SOALAN 1

1. a) Huraikan tentang punca-punca air untuk bekalan air di Malaysia.

(6 m)
b) Terangkan dengan ringkas sifat-sifat air yang perlu diambilkira dalam kejuruteraan
bekalan air.
(15 m)
c) Berikut adalah data bancian penduduk dari tahun 1970 hingga 2010.Dengan menggunakan
Kaedah Aritmetik ramalkan penduduk bagi tahun 2020 dan 2030.
Tahun
Penduduk

1970
12550

1980
14569

1990
17770

2000
22271

2010
28112

(4 m)
SOALAN 2
a) Berikan peringkat-peringkat yang terdapat dalam rawatan lazim (Conventional Treatment)
(5 m)
b) Terangkan bagaimana proses pengentalan air dilakukan.
(20 m)

SOALAN 3
a) Terangkan dengan ringkas Sistem Agihan Graviti dan Sistem Pam Terus
(15 m)
b) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan Kehilangan Hasil Air (NRW)?
(5 m)
c) Nyatakan 5 jenis sistem perpaipan bekalan air
(5 m)

SOALAN 4
a) Lurang (manhole) merupakan salah satu komponen penting di dalam sistem pembentungan.
Terangkan dengan ringkas kepentingannya dan lakarkan gambarrajahnya sekali.
(10 m)

b)

Tentukan halaju aliran (V) sebuah paip betung dengan menggunakan rumusan HazenWilliams di bawah. Diberi halaju piawai bagi paip tanah liat (Vitrified Clay Pipe) bersaiz (D)
= 225 mm adalah antara 0.8 m/s 4.0 m/s.
V = 0.85 C m0.63 i0.54

Diberi V
m
i
C

= halaju aliran (m/s)

= kedalaman min hidraul
= cerun pembetung
= pekali Hazen-Williams

Data-data rekabentuk:i) Kecerunan paip pembentung 1:200

ii) Kedalaman min hidraul = D x 0.25
iii) C = 305
(8 m)
c) Terangkan dengan ringkas Ujian Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD) dan Ujian Keperluan
Oksigen Kimia (COD)
(7 m)

SOALAN 5
a) Terangkan dengan ringkas ciri-ciri berlakunya pencemaran dan contoh bagi setiap ciri.
(10 m)
b) Kirakan nilai BOD untuk air sisa yang dihasilkan oleh 1000 orang dengan kadar alir 225 m3/
hari. Anggap BOD sebagai 55 g/orang/hari.
(5 m)
c) Peraturan Kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Kumbahan dan Air Sisa Industri) 1979 telah
dikuatkuasakan pada 1//1979. Terangkan apakah yang terkandung dalam peraturan ini.
(10 m)
SOALAN 6
a) Terangkan kriteria rekabentuk loji rawatan.
(10 m)
b) Proses rawatan air sisa bagi loji rawatan berpusat boleh dibahagikan kepada 5 bahagian.
Nyatakan 5 bahagian tersebut.
(5 m)
c) Terangkan kaedah-kaedah yang boleh dilakukan untuk melupuskan kumbah keluar dan
enapcemar.
(10 m)

QUESTION 4

a) Describes the criteria to be considered to choose the suitable material for sewerage pipe.
(4 m)
b) State 6 types of sewerage pipe and give 3 characteristics for each type.
( 12 m)
c) What is the definition of infiltration?
(4 m)
d) Describes the BOD and COD Test.
(5 m)

QUESTION 5
d) Describes the physical properties of waste water.
(10 m)
e) Calculate the BOD of waste water for 1000 person with flow rate of 225 m3/day. Assume
that BOD is 55 g/person/day.
(5 m)
f) Environmental Quality Act (Sewerage and Waste Water Industry) 1979 is enforced on
1/1/1979. Explain what the content of this act are.
(10 m)

QUESTION 6
d) Describes the design criteria of treatment plant.
(10 m)
e) Treatment of the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant is devided to 5 components. State
the 5 components.
(5 m)
f) Describes the procedures to discharge the effluent and sludge.
(10 m)

QUESTION 1

a)

There is several methods to estimate the future population. State FIVE (5) of the methods
(5 Marks)

b)

Classify FIVE (5) categories of water usage and give an example for each category
(10 Marks)

c)

Explain the factors that influence the water demand

(10 Marks)

QUESTION 2

a.

Why raw water need to be treated?

(2 Marks)

b.

c.

Raw water supply from various sources can be divided according its chemical, physical and
biological characteristic. List FOUR (4) characteristics for every category.
(12 Marks)
Besides water treatment process, additional water treatment is also needed to eliminate
dissolved material content in water. Explain additional water treatment as stated below:
i.
ii.

Softening of water
Disinfection
(11 Marks)

QUESTION 3

a)

List SIX (6) component of water distribution system.

(6 Marks)

b)

State TWO (2) differences between storage tank and balancing tank
(4 Marks)

c)

Sketch a water storage pond and label SIX (6) of the components and explain the function
for every component.
(15 Marks)

QUESTION 4

a) Describes the criteria to be considered to choose the suitable material for sewerage pipe.
(4 m)
b) State 6 types of sewerage pipe and give 3 characteristics for each type.
( 12 m)
c) Explain the corrosion process that happens in sewer pipe.
(9 m)

QUESTION 5

a) Describes THREE (3) characteristics of pollution.

(3 Marks)
b) Describes the physical properties of waste water.
( 12 Marks)
c) Environmental Quality Act (Sewerage and Waste Water Industry) 1979 is enforced on
1/1/1979. Explain what the content of this act are.
(10 Marks)

QUESTION 6
g) Describes the design criteria of treatment plant.
(10 Marks)
h) Treatment of the Central Waste Water Treatment Plant is divided to 5 components. State
the 5 components.
(5 Marks)
i) Describes the procedures to discharge the effluent and sludge.
(10 Marks)

QUESTION 1
d)
Define water demand per capita.
e)

f)

(5 Marks)
Economic Planning Unit from Prime Minister Department is responsible to carry out the
census of population for every 10 years to give information for development and
planning such as estimation of water demand for future. The data also can be obtained
from other sources. List FIVE (5) other sources.
(5 Marks)
The table below shows the population at Langkawi, Kedah. Estimate the population for
2000 and 2010 using arithmetic method.
(15 Marks)
Year
1970
1980
1990

Population
23,788
29,255
41,684

QUESTION 2
d.

Why raw water need to be treated?

e.

(2 Marks)
Name every stages of process in water treatment which are applied in our country and
briefly explain the purpose for each of the stages.
(10 Marks)

f.

Explain about water treatment process below:

i.
Sedimentation
ii. Filtration
(13 Marks)

QUESTION 3
d)

State THREE (3) types of water distribution method

(3 Marks)

e)

Give SIX (6) factors that influence pipe leaking.

(3 Marks)

f)

State FIVE (5) functions of water storage tank/ reservoir.

(10 Marks)

g)

Explain direct measurement procedure for distribution pipe leakage.

(9 Marks)

QUESTION 4
a)

b)

c)

Explain the sewerage system below:

i. Combined System
ii. Separated System
(10 Marks)
Damage that occur inside the concrete, iron, and steel of a sewage pipe is caused by
corrosion. Explain about the corrosion process inside the sewage pipe.
(6 Marks)
RPT Desa Murni residential consists of 12 rows of single storey bungalows and each row
contains 20 housing units. The following are some design criteria for sewerage system in
that residential area.
Water demand per capita
= 275 litre/capita/day
Household
= 6 person/unit
Flow rate factor
= 6 for population < 10,000 persons
Self-cleaning velocity
= 0.45 m/s
Manning coefficient, n
= 0.014
Circular sewer with gradient 1:150
Assumption: full pipe flow
Based on the criteria above, calculate sewers diameter and check whether the velocity is
adequate or not.
(9 Marks)

QUESTION 5
a)

b)

Waste water which is dumped directly into rivers and sea without being treated will cause
pollution. Clearly describe the characteristic of pollutions.
(16 Marks)
Named THREE (3) types of microorganism in sewage and explain the function of that
microorganism in biological sewage treatment.
(9 Marks)

QUESTION 6
a)

b)

c)

Waste water treatment plant is very important to the entire sewerage system. It consists of
treatment units that have their own roles in sewage treatment. State the designs criteria for
a treatment plant.
(9 Marks)
Sludge must be treated before the disposal process. State factors influence treatment
technique that can be used.
(4 Marks)
Explain main methods in the activated sludge process.
(12 Marks)

QUESTION 1
(a) There are three types of surface and ground water quality characteristics. Describe FIVE (5)
physical characteristics.
Terdapat 3 jenis sifat air permukaan dan air bawah tanah. Huraikan LIMA (5) sifat fizikal
air tersebut.
[8 marks]
(b) Elaborate how human impact results in a reduction of fresh water and degradation of water
quality.
Huraikan dengan lanjut bagaimana impak manusia menyebabkan kemerosotan kualiti air
dan pengurangan air bersih.
[12 marks]
QUESTION 2
a) Besides water treatment process, additional water treatment is also needed to eliminate
dissolved material content in water. Explain additional water treatment as stated below:
- Softening of water
- Disinfection
b) Di samping proses rawatan air, rawatan tambahan juga diperlukan untuk menghapuskan
kandungan bahan terlarut dalam air. Terangkan rawatan air tambahan seperti di bawah:
-

Pelembutan air
Pembasmian kuman
[12 marks]

c) Raw water which has been undergoing a process of sedimentation still contains

suspended solids, bacteria, odor and color. These parameters can only be removed through
the filtration process. Discuss TWO (2) main filtration process.
Air mentah yang telah mengalami proses pemendapan masih mengandungi kandungan
pepejal terampai, bakteria, bau dan warna. Kesemua parameter ini hanya boleh
disingkirkan melalui proses penurasan. Bincangkan DUA (2) proses penurasan utama
tersebut.
[8 marks]
QUESTION 3
a)

Explain the sewerage system below:

iii. Combined System
iv. Separated System
[10 marks]

QUESTION 1
List TWO (2) types of water sources and give an example of each types.
SOALAN 1
Senaraikan DUA (2) jenis sumber air mentah dan berikan contoh bagi setiap jenis.
[4 marks]
QUESTION 2
Describe chemical characteristics of water
Terangkan sifat kimia air.
[4 marks]
QUESTION 3
State FOUR (4) water usage classification
SOALAN 3
Nyatakan EMPAT (4) pengkelasan penggunan air.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 4
Given the total daily water per capacity is 230 liter/ day (q), population is 32003,
calculate the water demand estimation (WDn) if the services factor (F1) is 0.98 and the
design factor (F2) is 2.5. Assume that there is no additional demand.
Diberi jumlah per kapita air ialah 230 liter/hari (q), populasi 32003, kirakan anggaran
permintaan air jika diberi factor perkhidmatan (F1) adalah 0.98 dan factor rekabentuk
(F2) adalah 2.5
[4 marks]
QUESTION 5
Explain TWO (2) types of screen in water treatment process.
Terangkan DUA (2) jenis skrin penyaringan yang terdapat dalam sistem rawatan air
mentah.
[4 marks]
QUESTION 6
State TWO (2) functions of water distribution system
Nyatakan DUA (2) fungsi sistem agihan air.
[4 marks]
QUESTION 7
Explain the components of water distribution system
Terangkan komponen-komponen sistem pengagihan air.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 8
State FOUR (4) types of sewer pipe.
Nyatakan EMPAT (4) jenis paip betung.
[4 marks]
QUESTION 9
Explain causes of sewer corrosion.
Terangkan sebab-sebab berlakunya karatan pada paip betung.
[4 marks]

QUESTION 10
Sludge must be treated before the disposal process. State FOUR (4) factors influence
treatment technique that can be used.
Enapcemar mesti dirawat sebelum dilupuskan. Nyatakan EMPAT (4 ) faktorfaktor)mempengaruhi teknik yang boleh digunakan.
[4 marks]