Sonoluminescence
Sonoluminescence
Sonoluminescence
Long exposure image of multi-bubble sonoluminescence created by a high-intensity ultrasonic horn immersed
in a beaker of liquid
1 History
2 Properties
3 RayleighPlesset equation
4 Mechanism of phenomenon
5 Other proposals
5.1 Quantum explanations
6 Biological sonoluminescence
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The sonoluminescence effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in 1934 as a
result of work on sonar.[citation needed] H. Frenzel and H. Schultes put an ultrasound transducer in a
tank of photographic developer fluid. They hoped to speed up the development process.
Instead, they noticed tiny dots on the film after developing and realized that the bubbles in the
fluid were emitting light with the ultrasound turned on.[citation needed] It was too difficult to analyze
the effect in early experiments because of the complex environment of a large number of shortlived bubbles. (This experiment is also ascribed to N. Marinesco and J.J. Trillat in 1933, which
also credits them with independent discovery). This phenomenon is now referred to as multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL).
In 1989 an experimental advance was introduced by Felipe Gaitan and Lawrence Crum, who
produced stable single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL).[citation needed] In SBSL, a single bubble
trapped in an acoustic standing wave emits a pulse of light with each compression of the
bubble within the standing wave. This technique allowed a more systematic study of
the phenomenon, because it isolated the complex effects into one stable, predictable bubble. It
was realized that the temperature inside the bubble was hot enough to melt steel.[citation
needed]
Interest in sonoluminescence was renewed when an inner temperature of such a bubble
well above one millionkelvins was postulated.[citation needed] This temperature is thus far not
conclusively proven; rather, recent experiments conducted by theUniversity of Illinois at
UrbanaChampaign indicate temperatures around 20000 K.[citation needed]
Properties[edit]
Sonoluminescence can occur when a sound wave of sufficient intensity induces a gaseous
cavity within a liquid to collapse quickly. This cavity may take the form of a pre-existing bubble,
or may be generated through a process known as cavitation. Sonoluminescence in the
laboratory can be made to be stable, so that a single bubble will expand and collapse over and
over again in a periodic fashion, emitting a burst of light each time it collapses. For this to
occur, a standing acoustic wave is set up within a liquid, and the bubble will sit at a
pressure anti-node of the standing wave. The frequencies of resonance depend on the shape
and size of the container in which the bubble is contained.
Some facts about sonoluminescence:
The light flashes from the bubbles are extremely shortbetween 35 and a few
hundred picoseconds longwith peak intensities of the order of 110 mW.
The bubbles are very small when they emit the lightabout 1 micrometre in diameter
depending on the ambient fluid (e.g., water) and the gas content of the bubble
(e.g.,atmospheric air).
Single-bubble sonoluminescence pulses can have very stable periods and positions. In
fact, the frequency of light flashes can be more stable than the rated frequency stability of
the oscillator making the sound waves driving them. However, the stability analyses of the
bubble show that the bubble itself undergoes significant geometric instabilities, due to, for
example, the Bjerknes forces and RayleighTaylor instabilities.
The addition of a small amount of noble gas (such as helium, argon, or xenon) to the
gas in the bubble increases the intensity of the emitted light.
Spectral measurements have given bubble temperatures in the range from 2300 K to 5100 K,
the exact temperatures depending on experimental conditions including the composition of the
liquid and gas.[1] Detection of very high bubble temperatures by spectral methods is limited due
to the opacity of liquids to short wavelength light characteristic of very high temperatures.
Writing in Nature, chemists David J. Flannigan and Kenneth S. Suslick describe a method of
determining temperatures based on the formation of plasmas. Using argon bubbles insulfuric
acid, their data show the presence of ionized molecular oxygen O2+, sulfur monoxide, and
atomic argon populating high-energy excited states, which confirms a hypothesis that the
bubbles have a hot plasma core.[2] The ionization and excitation energy of dioxygenyl cations,
which they observed, is 18 electronvolts. From this they conclude the core temperatures reach
at least 20,000 Kelvin.[3]
RayleighPlesset equation[edit]
Main article: Rayleigh-Plesset equation
The dynamics of the motion of the bubble is characterized to a first approximation by the
Rayleigh-Plesset equation (named after Lord Rayleigh and Milton Plesset):
Mechanism of phenomenon[edit]
See also: Mechanism of sonoluminescence
The mechanism of the phenomenon of sonoluminescence remains
unsettled. Hypotheses include: hotspot, bremsstrahlung radiation, collision-induced
radiation and corona discharges, nonclassical light, proton
tunneling, electrodynamic jets and fractoluminescent jets (now largely discredited due
to contrary experimental evidence).
From left to right: apparition of bubble, slow expansion, quick and sudden contraction, emission of
light
Other proposals[edit]
Quantum explanations[edit]
An unusually exotic hypothesis of sonoluminescence, which has received much
popular attention, is the Casimir energy hypothesis suggested by noted
physicist Julian Schwinger[6] and more thoroughly considered in a paper by Claudia
Eberlein[7] of the University of Sussex. Eberlein's paper suggests that the light in
sonoluminescence is generated by the vacuum within the bubble in a process similar
to Hawking radiation, the radiation generated at the event horizon of black holes.
According to this vacuum energy explanation, since quantum theory holds that vacuum
contains virtual particles, the rapidly moving interface between water and gas converts
virtual photons into real photons. This is related to the Unruh effect or the Casimir
effect. If true, sonoluminescence may be the first observable example of quantum
vacuum radiation. The argument has been made that sonoluminescence releases too
large an amount of energy and releases the energy on too short a time scale to be
consistent with the vacuum energy explanation, [8] although other credible sources
argue the vacuum energy explanation might yet prove to be correct.[9]
Nuclear reactions[edit]
Main article: Bubble fusion
Some have argued that the Rayleigh-Plesset equation described above is unreliable
for predicting bubble temperatures and that actual temperatures in sonoluminescing
systems can be far higher than 20,000 kelvins. Some research claims to have
measured temperatures as high as 100,000 kelvins, and speculates temperatures
could reach into the millions of kelvins.[10] Temperatures this high could
cause thermonuclear fusion. This possibility is sometimes referred to as bubble
fusion and is likened to the implosion design used in the fusion component
of thermonuclear weapons.
On January 27, 2006, researchers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute claimed to have
produced fusion in sonoluminescence experiments. [11][12]
Experiments in 2002 and 2005 by R. P. Taleyarkhan using deuterated acetone showed
measurements of tritium and neutron output consistent with fusion. However, the
papers were considered low quality and there were doubts cast by a report about the
author's scientific misconduct. This made the report lose credibility among the scientific
community.[13][14][15]
Biological sonoluminescence[edit]
Pistol shrimp (also called snapping shrimp) produce a type of sonoluminescence from
a collapsing bubble caused by quickly snapping a specialized claw. The light produced
is of lower intensity than the light produced by typical sonoluminescence and is not
visible to the naked eye. The light and heat produced may have no direct significance,
as it is the shockwave produced by the rapidly collapsing bubble which these shrimp
use to stun or kill prey. However, it is the first known instance of an animal producing
light by this effect and was whimsically dubbed "shrimpoluminescence" upon its
discovery in 2001.[16] It has subsequently been discovered that another group of
crustaceans, the mantis shrimp, contains species whose club-like forelimbs can strike
so quickly and with such force as to induce sonoluminescent cavitation bubbles upon
impact.[17]
See also[edit]
Bubble fusion
Sonochemistry
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ Didenko, Y.T.; McNamara, III, W.B.; Suslick, K.S. (January 2000). "Effect
of Noble Gases on Sonoluminescence Temperatures during Multibubble
Cavitation". Physical Review Letters 84(4): 777
780. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84..777D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.777. PMID 1101
7370.
2. Jump up^ David J. Flannigan and Kenneth S. Suslick (2005). "Plasma formation
and temperature measurement during single-bubble
cavitation". Nature 434 (7029): 52
55.Bibcode:2005Natur.434...52F. doi:10.1038/nature03361. PMID 15744295.
3. Jump up^ "Temperature inside collapsing bubble four times that of sun | Archives |
News Bureau | University of Illinois". News.illinois.edu. 2005-02-03. Retrieved
2012-11-14.
4. Jump up^ Bradley P. Barber and Seth J. Putterman, "Light Scattering
Measurements of the Repetitive Supersonic Implosion of a Sonoluminescing
Bubble," Phys Rev Lett 69, 3839-3842 (1992)
5. Jump up^ "Sonoluminescence in High Magnetic Fields, J.B. Young, T. Schiemedel
and Woowan Kang" (Physical Review Letters 77, 4816)
6. Jump up^ "Within article "Cold Fusion: A History of Mine"". Infinite-energy.com.
1989-03-23. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
7. Jump up^ Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3842 - 3845 (1996); http://arxiv.org/abs/quantph/9506024v1
8. Jump up^ K.A. Milton, Dimensional and dynamical aspect of the Casimir effect:
understanding the reality and significance of vacuum energy, hep-th/0009173
(2000) http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0009173
References[edit]
Kenneth Chang (March 15, 2005). "Tiny Bubbles Implode With the Heat of a
Star". New York Times.
For a "How to" guide for student science projects see: Robert Hiller and Bradley
Barber (1995). "Producing Light from a Bubble of Air". Scientific American 272 (2):
9698.doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0295-96.
External links[edit]
Look
up sonoluminescencein
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Shrimpoluminescence
Impulse Devices
Applications of sonochemistry
Sonoluminescence
De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
1 Historia
2 Propiedades
3 ecuacin de Rayleigh-Plesset
4 Mecanismo de fenmeno
5 Otras propuestas
5,1 explicaciones Quantum
6 sonoluminiscencia Biolgica
7 Vase tambin
8 Notas
9 Referencias
10 Enlaces externos
Historia [ editar ]
El efecto sonoluminiscencia fue descubierto por primera vez en la Universidad de Colonia en
1934 como resultado del trabajo en el sonar .[ cita requerida ] H. Frenzel y H. Schultes puso un
ultrasonido transductor en un tanque de fotogrfica de lquido revelador . Tenan la esperanza
de acelerar el proceso de desarrollo. En su lugar, se dieron cuenta de pequeos puntos sobre
la pelcula despus del revelado y se dieron cuenta de que las burbujas en el lquido emitan
luz con el ultrasonido activado. [ cita requerida ] Fue muy difcil analizar el efecto en los primeros
experimentos, debido a la complejidad del entorno de un gran nmero de burbujas de corta
duracin. (Este experimento tambin se atribuye a N. Marinesco y JJ Trillat en 1933, lo que
tambin les acredita con el descubrimiento independiente). Este fenmeno se conoce ahora
como sonoluminiscencia multi-burbuja (MBSL).
En el ao 1989 un avance experimental fue presentado por Felipe Gaitan y Lawrence Crum ,
quien produjo estable sonoluminiscencia burbuja simple (SBSL). [ cita requerida ] En SBSL, una sola
burbuja atrapada en una onda estacionaria acstica emite un pulso de luz con cada
compresin de la burbuja dentro de la onda estacionaria . Esta tcnica permite una
ms sistemtico estudio del fenmeno , ya que asla los efectos complejos en uno estable,
predecible burbuja. Se dio cuenta de que la temperatura dentro de la burbuja era lo
suficientemente caliente como para derretir el acero . [ cita requerida ] El inters en
sonoluminiscencia se renov cuando un interno de temperatura de una burbuja como muy por
encima de un milln de grados Kelvin se postul. [ cita requerida ] Esta temperatura es hasta el
momento no se ha demostrado de manera concluyente; ms bien, experimentos recientes
llevados a cabo por la Universidad de Illinois en Urbana-Champaign indican temperaturas de
alrededor de 20 000 K . [ cita requerida ]
Propiedades [ editar ]
Sonoluminiscencia puede ocurrir cuando una onda sonora de intensidad suficiente induce una
cavidad gaseosa dentro de un lquido a colapsar rpidamente. Esta cavidad puede adoptar la
forma de una burbuja pre-existente, o puede ser generado a travs de un proceso conocido
como cavitacin . Sonoluminescence en el laboratorio se puede hacer para ser estable, por lo
que una sola burbuja va a expandir y contraer una y otra vez de una manera peridica,
emitiendo un estallido de luz cada vez que se derrumba. Para que esto ocurra, una onda
acstica estacionaria se configura dentro de un lquido, y la burbuja se sentar a una
presin anti-nodo de la onda estacionaria. Las frecuencias deresonancia dependen de la
forma y el tamao del contenedor en el que est contenida la burbuja.
Algunos datos sobre sonoluminiscencia:
Los destellos de luz de las burbujas son extremadamente corto entre 35 y unos pocos
cientos de picosegundos -largo con pico de intensidad del orden de 1 - 10 mW .
La adicin de una pequea cantidad de gas noble (como helio , argn , o de xenn )
para el gas en la burbuja aumenta la intensidad de la luz emitida.
Fusin de burbuja
Sonochemistry
Notas [ editar ]
1. Salta hacia arriba^ Didenko, YT; McNamara, III, BM; Suslick, KS (enero de
2000). "Efecto de gases nobles en temperaturas sonoluminiscencia durante
Multibubble cavitacin." Physical Review Letters 84(4): 777780. BIBCODE : 2000PhRvL .. 84 ..
777D . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.777 . PMID 11017370 .
2. Salta hacia arriba^ David J. Flannigan y Kenneth S. Suslick (2005). "La formacin
de plasma y la medicin de la temperatura durante la cavitacin de burbuja
16. Salta hacia arriba^ Detlef Lohse, Barbara Schmitz y Michel Versluis
(2001). "Camarn pistola hacen burbujas intermitentes". Naturaleza 413 (6855):.
477-478 doi : 10.1038/35097152 . PMID 11586346.
17. Salta hacia arriba^ SN Patek y RL Caldwell (2005). "Extreme impacto y las
fuerzas de cavitacin de un martillo biolgica: fuerzas de ataque del camarn
mantis pavo real". Journal of Experimental Biology208 (Pt 19): 3655 a
3664. doi : 10.1242/jeb.01831 . PMID 16169943 .
Referencias [ editar ]
Kenneth Chang (15 de marzo de 2005). "Tiny Bubbles implosionar Con el calor de
una estrella" . New York Times .
Para un "cmo" gua para proyectos de ciencia estudiante ver: Robert Hiller y
Bradley Barber (1995). "La produccin de luz de una burbuja de aire." Scientific
American 272(2): 96-98. doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0295-96 .
Busque sonoluminiscenciaen
Wiktionary, el diccionario
libre.
Shrimpoluminescence
Dispositivos de impulso
Aplicaciones de sonoqumica