Chapter 1: Introduction

Q.1 Define Research? What are the characteristics of research?

Definition
According to Martyn Shuttleworth
"In the broadest sense of the word, the definition of research includes any gathering of data,
information and facts for the advancement of knowledge."
Creswell states research as
"Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our
understanding of a topic or issue".
It consists of three steps:
1. Pose a question
2. Collect data to answer the question
3. Present an answer to the question

Characteristics of research
1. Empirical - Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical - Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical - Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
4. Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical ways in gathering the data, whether historical,
descriptive and experimental or case study.
5. Critical - Critical scrutiny of the procedures used and the methods employed is
crucial to a research enquiry. The process of investigation must be foolproof and
free from drawbacks. The process adopted and the procedures used must be able
to withstand critical scrutiny.

6. Methodical - Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic

method and procedures.
7. Replicability - The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.

Q.2 Explain the needs and importance of research in business?

A business research program is surely an ideal way for businesses to train and educate their
managers and other staff members in a vast range of different fields. Business research can relate
to economics, business strategy and ethics in other words anything related with modern business
and trade. Undertaking research in business management is important since it helps to prepare
business plan for the future, based on what may have occurred in earlier times.
1. Testing of new products: - Business research tests the possible success of fresh products.
Businesses need to know what kinds of services and products consumers want before
they produce them. Research will reduce risk Research can help design a new product
or service, figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development of a product is
highly targeted towards demand.
2. Guaranteeing adequate distribution: - Businesses can also use research to guarantee
sufficient distribution of their products. For instance, a consumer products company
might want to speak with merchants about the various brands they offer. The outcomes of
the business research can help managers decide where they need to increase their product
distribution.
3. In-house research is required for professional and self-development of the workers
through training and mentoring: - Organizational research and analysis would also be
needed for assessment of performance management, process reengineering, departmental
assessment and well-being of staff members.
4. Undertaking research can help a company avoid future failure: - Carrying out
research can also help a business determine whether now is the right time to expand into
another town or whether it needs to apply for a new loan. It may also help a small
business decide if a process should be altered or if more needs to be done to meet the
requirements of the customer base.
5. Studying the competition: - Businesses frequently make use of research to study key
rivals in their markets. Businesses will often begin with secondary research information
or information which is currently accessible. Research is important for any organization
to remain competitive in the market. The top function of research is to supply a business
with an outlet to correctly determine its customers. With the help of surveys, an

organization can analyze the preferences of its target consumers. Furthermore, these
studies could also provide a business the chance to examine its competitors in the
industry and analyze and emulate key strategies which could help in its operations.
6. Help in the recruitment of employees: - Its through proper research that human
resource managers are able to determine and recruit qualified manpower. Recruitment of
workers with the right skills and attitudes aids the company to improve its productivity
levels. Research for the right staff members can be done via the internet, consultancy
firms and institutions of higher learning. A proper knowledge of the employees and
healthy conversation would be important factors for a manager to boost performance of
the individuals in the team. A good approach, winning attitude and behavior of the
manager with proper systems set up would certainly call for sound research to understand
and improve the system.

Q.3 Discuss the need and importance of research in social science?

Social Science Research refers to any scientific study of human action and interaction focusing
on elements of thought and behavior that are in some sense social. As such, social scientists
aspire to science. They intend to study human action and interaction and thought and behavior in
a systematic, rigorous, evidence-based, generalizing, replicable, and cumulative fashion. Such
research is, or can be, of great importance to human affairs. Social science research is, more
specifically, a truth-seeking activity aimed at contributing to existing knowledge, generating new
knowledge, or for application to some specific problem related to human action and interaction
1. Helps to solve social problems: - Social problems could be attributed to certain social
behavior of social issues and then it analyses the issue and solve that.
2. To enable government in making polices: - Research on social and public by government it
helps to modify polices with welfare of people and makes polices according to demand of
society interest.
3. Social welfare: - Government organization can undertake social research to enhance social
welfare of the society. Research can help to design suitable package of measure to reduce
income inequalities, to reduce poverty and unemployment, to overcome the problems of
social evils such as drugs addictions abuse of alcohol, gambling, and so on.

4. Helps to predict event: - Research can be undertaken to predict future events in the society
and their impact. Research may be undertaken to find out incidence of poverty and its impact
on the society. Research may make the concerned authorities to take appropriate measures to
reduce the incidence and to reduce the negative impact of incidence.
5. Modifies social Behavior: - Social research studies social behavior. Social research collect
relevant data on social behavior, analyses it and recommendations are listed. Based on the
recommendations of social researchers, steps can be taken by the concerned authorities to
modify the societal behavior.
6. To establish general laws and generalization: - Research finding can be applied to larger
population. A researcher can conduct a research on a sample of respondents that represent the
universe. The research discovery is based on sample population can then be generalized and
applied to the whole population.

7. To develop principles and theories: - Conducting social research will help to make new
principles and theories. By conducting different program in research process comes out with
conclusion and by verifying in all the possible meaner which results in developing principle
and theories. Such principles and theories can be use full to several organizations to manage
and deal with people and things in a better way.
8. To verifies and tests existing laws: - Social researchers after implementing laws and polices
them again take research program to check whether policies are effective and keep on
verifying it.

Q.4 State and Explain the objectives of research?

A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides declarative
statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables. Generally research objective
focus on the ways to measure the variables, such as to identify or describe them. Sometime
objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables
between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e.
what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study. The objectives of a
research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study. Objective should be closely
related to the statement of the problem.
A research objective is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A
well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Timebound. Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable and Unequivocal
& Measurable. Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected
timeframe & with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study. The research
objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hope to achieve by the study. The
objective includes obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Types of research objectives
1. General objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved. The general objectives of the study state
what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms. General objectives are
usually less in number.
2. Specific objective
Specific objectives are short term & narrow in focus. General objectives can broke into small
logically connected parts to form specific objectives. General objective is met through
accomplishing the entire specific objective. The specific objectives are more in number & they
systematically address various aspects of problem as defined under 'the statement of problem' &
key factor that is assumed to influence or causes the problem. They should specify what the
researcher will do in the study, where, & for what purpose.

Q.5 Discuss the types of research

The basic types of research are as follows:
1. Descriptive vs. Analytical:
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major
purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present. In
social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto research for
descriptive research studies. The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no
control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening. Most ex
post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which the researcher seeks to
measure such items as, for example, frequency of shopping, preferences of people, or similar
data. Ex post facto studies also include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when
they cannot control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research are
survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods. In analytical
research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and
analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
2. Applied vs. Fundamental:
Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an
industrial/business organization, whereas fundamental research is mainly concerned with
generalizations and with the formulation of a theory. Gathering knowledge for knowledges
sake is termed pure or basic research.4 Research concerning some natural phenomenon or
relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research. Similarly, research studies,
concerning human behavior carried on with a view to make generalizations about human
behavior, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain conclusions
(say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research.
Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or
the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and
understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical

problem, whereas basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of
applications and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative:
Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to
phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. Qualitative research, on the other hand, is
concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind.
For instance, when we are interested in investigating the reasons for human behavior (i.e. why
people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of Motivation Research, an important
type of qualitative research. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and
desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such research are word
association tests, sentence completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective
techniques. Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or
what they think about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative
research is especially important in the behavioral sciences where the aim is to discover the
underlying motives of human behavior. Through such research we can analyze the various
factors which motivate people to behave in a particular manner or which make people like or
dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice
is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance
from experimental psychologists.
4. Conceptual vs. Empirical:
Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by
philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. On the other
hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for
system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of
being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research.
In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about
doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired information. In such a research, the
researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable
results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then

sets up experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials
concerned so as to bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterized by the
experimenters control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of
them to study its effects. Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain
variables affect other variables in some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or
empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given
hypothesis.
5. Some Other Types of Research:
All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based
on either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the
environment in which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. Form the
point of view of time; we can think have research either as one-time research or longitudinal
research. In the former case the research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter
case the research is carried on over several time-periods. Research can be field-setting research
or laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon the environment in which it is to
be carried out. Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such
research follows case-study methods or in depth approaches to reach the basic causal relations.
Such studies usually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small
samples and very deep probing data gathering devices. The research may be exploratory or it
may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the development of hypotheses
rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those with substantial structure
and with specific hypotheses to be tested. Historical research is that which utilizes historical
sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the
philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time. Research can also be classified as
conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusion oriented research, a
researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to
conceptualize as he wishes. Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision
maker and the researcher in this case is not free to embark upon research according to his own
inclination. Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific

method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding
operations under their control.

Q.6 Describe the issues and problems in research?

A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved upon, a
difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or
in practice that point to the need for meaningful understanding and deliberate investigation.
Deciding whether to use a quantitative or qualitative research method can be a difficult task,
particularly if you arent familiar with the problems associated with each. Quantitative research
focuses on numerical, objective and repeatable data, and avoids subjectivity. Qualitative research
aims to understand the problems it investigated in greater detail, and is often quite subjective.
Finding out about the problems with each method can help you decide which to use, or whether
to mix the two.
Lack of Information:
Several people complain quantitative research because the researchers have very little ability to
find out more detail.
For example: Many quantitative research methods use questionnaires as a means of finding out
percentages of the population that possess certain characteristics or think certain things. Imagine
if a questionnaire asks if you wished to vote for the Republicans or the Democrats in the next
election. Someone answering this question may want to vote for the Green party, but not have the
option available to state that. Within the confines of the quantitative study, they will have to
choose between the two. This may not seem like a relevant fact, but if 10 percent of people who
answered Democrat actually preferred Greens, a massive trend will be missed because of the
rigid nature of the study. Qualitative research would catch this discrepancy through use of openended questions.

Absent of Variables:
The rigid and fixed nature of quantitative research can also result in a relevant variable being
missed entirely. If someone was conducting a qualitative study into the intelligence levels of
children and trying to determine whether firstborn children are more intelligent than all
subsequent children, they may measure childrens IQ, and then note whether they are firstborn,
second, third or fourth. This may produce a result stating that, according to the statistics,
firstborn children are indeed more intelligent, and each subsequent child has a lower IQ than the
one before. This seems to be a relevant finding, but it overlooks the possible variable that
intelligent parents have fewer children. This could mean that the first- and second-born children
have relatively intelligent parents, and fifth-born children have less intelligent parents, so the
conclusion of the study is misleading.
Subjectivity:
Subjectivity is one of the symbols of qualitative research and is also one of its major errors. The
subjective nature of the information that can be gleaned from such methods as interviews and
case studies means that they are open to misinterpretation and observer bias.
For example: If you are performing an interview to investigate whether prisoners had abusive
childhoods, observer bias could occur, in that the interviewees could exaggerate the negative
aspects of their childhoods for sympathy or justification. Subjectivity is also an issue when
analyzing data, because in qualitative research, data must be interpreted. Researchers could
unwittingly interpret the data in a way that suggests what they wish to show. This cant be done
as easily with quantitative, numerical data.

No Generalization:

As a result of its subjective nature, its level of detail and its relatively small sample size, you
cannot generalize qualitative findings to the population at large. Quantitative research can easily
generalize data, because it can convert its finding into percentages and other mathematical
expressions that can be extrapolated. Unfortunately, the detailed answers that qualitative research
produces make them difficult to generalize to the population at large. The level of detail in each
study also means that fewer people are studied, therefore making the participants a less accurate
representation of the entire populace.
There are other problems faced while doing research is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Illiteracy
Security
Inadequate statistics
Scanty information base
Dominance of small scale organizations
Existence of sellers market
lack of research funds
Multinational firms rely mainly on their parent companies overseas for their research

needs
9. Lack of research equipment inaccurate or lack of census figures

Chapter 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Q.1What is research methodology? Explain its nature and characteristics.
Research methodology is a way to methodically crack the research problem. It may be
understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. The process used to
collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology
may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could
include both present and historical information is called research methodology. Its aim is to give
the work plan of research. It is also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is
gained.
John W. Best and James V. Kahn in their book entitled Research in Education says Research
is a more systematic activity that is directed toward discovery and the development of an
organized body of knowledge. Research may be defined as the systematic and objective analysis
and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations,
principles, or theories, resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.
Characteristics of Research Methodology

Research is a systematic and critical investigation into phenomenon.

It adopts scientific method i.e. based on observable experience or empirical evidence.

Research is directed towards finding answers to the pertinent questions and solutions to
problems.

It emphasizes the development of generalization, principles or theories.

It is not mere compilation but a purposive investigation.

It aims at describing, interpreting and explaining a phenomenon.

It is objective and logical. It applies possible tests to validate the measuring tools and
the conclusions obtained.

Q.2 Describe the steps in scientific research process.

Research Process
Research process is very commonly referred to as the planning process. One important point to
be kept in mind here is to understand that the main aim of the research process is that of
improving the knowledge of the human beings.
The research process consists of the following stages
1. The Primary phase : This stage includes
a) Observation The first step in the research process is that of the observation, research
work starts with the observation which can be either unaided visual observation or guided
and controlled observation. It can be said that an observation leads to research, the results
obtained from research result in final observations which can play a crucial part in
carrying out further research. Deliberate and guided observations also play an important
part in this primary stage. This method is very simple and helps a great deal in framing of
the hypothesis as it is very accurate in nature but it also has some major limitations like
some of the occurrences may not be open to the observation and the occurrences which
may be open for observation may not be studied conveniently.

b) Interest As studied in the above paragraph, research starts with the observation and it
leads to a curiosity to learn and gain more and more about what has been observed.
Hence it can be said that observation results in the creation of an interest in the mind of
the researcher. The interest can be either academic in nature or it may be a policy making
interest. It may be self-interest or a group interest. Group interest is also referred to as the
social interest.

c) Crystallization It can be defined as the process involving the designing of the definite
form of research to be used in the study of the subject matter that has been observed.
During this stage, the research project gets a concrete shape and structure.

d) Formulating a research problem A research problem can belong to one of the

following two categories it can belong to the category in which there can be
relationships between various variables or it may belong to the other category, which is
based on nature. In the beginning, it is important for a researcher to find out the general
interest or the subject matter, which he wants to study. By this the researcher will be able
to state a problem more broadly and also in a much generalized form then the ambiguities
linked to the problem can be referred and understood. This really supports in the
formulation of a problem of a research. Although this process is not that simple and
requires many fruitful discussions in order to achieve a proper conclusion or a decision.

e) Primary Synopsis Before starting with the actual study work, it is very necessary for a
researcher to prepare a summary or a plan about the activities he has to perform in
connection with research operation. This will help him a lot to get a definite idea or an
understanding of what would be written in the final report.

f) Conceptual Clarity It is very much important for a researcher to have in depth

knowledge and understanding of the subject or the topic he has to study as it helps a lot in
achieving ones goal and objectives in a much easier and also a comparatively much
simpler way.

g) Documentation The documents help in providing important information to a

researcher, document is something in writing it can be a record, files or diaries etc. may
be published or unpublished in nature. Documents can be extracted and can be used in the
research work. Various documents can be classified as
i. Personal documents
1. Written by or on behalf of individuals.
2. May include autobiographies, biographies, diaries, memories,
letters, observations and inscriptions.
3. Can be used in research activities.

ii. Company documents

1. Most important type of documents compared to other document
types.
2. Play an essential role in management research.
3. May include balance sheets, files, records, policy statements,
resolutions, performance records etc.
iii. Consultants reports and published materials
1. Include professional consultants reports, commodity boards
records, chambers of commerce, trade union documents etc.

iv. Public documents

1. Can be published or unpublished in nature.

2. Consist of government records, finance commission records,
especial enquiry commission records, company law board reports,
population census reports etc.
3.

Can be useful only if they are reliable.

v. Literature Survey
Having complete knowledge about the literature is almost a necessity for a
researcher to be successful in his research operation. With the help of
literature survey, one is helped in having correct concepts and also the
right theories.

2. Secondary phase: This stage of the research consists of all the features that are actually
required to run a research project. This stage includes the following

a) Research project planning: Involves selection of the future courses of action for
conducting and directing a research project. A research project plan gives a rational
approach to research by which one is able to decide in advance about what to do, how to
do, when to do, where to do and who is to do a particular task in a specific activity.

b) Research Project formulation: After the planning of the project has been done the
researcher follows this with a practical approach in order to carry out the project. This
step of the secondary stage involves the systematic setting forth of the total research
project, with an aim of conducting a systematic study.

c) Data collection: This step involves the in depth meaning for the concepts that are to be
investigated and looks forward to data analysis, data requirement etc Sources of
understatement or overstatement should be avoided and the data should be free from any
type of error. The data collection planning should be done or implemented in a very
careful manner, with the help of specialist researchers. The data should be good and
meaningful in nature should not only be a collection of words but should provide
meaningful information.

d) Classification and tabulation: Classification can be defined as the arrangement of the

data into groups and classes depending on the resemblance and the similarities. By
classification, the data can be condensed in a very elegant way by which the various
important features can be easily noticed i.e. one can easily highlight the various salient
features of the data at a glance. Tabulation of the data can be defined as the orderly
arrangement of the data in columns and the rows this step also helps a great deal in the
condensation of the data and also in the analysis of the relations, trends etc.

e) Data Analysis: In this step, the collected data is arranged according to some pattern or
a particular format and this analysis of the data is done mainly to provide the data with a
meaning. It is actually the computing of the some of the measures supported by the
search for the relationship patterns, existing among the group of the data.
(i) Testing of a hypothesis: This step of testing acts as the back bone of the data
analysis. Various tests like t test, z test. Chi square test are used by the
statisticians for the testing of the hypothesis.
(ii) Interpretation of results: It is very important that the results are interpreted
into action recommendations and the results should be able to refer to a decision
i.e. should help in drawing a conclusion.

3. Final phase:- This stage involves

a) Conclusions and recommendations: This act as the crux of the research project work.
Recommendations are based on the conclusions obtained and further these conclusions
are based on the interpretation of the results of data analysis. But a major point to be kept
in mind here is that all these conclusions and the recommendations should be linked to
the research hypothesis stated.

b) Report Writing: For the researcher as well as the reader, report writing is very crucial
as it acts as the best way for communication between the two. Report written must be
very simple in nature with easy language, high clarity. Report writing cannot be done by
everyone and requires an especial skilled person for this purpose.

Q.3 Discuss the steps in formulating the research problems.

The major steps in research are as follows:
1. Formulation of the Research Problem: This is the first stage of the research process. In
this stage the researcher single out or identified the problem he wants to study. It means
that he must decide the general areas of interest or aspects of a subjectmatter that he
would like to inquire.
Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem:
Understanding the problem theoretically
Rephrasing the same into analytical terms from an analytical point of view.
Understanding the problem is to discuss it with ones own colleagues or those having
expertise in the matter. In an academic institution the researcher can seek the help from a
guide who is usually an experienced person and has several research problems in mind.
The guide puts forth the problem in general terms and it is up to the researcher to narrow
it down and phase the problem in operational terms.

2. Extensive Literature Survey (Review): At this stage the researcher should undertake
extensive literature survey connected with the problem. For this purpose the abstracting
and indexing

journals and published or unpublished

bibliographies are first place to

go i.e. Academic journals, books, research reports, Government reports etc., It should be
remember that one source will lead to another.
3. Development of Working Hypothesis: In this stage researcher state in clear terms the
working hypothesis or hypothesis. Working hypothesis is tentative assumptions made in
order to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. Hypothesis should be
very specific, clear and limited to the piece of research in hand because it has to be tested.
4. Preparing the Research Design: In this stage the researcher prepare a research
design i.e. conceptual structure of the within which research would be conducted. It
contains:
Methodology of the research work
Sampling plan
Tools of gathering data
Geographical area is to covered
Scope of the study
Operational definition of the study
Conceptual model of study
Reference period
Budget
5. Determination of Sampling Design: In this stage researcher decide the way of selecting
a sample which is popularly known as sample design. It is a defined plan determined
before any data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given
population. Samples can be either probability samples or nonprobability samples. With
probability samples each element has known probability of being included in the sample
but the nonprobability samples do not allow the researcher to determine the probability.
6. Collection of Data: In this stage the researcher collects data. Data can be collected from
several ways i.e. survey , observation, interview and experiment etc. the researcher
should select one method of data collection taking into consideration the nature of the
investigation, objectives and scope of the inquiry, financial resources, available time and
desired degree of accuracy.

7. Analysis of Data: The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations
such as establishment of categories, the application to these categories to raw data
through coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. The researcher
classifies the raw data into some purposeful and usable categories. Coding operation is
usually done at this stage through which the categories of data are transformed into
symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Editing is the procedure that improves the
quality of the data for coding. Tabulation is a part of the technical procedure wherein
classified data are put in the form of tables. Analysis work after tabulation is generally
based on computation of various

coefficients, measures used to obtain results.

8. Hypothesis Testing: The hypothesis may be tested through the use of one or more tests
such as chi square test, ttest, Ftest depending upon the nature and objectives of the
research inquiry. Hypothesis testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in
rejecting it.

Generalization and Interpretation: In this stage the researcher arrive at

generalization i.e. to build a theory. As the matter of fact the real value of research lies in
its ability to arrive at certain generalizations.
9. Preparation of the Research Report: Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of
what has been done by the him. Writing of report must be done with great care keeping in

view the following:

Preliminary Body
The Main Text
The End Matter

Preliminary Body: It contains:

Title page
Researchers declaration
The certificate of the research supervisor
Acknowledgement
Table of contents List of tables
List of graphs and charts

Main Text:
Introduction:
Theoretical background of the topic
Statement of the problem

Review of literature
The scope of the study
The objectives of the study
Hypothesis to be tested
Definition of the concepts
Model if any

The design of the study:

Methodology
Sources of data
Sampling plan
Data collected instrument
Field work
Data processing and analysis

Q.4What is Hypothesis? Explain its importance.

Hypothesis is assumption which is based on reasoning. Word "Hypothesis" is a combination of
two words the first one is `Hypo' (that means under or less than or tentative) and the second one
is 'thesis' (that means General opinion or statement about solution of a problem) , So the word
"Hypothesis" means tentative statement about solution of a problem or Hypothesis means the
guesses to solve the research problem.
Hypothesis is a part of research process. The research process is similar to undertaking a journey.
For a research journey there are some steps to follow which are necessary to make the research
work scientific.
Sources of Hypothesis
According to Webster, "Hypothesis is a guess made by the researcher which either solve the
problem or guide him in further investigation."
The sources of Hypothesis are almost the same as problems. The major sources of the
Hypothesis:
Reading Material - Published books, Journals, Magazines, Seminar Reports

 Principle of Theories - Rule of Law, Basic Structure etc.

Personal Experience and Other Studies
Importance of Hypothesis
1. To the Point Enquiry:
Hypothesis makes a research activity to the point and destination. Research without
hypothesis is like a sailor in the sea without compass. So, research is to the point enquiry
of problem due to the guidance of hypothesis.
2. Development of Research Techniques:
There are various types of social problems which are complex in nature. For this research
is very difficult. We cover it with a single technique but it requires many techniques.
These techniques are due to hypothesis provided to a researcher.
3. Separating Relevant From Irrelevant Observation:
A Researcher dining study will take the observations and facts which are accordance to
the condition and situation. While drop out the irrelevant facts from his study. This
separation is due to hypothesis formulation which keeps away relevant observation from
irrelevant.
4. Selecting Required Facts:
During study a researcher come across many factors but he confined himself to the
selection of required facts through formulation of hypothesis. Hypothesis helps him in
selection of relevant facts regarding to the problematic situation.
5. Direction of Research:
Hypothesis acts as a guide master in research. It gives new knowledge and direction to a
researcher. It directs a scientist to know about the problematic situation and its causes.
6. Acts as a Guide:
Hypothesis gives new ways and direction to a researcher. It acts as a guide and a leader in
various organizations or society. It is like the investigator's eye.
7. Prevents Blind Research:
Hypothesis provides lighting to the darkness of research. It gives difference between
scientific and unscientific, false and true research. It prevents blind research and gives
accuracy.
8. Accuracy and Precision:
Hypothesis provides accuracy and precision to a research activity. Accuracy and precision
is the feature of scientific investigation which is possible due to hypothesis.
9. Link between Theory and Investigation:

Theory is a source of hypothesis which leads to its formulation. Hypothesis leads to

scientific investigation. So, hypothesis acts as a bridge b/w theory and investigation.
10. Link between Assumption and Observation:
During formulation hypothesis is in the stage of assumption. In the field it transformed
into hypothesis in working form. This transformation is due to observation in the field.
So, it creates a link between assumption & observation.
11. Provide answer for a Question:
A hypothesis highlights the causes of a problematic situation. Further solution is also
given by a hypothesis which provides answer to a question.
12. Save Time, Money and Energy:
Hypothesis save time, money and energy of a researcher because it is a guide for him and
help him in saving these basic things.
13. Proper Data Collection:
Hypothesis provides the basis of proper Data Collection Relevant and correct information
collected by a researcher is the main function of a good formulated hypothesis.
14. Proper Conclusion:
A proper formulated hypothesis may lead to a good reasonable, utilized and proper
conclusion. If the hypothesis is better than the conclusions drawn by a researcher would
be better for solution of a problem.

Q.5 Discuss the types of hypothesis.

There are various types of Hypothesis such as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Simple Hypothesis
Complex Hypothesis
Empirical Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Logical Hypothesis
Statistical Hypothesis

Simple Hypothesis
Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exists relationship between two variables one is
called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect.

For example:
Higher ratio of unemployment leads to crimes.
Complex Hypothesis
Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship among variables exists. In this type
dependent as well as independent variables are more than two.
For example:
The higher ration of unemployment poverty, illiteracy leads to crimes like dacoit, robbery,
rape, prostitution & killing etc.
Empirical Hypothesis
Working hypothesis is that one which is applied to a field. During the formulation it is an
assumption only but when it is pat to a test become an empirical or working hypothesis.
Null Hypothesis
Null hypothesis is contrary to the positive statement of a working hypothesis. According to
null hypothesis there is no relationship between dependent and independent variable. It is
denoted by HO.
Alternative Hypothesis
Firstly many hypotheses are selected then among them select one which is more workable
and most efficient. That hypothesis is introduced latter on due to changes in the old
formulated hypothesis. It is denote by HI.
Logical Hypothesis
It is that type in which hypothesis is verified logically. J.S. Mill has given four cannons of
these hypothesis e.g. agreement, disagreement, difference and residue.
Statistical Hypothesis
A hypothesis which can be verified statistically called statistical hypothesis. The statement
would be logical or illogical but if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical hypothesis

Q.6 Describe the sources of developing hypothesis

A hypothesis can be formulated through many sources. Following are the main
sources of hypothesis:
1. Previous Study
Previous study is also a source of developing a concrete hypothesis. If a researcher uses
previous knowledge about a phenomenon for a particular place, then another researcher
followed his techniques and formulates his own. For example increase in fertilizers and
irrigation leads to higher production in agriculture in District Mardan. Now another
researcher studies his work and applies it to another District Nowshera.
2. Personal Experience
On the basis of his personal experience he uses his mind and suggests some points for the
eradication of a social problem through developing a good hypothesis. Greater the
researcher experience lead to higher degree of formation.
3. Imagination and Thinking
Creative thinking and imagination of a researcher sometimes help in formulating a good
hypothesis. Personal ideas and the thinking capabilities of a researcher would lead to
greater number of hypothesis formulation as well as control over the problem.
4. Observation
In consideration and undertaking a research problem, observation is necessary. The
collection of previous facts and current facts related to the problem lead to the
formulation of a good hypothesis.

5. Scientific Theory
Theory is capable in explaining all the facts relating to the problem. Scientific theory is a
fertile source of hypothesis formulation. The theory which is used by a researcher may
satisfy the needs of making it, because theory explains the known facts.
6. Culture
Culture is the accumulation of ways of behaving and adoption in a particular place and
time. While formulating a hypothesis for a problem culture should be studied. If we want
to study trends towards female education in a particular area, for this purpose we will
study, traditions, family system, Norms, Values, region and education system of that area.

Chapter 3: Research on Exide Industries Ltd

Exide R&D
Research & Development
As befits the market leader, Exide keeps India & World abreast of the developments in battery
technology. Its sophisticated R&D Centre in Kolkata employs the best scientists and
technologists and equips them with the tools of fundamental and applications research.
The center spearheads technology transfer, matched production engineering and complete system
design. Apart from developmental research, it acts as a funnel for absorbing technology and
adopting it to suit operating conditions in respective markets. Ultimately, the effort translates into
complete satisfaction of customers needs.
Exide recognizes the importance of technology & innovations. In order to maintain technological
leadership, Exide R&D has been actively developing differentiated battery technologies for
tropical countries. The Exide R&D has been recognized by the Department of Scientific &
Industrial Research, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of India since April 1977.
R&D work is carried out on various facets of lead-acid battery technology, which include
development of new products for applications such as Automotive, Motorcycle, VRLA, Telecom,
UPS, Railways, Defense, etc. primarily to make the product range internationally competitive. In
addition, the R&D is engaged in projects embracing process technology aimed at:Improving the quality of product & consistency, production efficiency and material utilization.
R&D program includes improvement and indigenization of materials such as metals, alloys,
plastics, etc. R&D emphasis is on studying and improving the environmental aspects associate
with the manufacturing process.
Infrastructure / Laboratories:
Exide R&D Centre is also well equipped with a Tool-Room, CAD facilities, material testing and
laboratories having the modern equipment for testing of the raw materials and components used
for manufacture of batteries. These include optical emission Spectrometer, Particle Size
Analyzer, Porosemeter, Image Analyzer Workstation, Profile Projector, Universal Tensile testing
machine, etc.

Functional Areas:
All the above specific areas are well administered by a strong group of human assets. The
qualified R&D personnel are Ph.D.'s in Engineering / Applied Science, Post-Graduate /
Graduate in Engineering / Science, MBA's and Diploma in Engineering with broad spectrum
of experience and they work in the following functional areas:

Battery Design & Development

Process Development
Tool Design & Development
Alloy Development
Development of Plastic Components
Hard Rubber / Soft Rubber Components Development
Analytical Services
Battery Testing & Quality Assurance
Environmental Health Monitoring

Established On :

27-01-1976

Patents:
The continuous research efforts have enabled Exide to patent new processes and grid
structures for batteries in India.
Patents

Place

Year

Process for fabricating a grid structure for Cadmium Sulphide / Cuprous

India
Sulphide cell.

1978

Improved Dry Charged process for Drying Formed Negative.

India

1978

Process for manufacturing micro-porous polymeric material.

India

1979

Micro-porous polymeric material for Miners Cap Lamp batteries and

India
Process for preparation thereof.

1981

Automotive Battery Grid.

India

1981

Method of manufacturing lead based alloy.

India

1983

Method of making lead acid storage battery grid.

India

1986

Method of producing low antimony content tubular grid for positive

India
electrodes of lead acid storage batteries.

1988

Design patent on 75D31R/95D31 RMF Battery (Jointly with Shinkobe).

India

1998

Design Patent on leak resistant Automotive Battery.

India

2001

In addition to several innovative patents granted in India, quite a few International Patents

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.studylecturenotes.com
www.mycourse.solent.ac.uk
www.businessdictionary.com
www.googlebook.com
www.exide4u.com