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    TOK Reason Cheat Sheet Vocabulary:: If You Begin With Truth You Will End Up With Truth

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    This document provides a cheat sheet on key concepts in reasoning and argumentation used in the Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course. It defines important vocabulary like premises, rationalism, fallacies, and syllogisms. It also distinguishes between deductive and inductive reasoning, and discusses the differences between validity and truth in arguments. Common fallacies are outlined, and it notes some criteria for evaluating inductive generalizations. The cheat sheet aims to concisely summarize essential TOK concepts.

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    TOK Reason Cheat Sheet Vocabulary:: If You Begin With Truth You Will End Up With Truth

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    56 views2 pages
    This document provides a cheat sheet on key concepts in reasoning and argumentation used in the Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course. It defines important vocabulary like premises, rationalism, fallacies, and syllogisms. It also distinguishes between deductive and inductive reasoning, and discusses the differences between validity and truth in arguments. Common fallacies are outlined, and it notes some criteria for evaluating inductive generalizations. The cheat sheet aims to concisely summarize essential TOK concepts.

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    This document provides a cheat sheet on key concepts in reasoning and argumentation used in the Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course. It defines important vocabulary like premises, rationalism, fallacies, and syllogisms. It also distinguishes between deductive and inductive reasoning, and discusses the differences between validity and truth in arguments. Common fallacies are outlined, and it notes some criteria for evaluating inductive generalizations. The cheat sheet aims to concisely summarize essential TOK concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    56 views2 pages

    TOK Reason Cheat Sheet Vocabulary:: If You Begin With Truth You Will End Up With Truth

    Uploaded by

    r
    This document provides a cheat sheet on key concepts in reasoning and argumentation used in the Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course. It defines important vocabulary like premises, rationalism, fallacies, and syllogisms. It also distinguishes between deductive and inductive reasoning, and discusses the differences between validity and truth in arguments. Common fallacies are outlined, and it notes some criteria for evaluating inductive generalizations. The cheat sheet aims to concisely summarize essential TOK concepts.

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    TOK Reason Cheat Sheet

    Vocabulary:
    Premises - assumptions you claim to be true
    Rationalism school of philosophy which reason is the most important source of knowledge.
    Fallacy An invalid pattern of reasoning. A false or mistaken idea.
    Syllogism - A kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two
    others (the premises) of a certain form.
    Belief Bias The tendency we have to believe that an argument is valid simply because we agree with the
    conclusion.
    Enthymeme An argument where one premise is not explicitly stated
    Confirmation bias Tendency for people to favor information that supports their preconceptions regardless
    of whether the information is true.
    Rationalization Starting with your prejudices and then manufacturing bad reasoning in order to justify
    them.
    Deductive reasoning
    Starts with the divisional and ends with the magnanimous. Example: Humans are all mortal so one day I
    will die.
    Syllogisms must include
    1.two premises and a conclusion
    2.three terms, each of which occurs twice
    3.quantifiers, which tell us the quantity that is being referred to.
    4.personification, which means they are related to human qualities.
    Truth and Validity
    These are two different things. Validity only refers to whether the conclusion follows logically from the
    premises. Truth refers to whether the conclusion matches the existing state of affairs
    The structure of arguments
    All As are BS
    Some As are Cs
    Therefore some Bs are Cs
    What is wrong with the following argument?
    Democrats are in favor of free speech
    Dictators are not Democrats
    Dictators are opposed to free speech

    Deductive reasoning preserves truth


    To be sure that the conclusion of an argument is true, you must be able to answer yes to all of the
    following questions.
    1. Are the premises true?
    2. Is the argument valid?
    3. Is it worth arguing?
    If you begin with truth you will end up with truth.

    Inductive Reasoning
    Starts with the particular and end with the general, it typically moves from the observed to the
    unobserved.
    Science uses inductive reasoning to formulate general laws.
    It ends up that even when we are using deductive reasoning we must also use
    inductive reasoning.
    How reliable is inductive reasoning?
    We make hasty generalizations. This can lead to racist, sexist, and all the rest of the ists attitudes.
    Confirmation bias another thing we all suffer from.
    What do you need for a good generalization?
    A large number of samples, a variety of samples
    Acknowledge exceptions
    Fallacies - Bad ways to argue
    Post hoc ergo propter hoc Just because B follows A does not mean A cause B
    Ad Hominem Attacking or supporting the person rather than the argument.
    Circular Reasoning Assuming the truth of something you are supposed to be proving.
    Special Pleading double standard. Except me.
    Equivocation When the same word is used more than once but with different meanings.
    Argument ad ignorantiam Claiming something is true on the grounds that there is no evidence to disprove it.
    False Analogy assuming that two things are similar in some respects they must also be similar in others.
    False Dilemma Assuming that only two alternatives exist.
    Loaded Question Contains a built in assumption

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