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    Biot Savart Laws

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    FatinHalim
    1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. It states that the magnetic field strength is proportional to the current divided by the distance from the wire. 2) Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed loop to the total current passing through the enclosed area. It is analogous to Gauss's law for electric fields. 3) Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic flux through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire. This effect is the basis for electric generators and transformers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biot Savart Laws

    Uploaded by

    FatinHalim
    379 views42 pages
    1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. It states that the magnetic field strength is proportional to the current divided by the distance from the wire. 2) Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed loop to the total current passing through the enclosed area. It is analogous to Gauss's law for electric fields. 3) Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic flux through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire. This effect is the basis for electric generators and transformers.

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    Biot Savart Laws

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    1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. It states that the magnetic field strength is proportional to the current divided by the distance from the wire. 2) Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed loop to the total current passing through the enclosed area. It is analogous to Gauss's law for electric fields. 3) Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic flux through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire. This effect is the basis for electric generators and transformers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    379 views42 pages

    Biot Savart Laws

    Uploaded by

    FatinHalim
    1) The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field created by a current-carrying wire. It states that the magnetic field strength is proportional to the current divided by the distance from the wire. 2) Ampere's law relates the line integral of the magnetic field around any closed loop to the total current passing through the enclosed area. It is analogous to Gauss's law for electric fields. 3) Faraday's law of induction states that a changing magnetic flux through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the wire. This effect is the basis for electric generators and transformers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document discusses the Biot-Savart law, which relates magnetic fields to currents, and how it can be used to calculate fields from different current distributions.

    The Biot-Savart law states that the magnetic field B at a point due to a current I is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the current, with the direction given by the right hand rule. It provides an analogy between electric and magnetic fields.

    When considering a small current element dl rather than the total current, the Biot-Savart law gives the small contribution dB to the total magnetic field from that element, proportional to the current in the element.

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    Jean-Baptiste Biot and Felix Savart also studied
    the forces on wires around the same time as
    Ampere developed his theories.
    To summarise their observations, at a point a
    distance r from the current qu,

    B =

    qu sin
    4r2

    is the angle between the direction of the


    current and the point at which the magnetic field
    is being obtained.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    There is a simple analogy here between
    electric and magnetic fluxes:
    E =

    q
    40r r

    r
    2

    B =

    qu sin
    4r2

    We can compare the source of electric


    field being the charge with the source of
    magnetic field being a moving charge.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    The above expression for B is not the
    standard way of viewing the Biot-Savart
    Law.
    Instead we base it upon a current element.
    dl

    The charge passing a point in unit time is


    the current,
    qu=idl
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    So

    B =

    qu sin
    4r2

    becomes

    dB =

    i sin dl
    4r2

    with dB being a small contribution to the total


    magnetic flux density arising from the small part
    of the current in the wire element idl.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    We can eliminate B in favour of H:

    dH =

    i sin dl
    4r2

    The direction of the magnetic


    field is into the plane of the
    screen at r

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    This can be obtained using the right


    hand screw rule.

    dl

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Right hand screw rule

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law
    It would be a mistake to interpret the Biot-Savart
    law as stated as indicating that there is a small
    amount of magnetic field coming from each
    element.
    The law is only complete in the integral form:

    dH = H =

    i sin dl
    4r2

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Biot-Savart Law

    H=

    i dl x r
    4r3

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law

    dH = H =

    i sin dl
    4r2

    The Biot-Savart law in this form can be used to


    obtain the magnetic field due to some important
    systems.
    We shall now look at the example of the field
    about a long straight wire

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    10

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law

    Current, i
    B, H

    The application
    requires us to
    evaluate the integral
    for a point relative to
    the wire, effectively
    summing over all
    current elements
    along an infinite wire.

    B, H
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    11

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law


    The sum is over
    elements of this
    type, so that

    l
    dl
    i

    H=

    i sin dl

    i cos dl

    H=

    -
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    4r2

    4r2

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    12

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law


    l
    dl
    i

    To evaluate the
    integral, we need
    eliminate the
    interdependence of
    terms such as r
    and .
    We can express l
    and r in terms of .

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    13

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law


    l
    dl
    i

    1. a tan = l
    2. r cos = a
    Differentiating 1
    gives
    dl = a sec2 d

    /2

    Note, when l=-, =-/2,


    and when l=, =/2

    H=

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    4r cos

    i cos a d
    2

    - /2

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    14

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law


    l
    dl
    i

    1. a tan = l
    2. r cos = a
    Substituting 2
    gives

    /2

    H=

    i cos a d

    -/2
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    4a2

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    15

    Application of the Biot-Savart Law


    /2

    l
    dl

    H=

    i cos a d

    -/2
    r

    4a2

    can be integrated
    readily, yielding:

    H=i/2a
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    16

    The infinite, straight, uniform wire


    Geometrically, the magnetic
    field strength, H, is equal to
    the current divided by the
    loop length, 2a.

    a
    i
    H=
    2a
    B, H

    i
    B=
    2a
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    17

    The field for a finite wire


    What happens at the ends of a wire?
    Hint: consider a semi-infinite wire.

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    18

    Amperes Law
    We can consider the generality of the
    observed geometrical interpretation of the
    result for the infinite wire.
    i
    H=
    2a
    We integrate the magnetic field around a
    closed loop enclosing the current
    H.dl

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    19

    Amperes Law
    Since H and dl are always parallel, the
    scalar product is simply the product of the
    magnitudes:

    H.dl =

    2a

    B, H
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    i dl
    2a

    =i

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    20

    Amperes Law
    Ampere showed that this is generally true,
    so that
    H.dl = i

    This is Amperes Law.


    Law
    In words, the law states that The line
    integral of H around any closed path is
    equal to the current enclosed.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    21

    Gauss Law
    The circulation of magnetic
    field lines leads to an important
    result.

    Electric dipole

    This is in stark contrast to


    electrostatics where electrical
    charge is a source of diverging
    or converging field lines

    The fact that magnetic flux


    circulates means that for any
    closed surface, as much flux
    must enter as leave
    This is a conservation or
    continuity law
    Flux continuity

    There are no isolated magnetic


    flux sources or sinks

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    22

    Gauss Law
    B.ds
    =
    0
    s

    This is Gauss Law of magnetic fields.


    Do not confuse this with Gauss law for
    electrostatics

    There is no divergence of B
    This refers to a derivative form of the law.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    23

    Faradays Law the beginnings of


    electromagnetic machines
    In 1831, Michael Faraday
    established the principles which
    lay the foundations of most
    modern electrical machines.
    He inverted the idea
    If an electrical current can produce a
    magnetic field, then the opposite
    should also be true: a magnetic field
    should be able to generate a current
    in a wire.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    Faraday

    Up to this time, all electricity came


    from chemical cells (batteries).

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    24

    Faradays Law the beginnings of


    electromagnetic machines

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    Faraday

    He spend a long time trying to


    show this idea in practice, placing
    magnets in the vicinity of wires
    and looking for in induced current
    or voltage there was none.
    However, eventually it was found
    that a moving magnet next to a
    wire did induce an e.m.f.

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    25

    Faradays Law the beginnings of


    electromagnetic machines

    This is a simple arrangement


    that demonstrates the effect.
    Some of the magnet flux, ,
    from the permanent magnet links
    the coil.
    As the magnet moves the
    amount of flux linking the coil
    changes.
    The voltage induced in the coil is

    d
    V=
    dt
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    26

    Question

    What would
    happen if we
    added a second
    turn to the coil?

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Application of Faradays Law

    27

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    28

    Motional EMF
    Another view of the
    same effect can be
    obtained by viewing
    the impact upon a
    moving metal rod
    passing through a
    magnetic field of flux
    density, B.

    y
    z

    x
    E

    F=quxB

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    29

    Motional EMF
    For movement in the
    x-direction, and B in
    the y-direction, the
    right-hand-rule for
    the cross-product
    directs the force in the
    positive z-direction.
    The force acts on the
    electrons with charge
    -e.

    y
    z

    x
    E

    Fz = -e u B

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    30

    Motional EMF
    The force on the
    electrons move the
    electrons in the negative
    z-direction.
    This creates a space
    charge, and hence an
    electric field, E, and a
    force given by
    F=qE=-eE
    E directed in the negative
    z-direction, so F is in the
    positive z-direction
    C.f. Lenzs Law

    y
    z

    x
    E

    Fz = -e u B

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    31

    Motional EMF
    In equilibrium, the
    forces balance.
    E=uB

    In terms of the vector


    quantities,
    E=B x u

    y
    z

    x
    E

    eE=euB

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    32

    Motional EMF
    If the rod is of length L,
    and moves in a direction
    perpendicular to the
    magnetic field, then the
    induced voltage is given
    by the integral of the
    electric field along the
    length of the rod.
    This is the same effect as
    the Faraday Law we saw
    earlier.

    y
    z

    x
    E
    V=

    E dl = B L u
    L

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    33

    Comparison of induced voltages


    Faradays Law

    d
    V=
    dt

    Lorentz force

    V=

    E dl = B L u
    L

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    34

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    Iron core, N turns.

    We imagine an ideal
    toroidal solenoid to be
    uniform turn density,
    where all turns are
    perpendicular to the
    axis of the ring and
    the radius of the ring
    large enough for
    variations in the field
    with radius to be
    negligible.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    35

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    i

    dl
    r

    The current enters


    and leaves the circuit
    at (approximately) the
    same place.
    We draw a circuit for
    Amperes law through
    the axis of the ring.

    B
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    36

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    i

    dl
    r

    We have to integrage
    B.ds over the circle of
    radius r.
    By symmetry H and
    B are constant in
    magnitude on this
    circle.
    B and H are
    tangential to the
    circle.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    37

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    We now apply
    Amperes law:

    H.dl = i

    dl
    r

    Since H and dl are


    parallel, the scalar
    product H.dl is just
    Hdl.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    38

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    i

    dl
    r

    The path length is


    2r.
    Since the path
    threads N loops
    carrying current i, the
    right hand side is Ni:

    H dl = H2r = Ni
    B
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    39

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    We can note the MMF
    is equal to the
    integral, so is Ni.

    dl
    r

    H dl = H2r = Ni

    The magnetc flux


    density can be
    obtained from B=H.
    Fields, Materials & Devices

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    Application of Amperes Law


    Field in a solenoid
    What is the field outside the coil?
    Is the answer to this subject to any
    assumptions and/or approximations in the
    derivation?

    Fields, Materials & Devices

    40

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    41

    Example

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    A coil of 1000 turns is wrapped around an iron


    ring of diameter 20mm, and cross-section
    100mm2. The ring has a relative permeability
    of 120. If the coil carries a d.c. current of 2.0A,
    calculate the following:
    The MMF of the coil
    The H-field in the coil
    The B-field
    The flux which flows
    The flux linkage of the coil

    EEE1001/PHY1002

    42

    Example
    1. If we now apply an a.c. current of 50Hz
    and peak amplitude 2.0A, calculate the
    voltage at the coil terminals
    2. Can you work out the coil inductance?

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