IIT MMAE 501 Set 2 Solution

Solutions for Problem Set # 2
MMAE: 501
Engineering Analysis I
Kevin W. Cassel
Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Department
Illinois Institute of Technology
10 West 32nd Street
Chicago, IL 60616
cassel@iit.edu
Problem
Problem # 1:
Problem # 2:
Problem # 3:
Problem # 4:
Problem # 5:
Problem # 6:
Problem # 7:
Problem # 8:
Reference
Hilderbrand, Chapter 1, Problem 11
Jeffrey, Section 2.2, Problem 26
c 2014 Kevin W. Cassel

1
Problem # 1
Problem:
Determine those values of for which the following set of equations may possess
a nontrivial solution:
3x1 + x2 x3 = 0
4x1 2x2 3x3
0 .
2x1 + 4x2 + x3
For each permissible value of , determine the most general solution.

Solution:
3x1 + x2 x3
4x1 2x2 3x3
2x1 + 4x2 + x3
3
A=4
2
1
2
4
3 .
Because the system is homogeneous, for a nontrivial solution to exist, |A| = 0.

|A| = 3(2 + 12) 1(4 + 6) (16 + 4) = 42 32 + 36.
Thus,
|A| = 2 + 8 9 = 0,
( + 9)( 1) = 0,
= 9
or = 1.
For = 1 :
1
3
10
3
10
3
one parameter family of
Let
1
0
3
5
0
3
solutions.
x3 = k,
1
x2 = k,
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
3
1
1
1
3
0
1
3
1
2
0
x1 =
1
1
k+
3
3

x=k
1
k
2

=
1
k,
2

1 1
, ,1 .
2 2
For = 9 :
18
1
3
10
3
10
1
3
2
18
45
15
1
3
1
0
3
9
2
0
one parameter family of solutions.

Let
x3 = k,
9
9
x2 = x3 = k,
2
2

1 9
3
1
k = k.
x1 = 3x3 x2 = 3k +
3
3 2
2

3 9
x = k , ,1 .
2 2
Problem # 2
Problem:
a) By investigating ranks of relevant matrices, show that the following set of
equations possesses a one-parameter family of solutions:
2x1 x2 x3
x1 + 2x2 + x3
2 .
4x1 7x2 5x3
b) Determine the general solution.

3
Solution:
a)
2 1
1
2
5
2
5
1
2
3
2
3
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
5
0
2 .
5
0
Rank of coefficient matrix = rank of augmented matrix = 2 consistent.

Rank of augmented matrix = 2, number of unknowns = 3; therefore,
one-parameter family of solutions (n r) = 1.
b) General solution.
Let
x3 = k,
2 3
1
x2 = x3 = (2 3k),
5 5
5

1
k 1 1
1
1
(2 3k) = (6 + k).
x1 = 1 + x3 + x2 = 1 + +
2
2
2 2 5
5

1
x=
6 + k, 2 3k, 5k .
5
Problem # 3
Problem:
Determine whether the vector {6, 1, 6, 2} is in the vector space generated by
the basis vectors {1, 1, 1, 1}, {1, 0, 1, 1}, and {1, 1, 1, 0}.
Solution:
v
= {6, 1, 6, 2} ,
u1
= {1, 1, 1, 1} ,
u2
= {1, 0, 1, 1} ,
u3
= {1, 1, 1, 0} .
Expressing v = c1 u1 + c2 u2 + c3 u3
1 1 1
1
0 1
1 1 1
1
1
0
Augmented matrix
1 1 1
1
0 1
1 1 1
1
1
0
6
1
0
1
0
6
2
0
6
c1
c2 = 1 .
6
c3
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
0
1
6
1
0
5
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
0
6
5
.
6
0
Rank of coefficient matrix = rank of augmented matrix = number of unknowns

= 3. Therefore, we get a unique solution for c1 , c2 , and c3 , i.e. v can be expressed as linear combination of u1 , u2 , u3 .
Problem # 4
Problem:
The law of cosines for a triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, in which the
angle opposite the side of length c is C, takes the form
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C.
Prove this by taking vectors a, b, and c such that c = a b and considering
the dot product c c = (a b) (a b).
Solution:
c = a b, where c, a, b are vectors.
c c = kck2 = (a b) (a b)
= a a a b b a + b b = kak2 2a b + kbk2 ,
where
a a = kak2 = a2 ,
b b = kbk2 = b2 ,
c c = kck2 = c2 .
From definition of dot-product

a b = kakkbk cos = ab cos ,
where = angle between the two vectors.
c2 = a2 2ab cos + b2 ,
as = C,
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C.
5
Problem # 5
Problem:
Let x and y be vectors in Rn and be a scalar. Prove that
kx + yk2 + kx yk2 = 2(kxk2 + 2 kyk2 ).
Solution:
kx + yk2 = (x + y) (x + y)
= x x + x y + y x + 2 y y
2
(1)
= kxk + 2x y + kyk .
Similarly,
kx yk2 = (x y) (x y)
= kxk2 2x y + 2 kyk2 .
(2)
Adding (1) and (2)

kx + yk2 + kx yk2
= kxk2 + 2x y + 2 kyk2 + kxk2 2x y + 2 kyk2
= 2(kxk2 + 2 kyk2 ).
Problem # 6
Problem:
If x and y are orthogonal vectors in Rn , prove that the Pythagoras theorem
takes the form
kx + yk2 = kxk2 + kyk2 .
Solution:
kx + yk2 = (x + y) (x + y) = x x + x y + y x + y y,
x x = kxk2 ,
y y = kyk2 .
x and y are orthogonal vectors x y = y x = 0.

Therefore,
kx + yk2 = kxk2 + kyk2 .
Problem # 7
Problem:
Use the given nonorthogonal basis for vectors in R3 to find an equivalent orthonormal basis by means of the GramSchmidt orthogonalization process.
a1
= i + k,
a2
a3
= i + j + k.
2j + k,
Solution:
Step 1:
u1 = a1 = i + k,
1
u1
= (i + k).
e1 =
ku1 k
2
Step 2:
u2 = a2 (a2 e1 )e1 ,

1
1
(a2 e1 ) = [2j + k] (i + k) = ,
2
2

1
1
1
1
u2 = (2j + k) (i + k) = i + 2j + k,
2
2
2
2

1
u2
2 1
=
i + 2j + k .
e2 =
ku2 k
3 2
2
Step 3:
u3 = a3 (a3 e1 )e1 (a3 e2 )e2 ,

1
(a3 e1 ) = [i + j + k] (i + k) = 0,
2

2 1
2 1
1
1
(a3 e2 ) = [i + j + k]
i + 2j + k
=
+2+
= 2,
3
2
2
3 2
2

2 1
1
2
1
2
u3 = (i + j + k) 0 2
i + 2j + k
= i j + k,
3 2
2
3
3
3

u3
1 2
1
2
2
1
2
e3 =
=
i j + k = i j + k.
ku3 k
1 3
3
3
3
3
3
Thus,
1
e1 = (i + k),
2

2 1
1
e2 =
i + 2j + k ,
3 2
2
e3 =
2
1
2
i j + k.
3
3
3
7
Problem # 8
Problem:
Given that
3
A = 1
2
1
4
1
1
0
3
1
and B = 2
3
3
0
1
1
5 ,
2
verify that
(AB)1 = B1 A1 .
Solution:
3
AB = 1
2
1
4
1
3 2 + 3 9 + 0 + 1
= 1 + 8 + 0 3 + 0 + 0
2 + 2 9 6 + 0 3
1
1
0 2
3 3
3 1
0 5
1 2

4
35+2
1 + 20 + 0 = 9
5
2+56
8 0
3 21 .
9 1
|AB| = 4(3 + 21 9) + 8(9 + 21 5) + 0 = 744 + 912 = 1656.

Co-factor matrix for AB
+(186)
CAB = (8)
+(168)
+(96)
186 114 96
(76) = 8
4
76 .
+(60)
168 84
60
186
8 168
Adj(AB) = CTAB = 114 4 84 .
96 76
60
186
8 168
1
114 4
84 .
(AB)1 =
1656
96 76
60
(114)
+(4)
(84)
|A| = 3(12 0) + 1(3 + 0) + 1(1 8) = 36 3 7 = 46.

Co-factor matrix for A
+(12)
CA = (2)
+(4)

+(7)
12
3
(5) = 2 11
+(13)
4
1
12 2 4
11 1 .
= 3
7 5 13
(3)
+(11)
(1)
Adj(A) = CTA
7
5 .
13
A1
12 2 4
1
3
11 1 .
=
46
7
5 13
|B| = 1(5) + 3(4 15) + 1(2 0) = 5 33 + 2 = 36.

Co-factor matrix for B
+(5)
CB = (7)
+(15)

(11) +(2)
5 11
+(1) (10) = 7
1
(3)
+(6)
15 3
2
10 .
6
5
7
15
Adj(B) = CTB = 11 1 3 .
2 10
6
5
7
15
1
B1 = 11 1 3 .
36
2 10
6
Thus,
B1 A1
5
1
1
11
=
46
36
2
7
15 12 2
11
1
3 3
7 5
10
6
4
1
13
60 + 21 + 105
10 77 + 75
20 + 7 195
1
132 3 + 21 22 + 11 + 15 44 1 39
=
1656
24 30 42 4 + 110 30 8 10 + 78
186
8 168
1
114 4
84
=
1656
96 76
60
and
(AB)1 = B1 A1 .

IIT MMAE 501 Set 2 Solution

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Solutions for Problem Set # 2

c 2014 Kevin W. Cassel

For each permissible value of , determine the most general solution.

4x1 2x2 3x3

Because the system is homogeneous, for a nontrivial solution to exist, |A| = 0.

one parameter family of solutions.

4x1 7x2 5x3

b) Determine the general solution.

Rank of coefficient matrix = rank of augmented matrix = 2 consistent.

Rank of coefficient matrix = rank of augmented matrix = number of unknowns

From definition of dot-product

Adding (1) and (2)

x and y are orthogonal vectors x y = y x = 0.

|AB| = 4(3 + 21 9) + 8(9 + 21 5) + 0 = 744 + 912 = 1656.

|A| = 3(12 0) + 1(3 + 0) + 1(1 8) = 36 3 7 = 46.

|B| = 1(5) + 3(4 15) + 1(2 0) = 5 33 + 2 = 36.

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