagroe 297
pytki ceramiczne 364, 368, 400
powienie 223
pobiaa 87, 139, 247
pobiaa wapienna 87, 177, 384
pobiaka 87
pobielenie 87, 109
pobieranie prbek 257, 267, 283, 369
pobieranie prbek z gbokich warstw 269
pociemnienie 217
podciganie kapilarne 157
podciganie wilgoci 145
podciganie wody 145, 157
podejcie fenomenologiczne 231
podesty rusztowa 123
podklejanie 315, 317
podoe 27, 67, 49, 89, 203, 285, 347, 378
podmalowanie 61, 83
pojanienie 221, 224
polepszanie waciwoci 375
pontata 75
pontate 75, 263
porowata zaprawa 309
porednio wygniatany rysunek 137
powierzchnia architektoniczna 27, 29, 35, 39,
51, 53, 63, 71
powikszanie malowida 129
powikszenia 361
powoka 51, 53, 55, 59, 65, 99, 175, 348, 354,
373
powoka ochronna 65
p-fresk 83
proszek cierny 366
prbki 281
prby na obiekcie 289
przejrzysta powoka 65
przekrj cienkowarstwowy 275, 271
przekrj poprzeczny 273
przemalowanie 109, 177
przenikanie wody 155
przenoszenie / transfer 347
przenoszenie kompozycji 129
przenoszenie malowide 347
przenoszenie rysunku do fresku 133
przepyw pary 175
przeprcha 103, 133
przesczanie 145
przyczepno gadkich warstw 55
przygotowanie prbek 271
pucolana 111, 357, 362, 381, 387, 396
pudrowanie / kredowanie 197
puentylizm 335
pulweryzacja 197
punktowanie / kropkowanie 335
punkt rosy 151, 295
py ceglany 111, 357, 362, 399
ratownicza konsolidacja 301
redukcja skurczu 375
regularne ciosy 32
reintegracja 329

reliefy 399
respekt dla oryginau 177
retusz 63
retuszowanie 329
retransfer 347
rigatino 333
rozkad 197
rozmieszczanie malowida 129
rozpad, destrukcja 163, 185, 305
rozpad materiaw 43
rozplanowanie rysunku 127, 129, 135
rozpywanie soli 153
rwnowaga wilgotnoci wzgldnej 149
rustykowanie 31
rusztowanie 75, 123
rynny 155, 299
rysunek przygotowawczy 69, 79, 131, 125
rysunek wygniatany 137
ryty rysunek 135
scagliola 117, 404
secco 83, 85, 361, 385, 392
selekcja chromatyczna 343
selezione cromatica 343
selezione dellargento 343
selezione delloro 343
sgraffito 67, 103
siatka kwadratw 129
siatka spka 209
silikatowe farby mineralne 111
sinopia 73, 79, 125
saba penetracja 348
sole 155
sole higroskopijne 167, 269
sole morskie 169
sole rozpuszczalne 143, 151, 153, 157, 161,
163, 167, 183, 227, 309, 362
sl 155
spcznienie 201
spkania 209
spkanie 207, 209
spkanie wosowate 207, 387
spoina 31, 39, 321, 325, 378
spoinowanie 155, 161, 179, 321 387
spoiwo 51, 55, 57, 63, 69, 85, 87, 89, 101, 111,
131, 197, 215, 354, 361, 362, 375, 385, 403, 404
spoiwo hydrauliczne 381, 392
spoiwo nieorganiczne 111
spoiwo temperowe 361
spojenia 39, 321
spolvero 133
stabilizator 350
stabilno 352
stacco 345
stacco a masello 345
stabilizator 350
stae czsteczki 165
stan zachowania 245
stemplowanie 179
stiuk 115, 404
stiuk marmurowy 117
stiuk odlewany 115
stonowanie wiate 65
strappo 345
strategia warunkw rodowiska 291, 297
stratygrafia warstwy malarskiej 69
stratygraficzne przekroje budynku 245

429

struktura czsteczek 275

stucco lustro 111
studium klimatu wntrza 293
studium konserwacji zapobiegawczej 303
substancja klejca 354
substancja wica 354
substancje zanieczyszczajce rodowisko 169
surowy kamie 41
sykatywy 99, 373
szablon 135, 141
szalunek 47
szamot 399
szczawian wapnia 211
szczelina 205
szko 95, 111, 301
szko wodne 111, 213, 403
szlam 37
szlif cienki 271, 275
szorstki narzut 57
szorstki tynk 57
szpachla 366
sztukaterie 389, 394
cierniwo 47
lady narzdzi 363
rodek wicy 354
rodki nadzwyczajne 301
rodowisko 241
wiato boczne 261, 263
wiato padajce ukonie 263
wiato skone 263
wiato soneczne 225
technika freskowa 75, 77, 125
technika malarstwa ciennego 85
technika przenoszenia rysunku 135
technika wapienna 85
tempera 89
terakota 119, 399, 401
terra di Sinopie 125
terrazzo 357
tesserae 401
testa scoperta 41
tucze 31
tuste wapno 386
transfer 347
tratteggio 333
tuf wulkaniczny 397
tynk 27, 45, 51, 69, 75, 77, 79, 83, 103, 109, 135,
137, 247, 249, 315, 323, 350, 352, 368, 380, 381,
391
tynk gruboziarnisty 55
tynk kamyczkowy 57
tynk kocowy zewntrzny 81
tynk tracony 309
tynk wapienny 83, 93, 105, 358, 384, 394
tynk wyrwnujcy 55
tynk zewntrzny 53
typologia architektury 237
ubytek 189, 181, 319, 329, 339
ujawnienie pkni 237

430

upynniacz 350
usuwanie soli 307
uszkodzenia budynku 155
utlenianie 211
utrata przyczepnoci 195
utrata spoistoci 197
uwalnianie dwutlenku siarki 165
uwalnianie tlenkw azotu 165
uzupeniania ubytkw warstwy malarskiej 329
uzupenianie 263, 329, 333
uzupenianie / reintegracja 329
uzupenianie naladowcze 339
uzupenianie neutralne 331
uytkowanie budynku 247
veneda 61
verdaccio 61
wahania klimatu 293
wahania temperatury 163
wahania warunkw rodowiska 145
wahania wilgotnoci 163
wandalizm 147, 173
wapie 165, 183, 193, 362
wapno 83, 85, 109, 309, 319, 327, 354, 371, 378,
384
wapno gaszone 111, 359, 361, 384
wapno hydrauliczne 386
wapno hydratyzowane 383
warstwa kalcytu 358
warstwa malarska 49, 77, 177, 249, 327, 347
warstwa wapniowa 213, 358
warstwa wykoczeniowa 81
warstwa wyrwnujca 55
warunki hydrogeologiczne 241
warunki hydrologiczne 241
warunki rodowiska 153, 235, 241, 255
werniks 65, 69, 95, 209, 215, 217, 373
wewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze 143
wglan wapnia 165, 213, 355, 358, 359, 366,
375, 384
wizanie hydrauliczne 395
wibracja kolorw 341
wietrzenie 183, 189
wilgo 107, 217, 237, 357
wilgo higroskopijna 157
wilgotno 149, 283, 293
wilgotno absolutna 149
wilgotno bezwzgldna 149
wilgotno wzgldna 149
wasnoci fizyczne 143
wasnoci reologiczne 388
woda wapienna 71, 85, 358
wody gruntowe 157
wosk 67, 69, 97, 117, 354, 404
wpyw wilgoci 237
wybr trybu postpowania 277
wybrzuszenie 201
wymiana elementw 179
wykwity soli 225, 227
wypalanie 364

wypeniacz 47, 59, 69, 309, 352, 355, 368,375,

391, 398
wypeniacze 55, 57, 111
wypenianie 321
wypenianie ceg 45
wypenianie pustych przestrzeni 315
wysolenia 161, 201, 227, 307
wysolenia pod powierzchni 161
wysolenia powierzchniowe 161
wystajce kamienie muru 41
wysolenie 167, 201
wytrawianie powierzchni 47
wzmocnienie 27
wzrost biologiczny 107, 111, 151, 171
wzrost czynnikw biologicznych 151
zabrudzenia powierzchniowe 147
zagbienia, dziury 183
zagbienie 181
zanieczyszczenia 147, 241, 267
zanieczyszczenia atmosferyczne 147, 295
zanieczyszczenia powietrza 145, 165, 169,
189
zaniedbanie 173
zaprawa odsalajca 307, 309
zaprawa wapienna 213, 323, 384, 387
zaprawa 39, 41, 73, 115, 135, 347, 348, 352, 357,
368, 378, 381
zarzdzanie warunkami rodowiska 297
zasiedlanie przez organizmy ywe 171
zasiedlenie przez czynniki biologiczne 155
zasiedlenie przez mikroorganizmy 217
zastrzyki 313
zastrzyki z ciekej zaprawy 317
zawarto soli 369 zawilgocenie 219
zacenie 215
zdejmowanie malowida 345
zewntrzne przyczyny zniszcze 145
zcza ciesielskie 43
zuszczanie 191, 263
zuszczanie patami 193
zmiana kolorystyczna 215, 217, 221, 223, 225,
295
zmiany chromatyczne 213
zmiany konstrukcyjne 237
zmiany pigmentu 189, 225
zniszczenia antropogenne 145, 173, 187
zniszczenia / rozkad 277, 305
zniszczenia przez czowieka 145
zniszczenia przypadkowe 173
zniszczenia umylne 173
zwikszenie masy 375
zwilanie powierzchni 385
uel 352
ywica 65, 97
ywice 97, 369
ywice akrylowe 65, 369
ywice naturalne 215, 354
ywice syntetyczne 215, 354, 370

Romanian Index
a fresco 67, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 85, 125, 384, 392
a secco 71, 85, 361, 384, 385, 392
abordare fenomenologic 231, 233, 257, 261
abraziune 145, 187, 189, 229
abstracie cromatic 329, 341
adeziv 349, 377
aditiv 51, 77, 85, 350
aerosoli 165, 167, 169
agregat 352, 375, 387, 389, 398
ajustare tonal 337
alabastru 380
albire 213, 221
albu de ou 65
alterare cromatic 147, 213, 215, 217, 223,
alterarea pigmentului 145, 165, 225
analiza biologic 283
analiza lianilor 281
analiza pigmenilor 279
analiza i examinarea materialelor 277
analiz 253
analiz arhitectural 235
analiz structural 235, 237, 239, 241
analize microchimice 277, 279, 281, 287
ap de sticl 111, 213, 370, 403
ap de var 85
ap subteran 157
aplicarea de comprese 307, 311, 368
aplicaii decorative 67, 95
aqua sporca 337
argil 37, 355, 368
arheologie 245
arhitectur rupestr 25
arhitectur vernacular 121
arriccio 73, 77, 79, 125
atac biologic 171, 277, 283
bauforschung 245
beton 47
beton aparent 47
biocleaning 305
bolt 29
brum 169
calcar 362
carbonatare 71, 358, 359
caroiaj 129
carotaj 267, 269
cartare 251
cartografiere 251
carton 137
catalizator 350
cauze extrinseci de degradare 145, 163, 187,
189, 191, 193
cauze intrinseci de degradare 143, 197, 203
cavern 25
cavitate 145, 181, 183
cazein 105, 361, 394
crmid 35, 37, 45, 355, 364, 368, 371, 375,
400
crmid zdrobit 357, 371
cear 97, 404
cea 169
ceramic 364
cercetarea suprafeelor arhitecturale pictate
247, 249, 251

chirpici 27, 37, 368

chituire 181, 319, 329
cicluri de cristalizare 167
cicluri nghe-dezghe 159, 163
cicluri umed-uscat 161, 163
ciment 51, 53, 167, 354, 362, 368
ciment hidraulic 396
ciment Portland 362
cldire 241
cldire istoric 247
clei 345, 354, 377
cloruri 167
cocciopesto 371
colonii biologice 155
colorant 392
condensare 151
conservare 255, 293, 303
conservare preventiv 303
consolidant 370
consolidare 313
consolidare permanent 313
consolidare temporar 313
coraziune 163, 187, 229
coraziune 229
corectur 91
coroziune 189
craclur 203, 205, 209
cresttur 139
cret 63, 59, 366, 375, 392
cristalizarea srurilor 227
crust de calcit 358
culoare de fond 61, 83
cupol 29
curare 305
curare biologic 305
curare mecanic 305
curare fizico-chimic 305
decapare 305, 327, 384
decoeziune 197
decolorare 213, 221, 223
decoraii n relief 67, 93, 377, 380
decoraii smluite 119, 355, 400
defecte structurale 155
deformare 145, 149, 199
degradare 283
degradare antropic 173
degradare cauzat de mediu 159, 163, 167, 171
delicvescen 153
depunere 215, 217, 147
desalinizare 307, 311
desen preparator 125, 131
desprindere 191
dezintegrare 197
distempera 89, 105
documentaie 245
documentaie fotografic 231, 233, 261
drenaj 291, 293, 299
eflorescen 167
eflorescen salin 227
element structural 364
encaustic 97, 392, 404
eroziune 187
eantion 257
evaluarea condiiilor de mediu 255, 291, 295,
297

examen mineralogic 285

examinare metric 243
exfoliere 145, 191, 193, 195
exfoliere n fulgi 191, 195
exfoliere n solzi 191, 193
extragere 345, 347
fachwerk 45, 51, 355, 368
facing 301
factori de mediu 225
frmiare 27, 51, 149, 185, 354
fisur 203, 205, 207, 209
fisur radial 205
fisur static 203
fisur stelat 205
fixare 301, 315
gesso 366
giornata 71, 75, 79
gips 51, 350, 380, 392, 394
glasiu 63, 83
grind 45
grot 25
grund 49, 59
higroscopicitate / delicvescen 149, 153, 167
imagistic tiinific 239, 255, 261, 265
impasto 101, 107
incizie 263
incizie direct 135
incizie indirect 137
infiltrare 155
injectare 315
injectare de mortar 317, 378
intemperii 187
intervenii istorice necorespunztoare 175
intervenii structurale 179
intonaco 51, 57, 71, 73, 75, 77
intonaco de finisare 81
intonaco de sacrificiu 307, 309, 311
investigaia obiectului 239
investigaia sitului 233, 237, 241, 291
investigaie istoric 231, 233
investigaie metric 237, 243, 251
investigaie non-contact 259
investigaie non-invaziv 257, 259, 279
investigaie stratigrafic 249
investigaie tiinific 253
ipsos 380, 394
nglbenire 211, 215
ntreinere i ngrijire 303
ntunecare 217, 404
lacun 181, 183, 319
lapte de var 85, 354, 384, 385
liant 354, 377, 404
liant hidraulic 381
liant tempera 361
linie plesnit 67, 127
lumin razant 75, 263
lustro 67
management de mediu 297
marmur scagliola 115, 117
martelare 55, 139
material de injectare 317

431

material de umplutur 51, 352, 354, 368, 375,

380, 392, 398
materiale de conservare 219, 225
materiale constitutive 253
msuri de urgen 297, 299, 301, 303
mediu nconjurtor 241
mentenan 297
metode non-invazive 247
mezzo-fresco 67, 83
microorganisme 215, 225
microfisur 203, 205, 207, 209
monitorizare 235, 293, 295
monitorizarea sitului i a monumentului 235,
255
morrelone 61
mortar 27, 398
mortar de injectre 39, 317, 378
mortar de var 27, 350, 352, 359, 381, 387, 396,
398
mozaic 113, 401
nisip 398
nitrai 167
ordine cronologic 249
orificii de schel 27, 123
oxalat de calciu 211
oxidare 211
ozon 165
paie 37
palimpsest mural 51, 67, 87, 109
panouri de schel 123
patin 211, 215, 217
pentimento 91
peter 25
pictur 251
pictur n acrilic 107
pictur n tempera 67, 89
pictur n ulei 67, 99
pictur mineral 111
pictur mural 49, 67, 71, 85, 95, 253, 392
pierderea aderenei 181, 195
pierderea coeziunii 197
pierdere superficial 187
pietra rasa 33, 41, 387
pietri 57
pigment 71, 85, 225, 392
plan de urgen 297
plasticitate 289
plastifiant 350
ploaie acid 165
pointilism 335
poluare atmosferic 165
poncif 133
pontata 67, 71, 75, 85
porelan 364
pooar 141

432

pozzolana 396
praf de crmid 355, 357
praf de marmur 67, 115, 389, 391, 398
prelevarea probelor 267, 277
prepararea probelor 227, 271, 273, 275
protuberan 145, 201, 227
prob 271, 273, 281
pulverulen 143, 145, 149, 157, 197
raport de conservare i restaurare 239, 251,
253, 255, 261
rin 65, 99
rin acrilic 65, 107, 349, 350
reducerea srurilor 309
reflectografie n infrarou 131
reintegrare cromatic 329, 331, 333, 335, 337,
339, 341
reintegrare mimetic 329, 339
reintegrare neutr 331
relief 263
repictare 87, 177, 327
replantare 347
restaurare 255
retu 63
rigatino 333
rost 27, 39, 321
rostuire 39, 319, 321
saturarea culorii 219
sruri 155
sruri marine 169
sruri solubile 153, 157, 167, 227
scagliola 115, 117
schel 123
seciune subire 271, 275
seciune transversal 271, 273, 277
selecie cromatic 333, 343
selezione dellargento 343
selezione delloro 343
sgraffito 77, 103, 384, 398
sicativ 373
indril 121
sinopia 55, 73, 125
sondaj stratigrafic 249
sol 241
stacco 345
stacco a massello 345
strappo 345
stare de conservare 239, 253, 263
strat de culoare 77
strat de preparaie
strat egalizator 51, 53, 55, 73, 354
stratigrafia picturii 65, 69, 125, 392, 404
stratigrafie 245
structur din lemn 39, 43, 51
stucatur 115
stucco-lustro 115
stuco-marmur 117

studiul climatului interior 291, 293, 295

subflorescen 161, 167, 201
suport 49, 59, 67
ablon 135, 141
amot 400
ist 355
taselare 39, 325
tehnic florentin de reintegrare cromatic 341
tehnici analitice de investigaie 265
tehnici analitice de investigaie 259
temperatura aerului 293
temperatur extrem 163
tencuial 27, 51, 57, 73, 350, 352, 375
tencuial de var 71
tencuial exterioar 51, 53
tencuial grosier 57
teracot 354, 368, 400
terra alba 380
terrazzo 357
tesere 113, 354, 355, 380, 401
teste 253
teste de tratament 253, 277, 279, 281, 289
tivire 323, 387
transfer 347
tratteggio 329, 333, 335
traverse 123
igl 364
igl / indril 121, 364
ulei de floarea soarelui 373
ulei de in 373
ulei de mac 373
ulei sicativ 99, 373
umiditate 149, 153, 225
umiditate absolut 149
umiditate de capilaritate 157
umiditate extrem 163
umiditate relativ 149
vandalism 173
var 384
var past 384, 389
var stins 359
veneda 61
verdaccio 61
vernis 65, 354, 373
voal alb 145, 213, 221, 223
zidrie 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 355
zidrie aparent 27, 31, 355
zidrie din crmid 27, 35, 37, 355
zidrie din piatr brut 27, 33
zidrie din piatr de talie 27, 31
zidrie din piatr natural 27, 29
zidrie mixt 27, 29, 355
zugrveal 59, 87, 384

Spanish Index
abolsado 201
abolsamiento 201
abrasin 187
abstraccin cromtica 341
aceite de girasol 373
aceite de linaza 373
aceite de nueces 373
aceite de semilla de amapola 373
aceite secante 373
acqua sporca 337
acrilato 349
acrlico 349
actividad del agua 149
acumulacin de suciedad 147
adhesivo 349, 352, 361, 375, 403
aditivo 350, 387,400
adjuste tonal 337
adobe 37
adoquines 33
aerosol 169
aglomerante 55
aglutinante 51, 63, 65, 373
agua de cal 71, 85
agua subterrnea 157
alabastro 380
alteracin cromtica 215
alteracin de pigmento 225
altorrelieve 93
amarilleamiento 215
anlisis de pigmentos 279
anlisis del material ligante 281
anlisis micro-qumico 287
anlisis y estudio de materiales 35, 267, 271,
273
aparejo 35
aplicacin de empaco 311
aplicaciones decorativas 95
arcilla 354, 356, 363, 364, 368, 375, 398, 400
arena 363, 387, 389, 391, 398
arqueologa 331
arquitecturas rupestres 25
arranque 345
arrepentimiento 91
arriccio 73
autenticidad 331
azulejos 364, 368
bajorrelieve 93
barniz 65, 217
bioalteracin 171
biodeterioro 171
blanqueamiento 221
brumas 169
cal 384
cal apagada 359, 361, 391
capa de nivelacin 55
capa pictrica 69
capa preparatoria 59
carbonatacin 359, 387
carga 352
carga fina 375
cartn 137
casena 361
catas 289

causas extrnsecas de deterioro 145

causas intrnsecas de deterioro 143
cavidad 183
cemento 363, 372
cemento hidrulico 363, 396
cemento Portland 175
cera 354, 404
cera pnica 97
cermica 364
chamota 357
ciclo hmedo-seco 161
ciclos de cristalizacin 167
ciclos de hielo y deshielo 159
cloruros 167
cocciopesto 357
cola 377
colonizacin biolgica 171
colorante 392
condensacin 151, 153
conglomerante 354
conglomerante hidrulico 382, 396
conservacin preventiva 303
consolidacin 313
consolidacin permanente 313
consolidacin por inyeccin 317
consolidacin temporal 313
consolidante 349, 370, 403, 404
contaminacin ambiental 145
contaminacin atmosfrica 165
contaminacin del aire 143, 165
corrosin 189
costra de cal carbonatada 358
costra negra 165, 217
costras salinas 227
craquelado 209
craqueladura 205
crecimiento biolgico 171
cripto-eflorescencias 161, 167, 201, 227
cuadrcula 129
cuerda batida 127
cueva 25
decoloracin 223
defectos estructurales 155
deformacin 199
delaminacin 191
depsitos superficiales 147
desalacin 307
descamacin 195
descohesin 185, 197
desencalado 87, 177, 327
desgaste 187
deterioro medioambiental 163
deterioro microbiolgico 171
deterioro por causas antrpicas 173
dibujo preliminar 131
dibujo preparatorio 131
dibujo subyacente 125, 131
difusin del vapor 175
disgregacin 185
documentacin fotogrfica 261
documentacin tcnica 255
drenaje 299
eflorescencia salina 227
empaste 101
encalado 87

encustica 97
encofrado 47
enfoque fenomenolgico 231
enfoscado 51
enlucido 77
ensayo de tratamientos 289
ensayos preliminares 289
erosin 183
erosin elica 229
escayola 117
esgrafiado 103
espolvorear 133
estampar 141
estarcido 135
estarcir 141
esterocroma 111
estratigrafa 273
estrato pictrico 69
estructura de madera 43
estucado 319
estucar 321
estuco 115
estuco marmorizado 117
estudio biolgico 283
estudio climtico en interiores 293
estudio medioambiental 291
estudio y anlisis de materiales 277
estudios previos del edificio 245
estudios previos del objeto 239
examen mtrico 243
examen mineralgico 285
examen y evaluacin estructural 237
exfoliacin 193
fbrica 27
fbrica de ladrillo 35
fbrica de sillera 31
fbrica en seco 27
fbrica ordinaria 27
faltante 181
fango 37
fijacin 315
fijado 315
fisura 205
fresco 71
fresco a la cal 361
fresco secco 71, 85
gelivacin 159
gestin medioambiental 297
grieta 205
grieta estructural 203
guarnecido 73
higroscopa 153
higroscopicidad/deliquescencia 153
hormign visto 47
humedad 149
humedad absoluta 149
humedad ascendente por capilaridad 157
humedad higroscpica 157
humedad relativa 149
imgenes cientficas 265
imitacin de piedra 29
imprimacin 59
incisin 141

433

mez
z
of
r
es
c
o71,
83

Turkish Index
aa karma 327
ak renkli aboyas 125
acil durum nlemleri 301
acil durum plan 297
aerosoller 169
aarma 221
agrega 352, 375
ahap atk 45
ahap iskelet 43
ahap kiremit 121
ahap strktr 43
akkanlatrc 350
akrilik 349
akrilik boya 107
alan aratrmas 255
alan incelemesi 241
al 165, 249, 363, 380
al sva 77
aldan yaplm taklit mermer 117
alg teorisi 331
alt izim 79, 131
altn soyutlamas 343
analitik 265
analitik teknik 259
analiz 253
antik Roma ba 35
ara 354
ariccio 73
asidin kelmesi 165
andrma 366
anma 187, 352
asit tortusu/birikmesi 165
astar 59
astar boyama 61
astarlama 61
ayiei ya 373
ayrma 191, 193, 345, 347
badana 87, 247, 393
bal nem 149, 293
balama teknii 35
balayc 35, 69, 87, 105, 354, 387
balayc eleman 354
balayc madde 377
balayc madde analizi 281
bakm 297
bakm ve koruma 303
balmumu 404
balmumu resim 97
belgeleme 245, 247
beyaz rt 213
beyazlanma 221
beyazlama 213
beyazlatma 366
bezir ya 373
bilimsel aratrma 231, 253
bilimsel grseller 265
bina 241, 303
bina arkeolojisi 245
bina ve alan incelemesi 231, 235
bitirme katman 81
biyo-bozulma 171
biyolojik inceleme 283
biyolojik kolonileme 171
biyolojik oluum 171

biyolojik yaylma 155

biyo-temizlik 305
boluk 181
boluklarn doldurulmas 315
boya 392
boya alt 61
boya alt svas 109
boya kaplama 177
boya katman 49, 69, 77
boya pastas 101, 107
boya tabakas 87
boya tutkal 65
bozulma 235, 237, 251, 253, 277, 279
brt beton 47
buhar geii 175
bulama 59
btnleme 329
bzme 375
akl talar 57
akll sva 57
amur 45
apraz ba (kpek dii ba) 35
apraz ubuklar 123
atlak 113, 205, 237
ekim kuvvetinin kayb 197
ceviz ya 373
evre 235, 241, 243, 303
evresel bozulma 163
evresel deerlendirme 291
evresel koullar 211, 225
evresel ynetim 297
cila 65, 69, 404
cilalama 83, 366
imento 363
ini 35
plak beton 47
cisim aratrmas 239
iy noktas 151
izgi 343
iziktirme 333
izilmi stkko 115
izim rtuu 69
cocciopesto 357
znebilir sillikat 403
znp su olma 153
znr cam 403
znr tuzlar 157, 167, 227
cruflu yzey 358
rtme 325
dalma 185
deformasyon 199, 295
delici matkap 267
denge bal nemi 149
deniz kabuklar 57
deniz tuzlar 169
derz 39, 75, 263
derz tamiri 321
dikey kesit 273
diki atma 325
d cephe svas 53
dsal bozulma sebebi 145
dsal sebepler 143
doal ta duvar 29
doku 372
dkm als 394

dkm stkko 115

dolayl izme 137
dolgu 319
dolgu maddesi 375
dolomitik ta 384
donat 27
dnemsel mdahale gemii 43
donma-znme dngs 159
drenaj 291, 299
duman 165
duvar 27
duvar boyama 71, 85
duvar kaplama 356
duvar resmi 67, 69, 213, 231, 237
dzeltme 91
dzeltme tabakas 55
ek karmlar 51
enjeksiyon 313
epoksi 370
erozyon 183
fenomenolojik yaklam 231
Flaman Ba 35
Florentine yntemi 341
fotoraf ile belgeleme 261, 259
fotorafsal belge 233
fresko 71
geici salamlatrma 313
gerek balmumu 97
gerek fresko 71
gerilme 352
girinti knt oluturma 139
girintiler 139
gzlem 253, 275, 279
glendirme 49
glendirme maddesi 370
gm soyutlamas 343
gnlk sva 79
hacim 375
har 27, 349, 354
har kayma 81
harita 267
harita karma 251
haritalama 233
haha ya 373
hava etkisi 187
hava kirleticileri 169
hava kirlilii 165, 189
hava koullar 189
hava sebebiyle bozulma 183
hava scakl 293
havadan rutubet ekme 153
hazrlk izimi 131
hidrolik balayc 382
hidrolik imento 396
hidrolik sertleme 396
hidrolojik 241
higroskopik genleme 161
higroskopisite / sulanma 153
hizalama izgisi 127
hizalama ipi 127
hzlandrc 350

435

i mekan iklim almas 293

ieri szdrma 155
isel bozulma sebebi 143
iklim 297
ince atlaklar a 209
ince kesit 275
ince kesme ta 31
ince sva 363
ince tabakalara ayrlma 263
inceleme 267, 273
ngiliz ba 35
insan eliyle bozulma 173
sya dayankl dolgu 356
iskele 75, 123
iskele kirii delikleri 123
iskele tahtalar 123
slanma-kuruma dngs 161
iyiletirme 251
izgara 129
izleme 291, 295
kaba 31
kaba rt 73
kaba sva 55, 57, 363
kaba sva moloz talar 41
kaba ta duvar 33
kaba yontulmu kesme ta 31
kabarklk 201
kabarma 193, 201
kabartma 93
kat hamuru 115, 311
kat lapas uygulamas 311
kalba dkme 51
kalbn karma 51
kalp 47
kalp als 381, 394
kalsit tabaka 358
kalsitli katman 213
kalsiyum oksalat 211
kaplama 354
kaplama tahtas 121
kararma 404
karbonlama 359
kareleme 129
karma malzeme duvar 29
karot matkap numune alma 269
karton 137
kat seviyesi 75
katk 349
katk maddesi 350
katman 247, 275
katman bilgisi 269
katmansal inceleme 249
kaya 31
kaya mimarisi 25
kayp 181
kaymakta 380
kazein 87, 361
kazma 67, 103
kazyarak izme 135
kemer 29
kemer svas 394
kenar onarm 323
kenarlk tamirat 323
kerpi 37
kertik 137, 263
kesme ta duvar 31

436

kil 368
klcal atlak 207
kimyasal anma 189
kir 147
kire 85, 109, 384, 387
kire ta 105
kire badanas 87
kire beyaz 366
kire harc 387
kire kayma 387, 389
kire svas 67, 71, 83, 93, 389
kire st 385, 389
kire suyu 71, 85
kire ta 366
kireli fresko 67, 361
kireli kuru fresko 67
kireli sva 67
kiri 45
kirletici 215, 295
kirli su 337
kirlilik 241
kzltesi reflectography (yanstc) 131
kompres 301
kopya kalemi 137
kordon 400
korni 400
korozyon 189
koruma 235, 245, 369
koruma metodolojisi 341, 343
koruma raporu 255
koruma svas 309
koruma/restorasyon teorisi 333
korunma 43, 231, 243
kristalleme dngleri 167
kubbe 29
kk pullar halinde dklme 195
kum 398, 387
kuru duvar derzi 39
kuru fresko 85
kurutmak 299
kurutucu ya 373
lakuna 181
lapa 263
lav kl 396
lekelenme 147
lifler 387
macun 354
madde aratrmas 239
maara 25
magnezyum kireci 384
mala 55
mala derzi 41
malzeme 247, 253, 261
malzeme analizi ve incelenmesi 277
medyum pastas 101
mermer taklidi kabartma 115
mermer tozu 391
mikro biyolojik yaylma 283
mikrobiyolojik bozulma 171
mil 37
mimari aratrma 235
mimari resim aratrmas 247
mimari terakota 400
mimari yzey 283, 291, 297
mineral boyalar 111

mineralojik aratrma 285

moloz ta 33
mordente 95
Morrelone 61
mozaik 113
mdahale 265, 283
mdahale denemeleri 289
mdahalesiz aratrma 257
mum 69, 117
mutlak nem 149
nakil 347
nem 149, 193, 237
nesne aratrmas 239
nokta deneyi analizi 287
noktalama 335
ntr btnleme 331
numune 269
ocakta aplanm kesme ta 31
oksitlenme 211
lekli inceleme 243
lm 235
olgusal yaklam 231
onarm svas 309
nleyici koruma almas 303
opus masivum 113
opus tesselatum 113
organik 287
rnek 271, 287
rnek hazrlama 271
rnekleme 267
otantiklik 331
oyuk 183
zgn 285
padavra 121
parafin 404
paris als 380
parlama 65
patina 211
pentimento 91
Pietra rasa 41
pigment 63, 392
pigment deiimi 225
pimi tula seramik 400
porselen 365
Portland imento 363, 175
pul eklinde ayrlma 193
pullanma 195, 263
przlendirme 139
pus 169
puzolan 396
radyal atlak 205
reine 65, 99, 354, 370
rengini bozma 295
renk analizi 279
renk bozulmas 223
renk deiimi 215, 223
renk doygunluu 219
renk soyutlamas 341
renklendirici 392
renklendirme 329
renkli oksit tabakas 211
resim tayc 49
rigatino 333

rleve 243
rlyef 93
Roma imentosu 382
Roma-beyaz imento 363
rtu 63, 91, 329, 333
rzgar erozyonu 229
sabitleme 315
sabitleyici 350
ablon 135
salamlatrc 370
salamlatrma 289, 301, 313
sahte ahap atklar 45
sakz 370
saman lifli malzemeler 37
sararma 215
sarmal atlak 205
secco 83
seilmi renkle tamamlama 343
ekil deiiklii 199
selloz trleri 370
seramik 365
erbet 27, 317
erbetli har 378
serpme sva 57
seviyeleme 75
scaklk 295
silikat mineral boya 111
sinopya 125
sr 63
srlama 337
srl dekorasyonlar 117
sis 169
ikinlik 201
ime zellii 368
ist 356
sva 43, 51, 103, 387
sv cam 403, 213
siyah bir kabuk 217
siyah kabuklar 165
sznt 155
solma 223
son kat sva 77
son sva 81
snmemi kire 384
snm kire 359, 385, 391
soyulma 191
spolvero 103, 133
stacco 345
stacco a massello 345
statik atlak 203
stensil 141
strappo 345

stratigrafik 245
stratigrafik inceleme 249
strktrel bozukluklar 155
strktrel inceleme 237
strktrel mdahaleler 179
stkko 115, 389, 394
stkko mermer 115, 117
stkkolustro 115
su cam 403
slfatlama 147
sulanma 153
sulu har 378
sulu har enjeksiyonu 317
ssleme 27, 95

tuz azaltmas 307

tuz ieklenmesi 225, 227
tuz kristallenmesi 193, 161, 167, 195, 227

tabaka incelemesi 249

taban boyama 83
tahliye kanal 299
takliti tamamlama 339
tam rtu 339
tamamlama 329
tamirat 315
tarama 333
tarih 255, 245
tarihsel aratrma 233
tartar 267
ta 27
ta ileme 31
ta paracklar 57
ta tamiri 325
tama 347
taslak izim 73, 131
tebeir 366
temassz aratrma 259
temizleme 289, 305
terakota 400
terra alba 380
terrazzo 357
tessera 401
ton ayarlamas 337
tonal 61
tonoz 29
tortu 295
toz haline gelme 197
tozlama 133
tozlanma 197
tratteggio 335
tula 356
tula duvar 35
tula kr 372
tula tozu 357
tutkal 89, 377
tutkall resim 89

yal boya 101

yal kire 393
yal basks 121
yan k 263
yanltc tamamlama 339
yap aratrmas 255
yapsal elemanlar 365
yapsal inceleme 241
yapma 375
yapma kayb 181, 185, 195
yaptrc 105
yar fresko 83
yark 205
yarm kereste hm 45
yalanma 211
yavalatc 350
yeniden birletirme 289, 347
yer deitirme 325, 295
youma 151
yonu ta duvar 31
yk tama 356
ykselen nem 157
yumru ta 33
yumurta ak 65
yumuatc 350
yzey 263, 281
yzey altnda tuzlanma 167
yzey zerinde tuzlanma 167
yzeysel kayp 187
yzeysel tehisleri 293

ufalanabilirlik 197
ufalanma 185
stne boyama 177
uygulamal stkko 115
uygun olmayan eski mdahaleler 175
uzun vadeli salamlatrma 313
vandallk 301, 173, 177
Veneda 61
Verdaccio 61

zamk 65, 87
zamkl balayc 361
zamkl subazl boya 105
zemin 49
zemin boyama 59
zemin sular 157
zemin yzey 59

437

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EwaGlos, which has been developed in eleven languages,

highlights the crucial role that professionally developed
multilingual vocabularies play in international preservation
tance of a common language in the conservation field, and
the role that international cooperation plays in creating
this common terminology.
The core of the glossary comprises approximately 200 definitions of terms frequently used in specifications in the
field of conservation-restoration of wall paintings and architectural surfaces. The forewords and preface of the book
introduce professionals, students and decision-makers to
complex issues encountered in the development, and use,
of such terminologies. The book concludes with an extensive bibliography in this specialised field.

EWAGLOS EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF CONSERVATION TERMS

FOR WALL PAINTINGS AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

campaigns. The illustrated glossary stresses the impor-

17

EwaGlos
EUROPEAN ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY
OF CONSERVATION TERMS FOR WALL PAINTINGS
AND ARCHITECTURAL SURFACES

MICHAEL IMHOF VERLAG