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    Soil Properties

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    barouniamine
    This appendix provides information on soil properties that are relevant for structural designers. It includes details on recommended soil testing procedures depending on building height and size. Soils are ranked in order of suitability for foundations, with bedrock and dense sand/gravel being most suitable and peat and organic soils being unsuitable. The plasticity index is discussed as an indicator of shrink-swell potential, with higher indexes indicating greater potential. Tables provide data on typical soil densities, modulus of elasticity, modulus of subgrade reaction, Poisson's ratio, and allowable bearing pressures for different soil types to aid in preliminary foundation design.

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    Soil Properties

    Uploaded by

    barouniamine
    159 views3 pages
    This appendix provides information on soil properties that are relevant for structural designers. It includes details on recommended soil testing procedures depending on building height and size. Soils are ranked in order of suitability for foundations, with bedrock and dense sand/gravel being most suitable and peat and organic soils being unsuitable. The plasticity index is discussed as an indicator of shrink-swell potential, with higher indexes indicating greater potential. Tables provide data on typical soil densities, modulus of elasticity, modulus of subgrade reaction, Poisson's ratio, and allowable bearing pressures for different soil types to aid in preliminary foundation design.

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    This appendix provides information on soil properties that are relevant for structural designers. It includes details on recommended soil testing procedures depending on building height and size. Soils are ranked in order of suitability for foundations, with bedrock and dense sand/gravel being most suitable and peat and organic soils being unsuitable. The plasticity index is discussed as an indicator of shrink-swell potential, with higher indexes indicating greater potential. Tables provide data on typical soil densities, modulus of elasticity, modulus of subgrade reaction, Poisson's ratio, and allowable bearing pressures for different soil types to aid in preliminary foundation design.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    159 views3 pages

    Soil Properties

    Uploaded by

    barouniamine
    This appendix provides information on soil properties that are relevant for structural designers. It includes details on recommended soil testing procedures depending on building height and size. Soils are ranked in order of suitability for foundations, with bedrock and dense sand/gravel being most suitable and peat and organic soils being unsuitable. The plasticity index is discussed as an indicator of shrink-swell potential, with higher indexes indicating greater potential. Tables provide data on typical soil densities, modulus of elasticity, modulus of subgrade reaction, Poisson's ratio, and allowable bearing pressures for different soil types to aid in preliminary foundation design.

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    APPENDIX

    C
    Properties of Soils

    This appendix presents some information and tables containing properties of soils
    which will be of interest to the structural designer.

    C.1 Soil Tests


    For low-rise buildings, depth of borings may be specified to be about 6 m below
    the anticipated foundation level, with at least one boring continuing deeper, to a
    lesser of 30 m, the least building dimension, or refusal. At least one soil boring
    should be specified for every 230 square metres of the building area for buildings
    over 12 m height, or having more than three storeys. For large buildings founded
    on poor soils, borings should be spaced at less than 15 m intervals. A minimum of
    five borings, one at the centre and the rest at the corners of the building, is
    recommended.

    C.2 Order of Soil Suitability for Foundation Support


    Best
    : Bed rock
    Very good
    : Sand and gravel
    Good
    : Medium to hard clay (that is kept dry)
    Poor
    : Silts and soft clay
    Undesirable : Organic silts and organic clay
    Unsuitable : Peat

    C.3 The Plasticity Index (PI)


    The plasticity index (PI) of the soil provides an indication of how much clay will
    shrink or swell. The higher the PI, the greater is the shrink-swell potential.
    PI of 015%
    :
    Low expansion potential
    PI of 1525%
    :
    Medium expansion potential
    PI of 25% and above :
    High expansion potential

    Properties of Soils 1397


    Table C.1 Typical mass densities of basic soil types
    Type of Soil

    Loose sand
    Dense sand
    Soft clay
    Stiff clay
    Silty soils
    Gravelly soils

    Mass density r (Mg/m3)*


    Poorly graded soil
    Well-graded soil
    Range
    Typical value
    Range
    Typical value
    1.701.90
    1.75
    1.752.00
    1.85
    1.902.10
    2.07
    2.002.20
    2.10
    1.601.90
    1.75
    1.601.90
    1.75
    1.902.25
    2.00
    1.902.25
    2.07
    1.602.00
    1.75
    1.602.00
    1.75
    1.902.25
    2.07
    2.002.30
    2.15

    *Values are representative of moist sand, gravel, saturated silt, and clay.
    Table C.2 Typical values of modulus of elasticity (ES) for different types of soils
    Type of Soil
    Clay
    Very soft
    Soft
    Medium
    Hard
    Sandy
    Glacial till
    Loose
    Dense
    Very dense
    Loess
    Sand
    Silty
    Loose
    Dense
    Sand and gravel
    Loose
    Dense
    Shale
    Silt

    Es (N/mm2)
    215
    525
    1550
    50100
    25250
    10153
    144720
    4781,440
    1457
    721
    1024
    4881
    48148
    96192
    14414,400
    220

    Table C.3 Typical values of modulus of subgrade reaction (ks) for different types of
    soils
    Type of Soil
    Loose sand
    Medium dense sand
    Dense sand
    Clayey medium dense sand
    Silty medium dense sand

    ks (kN/m3)
    4,80016,000
    9,60080,000
    64,0001,28,000
    32,00080,000
    24,00048,000
    (contd)

    1398 Design of Steel Structures


    (contd)
    Clayey soil:
    qu 200 N/mm2
    200 < qu 400 N/mm2
    qu > 800 N/mm2
    qu Safe bearing capacity

    12,00024,000
    24,00048,000
    > 48,000

    Table C.4 Typical values of Poissons ratio (m) for soils


    Type of soil
    Clay (saturated)
    Clay (unsaturated)
    Sandy clay
    Silt
    Sand (dense)
    Course (void ratio = 0.4 0.7)
    Fine grained (void ratio = 0.4 0.7)
    Rock
    Loess
    Ice
    Concrete

    0.4 0.5
    0.1 0.3
    0.2 0.3
    0.3 0.35
    0.2 0.4
    0.15
    0.25
    0.10.4 (depends on type of rock)
    0.1 0.3
    0.36
    0.15

    Table C.5 Allowable bearing pressures on soils (for preliminary design)


    Type of rock/soil

    Allowable bearing Standard


    pressure
    penetration
    (kN/m2)
    blow count (N)

    Hard rock without lamination


    and defects (e.g., granite, trap,
    and diorite)
    Laminated rocks (e.g., sandstone and lime-stone in sound
    condition)
    Soft or broken rock, hard shale,
    cemented material
    Soft rock
    Gravel
    Dense
    Medium
    Sand*

    Clay+
    Peat, silts,
    made-up
    ground

    Coarse
    Medium
    Fine or silt

    3,200

    >30

    1,600

    >30

    900
    450
    450
    96285
    Compact and dry
    450
    250
    150

    30

    Very stiff
    190450
    Medium stiff
    200250
    Soft
    50100
    To be determined after investigation

    Apparent
    cohesion
    cu (kPa)

    >30
    >30
    Loose and dry
    250
    48120
    100

    3050
    1530
    <15

    1530
    415
    04

    100200
    25100
    025

    Notes: * Reduce bearing pressures by half below the water table.


    +
    Alternatively, allow 1.2 times cu for round and square footings, and 1.0 times cu for
    length/width ratios of more than 4.0. Interpolate for intermediate values.

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