Introduction To Javascript What Is Javascript?

Introduction to JavaScript
What is JavaScript?
JavaScript was designed to add interactivity to HTML pages.JavaScript is a scripting language
(a scripting language is a lightweight programming language).A JavaScript consists of lines of
executable computer code.A JavaScript is usually embedded directly into HTML pages
.JavaScript is an interpreted language (means that scripts execute without preliminary
compilation)
Are Java and JavaScript the Same?
NO! Java and JavaScript are two completely different languages in both concept and design!
Java (developed by Sun Microsystems) is a powerful and much more complex programming
language - in the same category as C and C++.
What can a JavaScript Do?
JavaScript gives HTML designers a programming tool - HTML authors are normally not
programmers, but JavaScript is a scripting language with a very simple syntax! Almost anyone
can put small "snippets" of code into their HTML pages.
JavaScript can put dynamic text into an HTML page - A JavaScript statement like this:
document.write("<h1>" + name + "</h1>") can write a variable text into an HTML page.
JavaScript can react to events - A JavaScript can be set to execute when something happens,
like when a page has finished loading or when a user clicks on an HTML element
JavaScript can read and write HTML elements - A JavaScript can read and change the content
of an HTML element.
JavaScript can be used to validate data - A JavaScript can be used to validate form data
before it is submitted to a server, this will save the server from extra processing.
JavaScript can be used to detect the visitor's browser - A JavaScript can be used to detect the
visitor's browser, and - depending on the browser - load another page specifically designed for
that browser
JavaScript can be used to create cookies - A JavaScript can be used to store and retrieve
information on the visitor's computer
JavaScript How To ...
The HTML <script> tag is used to insert a JavaScript into an HTML page.
How to Put a JavaScript Into an HTML Page
<html>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("Hello World!")
</script>
</body>
</html>
The code above will produce this output on an HTML page:
Hello World!
Example Explained
To insert a JavaScript into an HTML page, we use the <script> tag (also use the type attribute
to define the scripting language).
So, the <script type="text/javascript"> and </script> tells where the JavaScript starts and
ends:
<html>
<body>
...
</script>
</body>
</html>
The word document. write is a standard JavaScript command for writing output to a page. By
entering the document. write command between the <script type="text/javascript"> and
</script> tags, the browser will recognize it as a JavaScript command and execute the code
line. In this case the browser will write Hello World! to the page:
<html>
<body>
</script>
</body>
</html>
Note: If we had not entered the <script> tag, the browser would have treated the
document.write("Hello World!") command as pure text, and just write the entire line on the
page.
Ending Statements With a Semicolon?
With traditional programming languages, like C++ and Java, each code statement has to end
with a semicolon.Many programmers continue this habit when writing JavaScript, but in
general, semicolons are optional! However, semicolons are required if you want to put more
than one statement on a single line.
How to Handle Older Browsers
Browsers that do not support JavaScript will display the script as page content. To prevent
them from doing this, we may use the HTML comment tag:

</script>
The two forward slashes at the end of comment line (//) are a JavaScript comment symbol.
This prevents the JavaScript compiler from compiling the line.
JavaScript Where To ...
JavaScripts in the body section will be executed WHILE the page loads.
JavaScripts in the head section will be executed when CALLED.
Where to Put the JavaScript
JavaScripts in a page will be executed immediately while the page loads into the browser. This
is not always what we want. Sometimes we want to execute a script when a page loads, other
times when a user triggers an event.
Scripts in the head section: Scripts to be executed when they are called, or when an event is
triggered, go in the head section. When you place a script in the head section, you will ensure
that the script is loaded before anyone uses it.
<html>
<head>
....
</script>
</head>
Scripts in the body section: Scripts to be executed when the page loads go in the body
section. When you place a script in the body section it generates the content of the page.
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
....
</script>
</body>
Scripts in both the body and the head section: You can place an unlimited number of scripts in
your document, so you can have scripts in both the body and the head section.
<html>
<head>
....
</script>
</head>
<body>
....
</script>
</body>
Using an External JavaScript
Sometimes you might want to run the same JavaScript on several pages, without having to
write the same script on every page.To simplify this, you can write a JavaScript in an external
file. Save the external JavaScript file with a .js file extension.
Note: The external script cannot contain the <script> tag! To use the external script, point to
the .js file in the "src" attribute of the <script> tag:
<html>
<head>
<script src="xxx.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Note: Remember to place the script exactly where you normally would write the script!
JavaScript Variables
A variable is a "container" for information you want to store.
Variables
A variable is a "container" for information you want to store. A variable's value can change
during the script. You can refer to a variable by name to see its value or to change its value.
Rules for variable names:
Variable names are case sensitive.They must begin with a letter or the underscore character.
IMPORTANT! JavaScript is case-sensitive! A variable named strname is not the same as a
variable named STRNAME!
Declare a Variable
You can create a variable with the var statement:
var strname = some value
You can also create a variable without the var statement:
strname = some value
Assign a Value to a Variable
You can assign a value to a variable like this:
var strname = "Hege"
Or like this:
strname = "Hege"
The variable name is on the left side of the expression and the value you want to assign to the
variable is on the right. Now the variable "strname" has the value "Hege".
Lifetime of Variables
When you declare a variable within a function, the variable can only be accessed within that
function. When you exit the function, the variable is destroyed. These variables are called local
variables. You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because
each is recognized only by the function in which it is declared.
If you declare a variable outside a function, all the functions on your page can access it. The
lifetime of these variables starts when they are declared, and ends when the page is closed.
JavaScript If...Else Statements
Conditional statements in JavaScript are used to perform different actions based on different
conditions.
Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different decisions.
You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In JavaScript we have the following conditional statements:
if statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified
condition is true
if...else statement - use this statement if you want to execute some code if the condition is
true and another code if the condition is false
if...else if....else statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of
code to be executed
switch statement - use this statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed
If Statement
You should use the if statement if you want to execute some code only if a specified condition
is true.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
Note that if is written in lowercase letters. Using uppercase letters (IF) will generate a
JavaScript error!
Example 1
//Write a "Good morning" greeting if
//the time is less than 10
var d=new Date()
var time=d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>")
}
</script>
Example 2
//Write "Lunch-time!" if the time is 11
var d=new Date()
var time=d.getHours()
if (time==11)
{
document.write("<b>Lunch-time!</b>")
}
</script>
Note: When comparing variables you must always use two equals signs next to each other
(==)!
Notice that there is no ..else.. in this syntax. You just tell the code to execute some code only
if the specified condition is true.
If...else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is not
true, use the if....else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition is not true
}
Example
//If the time is less than 10,
//you will get a "Good morning" greeting.
//Otherwise you will get a "Good day" greeting.
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time < 10)

{
document.write("Good morning!")
}
else
{
document.write("Good day!")
}
</script>
If...else if...else Statement
You should use the if....else if...else statement if you want to select one of many sets of lines
to execute.
Syntax
if (condition1)
{
code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2)
{
code to be executed if condition2 is true
}
else
{
code to be executed if condition1 and
condition2 are not true
}
Example
var d = new Date()
var time = d.getHours()
if (time<10)
{
document.write("<b>Good morning</b>")
}
else if (time>10 && time<16)
{
document.write("<b>Good day</b>")
}
else
{
document.write("<b>Hello World!</b>")
}
</script>
JavaScript Switch Statement

Conditional statements in JavaScript are used to perform different actions based on different
conditions.
The JavaScript Switch Statement
You should use the switch statement if you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed.
Syntax
switch(n)
{
case 1:
execute code block 1
break
case 2:
execute code block 2
break
default:
code to be executed if n is
different from case 1 and 2
}
This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is
evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in
the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use
break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.
Example
//You will receive a different greeting based
//on what day it is. Note that Sunday=0,
//Monday=1, Tuesday=2, etc.
var d=new Date()
theDay=d.getDay()
switch (theDay)
{
case 5:
document.write("Finally Friday")
break
case 6:
document.write("Super Saturday")
break
case 0:
document.write("Sleepy Sunday")
break
default:
document.write("I'm looking forward to this weekend!")
}
</script>
JavaScript Operators
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition x=2 4
y=2
x+y
- Subtraction x=5 3
y=2
x-y
* Multiplication x=5 20
y=4
x*y
/ Division 15/5 3
5/2 2.5
% Modulus (division remainder) 5%2 1
10%8 2
10%2 0
++ Increment x=5 x=6
x++
-- Decrement x=5 x=4
x--
Assignment Operators
Operator Example Is The Same As
= x=y x=y
+= x+=y x=x+y
-= x-=y x=x-y
*= x*=y x=x*y
/= x/=y x=x/y
%= x%=y x=x%y
Comparison Operators
Operator Description Example
== is equal to 5==8 returns false
=== is equal to (checks for both value and type) x=5
y="5"
x==y returns true
x===y returns false
!= is not equal 5!=8 returns true
> is greater than 5>8 returns false
< is less than 5<8 returns true
>= is greater than or equal to 5>=8 returns false
<= is less than or equal to 5<=8 returns true
Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
&& and x=6
y=3
(x < 10 && y > 1) returns true
|| or x=6
y=3
(x==5 || y==5) returns false
! not x=6
y=3
!(x==y) returns true
String Operator
A string is most often text, for example "Hello World!". To stick two or more string variables
together, use the + operator.
txt1="What a very"
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+txt2
The variable txt3 now contains "What a verynice day!".
To add a space between two string variables, insert a space into the expression, OR in one of
the strings.
txt1="What a very"
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+" "+txt2
or
txt1="What a very "
txt2="nice day!"
txt3=txt1+txt2
The variable txt3 now contains "What a very nice day!".
Conditional Operator
JavaScript also contains a conditional operator that assigns a value to a variable based on
some condition.
Syntax
variablename=(condition)?value1:value2
Example
greeting=(visitor=="PRES")?"Dear President ":"Dear "
If the variable visitor is equal to PRES, then put the string "Dear President " in the variable
named greeting. If the variable visitor is not equal to PRES, then put the string "Dear " into
the variable named greeting.
JavaScript Popup Boxes

In JavaScript we can create three kind of popup boxes: Alert box, Confirm box, and Prompt
box.
Alert Box
An alert box is often used if you want to make sure information comes through to the
user.When an alert box pops up, the user will have to click "OK" to proceed.
Syntax:
alert("sometext")
Confirm Box
A confirm box is often used if you want the user to verify or accept something.When a confirm
box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed.If the user clicks
"OK", the box returns true. If the user clicks "Cancel", the box returns false.Syntax:
confirm("sometext")
Prompt Box
A prompt box is often used if you want the user to input a value before entering a page.
When a prompt box pops up, the user will have to click either "OK" or "Cancel" to proceed
after entering an input value.
If the user clicks "OK" the box returns the input value. If the user clicks "Cancel" the box
returns null.
Syntax:
prompt("sometext","defaultvalue")
JavaScript Functions
A function is a reusable code-block that will be executed by an event, or when the function is
called.
Examples
Function
How to call a function.
Function with arguments
How to pass a variable to a function, and use the variable in the function.
Function with arguments 2
How to pass variables to a function, and use these variables in the function.
Function that returns a value
How to let the function return a value.
A function with arguments, that returns a value
How to let the function find the sum of 2 arguments and return the result.
JavaScript Functions
To keep the browser from executing a script as soon as the page is loaded, you can write your
script as a function.A function contains some code that will be executed only by an event or by
a call to that function.You may call a function from anywhere within the page (or even from
other pages if the function is embedded in an external .js file).Functions are defined at the
beginning of a page, in the <head> section.
Example
<html>
<head>
function displaymessage()
{
alert("Hello World!")
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Click me!"
onclick="displaymessage()" >
</form>
</body>
</html>
If the line: alert("Hello world!!"), in the example above had not been written within a function,
it would have been executed as soon as the line was loaded. Now, the script is not executed
before the user hits the button. We have added an onClick event to the button that will
execute the function displaymessage() when the button is clicked.
You will learn more about JavaScript events in the JS Events chapter.
How to Define a Function

The syntax for creating a function is:
function functionname(var1,var2,...,varX)
{
some code
}
var1, var2, etc are variables or values passed into the function. The { and the } defines the
start and end of the function.
Note: A function with no parameters must include the parentheses () after the function name:
function functionname()
{
some code
}
Note: Do not forget about the importance of capitals in JavaScript! The word function must be
written in lowercase letters, otherwise a JavaScript error occurs! Also note that you must call a
function with the exact same capitals as in the function name.
The return Statement
The return statement is used to specify the value that is returned from the function.
So, functions that are going to return a value must use the return statement.
Example
The function below should return the product of two numbers (a and b):
function total(a,b)
{
x=a*b
return x
}
When you call the function above, you must pass along two parameters:
product=total(2,3)
The returned value from the total() function is 6, and it will be stored in the variable called
product.
JavaScript Loops
Loops in JavaScript are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times or
while a specified condition is true.
Examples
For loop
How to write a for loop. Use a For loop to run the same block of code a specified number of
times.
Looping through HTML headers
How to use the for loop to loop through the different HTML headers.
While loop
How to write a while loop. Use a while loop to run the same block of code while a specified
condition is true.
Do while loop
How to write a do...while loop. Use a do...while loop to run the same block of code while a
specified condition is true. This loop will always be executed once, even if the condition is
false, because the statements are executed before the condition is tested.
JavaScript Loops:Very often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run
over and over again in a row. Instead of adding several almost equal lines in a script we can
use loops to perform a task like this.
In JavaScript there is two different kind of loops:
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
while - loops through a block of code while a specified condition is true
The for Loop

The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (var=startvalue;var<=endvalue;var=var+increment)
{
code to be executed
}
Example
Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will continue to
run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop runs.Note:
The increment parameter could also be negative, and the <= could be any comparing
statement.
<html>
<body>
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
document.write("The number is " + i)
document.write("<br />")
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
The while loop

The while loop is used when you want the loop to execute and continue executing while the
specified condition is true.
while (var<=endvalue)
{
code to be executed
}
Note: The <= could be any comparing statement.
Example Explanation: The example below defines a loop that starts with i=0. The loop will
continue to run as long as i is less than, or equal to 10. i will increase by 1 each time the loop
runs.
<html>
<body>
var i=0
while (i<=10)
{
i=i+1
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 3
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
The do...while Loop
The do...while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will always execute a block of code
ONCE, and then it will repeat the loop as long as the specified condition is true. This loop will
always be executed once, even if the condition is false, because the code are executed before
the condition is tested.
do
{
code to be executed
}
while (var<=endvalue)
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0
do
{
i=i+1
}
while (i<0)
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
JavaScript Break and Continue

There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
Examples
Break statement
Use the break statement to break the loop.
Continue statement
Use the continue statement to break the current loop and continue with the next value.
JavaScript break and continue Statements
There are two special statements that can be used inside loops: break and continue.
Break
The break command will break the loop and continue executing the code that follows after the
loop (if any).
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3){break}
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
Continue
The continue command will break the current loop and continue with the next value.
Example
<html>
<body>
var i=0
for (i=0;i<=10;i++)
{
if (i==3){continue}
}
</script>
</table>
</body>
</html>
Result
The number is 0
The number is 1
The number is 2
The number is 4
The number is 5
The number is 6
The number is 7
The number is 8
The number is 9
The number is 10
JavaScript Events
Events are actions that can be detected by JavaScript.
Events
By using JavaScript, we have the ability to create dynamic web pages. Events are actions that
can be detected by JavaScript.Every element on a web page has certain events which can
trigger JavaScript functions. For example, we can use the onClick event of a button element to
indicate that a function will run when a user clicks on the button. We define the events in the
HTML tags.
Examples of events:
A mouse click,A web page or an image loading ,Mousing over a hot spot on the web page
Selecting an input box in an HTML form, Submitting an HTML form, A keystroke .
The following table lists the events recognized by JavaScript:
Note: Events are normally used in combination with functions, and the function will not be
executed before the event occurs!
onload and onUnload
The onload and onUnload events are triggered when the user enters or leaves the page.The
onload event is often used to check the visitor's browser type and browser version, and load
the proper version of the web page based on the information.Both the onload and onUnload
events are also often used to deal with cookies that should be set when a user enters or
leaves a page. For example, you could have a popup asking for the user's name upon his first
arrival to your page. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your
page, you could have another popup saying something like: "Welcome John Doe!".
onFocus, onBlur and onChange
The onFocus, onBlur and onChange events are often used in combination with validation of
form fields.Below is an example of how to use the onChange event. The checkEmail() function
will be called whenever the user changes the content of the field:
<input type="text" size="30"
id="email" onchange="checkEmail()">;
onSubmit
The onSubmit event is used to validate ALL form fields before submitting it.Below is an
example of how to use the onSubmit event. The checkForm() function will be called when the
user clicks the submit button in the form. If the field values are not accepted, the submit
should be cancelled. The function checkForm() returns either true or false. If it returns true
the form will be submitted, otherwise the submit will be cancelled:
<form method="post" action="xxx.htm"
onsubmit="return checkForm()">
onMouseOver and onMouseOut

onMouseOver and onMouseOut are often used to create "animated" buttons.
Below is an example of an onMouseOver event. An alert box appears when an onMouseOver
event is detected:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com"
onmouseover="alert('An onMouseOver event');return false">
<img src="w3schools.gif" width="100" height="30">
</a>
JavaScript Guidelines
Some important things to know when scripting with JavaScript.
JavaScript is Case Sensitive.A function named "myfunction" is not the same as "myFunction"
and a variable named "myVar" is not the same as "myvar".JavaScript is case sensitive -
therefore watch your capitalization closely when you create or call variables, objects and
functions.
Symbols :Opening symbols, like ( { [ " ', must always have a matching closing symbol, like '
" ] } ).
White Space
JavaScript ignores extra spaces. You can add white space to your script to make it more
readable. The following lines are equivalent:
name="Hege"
name = "Hege"
Break up a Code Line
You can break up a code line within a text string with a backslash. The example below will be
displayed properly:
document.write("Hello \
World!")
However, you cannot break up a code line like this:
document.write \
("Hello World!")
The example above will generate an error!
Insert Special Characters
You can also insert special characters (like " ' ; &) with a backslash:
document.write ("You \& I sing \"Happy Birthday\".")
The example above will produce this output:
You & I sing "Happy Birthday".
Comments
Start a comment with two slashes "//":
sum=a + b //this is a comment
Using /* and */ to create a multi-line comment:
/* This is a comment
block. It contains
several lines*/
JavaScript Objects Introduction

JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language.An OOP language allows you to
define your own objects and make your own variable types.
Object Oriented Programming
JavaScript is an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) language. An OOP language allows you
to define your own objects and make your own variable types.However, creating your own
objects will be explained later, in the Advanced JavaScript section. We will start by looking at
the built-in JavaScript objects, and how they are used. The next pages will explain each built-
in JavaScript object in detail.Note that an object is just a special kind of data. An object has
properties and methods.
Properties
Properties are the values associated with an object.In the following example we are using the
length property of the String object to return the number of characters in a string:
var txt="Hello World!"
document.write(txt.length)
</script>
The output of the code above will be:
12
Methods
Methods are the actions that can be performed on objects.In the following example we are
using the toUpperCase() method of the String object to display a text in uppercase letters:
var str="Hello world!"
document.write(str.toUpperCase())
</script>
The output of the code above will be:
HELLO WORLD!
JavaScript String Object

The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Examples
Return the length of a string, How to use the length property to find the length of a string,
Style strings, How to style strings, The indexOf() method, How to use the indexOf() method to
return the position of the first occurrence of a specified string value in a string, The match()
method, How to use the match() method to search for a specified string value in a string and
return the string value if there it is found,
Replace characters in a string - replace(), How to use the replace() method to replace some
characters with some other characters in a string.
String object
The String object is used to manipulate a stored piece of text.
Examples of use:
The following example uses the length property of the String object to find the length of a
string:
var txt="Hello world!"
document.write(txt.length)
The code above will result in the following output:
12
The following example uses the toUpperCase() method of the String object to convert a string
to uppercase letters:
var txt="Hello world!"
document.write(txt.toUpperCase())
HELLO WORLD!
Complete String Object Reference
For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the String
object, go to our complete String object reference.
The reference contains a brief description and examples of use for each property and method!
JavaScript Date Object
The Date object is used to work with dates and times.
Examples
Return today's date and time
How to use the Date() method to get today's date.
getTime()
Use getTime() to calculate the years since 1970.
setFullYear()
How to use setFullYear() to set a specific date.
toUTCString()
How to use toUTCString() to convert today's date (according to UTC) to a string.
getDay()
Use getDay() and an array to write a weekday, and not just a number.
Display a clock
How to display a clock on your web page.
Defining Dates
The Date object is used to work with dates and times.We define a Date object with the new
keyword. The following code line defines a Date object called myDate:
var myDate=new Date()
Note: The Date object will automatically hold the current date and time as its initial value!
Manipulate Dates
We can easily manipulate the date by using the methods available for the Date object.
In the example below we set a Date object to a specific date (14th January 2010):
myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14)
And in the following example we set a Date object to be 5 days into the future:
myDate.setDate(myDate.getDate()+5)
Note: If adding five days to a date shifts the month or year, the changes are handled
automatically by the Date object itself!
Comparing Dates
The Date object is also used to compare two dates.
The following example compares today's date with the 14th January 2010:
myDate.setFullYear(2010,0,14)
var today = new Date()
if (myDate>today)
alert("Today is before 14th January 2010")
else
alert("Today is after 14th January 2010")
Complete Date Object Reference

For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Date
object, go to our complete Date object reference.
JavaScript Array Object
The Array object is used to store a set of values in a single variable name.
Examples
Create an array
Create an array, assign values to it, and write the values to the output.
Join two arrays - concat()
How to use the concat() method to join two arrays.
Put array elements into a string - join()
How to use the join() method to put all the elements of an array into a string.
Literal array - sort()
How to use the sort() method to sort a literal array.
Numeric array - sort()
How to use the sort() method to sort a numeric array.
Defining Arrays
The Array object is used to store a set of values in a single variable name.We define an Array
object with the new keyword. The following code line defines an Array object called myArray:
var myArray=new Array()
There are two ways of adding values to an array (you can add as many values as you need to
define as many variables you require).
1:
var mycars=new Array()
mycars[0]="Saab"
mycars[1]="Volvo"
mycars[2]="BMW"
You could also pass an integer argument to control the array's size:
var mycars=new Array(3)
mycars[0]="Saab"
mycars[1]="Volvo"
mycars[2]="BMW"
2:
var mycars=new Array("Saab","Volvo","BMW")
Note: If you specify numbers or true/false values inside the array then the type of variables
will be numeric or Boolean instead of string.
Accessing Arrays
You can refer to a particular element in an array by referring to the name of the array and the
index number. The index number starts at 0.
The following code line:
document.write(mycars[0])
will result in the following output:
Saab
Modify Values in Existing Arrays

To modify a value in an existing array, just add a new value to the array with a specified index
number:
mycars[0]="Opel"
Now, the following code line:
document.write(mycars[0])
will result in the following output:
Opel
Complete Array Object Reference

For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Array
object, go to our complete Array object reference.
JavaScript Boolean Object
The Boolean object is used to convert a non-Boolean value to a Boolean value (true or false).
Examples
Check Boolean value
Check if a Boolean object is true or false.
Boolean Object
The Boolean object is an object wrapper for a Boolean value.The Boolean object is used to
convert a non-Boolean value to a Boolean value (true or false).We define a Boolean object
with the new keyword.
The following code line defines a Boolean object called myBoolean:
var myBoolean=new Boolean()
Note: If the Boolean object has no initial value or if it is 0, -0, null, "", false, undefined, or
NaN, the object is set to false. Otherwise it is true (even with the string "false")!
All the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of false:
var myBoolean=new Boolean()
var myBoolean=new Boolean(0)
var myBoolean=new Boolean(null)
var myBoolean=new Boolean("")
var myBoolean=new Boolean(false)
var myBoolean=new Boolean(NaN)
And all the following lines of code create Boolean objects with an initial value of true:
var myBoolean=new Boolean(true)
var myBoolean=new Boolean("true")
var myBoolean=new Boolean("false")
var myBoolean=new Boolean("Richard")
Complete Boolean Object Reference

For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Boolean
object, go to our complete Boolean object reference.
JavaScript Math Object
The Math object allows you to perform common mathematical tasks.
Examples
round()
How to use round().
random()
How to use random() to return a random number between 0 and 1.
max()
How to use max() to return the number with the highest value of two specified numbers.
min()
How to use min() to return the number with the lowest value of two specified numbers.
Math Object
The Math object allows you to perform common mathematical tasks.
The Math object includes several mathematical values and functions. You do not need to
define the Math object before using it.
Mathematical Values
JavaScript provides eight mathematical values (constants) that can be accessed from the Math
object. These are: E, PI, square root of 2, square root of 1/2, natural log of 2, natural log of
10, base-2 log of E, and base-10 log of E.
You may reference these values from your JavaScript like this:
Math.E
Math.PI
Math.SQRT2
Math.SQRT1_2
Math.LN2
Math.LN10
Math.LOG2E
Math.LOG10E
Mathematical Methods
In addition to the mathematical values that can be accessed from the Math object there are
also several functions (methods) available.
Examples of functions (methods):
The following example uses the round() method of the Math object to round a number to the
nearest integer:
document.write(Math.round(4.7))
5
The following example uses the random() method of the Math object to return a random
number between 0 and 1:
document.write(Math.random())
The code above can result in the following output:
0.7058081982908116
The following example uses the floor() and random() methods of the Math object to return a
random number between 0 and 10:
document.write(Math.floor(Math.random()*11))
The code above can result in the following output:
4
Complete Math Object Reference

For a complete reference of all the properties and methods that can be used with the Math
object, go to our complete Math object reference.The reference contains a brief description
and examples of use for each property and method!
JavaScript HTML DOM Objects
In addition to the built-in JavaScript objects, you can also access and manipulate all of the
HTML DOM objects with JavaScript.
The HTML DOM

The HTML DOM is a W3C standard and it is an abbreviation for the Document Object Model for
HTML. The HTML DOM defines a standard set of objects for HTML, and a standard way to
access and manipulate HTML documents.All HTML elements, along with their containing text
and attributes, can be accessed through the DOM. The contents can be modified or deleted,
and new elements can be created.The HTML DOM is platform and language independent. It
can be used by any programming language like Java, JavaScript, and VBScript.Follow the links
below to learn more about how to access and manipulate each DOM object with JavaScript:
Object Description
Anchor Represents an HTML a element (a hyperlink)
Applet Represents an HTML applet element. The applet element is used to place
executable content on a page
Area Represents an area of an image-map. An image-map is an image with clickable
regions
Base Represents an HTML base element
Basefont Represents an HTML basefont element
Body Represents the body of the document (the HTML body)
Button Represents a push button on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML <input
type="button"> tag on an HTML form, a Button object is created
Checkbox Represents a checkbox on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML <input
type="checkbox"> tag on an HTML form, a Checkbox object is created
Document Used to access all elements in a page
Event Represents the state of an event, such as the element in which the event
occurred, the state of the keyboard keys, the location of the mouse, and the
state of the mouse buttons
FileUpload For each instance of an HTML <input type="file"> tag on a form, a FileUpload
object is created
Form Forms are used to prompt users for input. Represents an HTML form element
Frame Represents an HTML frame
Frameset Represents an HTML frameset
Hidden Represents a hidden field on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML <input
type="hidden"> tag on a form, a Hidden object is created
History A predefined object which can be accessed through the history property of the
Window object. This object consists of an array of URLs. These URLs are all the
URLs the user has visited within a browser window
Iframe Represents an HTML inline-frame
Image Represents an HTML img element
Link Represents an HTML link element. The link element can only be used within the
<head> tag
Location Contains information about the current URL
Meta Represents an HTML meta element
Navigator Contains information about the client browser
Option Represents an option in a selection list on an HTML form. For each instance of an
HTML <option> tag in a selection list on a form, an Option object is created
Password Represents a password field on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML
<input type="password"> tag on a form, a Password object is created
Radio Represents radio buttons on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML <input
type="radio"> tag on a form, a Radio object is created
Reset Represents a reset button on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML
<input type="reset"> tag on a form, a Reset object is created
Screen Automatically created by the JavaScript runtime engine and it contains
information about the client's display screen
Select Represents a selection list on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML
<select> tag on a form, a Select object is created
Style Represents an individual style statement. This object can be accessed from the
document or from the elements to which that style is applied
Submit Represents a submit button on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML
<input type="submit"> tag on a form, a Submit object is created
Table Represents an HTML table element
TableData Represents an HTML td element
TableHeader Represents an HTML th element
TableRow Represents an HTML tr element
Text Represents a text field on an HTML form. For each instance of an HTML <input
type="text"> tag on a form, a Text object is created
Textarea Represents an HTML textarea element
Window Corresponds to the browser window. A Window object is created automatically
with every instance of a <body> or <frameset> tag
JavaScript Browser Detection

The JavaScript Navigator object contains information about the visitor's browser.
Examples
Detect the visitor's browser and browser version
More details about the visitor's browser
All details about the visitor's browser
Alert user, depending on browser
Browser Detection
Almost everything in this tutorial works on all JavaScript-enabled browsers. However, there
are some things that just don't work on certain browsers - specially on older browsers. So,
sometimes it can be very useful to detect the visitor's browser type and version, and then
serve up the appropriate information. The best way to do this is to make your web pages
smart enough to look one way to some browsers and another way to other browsers.
JavaScript includes an object called the Navigator object, that can be used for this purpose.
The Navigator object contains information about the visitor's browser name, browser version,
and more.
The Navigator Object

The JavaScript Navigator object contains all information about the visitor's browser. We are
going to look at two properties of the Navigator object:
appName - holds the name of the browser
appVersion - holds, among other things, the version of the browser
Example
<html>
<body>
var browser=navigator.appName
var b_version=navigator.appVersion
var version=parseFloat(b_version)
document.write("Browser name: "+ browser)
document.write("Browser version: "+ version)
</script>
</body>
</html>
The variable browser in the example above holds the name of the browser, i.e. "Netscape" or
"Microsoft Internet Explorer".
The appVersion property in the example above returns a string that contains much more
information than just the version number, but for now we are only interested in the version
number. To pull the version number out of the string we are using a function called
parseFloat(), which pulls the first thing that looks like a decimal number out of a string and
returns it.
IMPORTANT! The version number is WRONG in IE 5.0 or later! Microsoft start the appVersion
string with the numbers 4.0. in IE 5.0 and IE 6.0!!! Why did they do that??? However,
JavaScript is the same in IE6, IE5 and IE4, so for most scripts it is ok.
Example
The script below displays a different alert, depending on the visitor's browser:
<html>
<head>
function detectBrowser()
{
var browser=navigator.appName
var b_version=navigator.appVersion
var version=parseFloat(b_version)
if ((browser=="Netscape"||browser=="Microsoft Internet Explorer")
&& (version>=4))
{alert("Your browser is good enough!")}
else
{alert("It's time to upgrade your browser!")}
}
</script>
</head>
<body onload="detectBrowser()">
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Cookies
A cookie is often used to identify a user.
Examples
Create a welcome cookie
What is a Cookie?
A cookie is a variable that is stored on the visitor's computer. Each time the same computer
requests a page with a browser, it will send the cookie too. With JavaScript, you can both
create and retrieve cookie values.
Examples of cookies:
Name cookie - The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in her/his
name. The name is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or
she could get a welcome message like "Welcome John Doe!" The name is retrieved from the
stored cookie
Password cookie - The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, he or she must fill in a
password. The password is then stored in a cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page,
the password is retrieved from the cookie
Date cookie - The first time a visitor arrives to your web page, the current date is stored in a
cookie. Next time the visitor arrives at your page, he or she could get a message like "Your
last visit was on Tuesday August 11, 2005!" The date is retrieved from the stored cookie
Create and Store a Cookie

In this example we will create a cookie that stores the name of a visitor. The first time a
visitor arrives to the web page, he or she will be asked to fill in her/his name. The name is
then stored in a cookie. The next time the visitor arrives at the same page, he or she will get
welcome message.
First, we create a function that stores the name of the visitor in a cookie variable:
function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays)
{
var exdate=new Date()
exdate.setDate(expiredays)
document.cookie=c_name+ "=" +escape(value)+
((expiredays==null) ? "" : ";expires="+exdate)
}
The parameters of the function above hold the name of the cookie, the value of the cookie,
and the number of days until the cookie expires.
In the function above we first convert the number of days to a valid date, then we add the
number of days until the cookie should expire. After that we store the cookie name, cookie
value and the expiration date in the document.cookie object.
Then, we create another function that checks if the cookie has been set:
function getCookie(c_name)
{
if (document.cookie.length>0)
{
c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + "=")
if (c_start!=-1)
{
c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1
c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(";",c_start)
if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length
return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end))
}
}
return null
}
The function above first checks if a cookie is stored at all in the document.cookie object. If the
document.cookie object holds some cookies, then check to see if our specific cookie is stored.
If our cookie is found, then return the value, if not - return null.
Last, we create the function that displays a welcome message if the cookie is set, and if the
cookie is not set it will display a prompt box, asking for the name of the user:
function checkCookie()
{
username=getCookie('username')
if (username!=null)
{alert('Welcome again '+username+'!')}
else
{
username=prompt('Please enter your name:',"")
if (username!=null||username!="")
{
setCookie('username',username,365)
}
}
}
All together now:
<html>
<head>
function getCookie(c_name)
{
if (document.cookie.length>0)
{
c_start=document.cookie.indexOf(c_name + "=")
if (c_start!=-1)
{
c_start=c_start + c_name.length+1
c_end=document.cookie.indexOf(";",c_start)
if (c_end==-1) c_end=document.cookie.length
return unescape(document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end))
}
}
return null
}
function setCookie(c_name,value,expiredays)
{
var exdate=new Date()
exdate.setTime(exdate.getTime()+(expiredays*24*3600*1000))
document.cookie=c_name+ "=" +escape(value)+
((expiredays==null) ? "" : "; expires="+exdate)
}
function checkCookie()
{
username=getCookie('username')
if (username!=null)
{alert('Welcome again '+username+'!')}
else
{
username=prompt('Please enter your name:',"")
if (username!=null||username!="")
{
setCookie('username',username,365)
}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body onLoad="checkCookie()">
</body>
</body>
</html>
The example above runs the checkCookie() function when the page loads.
JavaScript Form Validation

JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to
a server.
JavaScript Form Validation
JavaScript can be used to validate input data in HTML forms before sending off the content to
a server.
Form data that typically are checked by a JavaScript could be:
has the user left required fields empty?
has the user entered a valid e-mail address?
has the user entered a valid date?
has the user entered text in a numeric field?
Required Fields
The function below checks if a required field has been left empty. If the required field is blank,
an alert box alerts a message and the function returns false. If a value is entered, the function
returns true (means that data is OK):
function validate_required(field,alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
if (value==null||value=="")
{alert(alerttxt);return false}
else {return true}
}
}
The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this:
<html>
<head>
function validate_required(field,alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
if (value==null||value=="")
else {return true}
}
}
function validate_form(thisform)
{
with (thisform)
{
if (validate_required(email,"Email must be filled out!")==false)
{email.focus();return false}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="submitpage.htm"
onsubmit="return validate_form(this)"
method="post">
Email: <input type="text" name="email" size="30">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
E-mail Validation
The function below checks if the content has the general syntax of an email.
This means that the input data must contain at least an @ sign and a dot (.). Also, the @ must
not be the first character of the email address, and the last dot must at least be one character
after the @ sign:
function validate_email(field,alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
apos=value.indexOf("@")
dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(".")
if (apos<1||dotpos-apos<2)
else {return true}
}
}
The entire script, with the HTML form could look something like this:
<html>
<head>
function validate_email(field,alerttxt)
{
with (field)
{
apos=value.indexOf("@")
dotpos=value.lastIndexOf(".")
if (apos<1||dotpos-apos<2)
else {return true}
}
}
function validate_form(thisform)
{
with (thisform)
{
if (validate_email(email,"Not a valid e-mail address!")==false)
{email.focus();return false}
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form action="submitpage.htm"
onsubmit="return validate_form(this)"
method="post">
Email: <input type="text" name="email" size="30">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Animation
With JavaScript we can create animated images.
Examples
Button animation
JavaScript Animation
It is possible to use JavaScript to create animated images.The trick is to let a JavaScript
change between different images on different events.
In the following example we will add an image that should act as a link button on a web page.
We will then add an onMouseOver event and an onMouseOut event that will run two JavaScript
functions that will change between the images.
The HTML Code
The HTML code looks like this:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank"
onmouseOver="mouseOver()"
onmouseOut="mouseOut()">
<img border="0" alt="Visit W3Schools!"
src="b_pink.gif" name="b1" />
</a>
The onMouseOver event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled over the image, the
browser should execute a function that will replace the image with another image.
The onMouseOut event tells the browser that once a mouse is rolled away from the image,
another JavaScript function should be executed. This function will insert the original image
again.
IMPORTANT! The mouse events are added to the <a> tag, and not to the <img> tag.
Unfortunately, browsers do not support mouse events on images!
The JavaScript Code:The changing between the images is done with the following
JavaScript:
function mouseOver()
{
document.b1.src ="b_blue.gif"
}
function mouseOut()
{
document.b1.src ="b_pink.gif"
}
</script>
The function mouseOver() causes the image to shift to "b_blue.gif".
The function mouseOut() causes the image to shift to "b_pink.gif".
The Entire Code
<html>
<head>
function mouseOver()
{
document.b1.src ="b_blue.gif"
}
function mouseOut()
{
document.b1.src ="b_pink.gif"
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="_blank"
onmouseOver="mouseOver()"
onmouseOut="mouseOut()">
<img border="0" alt="Visit W3Schools!"
src="b_pink.gif" name="b1" />
</a>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Image Maps

An image-map is an image with clickable regions.
Examples
Simple HTML Image map
Image map with added JavaScript
HTML Image Maps
From our HTML tutorial we have learned that an image-map is an image with clickable regions.
Normally, each region has an associated hyperlink. Clicking on one of the regions takes you to
the associated link.
Example
The example below demonstrates how to create an HTML image map, with clickable regions.
Each of the regions is a hyperlink:
<img src ="planets.gif"
width ="145" height ="126"
alt="Planets"
usemap ="#planetmap" />
<map id ="planetmap"
name="planetmap">
<area shape ="rect" coords ="0,0,82,126"
href ="sun.htm" target ="_blank"
alt="Sun" />
<area shape ="circle" coords ="90,58,3"
href ="mercur.htm" target ="_blank"
alt="Mercury" />
href ="venus.htm" target ="_blank"
alt="Venus" />
</map>
Result
Adding some JavaScript

We can add events (that can call a JavaScript) to the <area> tags inside the image map. The
<area> tag supports the onClick, onDblClick, onMouseDown, onMouseUp, onMouseOver,
onMouseMove, onMouseOut, onKeyPress, onKeyDown, onKeyUp, onFocus, and onBlur events.
Here's the above example, with some JavaScript added:
<html>
<head>
function writeText(txt)
{
document.getElementById("desc").innerHTML=txt
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<img src="planets.gif" width="145" height="126"
alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" />
<map id ="planetmap" name="planetmap">

<area shape ="rect" coords ="0,0,82,126"
onMouseOver="writeText('The Sun and the gas giant
planets like Jupiter are by far the largest objects
in our Solar System.')"
href ="sun.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Sun" />

onMouseOver="writeText('The planet Mercury is very
difficult to study from the Earth because it is
always so close to the Sun.')"
href ="mercur.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Mercury" />

onMouseOver="writeText('Until the 1960s, Venus was
often considered a twin sister to the Earth because
Venus is the nearest planet to us, and because the
two planets seem to share many characteristics.')"
href ="venus.htm" target ="_blank" alt="Venus" />
</map>
<p id="desc"></p>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Timing Events

With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called,
but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events.
Examples
Simple timing
Another simple timing
Timing event in an infinite loop
Timing event in an infinite loop - with a Stop button
A clock created with a timing event
JavaScript Timing Events
With JavaScript, it is possible to execute some code NOT immediately after a function is called,
but after a specified time interval. This is called timing events.
It's very easy to time events in JavaScript. Two key methods are used:
setTimeout() - executes a code some time in the future
clearTimeout() - cancels the setTimeout()
setTimeout()
Syntax
var t=setTimeout("javascript statement",milliseconds)
The setTimeout() method returns a value - In the statement above, the value is stored in a
variable called t. If you want to cancel this setTimeout(), you can refer to it using the variable
name.
The first parameter of setTimeout() is a string that contains a JavaScript statement. This
statement could be a statement like "alert('5 seconds!')" or a call to a function, like
"alertMsg()".
The second parameter indicates how many milliseconds from now you want to execute the
first parameter.
Note: There are 1000 milliseconds in one second.
Example
When the button is clicked in the example below, an alert box will be displayed after 5
seconds.
<html>
<head>
function timedMsg()
{
var t=setTimeout("alert('5 seconds!')",5000)
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Display timed alertbox!"
onClick="timedMsg()">
</form>
</body>
</html>
Example - Infinite Loop

To get a timer to work in an infinite loop, we must write a function that calls itself. In the
example below, when the button is clicked, the input field will start to count (for ever),
starting at 0:
<html>
<head>
var c=0
var t
function timedCount()
{
document.getElementById('txt').value=c
c=c+1
t=setTimeout("timedCount()",1000)
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Start count!"
onClick="timedCount()">
<input type="text" id="txt">
</form>
</body>
</html>
clearTimeout()
Syntax
clearTimeout(setTimeout_variable)
Example
The example below is the same as the "Infinite Loop" example above. The only difference is
that we have now added a "Stop Count!" button that stops the timer:
<html>
<head>
var c=0
var t
function timedCount()
{
document.getElementById('txt').value=c
c=c+1
t=setTimeout("timedCount()",1000)
}
function stopCount()
{
clearTimeout(t)
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="button" value="Start count!"
onClick="timedCount()">
<input type="text" id="txt">
<input type="button" value="Stop count!"
onClick="stopCount()">
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Create Your Own Objects

Objects are useful to organize information.
Examples
Create a direct instance of an object
Create a template for an object
JavaScript Objects
Earlier in this tutorial we have seen that JavaScript has several built-in objects, like String,
Date, Array, and more. In addition to these built-in objects, you can also create your own.
An object is just a special kind of data, with a collection of properties and methods.
Let's illustrate with an example: A person is an object. Properties are the values associated
with the object. The persons' properties include name, height, weight, age, skin tone, eye
color, etc. All persons have these properties, but the values of those properties will differ from
person to person. Objects also have methods. Methods are the actions that can be performed
on objects. The persons' methods could be eat(), sleep(), work(), play(), etc.
Properties
The syntax for accessing a property of an object is:
objName.propName
You can add properties to an object by simply giving it a value. Assume that the personObj
already exists - you can give it properties named firstname, lastname, age, and eyecolor as
follows:
personObj.firstname="John"
personObj.lastname="Doe"
personObj.age=30
personObj.eyecolor="blue"
document.write(personObj.firstname)
The code above will generate the following output:
John
Methods
An object can also contain methods.
You can call a method with the following syntax:
objName.methodName()
Note: Parameters required for the method can be passed between the parentheses.
To call a method called sleep() for the personObj:
personObj.sleep()
Creating You Own Objects
There are different ways to create a new object:
1. Create a direct instance of an object
The following code creates an instance of an object and adds four properties to it:
personObj=new Object()
personObj.firstname="John"
personObj.lastname="Doe"
personObj.age=50
personObj.eyecolor="blue"
Adding a method to the personObj is also simple. The following code adds a method called
eat() to the personObj:
personObj.eat=eat
2. Create a template of an object
The template defines the structure of an object:
function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor)
{
this.firstname=firstname
this.lastname=lastname
this.age=age
this.eyecolor=eyecolor
}
Notice that the template is just a function. Inside the function you need to assign things to
this.propertyName. The reason for all the "this" stuff in is that you're going to have more than
one person at a time (which person you're dealing with must be clear). That's what "this" is:
the instance of the object at hand.
Once you have the template, you can create new instances of the object, like this:
myFather=new person("John","Doe",50,"blue")
myMother=new person("Sally","Rally",48,"green")
You can also add some methods to the person object. This is also done inside the template:
function person(firstname,lastname,age,eyecolor)
{
this.firstname=firstname
this.lastname=lastname
this.age=age
this.eyecolor=eyecolor
this.newlastname=newlastname
}
Note that methods are just functions attached to objects. Then we will have to write the
newlastname() function:
function newlastname(new_lastname)
{
this.lastname=new_lastname
}
The newlastname() function defines the person's new last name and assigns that to the
person. JavaScript knows which person you're talking about by using "this.". So, now you can
write: myMother.newlastname("Doe").

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Introduction to JavaScript

if (time < 10)

JavaScript Switch Statement

JavaScript Popup Boxes

How to Define a Function

The for Loop

The while loop

JavaScript Break and Continue

onMouseOver and onMouseOut

JavaScript Objects Introduction

JavaScript String Object

Complete Date Object Reference

Modify Values in Existing Arrays

Complete Array Object Reference

Complete Boolean Object Reference

Complete Math Object Reference

The HTML DOM

JavaScript Browser Detection

The Navigator Object

Create and Store a Cookie

JavaScript Form Validation

JavaScript Image Maps

Adding some JavaScript

<map id ="planetmap" name="planetmap">

<area shape ="circle" coords ="90,58,3"

<area shape ="circle" coords ="124,58,8"

JavaScript Timing Events

Example - Infinite Loop

JavaScript Create Your Own Objects

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