Sound and Vibration Tutorial en

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Document Type: Tutorial

NI Supported: Yes
Publish Date: May 17, 2012
Sound and Vibration Measurements: How-To Guide

Overview
This document is part of the How-To Guide for Most Common Measurements centralized resource portal.
Table of Contents
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Sound and Vibration and Piezoelectric (IEPE) Sensor Overview

How to Make a Sound and Vibration Measurement
NI Solutions for Sound and Vibration Measurements
Connecting Your Sensor to an Instrument
Recommended Hardware and Software
Sound and Vibration Webcasts, Tutorials, and Other How-To Resources
Sound and Vibration and Piezoelectric (IEPE) Sensor Overview

Vibration occurs when a mass oscillates mechanically about
an equilibrium point. A common example of a vibrating
mechanical system is a spring-mass-damper system, illustrated in
Figure 1. Vibrations also occur in surfaces, such as the wing of an
airplane, or a gong. In many cases, vibrations are unwanted
because they waste energy and cause fatigue stress and noise,
and systems are usually designed to minimize these types of
vibrations. Meanwhile, vibrating structures generate pressure
waves, or sound, which can be desirable in the case of musical
instruments.
View a 60-second video about

how to take a Sound
and Vibration Measurement
Figure 1. Spring-Mass-Damper System

Sound and vibration are essentially oscillations in different media, and just like vibrations can create sound, acoustic waves traveling through air can generate oscillations in solid materials as well.
Because the theory behind the two is correlated, measuring sound and vibration is also similar in nature.
You can represent both sound and vibration as oscillations, and the simplest oscillations are sinusoidal waveforms expressed in terms of time as
, with angular frequency
and phase as constants. Angular frequency is represented in radians per second (rad/sec) and is related to frequency (Hz or s -1) by the following formula: =2. Angular frequency is
always spoken of in correlation to a phase , which describes an offset of the wave from a specified reference point at the initial time t0, and is usually given in degrees or radians.
Analysis of Sound and Vibration Measurements
In real applications, the measured voltage signals are complex waveforms that contain multiple frequency components. Sound and vibration analysis usually involves identifying and examining
these frequency components. To do so, you must convert the signals from the time domain to the frequency domain mathematically using Laplace, Z-, or Fourier transforms. Fourier analysis is the
most common for this application because it obtains the magnitude in decibels (dB) and associated phase (degrees or radian) for each frequency component in a signal.
IEPE Sensors
Typical indicators for making sound and vibration measurements are acceleration and sound pressure level, respectively. These indicators are commonly measured using devices such as
accelerometers (shock and vibration) and microphones (sound).
Many sensors for measuring acceleration and pressure are based on the principle of piezoelectric generation. The piezoelectric effect denotes the ability of ceramic or quartz crystals to generate
electric potential upon experiencing compressive stresses. These mechanical stresses are triggered by forces such as acceleration, strain, or pressure. In the case of microphones, acoustic
pressure waves cause a diaphragm, or thin membrane, to vibrate and transfer stresses into the surrounding piezoelectric crystals. Accelerometers, on the other hand, contain a seismic mass that
directly applies forces to the surrounding crystals in response to shock and vibrations. The voltage generated is proportional to the internal stresses in the crystals.
A particular class of piezoelectric sensors, known by the term integral electronic piezoelectric (IEPE), incorporates an amplifier in its design next to the piezoelectric crystals. Because the charge
produced by a piezoelectric transducer is very small, the electrical signal produced by the sensor is susceptible to noise, and you must use sensitive electronics to amplify and condition the signal
and reduce the output impedance. IEPE therefore makes the logical step of integrating the sensitive electronics as close as possible to the transducer to ensure better noise immunity and more
convenient packaging. A typical IEPE sensor is powered by an external constant current source and modulates its output voltage with respect to the varying charge on the piezoelectric crystal. The
IEPE sensor uses only one or two wires for both sensor excitation (current) and signal output (voltage).
How to Make a Sound and Vibration Measurement
The signal conditioning circuitry for measuring sound and vibration is fairly straightforward. A typical system for measuring acceleration or sound pressure level includes the following components:
Sensor
Current source to excite the sensor
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Proper grounding to eliminate noise pick-up

AC coupling to remove DC offsets in the system
An instrumentation amplifier to boost the sensors signal level
A lowpass filter to reduce noise and prevent aliasing in the data acquisition system
Simultaneous sample and hold circuitry to keep multiple signals properly timed with respect to each other
As mentioned in the above section, sound and vibration measurements are highly susceptible to noise. You can reduce this effect, however, by properly grounding the system. You can avoid
improper grounding resulting from ground loops or floating nodes by ensuring that either the signal conditioning input or the sensor is grounded but not both. If the sensor is grounded, you must
connect it differentially. If the sensor is floating, you should connect the signal conditioning systems inverting input to ground.
The signal acquired from the sensor consists of both DC and AC components, where the DC portion offsets the AC portion from zero. AC coupling removes the DC offset in the system by means of
a capacitor in series with the signal. An AC-coupled sensor system eliminates the long-term DC drift that sensors have due to age and temperature effect, dramatically increasing the resolution and
the usable dynamic range of the system.
For accurate measurements, the sampling rate of the system should be at least twice the frequency of the signals being acquired. To be sure that you are sampling the correct range of frequencies,
add a lowpass filter before the sampler and the analog-to-digital converter. This ensures that you attenuate higher-frequency noise and that these aliasing components above the sampling rate do
not distort the measurement.
NI Solutions for Sound and Vibration Measurements
Sound and Vibration measurements are common but the application requirements can vary. Therefore, National Instruments provides many options covering multiple hardware families.
Figure 2. Examples of NI CompactDAQ, PXI, and SCXI Systems
The CompactDAQ family is ideal for low- to medium-channel count applications. It can provide IEPE compatible excitation and moderate sampling rates.
The PXI platform provides solutions for medium- to high-channel count systems with the ability to trigger and synchronize across multiple modules. The PXI platform also provides IEPE excitation
with higher sampling rates and multiple selectable input ranges.
The SCXI family can also provide modules for medium-channel count applications at lower sampling speeds.
Connecting Your Sensor to an Instrument
As an example, consider the NI 9234 C Series module that is designed for accelerometer and microphone measurements (see Figure 3). The NI 9234 can simultaneously sample four analog inputs
at 51.2 kS/s while offering software-selectable IEPE signal conditioning, AC/DC coupling, and antialiasing filtering. The NI 9234 can be used in an NI cDAQ-9172 chassis.
Figure 3. NI 9234 C Series Module with NI CompactDAQ Chassis

The module has four BNC connectors that can each connect to an IEPE sensor (see Figure 4). The center pin of the connector, AI+, provides the DC excitation and AC signal connection. The shell
of the connector, AI, provides the excitation return path and AC signal ground reference.
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Figure 4. NI 9234 BNC Connector Assignments

An IEPE sensor needs an appropriate cable and/or connector to hook into the BNC inputs of the C Series module. Triaxial accelerometers have three outputs, one axis to one acquisition channel,
each requiring its own signal conditioning.
You can connect both ground-referenced or floating IEPE sensors to the NI 9234, but you must use a floating connection to prevent ground noise from being picked up. Typical IEPE sensors have
a case that is electrically isolated from the IEPE electronics, so connecting the sensor to the NI 9234 results in a floating connection even though the case of the sensor is grounded.
Getting to See Your Measurement: NI LabVIEW
Once you have configured the system properly, you can acquire and visualize data using the LabVIEW graphical programming environment (see Figure 5).
In software, you can covert the acquired voltage into frequency data through spectral (frequency-domain) analysis functions. A simple example is a fast Fourier transform, or FFT function. You can
conduct more advanced software processing of the data using one of the many tools that National Instruments has to offer, such as the NI Sound and Vibration Measurement Suite .
Figure 5. Power Spectrum with NI Sound and Vibration Toolkit

Recommended Hardware and Software
Example Sound and Vibration Measurement System
NI CompactDAQ: 3-minute out of the box video
Take a Virtual Tour of NI CompactDAQ
Learn about and test-drive LabVIEW software for free
Sound and Vibration Webcasts, Tutorials, and Other How-To Resources
10 Questions to Ask When Selecting Your Sound and Vibration Measurement System
Sound and Vibration Interactive Application Tutorials, Product Demos, and Case Studies
New to Sound and Vibration? New Online Instructor-Led Training From NI Available
Legal
This tutorial (this "tutorial") was developed by National Instruments ("NI"). Although technical support of this tutorial may be made available by National Instruments, the content in this tutorial may
not be completely tested and verified, and NI does not guarantee its quality in any way or that NI will continue to support this content with each new revision of related products and drivers. THIS
TUTORIAL IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND AND SUBJECT TO CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS AS MORE SPECIFICALLY SET FORTH IN NI.COM'S TERMS OF USE (
http://ni.com/legal/termsofuse/unitedstates/us/).
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Document Type: Tutorial

Sound and Vibration Measurements: How-To Guide

Sound and Vibration and Piezoelectric (IEPE) Sensor Overview

Sound and Vibration and Piezoelectric (IEPE) Sensor Overview

View a 60-second video about

Figure 1. Spring-Mass-Damper System

, with angular frequency

Proper grounding to eliminate noise pick-up

Figure 2. Examples of NI CompactDAQ, PXI, and SCXI Systems

Figure 3. NI 9234 C Series Module with NI CompactDAQ Chassis

Figure 4. NI 9234 BNC Connector Assignments

Figure 5. Power Spectrum with NI Sound and Vibration Toolkit

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