Learning Objectives Learning Objectives: The Internet and World Wide Web: E-Commerce Infrastructure

CHAPTER 3
The Internet and World Wide

Web: E-commerce Infrastructure
Created by, David Zolzer, Northwestern State University Louisiana
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 3-1
Learning Objectives
Discuss the origins of the Internet

Identify the key technology concepts
behind the Internet
Describe the role of Internet protocols and
utility programs
Explain the current structure of the Internet
Learning Objectives
Slide 3-3
Understand the limitations of todays

Internet
Describe the potential capabilities of
Internet II
Understand how the World Wide Web
works
Describe how Internet and Web features
and services support e-commerce
Slide 3-4
The Internet: Technology

Background
Akamai Technologies
Internet
n
n
n
Slide 3-2
Slide 3-5
An interconnected network of
thousands of networks and millions of
computers linking businesses,
educational institutions, government
agencies, and individuals together
World Wide Web (WWW)
One the the Internets most popular
services, providing access to over one
billion Web pages
Slide 3-6
Stages in the Development of the

Internet
Development of the Internet:

Timeline
Page 110, Figure 3.1
Slide 3-7

Timeline

continued
Slide 3-9

Timeline
Slide 3-10
The Internet: Key Technology

Concepts
Page 114, Figure 3.2 continued
Slide 3-8

Timeline

continued
Slide 3-11
Slide 3-12

Concepts
n

Concepts
Packet switching
n
n
n
Routers
A method of slicing digital messages

into packets, sending the packets along
different communication paths as they
become available, and then
reassembling the packets once they
arrive ate their destination
Packet
The parcels into which digital messages
are sliced for transmission over the
Internet
Slide 3-13
n
n

n
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol

n
n
n
Slide 3-15
The TCP/IP Architecture and

Protocol Suite
Protocol that establishes the connections

among sending and receiving Web computers,
handles the assembly of packets at point of
transmission, and their reassembly at the
receiving end
IP (Internet Protocol)
Protocol that provides the Internets
addressing scheme
Protocol
n
A set of rules for formatting, ordering,

compressing, and error checking messages
Slide 3-16
IP Addresses

n
Slide 3-14

Concepts
Packet Switching
Special-purpose computers that

interconnect the computer networks
that make up the Internet and route
packets to their ultimate destination as
they travel the Internet
Routing algorithm
Computer program that ensures
packets take the best available path
toward their destination
Slide 3-17
Internet addresses expressed as 32-bit

numbers that appear as a series of four
separate numbers marked off by periods,
such as 201.61.186.227
In the current IPv4, each of the four
numbers can range from 0 to 255 allowing
for up to 4 billion addresses (2 to the 32nd
power)
In IPv6, the next generation IP, the scheme
uses 128-bit addresses, or about one
quadtrillion addresses (10 to the 15th
power)
Slide 3-18
Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP

and Packet Switching
Domain Names and URLs

n
Domain name
n
Domain name system (DNS)

n
Slide 3-19
Pieces of the Internet Puzzle:

Names and Addresses
The address used by a Web browser to

identify the location of content on the
Web
Slide 3-20
Client/Server Computing
Page 119, Table 3.1
Client/server
n
n
Slide 3-21
The Client/Server Computing Model
A model of computing in which very powerful personal

computers are connected together in a network with one
or more servers.
Client
System for expressing numeric IP

addresses in natural language
Uniform resource locator (URL)

n
IP address expressed in natural

language
A very powerful personal computer that is part of a

network. They are capable of displaying rich graphics,
storing large files, and processing graphics and sound
files.
Server
Networked computer dedicated to common functions
that the client machines on the network need, such as
storing files, software applications, utility programs
such as Web connections, and printers.
Slide 3-22
Other Internet Protocols and Utility

Programs

n
Slide 3-23
HTTP is the Internet protocol used for

transferring Web pages.
FTP is one of the original Internet services.
Part of TCP/IP protocol that permits users
to transfer files from the server to their
client machine, and vice versa
SSL is a protocol that provides secure
communications between the client and
the server
Slide 3-24

Programs
n

Programs
Sending E-mail
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the
Internet protocol used to send mail to a server
POP (Post Office Protocol) is a protocol used

by the client to retrieve mail from an Internet
server
IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) is a more

current e-mail protocol that allows users to
search, organize, and filter their mail prior to
downloading it from the server
Slide 3-25
Tracing the Route a Message Takes

on the Internet
Telnet is a terminal emulation program that runs

in TCP/IP
Finger is a utility program supported by UNIX
computers that tells who is logged in, how long
they have been attached, and their user name
Ping is a program that allows you to check the
connection between your client and the server
Tracert is one of several route-tracing utilities
that allow you to follow the path of a message
you send from your client to a remote computer
on the Internet
The Hourglass Model of the

Internet
Slide 3-27
Internet I Network Architecture
Slide 3-28
The Internet Backbone
Backbone
Slide 3-29
high-bandwidth fiber optic cable that

transports data across the Internet
Network Service Provider (NSP)
Slide 3-26
owns and controls one of the major

networks comprising the Internets
backbone
Slide 3-30
Major U.S. Internet Backbone

Owners
The Internet Backbone
Page 127, Table 3.2
Bandwidth
n
n
Slide 3-31
n
n
Slide 3-32
Network Access Point (NAP)

n
Internet NAPS
and MAES
Network Access Points and

Metropolitan Area Exchanges
n
measures how much data can be

transferred over a communications
medium within a fixed period of time; is
usually expressed in bits per second
(bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), or
megabits per second (Mbps)
Redundancy
multiple duplicate devices or paths in a
network
one of the hubs where the backbone

intersects with regional and local
networks, and where the backbone
owners connect with one another
Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs )
another name for one of the hubs where
the backbone intersects with regional
and local networks
Slide 3-33
Internet NAPS
and MAES
Slide 3-34
Campus Networks
Slide 3-35
Generally local area networks

operating with a single organization
that leases access to the Web
directly from regional and national
carriers
Slide 3-36
Internet Service Providers
ISP Service Level Choices

Page 130, Table 3.3
Firm that provides the lowest level of

service in the multi-tiered Internet
architecture by leasing Internet access to
home owners, small businesses, and
some large institutions
Narrowband
The traditional telephone modem connections, now

operating at 56.6 Kbps
Broadband
refers to any communication technology that permits

clients to play streaming audio and video files at
acceptable speeds -- generally above 100 Kbps
Slide 3-37

n
a telephone technology for delivering

high-speed access through ordinary
telephone lines found in homes and
businesses
a cable television technology that

piggybacks digital access to the
Internet on top of the analog video cable
providing television signals to a home
T1
n
cable modem
n
Slide 3-38
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

n
Slide 3-39
Time to Download a 10 Megabyte

File by Type of Internet Service
an international telephone standard for

digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 1.54 Mbps
T3
n
an international telephone standard for

digital communication that offers
guaranteed delivery at 43 Mbps
Slide 3-40
Intranets and Extranets
Page 131, Table 3.4

n
Intranet
n
Extranet
n
Slide 3-41
a TCP/IP network located within a single

organization for purposes of
communications and information
processing
formed when firms permit outsiders to
access their internal TCP/IP networks
Slide 3-42
Who Governs the Internet?

n
n
n
n
Internet II
Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN)
Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG)
Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF)
Internet Society (ISOC)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
Slide 3-43
Internet II Goals
n
A consortium of more than 180

universities, government agencies,
and private businesses that are
collaborating to find ways to make
the Internet more efficient
Internet II Pursuits
Create a leading edge network

capability for the national research
community.
Enable revolutionary Internet
applications.
Ensure the rapid transfer of new
network services and applications to
the broader Internet community.
Advanced Network Infrastructure
New Networking Capabilities
n
n
n
n
Slide 3-44
Slide 3-45
Internet II Gigapop Exchanges
gigaPop
deploying IPv6 addressing protocol
developing and implementing new quality of
service technologies
developing more effective routing practices
coordinating the interconnection of the
different components of the Internet2
infrastructure
creating an infrastructure to efficiently handle
one-to-many communications
Slide 3-46
Internet II Pursuits

n
Middleware
n
Advance Applications
n
Slide 3-47
standardize middleware that

incorporates identification,
authentication, authorization, directory,
and security services
distributed computation, virtual
laboratories, digital libraries, distributed
learning, tele -immersion, and a
synthesis of all these working in
combination
Slide 3-48
The Larger Internet II Technology

Environment
Worldwide Optical Fiber Market

Growth
Next Generation Internet (NGI)

n
n
n
another project initiated and sponsored by the

federal government focused on developing
advanced applications and networking
capabilities needed by U.S. government
agencies
Fiber Optics and Bandwidth Explosion
replacing older transmission line with fiber optic cable
improving fiber -optic-based communications
technology
improving fiber -optic switching speeds
Slide 3-49
Slide 3-50
Major Photonics Opportunities and

Players
Photonics Technologies
Page 139, Table 3.5

n
Photonics
Dense Wave Length Division Mulitplexing
the study of communicating with light waves

an optical technology used to increase
bandwidth over existing fiber optic backbones
Big Band
n
can accommodate upwards of 10 Gbps,

enabling high bandwidth applications
Slide 3-51
Wireless Web and 3G Technologies
Slide 3-52
Bandwidth Demand of Various Web

Applications
Global System for Mobile

Communications
n
mobile communications system widely used in

Europe and Asia that uses narrowband Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access

n
mobile communications system widely used in

the United States that uses the full spectrum of
radio frequencies and digitally encrypts each
call
Slide 3-53
Slide 3-54

n
General Packet Radio Switching

n
n
n

n
next generation technology carries data in

packets, just like the Internet, but over radio
frequencies that make wireless
communications possible
Wireless Application Protocol
a relatively new protocol that can support
virtually any wireless network and is
supported by every operating system
iMode
n
3G
n
Wireless Markup Language

n
wireless standard that is a proprietary

service of the Japanese company NTT
DoCoMo
new generation of cellular phone
standards that can connect users to the
Web at 2.4 Mbps
programming language for devices using WAP
Slide 3-55
Wireless LANs
Slide 3-56
Wireless Web Products and Players

Page 142, Table 3.6
Bluetooth
n
new technology standard for shortrange wireless communication under

100 meters
Wireless Fidelity
n
Wireless standard for Ethernet networks

with greater speed and range than
Bluetooth. Also referred to as 802.118
Slide 3-57
Internet Applications: The

Changing Client Computer
n
where the receiving device -- the client - relies totally on the Internet server to
handle all information processing; the
device itself has no processing ability
Slide 3-58
Benefits of Internet II Technologies
Thin Client Computing

n
Slide 3-59
IP Multicasting
n
a set of technologies that enables efficient

delivery of data to many locations on a
network
Latency Solutions
n
Differentiate between high-priority and lowpriority packets.
diffserve -- a new technology that assigns

levels of priority to packets based on the type
of data being transmitted
Slide 3-60
10
IP Multicasting
Benefits of Internet II Technologies
Page 145,
Figure 3.17
Guaranteed Service Levels

n
Lower Error Rates

n
Slide 3-61
Development of the Web

n
n
n
Web browser with a graphical user interface that made it

possible to view documents on the Web graphically
the sharing of files, information, graphics, sound, video,
and other objects across all computer platforms in the
world, regardless of operating system
Netscape Navigator
the first commercial Web browser
Slide 3-63
Top-Level Domains
.com
n
Commercial organizations
or businesses
.edu
.gov
.mil
Educational institutions
U.S. government agencies
U.S. military
Network computers
Nonprofit organizations
and foundations
.biz
n
A way of formatting pages with embedded

links that connect documents to one
another, and that also link pages to other
objects such sound, video, or animation
files
Uses Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
followed by the universal resource locator
(URL) to locate an document or object
Slide 3-64
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
information providers
.aero
n
.coop
.museum
.name
Air transport industry
business firms
.info
n
.org
n
Slide 3-62
Markup Languages
.net
n
Microsofts Web browser
Internet Explorer (IE)

n
Universal Computing
n
more users means lower cost, as products and

technology catch on in the mass market
Hypertext
Mosaic
n
improved capacity and packet switching will

inevitably impact the quality of data
transmission
Declining Costs
n
possible to purchase the right to move data

through the network at a guaranteed speed in
return for higher fees
Cooperatives
n
Museums
a early version of Generalized Markup Language

one of the next generation of GMLs that is relatively
easy to use in Web page design. HTML provides Web
page designers with a fixed set of markup tags that
are used to format a Web page
Extensible Markup Language
a new markup language specification developed by W3C
that is designed to describe data and information
Individuals
.pro
n
Professionals
Slide 3-65
Slide 3-66
11
Example HTML Code (A) and Web

Page (B)
Example HTML Code (A) and Web

Page (B)
(a) HTML Code

(b) Web Page
Slide 3-67
HTLM Tools
Slide 3-68
Sample XML Code
Page 150, Table 3.7
Slide 3-69
Sample XML Code for a Medical

Record
Slide 3-70
Web Servers and Clients

n
Slide 3-71
Web server software enables a computer

to deliver Web pages written in HTML to
client machines on a network that request
this service by sending an HTTP request
Basic capabilities
n
Security services
n
n
File Transfer Protocol

Search engine
Data capture
Slide 3-72
12
The Internet and the Web: Features
Web Servers and Clients

n
Types of servers on the Web

n
n
n
n
database server -- designed to access specific

information with a database
ad server -- designed to deliver targeted banner ads
mail server -- provides mail messages
video server -- serves video clips
E-Mail
n
Web Client
n
any computing device attached to the Internet that is

capable of making HTTP requests and displaying HTML
pages, most commonly a Windows PC or Macintosh
Slide 3-73
The Internet and the Web: Features
The most-used application of the

Internet. Uses a series of protocols to
enable messages containing text,
images, sound, and video clips to be
transferred from on Internet user to
another.
Attachment is a file inserted within the
e-mail message
Spam is unsolicited e -mail
Slide 3-74
Types of Web BOTS

Page 158, Table 3.8
Search engines
n
n
n
identifies Web pages that appear to match keywords, also

called queries, typed by the user and provides a list of the best
matches
Intelligent agents (BOTS)

software programs that gather and/or filter information on a
specific topic and then provide a list of results for the user
Instant messaging
n
n
n
displays words typed on a computer almost instantaneously,

making the communication more like a live conversation that
is possible through e-mail
Chat
enables users to communicate via computer in real time, that
is, simultaneously.
Slide 3-75
Music, Video, and Other Standard

Files
n
n
n
a small text file stored on the users computer

with information about the user to more
quickly load the site in the future
Slide 3-77
a general term for the technologies that use VOIP and the
Internets packet-switched network to transmit voice and other
forms of audio communication over the Internet
Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP)
protocol that allows for transmission of voice and other forms
of audio communication over the Internet
Digital Libraries
Distributed Storage
a tool used by Web sites to store information

about a user
IP Telephony
n
enables music, video, and other larger files to

be sent to users in chunks so that when
received and played, the file comes through
uninterrupted
Cookies
n
Slide 3-76
Internet II and E-commerce:

Emerging Features and Services
Streaming Media
n
Distribution of application software, multimedia, and other

services on a fee basis by Application Service Providers (ASP)
ASPs can assist both in processing data and storing it,
dispersing it to multiple servers rather than having is reside on
one
Slide 3-78
13
The Growth of Internet Telephony
Key Telephony Players
Page 163, Table 3.9
Slide 3-79

n
one the biggest education initiatives in recent years,

distance learning provides courses and degree
programs online
Tele-immersion
n
Digital Video
n
deliver better-than-broadcast quality video over the

Internet on demand
n
Video Teleconferencing
n
significantly reduce the cost of video teleconferencing,

making it affordable for most workers to share
information that involves either and image or audio
component
Slide 3-80

Distance Learning
n
Slide 3-81
a merger of virtual reality and video

conferencing, where participants can
see each other and collaborate on
visual projects
M-commerce Applications
n
combining voice, data, images, audio,

and video on one wireless device
Slide 3-82
14

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CHAPTER 3

The Internet and World Wide

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Discuss the origins of the Internet

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Understand the limitations of todays

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Internet: Technology

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Stages in the Development of the

Development of the Internet:

Page 110, Figure 3.1

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 111, Figure 3.2

Development of the Internet:

Page 113, Figure 3.2

Development of the Internet:

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Internet: Key Technology

Page 114, Figure 3.2 continued

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Development of the Internet:

Page 112, Figure 3.2

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 114, Figure 3.3

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Internet: Key Technology

The Internet: Key Technology

A method of slicing digital messages

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 116, Figure 3.4

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol

The TCP/IP Architecture and

Protocol that establishes the connections

A set of rules for formatting, ordering,

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 117, Figure 3.5

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Internet: Key Technology

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Special-purpose computers that

Internet addresses expressed as 32-bit

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Routing Internet Messages: TCP/IP

Domain Names and URLs

Page 119, Figure 3.6

Domain name system (DNS)

Pieces of the Internet Puzzle:

The address used by a Web browser to

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

Page 119, Table 3.1

The Client/Server Computing Model

A model of computing in which very powerful personal

Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc.

System for expressing numeric IP