SPM Chemistry Chapter 2

SPM CHEMISTRY
Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

Prepared by: Ms. Brintha Ganapathy BSc. MSc.
2.1 Matter
1.
Matter is anything that has _________________ and occupies

_________________.
2.
The particle theory of matter states that

Matter is made up of _________________ and
_________________ particles.
There are _________________ between the particles.
3.
Classification of matter
Matter
Atom
Molecules
Ions
Made up of one
type of
particles
Made up of two or
more type of
particles combined
physically
Made up of two or
more type of
particles combined
chemically
Elements
Elements
Compounds
Compound
4.
The kinetic theory of matter states that

The particles are in _________________ motion.
Kinetic energy of the particles increases as the
_________________ of the particles increases.
5.
Brownian motion is the evidence that a liquid consists of

particles which are in constant motion
6.
Example of Brownian motion

Movement of smoke particles in air
Movement of pollen grains in water
7.
Another evidence of movement of particles is

_________________.
8.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from high

concentration region to low concentration region.
KMnO
Solution
9.
Comparison between the three states of matter
Characteristi Solid
cs
Liquid
Gas
Arrangement
of particles
Particles
arranged in
orderly
manner and
closely packed
Particles
Particles are
arranged not
arranged far
in orderly
apart
manner and
loosely packed
Movement of
particles
Vibrate and
rotate about
their fixed
position
Particles move Particles move

randomly
randomly and
freely
Forces of
attraction
between
particles
Strong
Moderate
Weak
Ability to be
compressed
Very difficult
Easy
Very easy
Volume
Fixed
Fixed
Follows the
container
Shape
Fixed
Follow the
container
Follow the
container
Kinetic energy
Low
Moderate
High
9.
The changes in the states of matter

HEAT ENERGY IS ABSORBED
Solid
Liquid
Gas
HEAT ENERGY IS RELEASED
Heat energy is absorbed to

___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.
Heat energy is released to

____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________.
Heating curve of naphthalene
1.
Label the following

P-Q: _________________________ Q-R:
_______________________________
R-S: _________________________ S-T:
_______________________________
T-U: _________________________ T:
_______________________________
T: ___________________________
2.
3.
4.
What is the meaning of melting point?

_____________________________________________________________
___________________
What is the meaning of boiling point?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
Why at Q-R and S-T, the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
5
5.
Why water bath is used to determine the melting and boiling

point of naphthalene?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
Cooling curve of naphthalene
1.
Label the following

P-Q: _________________________ Q-R:
_______________________________
R-S: _________________________ S-T:
_______________________________
T-U: _________________________ T:
_______________________________
T: ___________________________
2.
3.
4.
What is the meaning of condensation point?

_____________________________________________________________
___________________
What is the meaning of freezing point?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
Why at Q-R and S-T, the temperatures remain the same?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
_____________________________________________________________
___________________
7
2.2 Atomic structure
Development of the atomic model
Scientist
Model
Description
proposed
John Dalton
An atom is ______________ in
shape.
Atom is a _____________ and
J.J Thomson
indivisible particle.
Discovered negatively
charged particle called
_____________.
The electrons are
embedded in a positively
Ernest
Rutherford
charged sphere.
Discovered positively
charged particle called
_____________.
The protons are localized at
Neils Bohr
the nucleus of an atom.

Electrons move in a
__________________ around
the nucleus which contains
James
Chadwick
protons.
Discovered neutral particle
called _____________.
Nucleus of an atom consists
of neutrons and protons

while electrons orbit in the
9
shells.
Subatomic particles of an atom
Particle
Symbol
Relative
Charge
mass
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Nucleon No. = Proton No. + Neutron No.
Nucleon
no. / mass
no.
Proton
no. /
atomic
no.
1.
Symbol
of the
element
Proton number is the total number of _________________ in the

nucleus of an atom.
2.
Neutron number is the total number of _________________ in

the nucleus of an atom.
3.
Nucleon number is the total number of _________________ and

_________________ in the nucleus of an atom.
4.
For a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are

_________________.
10
Isotopes
1.
Definition:
_____________________________________________________________
___
_____________________________________________________________
2.
________________.
They have same __________________________ properties but
3.
different ___________________________ properties.

Isotopes have same chemical properties because
_______________________
_____________________________________________________________
4.
__________________
Example of isotopes
Isotopes
Proton no.
Neutron no.
Nucleon no.
5.
Isotopes and their uses

Cobalt 60
Used in radiotherapy for the treatment of
[gamma ray]
Potassium
cancer
Used to sterilise surgical equipments
Delay ripening process
To diagnose thyroid cancer
iodide 131
Carbon 14
To determine the age of fossils through
Sodium 24
Uranium 235
Phosphorus
32
carbon dating
To detect underground pipe leakage
To detect blood clot
To generate electricity
To study the rate of fertiliser absorption by
plants
11
The electronic structure of an atom

Maximum
___________ e
Maximum
___________ e
Maximum
___________ e
The electrons in the outermost shell are called

_________________________.
These electrons can be used to represent ___________________ in
a periodic table.
Whereas, the number of shells filled with electrons is used to
determine the ______________________ in a periodic table.
When an atom achieves maximum electrons at the 1 st shells
the atom is said to have achieved stable ________________
electron arrangement.
When an atom achieves maximum electrons at the 2 nd and
subsequent shells the atom is said to have achieved stable
________________ electron arrangement.
Element
Proto
Electr
Electro
To
Ionic
Electr
n. no
on no.
achieve
formul
on no.
arrang
stability
e.
Lithium
Calcium
Aluminiu
3
20
13
m
Carbon
phosphor
6
15
us
12
Oxygen
Chlorine
Argon
8
17
18
13

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SPM CHEMISTRY

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

Matter is anything that has _________________ and occupies

The particle theory of matter states that

The kinetic theory of matter states that

Brownian motion is the evidence that a liquid consists of

Example of Brownian motion

Another evidence of movement of particles is

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high

Comparison between the three states of matter

Particles move Particles move

The changes in the states of matter

HEAT ENERGY IS RELEASED

Heat energy is absorbed to

Heat energy is released to

Heating curve of naphthalene

Label the following

What is the meaning of melting point?

Why water bath is used to determine the melting and boiling

Cooling curve of naphthalene

Label the following

What is the meaning of condensation point?

2.2 Atomic structure

Development of the atomic model

the nucleus of an atom.

of neutrons and protons

Subatomic particles of an atom

Nucleon No. = Proton No. + Neutron No.

Proton number is the total number of _________________ in the

Neutron number is the total number of _________________ in

Nucleon number is the total number of _________________ and

For a neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are

different ___________________________ properties.

Isotopes and their uses

Used in radiotherapy for the treatment of

To determine the age of fossils through

The electronic structure of an atom

The electrons in the outermost shell are called

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