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    Late Modern Period: Modern History 18th Century 19th Century

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    Angelo Otañes Gasatan
    The Scientific Revolution led to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, which transformed economies through new modes of mass production. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern democracy in the late 18th century American and French Revolutions. In the 19th century, European powers colonized much of Asia and Africa due to their social and technological advantages. Nationalism grew in importance in the 20th century. The 20th century saw two world wars, the rise and fall of fascist and communist states, decolonization in Asia and Africa, and the Cold War between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states led by the US and Soviet Union respectively.

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    Late Modern Period: Modern History 18th Century 19th Century

    Uploaded by

    Angelo Otañes Gasatan
    71 views5 pages
    The Scientific Revolution led to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, which transformed economies through new modes of mass production. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern democracy in the late 18th century American and French Revolutions. In the 19th century, European powers colonized much of Asia and Africa due to their social and technological advantages. Nationalism grew in importance in the 20th century. The 20th century saw two world wars, the rise and fall of fascist and communist states, decolonization in Asia and Africa, and the Cold War between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states led by the US and Soviet Union respectively.

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    The Scientific Revolution led to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, which transformed economies through new modes of mass production. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern democracy in the late 18th century American and French Revolutions. In the 19th century, European powers colonized much of Asia and Africa due to their social and technological advantages. Nationalism grew in importance in the 20th century. The 20th century saw two world wars, the rise and fall of fascist and communist states, decolonization in Asia and Africa, and the Cold War between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states led by the US and Soviet Union respectively.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    71 views5 pages

    Late Modern Period: Modern History 18th Century 19th Century

    Uploaded by

    Angelo Otañes Gasatan
    The Scientific Revolution led to the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, which transformed economies through new modes of mass production. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern democracy in the late 18th century American and French Revolutions. In the 19th century, European powers colonized much of Asia and Africa due to their social and technological advantages. Nationalism grew in importance in the 20th century. The 20th century saw two world wars, the rise and fall of fascist and communist states, decolonization in Asia and Africa, and the Cold War between Western capitalist states and Eastern communist states led by the US and Soviet Union respectively.

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    Late Modern period[edit]

    Main article: Modern history


    Further information: 18th century and 19th century

    John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing theCommittee of Five presenting its work to Congress.

    The Scientific Revolution changed humanity's understanding of the world and led to the Industrial
    Revolution, a major transformation of the world's economies.[123][146] The Scientific Revolution in the
    17th century had made little immediate impact on industrial technology; only in the second half of the
    18th century did scientific advances begin to be applied significantly to practical invention. The
    Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and used new modes of production the factory, mass
    production, and mechanisation to manufacture a wide array of goods faster and using less labour
    than previously. The Age of Enlightenment also led to the beginnings of modern democracy in the
    late-18th century American and French Revolutions. Democracy and republicanism would grow to
    have a profound effect on world events and on quality of life.
    After Europeans had achieved influence and control over the Americas, the imperial activities of the
    West turned to the lands of the East and Asia.[147][148] In the 19th century the European states had
    social and technological advantage over Eastern lands.[149] Britain gained control of the Indian
    subcontinent, Egypt and the Malay Peninsula;[150] the French took Indochina; while the Dutch
    cemented their control over the Dutch East Indies. The British also colonized Australia, New
    Zealand and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies.
    [150]

    Russia colonised large pre-agricultural areas of Siberia. [151][152] In the late 19th century, the

    European powers divided the remaining areas of Africa. Within Europe, economic and military
    challenges created a system of nation states, and ethno-linguistic groupings began to identify
    themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for cultural and political autonomy.
    This nationalism would become important to peoples across the world in the 20th century.
    During the Industrial Revolution, the world economy became reliant on coal as a fuel, as new
    methods of transport, such as railways and steamships, effectively shrank the world.[146] Meanwhile,

    industrial pollution and environmental damage, present since the discovery of fire and the beginning
    of civilization, accelerated drastically.
    The advantages that Europe had developed by the mid-18th century were two:
    an entrepreneurial culture,[149][153] and the wealth generated by the Atlantic trade[149] (including
    the African slave trade). By the late 16th century, silver from the Americas accounted for the Spanish
    empire's wealth.[154] The profits of the slave trade and of West Indianplantations amounted to 5% of
    the British economy at the time of the Industrial Revolution.[155] While some historians conclude that,
    in 1750, labour productivity in the most developed regions of China was still on a par with that of
    Europe's Atlantic economy (see the NBER Publications by Carol H. Shiue and Wolfgang Keller [156]),
    other historians likeAngus Maddison hold that the per-capita productivity of western Europe had by
    the late Middle Ages surpassed that of all other regions.[157]

    Contemporary history[edit]
    Main article: Contemporary history
    19001945[edit]
    Main article: 20th century
    Further information: Interwar period, Roaring Twenties, and Great Depression

    World War I static trench warfare, western Europe

    History's only use of nuclear weapons in warHiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945

    The 20th century[158][159][160] opened with Europe at an apex of wealth and power, and with much of the
    world under its direct colonialcontrol or its indirect domination.[161] Much of the rest of the world was
    influenced by heavily Europeanized nations: the United States andJapan.[162] As the century unfolded,
    however, the global system dominated by rival powers was subjected to severe strains, and
    ultimately seemed to yield to a more fluid structure of independent nations organized on Western
    models. But soon it appeared that the global system dominated by rival powers yielded to a system
    dominated by one power, a system organized like Eastern rather than Western models.
    This transformation was catalysed by wars of unparalleled scope and devastation. World War
    I[163] destroyed many of Europe's empires and monarchies, and weakened Britain and France.[164] In its
    aftermath, powerful ideologies arose. The Russian Revolution[165][166][167] of 1917 created the
    first communist state, while the 1920s and 1930s saw militaristic fascist dictatorships gain control
    in Italy, Germany,Spain and elsewhere.[168]
    Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the Great Depression, helped
    precipitate World War II.[169][170] Themilitaristic dictatorships of Europe and Japan pursued an ultimately
    doomed course of imperialist expansionism. Their defeat opened the way for the advance
    of Socialism into Central Europe, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, China, North
    Vietnam and North Korea.
    19452000[edit]
    Main article: 20th century
    After World War II ended in 1945, the United Nations was founded in the hope of allaying conflicts
    among nations and preventing future wars.[171][172] The war had, however, left two nations, the United
    States[173] and the Soviet Union, with principal power to guide international affairs.[174] Each was
    suspicious of the other and feared a global spread of the other's political-economic model. This led
    to the Cold War, a forty-five-year stand-off between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their
    respective allies. With the development ofnuclear weapons[175] and the subsequent arms race, all of
    humanity were put at risk of nuclear war between the two superpowers.[176]Such war being viewed as
    impractical, proxy wars were instead waged, at the expense of non-nuclear-armed Third
    World countries.
    The Cold War lasted to the 1990s, when the Soviet Union's communist system began to collapse,
    unable to compete economically with the United States and western Europe; the Soviets' Central
    European "satellites" reasserted their national sovereignty, and in 1991 the Soviet Union
    itself disintegrated.[177][178][179] The United States for the time being was left as the "sole remaining
    superpower".[180][181][182]
    In the early postwar decades, the African and Asian colonies of the Belgian, British, Dutch, French
    and other west European empires won their formal independence.[183][184] These nations faced
    challenges in the form of neocolonialism, poverty, illiteracy and endemic tropical diseases.[185][186]

    Many Western and Central European nations gradually formed a political and economic community,
    the European Union, which expanded eastward to include former Soviet satellites.[187][188][189][190]

    Last Moon landing Apollo 17(1972)

    The 20th century saw explosive progress in science and technology, and increased life
    expectancy and standard of living for much of humanity. As the developed world shifted from a coalbased to a petroleum-based economy, new transport technologies, along with the dawn of
    the Information Age,[191] led to increased globalization.[192][193][194] Space exploration reached throughout
    the solar system. The structure of DNA, the template of life, was discovered,[195][196][197] and the human
    genome was sequenced, a major milestone in the understanding of human biology and the
    treatment of disease.[198][199][200][201][202] Global literacy rates continued to rise, and the percentage of the
    world's labor pool needed to produce humankind's food supply continued to drop.
    The technologies of sound recordings, motion pictures, and radio and television broadcasting
    produced a means for rapid dissemination of information and entertainment. In the last decade of the
    twentieth century, a rapid increase took place in the use of computers, including personal computers.
    A global communication network emerged in the Internet. The century saw several global threats
    emerge or become more serious or more widely recognized, including nuclear proliferation, global
    climate change,[203][204] deforestation,overpopulation, deadly epidemics of diseases such as Ebola
    virus, near-Earth asteroids and comets,[205] supervolcano eruptions, and the dwindling of
    global natural resources (particularly fossil fuels).[206]
    21st century[edit]

    Depiction of the Internet, a source ofinformation and communication

    Main article: 21st century


    The 21st century has been marked by growing economic globalization and integration, with
    consequent increased risk to interlinked economies, and by the expansion of communications
    with mobile phones and the Internet. The period has also been marked by growingmilitary
    globalization and unipolarity, with consequent stabilization of peace and the spread of democracy.
    Worldwide demand and competition for resources has risen due to growing populations and
    industrialization, especially in India, China andBrazil. This increased demand is causing increased
    levels of environmental degradation and a growing threat of global warming.[207] That in turn has
    spurred the development of alternate, renewable sources of energy (notably solar energy and wind
    energy), proposals for cleaner fossil-fuel technologies and expanded use of nuclear
    energy (somewhat dampened by nuclear-plant accidents),[208][209][210] and, conversely, calls to eschew
    the indiscriminate large-scale employment of the "fissile-fossil complex" of fissile- (nuclear) and
    fossil-fuel (coal, petroleum, natural-gas) energy generation.[211]

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