Chapter 41
Chapter 41
Chapter 41
SEDIMENTATION
Water Treatment Course
AAiT, Zerihun Alemayehu
INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
11/22/2010
SEDIMENTATION
Particles
Discrete
Flocculating
Size
Shape
weight
Suspension
displacement of water
velocity field interference
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Dilute
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION
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TYPES OF SEDIMENTATION
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Fb
Fd
Fnet = mg - Fd - Fb
Fnet = 0
mg
vs
4 ( s w ) gd
3
w
CD
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STOKES LAW
For Re < 1 (laminar flow) and
Re = wvsd/ (for perfect sphere),
Stokes law:
vs
vs
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gd 2 ( s w )
18
gd 2 ( S g 1)
18
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EXAMPLE
Estimate the terminal settling velocity in water at
a temperature of 15oC of spherical silicon particles
with specific gravity 2.40 and average diameter of
(a) 0.05 mm and (b) 1.0 mm
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
Since R > 2, the Stokes law does not apply. Use Eq. 1 to calculate v
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
Step 6. Re-check Re
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SOLUTION
Step 8. Re-check Re
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SETTLING COLUMN
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GENERALLY
All particles with d>= do, such that v >= vo, will arrive at
or pass the sampling port in time to.
A particle with dp < do will have a terminal settling
velocity vp < vo and will arrive at or pass the sampling
port in time to, with original position at, or below a point
Zp.
If the suspension is mixed uniformly then the fraction of
particles of size dp with settling velocity vp which will
arrive at or pass the sampling port in time to will be Zp/Zo
= vp/vo.
Thus, the removal efficiency of any size particle from
suspension is the ratio of the settling velocity of that
particle to the settling velocity vo defined by Zo/to.
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10
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
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SOLUTION
Ci
189
0.63
Time, min
60
80
100
130
200
240
420
0.63
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.37
0.26
0.09
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.55
1.0
0.83
0.48
Vt x
102,
Co
300
m/min
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SOLUTION
0.7
xo
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
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SOLUTION
Step 3. Determine vo
Step 4. Determine xo = 54 %
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SOLUTION
x = 0.06
x = 0.06
0.6
x = 0.06
0.5
0.7
x = 0.06
0.4
x = 0.1
0.3
x = 0.1
0.2
x = 0.1
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
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SOLUTION
vt
x.vt
0.06
1.50
0.09
0.06
1.22
0.07
0.1
1.00
0.10
0.1
0.85
0.09
0.1
0.70
0.07
0.06
0.48
0.03
0.06
0.16
0.01
x.vt=0.46
X 1 xo
0.46
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x.vt
vo
0.46
1.74
72%
13
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TYPE-2 SETTLING
Involves
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TYPE-2 SETTLING
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SOLUTION
Step 1. Determine the removal rate at each depth and time
xij = (1- Ci/Co)x100
x11 = (1 133/250) x 100 = 47
Depth,
m
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
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30
47
28
19
15
12
10
180
91
83
77
72
68
62
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15
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SOLUTION
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LONG-RECTANGULAR BASINS
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LONG-RECTANGULAR TANK
the inlet zone in which baffles intercept the
oncoming water and spread the flow
uniformity
both
vertically
the
outlet zone
in horizontally
which waterand
flows
across the
upward
andtank
over the outlet weir
settling zone, which occupies the
sludge zone,
which
extends
remaining
volume
of the
tank from the
bottom of the tank to just above the
scraper mechanism
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LONG-RECTANGULAR TANK
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CIRCULAR BASINS
The flow enters at the center and is baffled to flow radially
toward the perimeter
The horizontal velocity of the water is continually decreasing
as the distance from the center increases the particle path
is a parabola
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INLET ZONE
Baffle
Multiple
opening
across
width
Flow distribution
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Baffle
Multiple
opening
across
width
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OUTLET STRUCTURE
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DESIGN DETAILS
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EXAMPLE
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
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EXAMPLE
Design a circular basin. A circular sedimentation tank is to have a
minimum detention time of 4 h and a maximum overflow rate of 20
m3/m2.d. Determine the required diameter of the tank and the
depth if the average flow rate through the tank is 6 ML/d.
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SOLUTION
V=6000x4/24=1000
Depth=20x4/24=3.33=3.5m
As=V/d=1000/3.5=285.7m2
As=xD2/4
Diameter=19m
Hence provide 5 m deep (1 m for sludge and 0.5 m free
board) by 19 m diameter tank
AAiT
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By Zerihun Alemayehu
EXAMPLE
Design a long-rectangular settling basin for type-2
settling. A city must treat about 15,000 m3/d of water.
Flocculating particles are produced by coagulation,
and a column analysis indicates that an overflow rate
of 20 m/d will produce satisfactory removal at a depth
of 2.5 m. Determine the size of the required settling
tank.
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TUBE SETTLERS
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TUBE SETTLERS
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H
u
sin
=
( cos + 2 )
=
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EXAMPLE
A water treatment work treats 1.0 m3/s and removes flocs
larger than 0.02 mm. The settling velocity of the 0.02mm
flocs is measured in the laboratory as 0.22 mm/s at 15 oC.
Tube settlers of 50 mm square honeycombs are inclined at a
50o angle and its vertical height is 1.22 m. Determine the
basin are required for the settler module.
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SOLUTION
( cos cos 2 )
0.5(0.0508)
(1.22 0.643 + 0.0508 0.6432 )
0.312
=
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SOLUTION
0.0312
= 2362 ( 240 2 )
0.5 24 60 603
=
= 1803 /(2 )
2402
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SOLUTION
Step
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4
= 40
3
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SOLUTION
R=
0.05082
= 0.0127
4 0.0508
(0.0027/)(0.0127)
=
0.0000011312
30 < 2000, !
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SOLUTION
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SOLUTION
10 m
16 m
Launder
Baffle wall
Outlet channel
Diffuser wall
Inlet channel
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SOLUTION
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11/22/2010
Addis Ababa
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